A/34/PV.58 General Assembly

My distinguished brother and colleague, Ambassador B. A. Clark of Nigeria, opened this debate last Tuesday with a statement remarkable in its clarity and seriousness of purpose. The first two sentences of his statement summarize the situa- tion we are considering, and are in themselves an elo- quent plea for international action against South Africa. He stated: "Of all the political and human rights issues con- fronting the United Nations today, none commands such unanimous condemnation as the inhuman sys- tem of apartheid in South Africa. No other matter on today's international agenda holds such tragic and explosive potential for a race war of continental pro- portions." [54th meeting, para. 20.] That is so true. 2. As for the actions that need to be taken, the Special Committee against Apartheid has once again submitted to the General Assembly a very clear and succinct report [AI34122] which includes well-thought-out recommen- dations. In addition, we have before us reports on two important seminars held in London last February and early this month. The first report dealt with the United Nations Seminar on Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa I and the second report dealt with the Interna- tional Seminar on the Rolle of Transnational Corpora- tions in South Africa [AI341655]. The two seminars NEW YORK also made important recommendations, which need to be acted upon if the international community is serious in its commitment to eradicate the scourge of apartheid in South Africa. 3. As we once again take up the question of the poli- cies and practices of apartheid of South Africa, let us not be under any illusion. The situation today is not any better than it was a year ago. South Africa remains the devil that it has always been since apartheid was in- stituted by the Boers. Apartheid was introduced as a State doctrine and law of the land. South Africa re- mains the core of the serious threat to international peace and security looming in southern Africa. 4. The South African regime remains determined to perpetuate apartheid and to defend it against an onslaught by both the oppressed people and the interna- tional community. The doctrine of apartheid in South Africa is today as entrenched as ever. As the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid makes clear, the South African regime has continued to enact new and more draconian repressive legislation and also to dismember the country, thereby further dispossessing the African people of their land and basic freedoms. The so-called independence of Venda, declared last September, is a case in point. 5. Some would have us believe that there is a promise of change in South Africa occasioned by the benev- olence of the Botha regime. These apologists of apart- heid talk loudly about the so-called intentions of the South African regime to abolish the Immorality Act, in- troduce new industrial-relations laws and remove dis- crimination in sports, toilets and other public places. Let it be remembered that we are dealing with a regime that has shown that it will not hesitate to spend millions of dollars to protect apartheid by seeking to buy and in- fluence public opinion abroad, particularly in the major Western countries. 6. I fear that the talk about the so-called change in South Africa is designed to undermine the struggle of the oppressed people and to weaken international soli- darity with them. It is an attempt to forestall the adop- tion of effective measures at the international level to compel the Pretoria regime to abandon apartheid. In any event, the crux of the matter is the enjoyment by the oppressed people of their inalienable rights and their full participation in complete equity with all their com- patriots in all spheres of South African national life as one political entity. The persistence of the Pretoria regime in dividing the country into so-called bantustans more than belies any claim to genuine change. 7. Beyond the borders of South Africa, the Pretoria regime has continued to pursue policies and practices aimed at the protection and perpetuation of apartheid at home. The concept of the so-called constellation of southern African States, which seeks to build client A/34/PV.58 8. If South Africa had been sincere in the negotiations of the last two and a half years, Namibia's indepen- dence on the basis of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) would today be around the corner. But the Pretoria regime has remained recalcitrant and even prevented the implementation of the report of the Secretary-General- in this regard. South Africa not only has refused to relinquish its stranglehold over Namibia, but also has continued to use Namibia as a spring-board for launching acts of aggression against Angola and my own country, Zambia. 9. Only two weeks ago, my country was the victim of a vicious act of aggression co-ordinated and launched simultaneously by South African and Southern Rhode- sian forces. Last week, Angola was the victim of South African aggression. All such acts of aggression against us are further testimony to the extent to which the Pretoria regime will go to resist change in southern Africa. W. Indeed, it is no wonder that South Africa is threat- ening to occupy Zimbabwe militarily if the present negotiations on Rhodesia, held at Lancaster House in London, should result in a settlement not favourable to its puppets in Salisbury. Such a development, of course, would immediately require action against South Africa under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The contemplated South African military intervention in Southern Rhodesia must once again remind us of the grave threat to international peace and security posed by the Pretoria regime. 11. We in Zambia, of course, view with great serious- ness the well-known intention of South Africa to ac- quire nuclear weapons. We know that the aim of the Pretoria regime is to blackmail and intimidate Africa in- to abandoning its support for the legitimate struggle of the oppressed people of South Africa for the eradication of apartheid. We are deeply disturbed by the fact that, in total disregard of numerous General Assembly res- olutions, a number of major Western countries have continued to collaborate with South Africa in the nuclear field. Those countries surely cannot escape responsibility for any development and acquisition of nuclear weapons by South Africa. 12. Whether or not South Africa detonated a nuclear device last September is not the issue. It is enough to know that South Africa has the ambition z.nd designs to become a nuclear Power. My delegation, needless to say, attaches great importance to the recommendations of the Seminar held in London, on Nuclear Collabora- tion with South Africa, concerning measures that should be adopted urgently by the United Nations 1 {hid.. document S/13120. 13. There can be no doubt that, although South Africa is the core of the problems of southern Africa, it has not r .irsued its politics in a vacuum. In spite of the numerous resolutions of this Assembly and, indeed, of the Security Council, South Africa remains close to some Members of this Organization. On the one hand those countries talk about their opposition to apartheid, and on the other they strengthen the hand of that same vicious system through political, diplomatic, military, economic, cultural, scientific and other forms of col- laboration. Such collaboration continues to be par- ticularly rampant in the economic sphere. 14. My delegation is gratified that the recent Seminar, held in London, on the Role of Transnational Corpora- tions in South Africa categorically and convincingly re- jected the contention that transnational corporations could ever be instruments to promote freedom and equality through economic involvement in South Africa. The seminar rightly concluded that such argu- ments were nothing but a pretext for legitimizing the ex- isting and new investments in South Africa and perpetuating the system of apartheid, which une- quivocally denied the African people their inalienable right to participate in the government of their own country. 15. The representative of Sweden was equally eloquent on this matter in his statement last Tuesday. He said: "It is not much more than an illusion to believe that commercial enterprises that have to work within the legal framework of apartheid and are interested in making money, not politics, are able to erode the apartheid system. An exclusive emphasis on codes of conduct as a means of influence is not likely to con- tribute much to political and other changes. We therefore persist in expressing the view that the peaceful abolition of the apartheid policy will come only as a consequence of pressure on the South African Government, not as a result of appeals to the goodwill of corporate interests." [54th meeting. para. 75.] 16. This is a valid argument. Any well-meaning and well-intentioned country cannot dispute it in light of the existing realities in South Africa, where the multina- tional corporations not only operate within the confines of the apartheid system, but have also shown interest in perpetuating the status quo, as they reap huge profits from the exploitation and plunder of the resources of South Africa with the utilization of cheap black labour. To talk about codes of conduct is, in any event, to evade the central issue, which is that political emancipation of the oppressed people of South Africa is the first priori- ty. We need to use effective pressure to bring about an early and orderly change in South Africa. 17. The recommendations of the London Seminar on the activities of transnational corporations are realistic. . My delegation endorses them and calls for their im- J {hid.. document S/13157, Chap. VII, para. 203. 18. Let no one doubt the will of the oppressed people of South Africa to be free. They cannot, and will not, languish in perpetual subjugation. The detention, im- prisonment and torture of their leaders on Robben Island and elsewhere, the cold-blooded murders of men like Steve Biko and Solomon Mahlangu, and the ac- quisition of nuclear weapons by South Africa will not deter them. On the contrary, the bestialities of the South African regime will only strengthen their resolve to eradicate the apartheid system in their country. 19. Peace will come to South Africa only after the eradication of apartheid, followed by the exercise by all the people of that country of their inalienable political and other rights. To support the struggle of the op- pressed people of South Africa is to be. peace-loving and to uphold justice. My delegation therefore once again appeals to all peace-loving and progressive forces to in- crease their support to the oppressed people of South Africa and their national liberation movement. 20. It is, indeed, in the interest of international peace and security that the apartheid system in South Africa should be eradicated forthwith, through concrete and complementary efforts on the part of the oppressed peo- ple and of the international community.

Recent developments in southern Africa, one of the main hotbeds of tension and an in- creasing threat to peace and security in the region and in the world, once again highlight the complexity and seriousness of the problem for consideration before us, that is, the existence and perpetuation of the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination practised by the Pretoria regime. This is what we can also observe from the report submitted by the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid, Mr. Clark, the perma- nent representative of Nigeria to the United Nations. 22. The state of tension that prevails in southern Africa is the direct result of the denial and suppression of the most elemental rights and democratic freedoms, and of the brutal and systematic repression of the ma- jority of the population of South Africa. It is also the consequence of the fact that the Namibianand Zimbabwean peoples are insolently prevented from exercising their inalienable rights to self-determination and inde- pendenee and of being the sole masters of their destinies. 23. The institutionalized policy of apartheid and racial discrimination finds its external corollary in the numerous acts of aggression perpetrated against in- dependent African States, acts which take an enormous toll in human lives and cause important material damage, in flagrant violation of the sovereignty and ter- ritorial integrity of those States. 24. We are faced with a direct demonstration of the 25. For the United Nations and world public opinion the illegal racist regime of Pretoria has long been a sym: bol of injustice, inequity and oppression enshrined by law. Suffice it to mention the flagrant inequality in the distribution of the national wealth between the white minority population and the majority population and the brutal violation, in the most degrading forms, of the elemental rights of the individual and of generally ac- cepted standards of international conduct. While an economically advanced country because of its natural wealth, the support given it by foreign capital and the exploitation of the African majority population, the State of South Africa is one of the most backward from a human standpoint. The policy of apartheid, described as early as 1966 as a crime against human conscience and dignity, has repeatedly been condemned by the United Nations. 26. Today it is unanimously recognized that the co- lonialist policies of racial discrimination and apartheid are among the most flagrant violations of basic human rights and that they must be abolished forthwith. Con- demnations of these policies have been accompanied by measures aimed at consolidating efforts made to liq- uidate that anachronistic system based on the most odious forms of oppression and racial exploitation. Ac- tion has been undertaken to support the majority of the African population and its liberation movement in its legitimate struggle for national emancipation. 27. In spite of measures taken by the Pretoria author- ities to perpetuate racist domination, opposition to the policy of apartheid has unceasingly increased. The struggle waged by the majority of the African popula- tion, which ever more insistently is demanding changes in the situation imposed by the racists, has intensified. Protest actions by different sectors of the population, heeded by a widening audience in the white community, have increased. Forms of organized struggle practised by the majority of the African population have multiplied. 28. All these developments have markedly accentuated the crisis of the racist regime. 29. Feeling itself ever more vulnerable, the minority regime has escalated its repressive measures against the opponents of apartheid and has multiplied manoeuvres aimed at the ethnic segregation of the population, of which the proclamation of the so-called independence of a third bantustan, Venda, is but the most recent ex- ample. A true South African administrative contrivance which disregards the inalienable basic rights of the ma- jority population of South Africa, this act has been forcefully condemned by the international community. 30. The situation in southern Africa has been further aggravated by South Africa's manoeuvres aimed at per- petuating its colonial domination in Namibia in other ways, by attempts to resort to an internal settlement, contrary to the will of the Namibian people and the decisions of the United Nations. 31. The militarization of Namibia and the consolida- 32. This is a further demonstration of the role which the racist regime of South Africa plays as a military out- post of the imperialist, colonialist and neo-colonialist circles in furtherance of plans to crush the struggle of African peoples for their freedom, for the consolidation of their national independence and for their develop- ment through economic and social progress. 33. The aggressive policy of the Pretoria regime only increases and enhances the legitimacy of the concern of the international community over the nuclear explosion which took place in the Indian Ocean and the dangers involved for Africa and for the world in the implemen- tation of plans for nuclear armament by the South African racists. 34. The elimination, once and for all, of the policy of apartheid and of the practices of racial discrimination is an urgent imperative which must take greater priority among the concerns of our Organization. The problems which we are facing cannot be resolved by simply ap- pealing to the good sense of the South African Govern- ment. The effectiveness of our activities depends on the adoption and implementation of a programme provid- ing for measures to promote the attainment of the legitimate aspirations of the majority population of South Africa, leading it to the free and dignified life that it desires. 35. At the same time, these measures must hasten the attainment by the peoples of Namibia and Zimbabwe of their rights to self-determination and independence, in order to eliminate forever the vestiges of colonialism and racism, as well as the sources of tension and conflict on the African continent. 36. We feel that, in order to do so, it would be par- ticularly important to widen the range of political, diplomatic and economic measures taken against those who promote the policy of apartheid, by using measures provided for in the Charter ofthe United Nations, in- cluding its Chapter VII. In this context, the Romanian delegation welcomes the initiative taken at the thirty- third ordinary session of the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity [OAU] to convene in 1980, under the auspices of the United Nations and OAU, an international conference in order to mobilize world public opinion in favour of the application of economic and other sanctions against South Africa [see A/34/552, annex I, eM/Res. 734 (XXXIII)]. In this respect, the concerted action of all States to implement the relevant resolutions of the United Nations is of the utmost urgency, as is the contribution to these efforts by those States which, through their co-operation with the Pretoria authorities, are encouraging in one way or another the perpetuation of apartheid and of racial discrimination. 37. Romania, deeply devoted as it is to the ideals of national and social justice, freedom and social progress, has supported and firmly supports the liberation strug- gle of oppressed peoples and is strongly in favour of the "It is imperative to the struggle against imperialist, colonialist and neo-colonialist policies against all forms of oppression of other peoples and against policies of force and interference in the affairs of others that prevent peoples from attaining freedom and independence, in conformity with their own aspirations and interests. I( is in this spirit that we actively support the struggles waged by the peoples of Namibia and of Zimbabwe, by the majority population of the Republic of South Africa ~lgainst colonialism a~d.the racist policy ofapartheid m order to assert their independence and attain full freedom, and by all peoples who are still under foreign domination of one form or another and who aspire to an independent life." 38. The Romanian people have forcefully condemned the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination, which is contrary to the basic principles of the Charter and those of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and will continue to do so. Socialist Romania and the Romanian people, which from the very outset have sup- ported the just struggle of the peoples of Africa for freedom and independence, have condemned most vig- orously the acts of aggression of the South African racists against the neighbouring African countries -Angola, Zambia and Mozambique-and have de- manded that those attacks be ended and that the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of those countries be respected. 39. We feel that the entire international community must as a matter of overriding priority, act vigorously and adopt resolute and effective measures in order to prevent the repetition of such criminal acts and to com- pel respect for international law. 40. In strict observance of the resolutions of the General Assembly and of the Security Council concern- ing the racist regime of South Africa and in its active ef- forts to secure their implementation, socialist Romania supports in every way it can the struggle for the elimina- tion of the policy of apartheid and of racial discrimina- tion. 41. The people of Romania are convinced that no measure attempting to consolidate the institution of racial discrimination and apartheid, nor any terrorist act or act of aggression will succeed in prolonging the days of colonial and racist domination. The time is no longer distant when the cause of the freedom of peoples and of human dignity will triumph in southern Africa and on the entire African continent.

The United Nations, from its very inception, has been seized of the problem of the 43. The system of apartheid, which is designed to maintain the superiority of one race over another on the basis of colour, is a total denial of those principles en- shrined in the Charter of the United Nations which pro- claim the equality of all human beings without distinc- tion of race, sex, colour or creed. Under this unjust system of racial discrimination, the white minority regimes in southern Africa have denied to more than 20 million blacks their fundamental human rights, freedom and independence. Apartheidis repugnant to the human conscience, and the international community has rightly declared it a crime against humanity. 44. During the past year there has been no improve- ment in the situation with regard to the policies of apart- heid in South Africa. On the contrary, the racist regime has stepped up its repression and violence against the opponents of those policies. More and more people demanding the elimination of apartheid have been ar- rested and imprisoned. Several leaders of the people have been banned. Valiant freedom fighters, such as Solomon Mahlangu and many other political prisoners, have been murdered. Last September, South Africa pro- claimed the so-called independence of another ban- tustan, Venda. Certain cosmetic changes which have been made have not affected the continuation of apart- heid, and the hateful policy of racial discrimination has remained intact. 45. The active efforts of the United Nations towards the eradication of apartheid are well known. In view of the seriousness of the situation that has developed in re- cent years, the General Assembly has given priority to this agenda item and is considering it directly in its plenary meetings. The Security Council is seized with various aspects of the problems related to apartheid. This world Organization, in lts.irmumerable resolutions, has not only condemned the abhorrent system of apart- heid but also has called on South Africa, time and again, immediately to dismantle this anachronistic system of racial oppression. But all the resolutions of this world Organization have been flouted with impuni- ty, and the stubborn regime in Pretoria has turned a deaf ear to the'warnings of the international communi- ty. 46. South Africa, in total defiance of the United Na- tions, has refused to end its illegal occupation of the in- ternational Territory of Namibia. Racist repression con- tinues against the Namibian people, who are struggling for their inalienable rights to self-determination and in- dependence. In order to perpetuate its domination in the Territory, the racist regime is engaging in manoeuvres to prevent free and fair elections under the supervision and control of the United Nations. Because of the delaying tactics of South Africa, international efforts to resolve the problem of Namibia have produced no positive re- sults so far. 47. Besides its refusal to withdraw from Namibia, South Africa has committed a series of acts of aggres- sion against the neighbouring States, in which many in- nocent people have been killed. Only a few days ago, in 48. The United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, of which Nepal is privileged to be a founding member, has worked tirelessly to fulfil its mandate. The report of the Special Committee [A/34/22] has describ- ed in detail its commendable work during the past year. The Special Committee, under the 'able leadership of Ambassador Clark of Nigeria, has adopted various measures aimed at the total eradication of apartheid. My delegation would like to pay a tribute to the Rap- porteur of the Special Committee, Mr. Yeo of Malaysia, for the excellence of the report. We support the conclu- sions and recommendations of the Special Committee against Apartheid, which, in our opinion, are essential to put maximum pressure on South Africa through in- tensified international mobilization against apartheid. 49. There is no doubt that collaboration in nuclear, military, economic and other fields between South Africa and some Western and other States has strength- ened the apartheid regime and enabled it to defy world public opinion. According to the information submitted to the Security Council Committee established under resolution 421 (1977) concerning the question of South Africa, there have been violations of the mandatory arms embargo against South Africa imposed by Security Council resolution 418 (1977). In order to prevent con- tinued collaboration between South Africa and some other States and widen the scope of sanctions aiming at the complete isolation of South Africa, urgent measures have to be adopted by the international community. In this regard, my delegation supports the recommenda- tion of the Special Committee against Apartheid that a world conference on sanctions against South Africa be organized by the United Nations with the co-operation of OAU [ibid.• chap. II. paras. 277-280]. 50. It is reported that South Africa has recently detonated a nuclear device. The acquisition of nuclear capability by South Africa poses a dangerous threat to the countries of the region as well as to international peace and security. A few days ago this august As- sembly rightly decided to request a report from the Secretary-General on the reported nuclear test [decision 34/404]. My delegation hopes that the Security Council will give urgent attention to this matter, which is of serious concern to the people of the world. 51. The position of Nepal regarding apartheid is well known. We have continuously supported United Na- tions actions aiming at the total eradication of apart- heid. My delegation reiterates our continued unreserved support for the majority people of South Africa, who, under their liberation movements, are spearheading the heroic struggle against the abhorrent system of apart- heid. As a member of the Special Committee, my delegation is fully committed to sparing no effort in supporting international action until apartheid is totally eradicated from the world. 53. The struggle against apartheid has continued unabated, and in recent years it has been further inten- sified. Freedom fighters in Soweto and other regions of South Africa have increased their armed r.esistance to the repressive laws under apartheid. Students and workers have staged demonstrations, protests and strikes. At the international level,apart from the actions of the United Nations, anti-apartheid movements, trade unions, church groups, students and other non-govern- mental organizations in various countries have ex- pressed their active support for the complete isolation of South Africa from the international community. The campaign for withdrawal of investments and bank loans from South Africa has grown. The demand for an oil embargo and complete economic sanctions against the racist regime is growing. In this situation, all the members of the international community who express their abhorrence of the inhuman system of apartheid should take concrete action in assisting the oppressed people of South Africa in their just struggle, and sup- port the Security Council by taking the strongest possi- ble action against the regime in Pretoria, as provided for in the Charter of the United Nations. 54. Before concluding, I should like to quote His Ma- jesty King Birandra Bir Bikram Shah Deva of Nepal, who, addressing the sixth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries held in Havana in September this year, said: "The era in history is certainly coming to a close when man in any part of the world could be sub- jugated or enslaved, in flagrant violation of basic human rights. It is a pity that in the countries of South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia a policy of re- pression, racial discrimination and minoritv rule has continued to this day in total defiance of world public opinion and against the conscience of man."

One of the urgent tasks of the United Nations is to work for the earliest possible elimination of the last remnants of the colonial system and to rid the world definitively of all forms and manifestations of racial discrimination. The problems of both colonialism and racial discrimination are in- separably connected with the problem of safeguarding and respecting fundamental human rights. Their solu- tion may be considered a basic prerequisite for the true attainment of the objectives which, after the horrible ex- perience with fascism, nazism and, as a consequence, the Second World War, were enshrined in the United Nations Charter, with the determination "to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small". 56. That is why our Organization has devoted special attention to the questions of national and racial dis- crimination and the exploitation of peoples through co- lonialism and neo-colonialism. It is also the reason for 57. South Africa is a State which, in its modern his- tory, has legalized racism and whose political and eco- nomic system is based on racial principles. Not only has the United Nations, which has been obliged to deal with the policiesof South Africa ever since its inception, fail- ed so far to achieve the abolition of the system of racial measures and laws in South Africa and the respect by that State for its obligations as a Member of the United Nations, but, on the contrary, throughout the whole of the post-war period, the policy of apartheid has been further developed and elaborated. 58. The policy of apartheid, condemned by the whole of humanity, has evolved and is still evolving as a wide- ranging system of measures designed to keep the deci- sive majority of the non-European population of South Africa, especially Africans, under white domination. This determination is supported by doctrines proclaim- ing the racial superiority of the European settlers who, it is said, are called upon to rule; by a distortion of history according to which the African reservations are suppos- ed to be the original homeland of the Africans; and by all kinds of other so-called proofs. It is not an accident that, in these respects, the racist policiespractised by the ruling circles of South Africa have common roots with the theories and practices of fascism. 59. Understandably, South African representatives are taking considerable pains to portray their inhuman policies of apartheid in the most innocent light. They are searching for arguments to justify the separate development of races, or the solution of the problem by establishing bantustans, which they even try to present as a sort of self-determination for the African popula- tion. 60. These attempts, of course, cannot obscure the es- sence of the policy of apartheid, which is at variance with the principles of humanity and represents a fla- grant violation of all the principles of the United Na- tions Charter and other important United Nations docu- ments. Nor can these attempts hide the fact that the African and other non-European population of South Africa are systematically and categorically denied the fundamental right to self-determination, that South Africa is expanding its racist policies, and that it is adopting ever new administrative, political and other measures based on the policy of apartheid. Racial discrimination in South Africa has been carried to ab- surdity and involves all spheres of life in that country. 61. South Africa has always consistently applied and continues to apply segregation measures. It upholds strict rules concerning the movement of Africans out- side their reservations and prohibits African political organizations. The South African Government has reserved for itself wide-ranging powers restricting the fundamental rights of the non-European population of that country. The exerciseof those powers is attested to 62. In this policy, the Government of South Africa is relying on its political, military and economic power. Supported by that power, it puts up tenacious resistance to the international community, carries out acts of repression and even launches attacks against neighbour- ing sovereign States, particularly Angola, Mozambique and Zambia. These acts of aggression today represent a grave danger to international peace and security. 63. Proceeding from these facts, the General As- sembly adopted at its previous sessions a number of serious decisions designed to bring about the elimina- tion of the policy of apartheid. Their purpose was to create a situation that would compel the Government of South Africa to desist from the anti-human policy of apartheid. 64. Why, then, is the repeatedly denounced policy of apartheid in South Africa not only continued at the pre- sent time, but is even being intensified? The answer is more than obvious. The only reason for this is that the most important partners of South Africa from among the Western countries have as yet not approached the consistent implementation of these important United Nations decisions and that South Africa can continue to rely in their all-round political, economic and even military support and co-operation. This, in our view, is the core of the problem and at the same time the key to its solution. And it is in this sense that action is expected from States which are the partners of South Africa, if we are to trust the statements of their representatives in the United Nations criticizing the policies of the South African Government. 65. It is no secret that the policy of the leading Western Powers towards South Africa is dictated by their over-all political, economic and strategic interests in South Africa itself and in the entire region of southern Africa. Therefore, regardless of United Na- tions resolutions, those countries are constantly expand- ing their trade with South Africa and are extending to it new loans for the development of its economy, which is founded on the inhuman exploitation of the work of the African population. According to the data supplied by the United Nations Centre against Apartheid, in the course of the last seven years South Africa has received loans to the total value of $5.5 billion. An extraordinari- ly negative role in South Africa, and in that entire region in general, is played by the activities of Western monopoly corporations, which blend there with the racist and colonial system. According to United Nations data, more than 1,883 Western monopolies are current- ly active in South Africa and the over-all volume of foreign investments in the economy of that racist State reached in 1977 an amount of over 21 billion rand. Only thanks to this all-round assistance and co-operation was South Africa able to build up a huge military industrial potential which even enables it to approach the produc- tion of its own nuclear weapons. Our Organization has repeatedly pointed out the far-reaching consequences of that development. There can be no doubt that the ac- 66. It is obvious that South Africa can afford to ig- nore and to openly violate the decisions adopted by the United Nations only because it is still certain of the sup- port of Western Powers and their influential economic and military circles. This also enables it further to broaden the system of apartheid, to extend it to the Ter- ritory of Namibia and to collaborate openly with racist Southern Rhodesia, thus infringing other decisions of our Organization. 67. At the same time it must be pointed out that the great majority of countries have consistently respected, and continue to respect, the provisions of the resolu- tions relating to the policies of apartheid of the Govern- ment of South Africa. Among those countries is the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, which has adopted all the measures necessary and indispensable for the im- plementation of the respective resolutions. By taking specific steps, such as the abolition of the Czechoslovak consulate in Johannesburg and the decision on the discontinuance of all contacts with South Africa, the Czechoslovak Government had demonstrated, as early as 1963, its determination to contribute to the struggle for the elimination of apartheid by all the means at its disposal. To that end it extends, and will extend in the future, all-round political, material and moral support to the national liberation struggle of the people of South Africa. 68. Racial discrimination and apartheid, legalized and raised by South Africa to official Government policy, are anachronisms in the twentieth century. 69. It is now urgently necessary, therefore, that the States Members of the United Nations concentrate their efforts on achieving a speedy solution of the situation in South Africa, in accordance with the United Nations resolutions on apartheid. That solution must achieve equality of human rights and all fundamental freedoms for all citizens of South Africa; in other words, ensure, as is required by the resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, that the situation in South Africa is brought into conformity with the re- quirements of the Charter of the United Nations, the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Co- lonial Countries and Peoples, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The Czechoslovak delegation would like to stress once again that the prin- cipal means of achieving the elimination of apartheid in South Africa is the introduction of consistent and com- prehensive mandatory sanctions against the apartheid regime, including sanctions that would make it impossi- ble for South Africa to acquire nuclear weapons. We are of the opinion that the current situation in South Africa fully confirms the necessity for immediate international isolation of the apartheid regime, pursuant to Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. 70. In conclusion, I should like to emphasize that the Czechoslovak delegation is prepared to support all United Nations measures aimed at the speedy achieve- ment of the goals fixed. 72. We are still facing a state of affairs which is becoming more and more alarming and which is defi- nitely threatening international peace and security. I say all this quite advisedly. The dangers which are now threatening the entire African region, because of the hotbed of tension in the southern part of that continent, may plunge the whole of Africa into an inferno of con- flicts of interest and cravings for hegemonism, 73. The people of Azania continue to suffer from the effects of one of the most anachronistic and shameful policies ever known in the history of mankind. That policy, which institutionalizes segregation among citizens of one nation on the basis of the colour of their skin, gives rise to a succession of sufferings and misfor- tunes not the least of which is the humiliation of the human being as such. The overwhelming majority of the people of Azania are thus condemned to languish on the periphery of dignified human life in this second half of the twentieth century. 74. However, although the minority racist regime has so far managed to impose its unjust laws and has suc- ceeded in inflicting moral and physical pain on the valiant Azanian people, it has completely failed to curb the unshakeable will of that brave people from daily reaffirming its determination categorically to reject the usurpation of its sacred right to live in dignity, equality and justice. 75. Of course, the result is an unbearable and inhu- man situation. The racist regime of Pretoria shrinks from no means or barbaric repression. Real massacres take place whenever there is·any show of resistance. Several cases of assassinations and plots against the lives of eminent fighters opposed to the regime and persecu- tions for imaginary crimes tend, in all cases, towards the infliction of suffering upon innocent families. 76. The people of Azania has proved that it could live up to its aspirations and that it was ready to pay the price for its deliverance in the form of heavy and unend- ing sacrifices. What the people of Azania is in no way ready to accept is the destruction of its national unity and its territorial integrity. For the minority racist Government which is usurping power in Pretoria fol- lows a strange notion-to say the least-of what should be the first duty of a self-respecting Government claim- ing to enshrine the national sovereignty of the State! Unlike any other executive power on earth, the Pretoria regime is proceeding cynically and systematically to break up the territorial integrity of South Africa, after having continuously proceeded to destroy its national unity through its abject policy of apartheid. 77. The continual creation of bantustans, to which the minority racist regime grants a status of autonomy and which it calls independent States, is a phenomenon resulting from the criminal practice of apartheid and seeking to gradually shake off the real danger rep- resented by the overwhelming majority of a determined people united around one sole aim: to put an end to the exploitative racist regime of Pretoria. 79. The international community is certainly aware of the gravity of the situation prevailing in that part of the world. Our Assembly has repeatedly taken a clear stand, unequivocally condemning the minority racist regime in South Africa and continually recommending measures that it deems necessary to put an end to that explosive situation. I do not feel the need to recall here in detail the various recommendations contained in the resolu- tions adopted by the General Assembly or in the deci- sions adopted by the Security Council. I shall confine myself to stating, like several speakers in this debate, that an honest and complete implementation of those various decisions could have had a considerable effect on the future of the racist regime of Pretoria. 80. A real embargo on arms and spare !"I'lrts deliveries; a complete halt in any supplying of strategic materials and oil; a real breaking off of all economic co- operation, all new investment, all importing of South African or Namibian uranium; a cessation of all foreign business activities inside South Africa or Namibia; all this would certainly cause the Pretoria rulers to recon- sider their conduct, if not to get out of the country. 81. International opinion, as represented in particular by various non-governmental organizations, has begun to become aware of the gravity of the South African case. The report of the Special Committee against Apartheid clearly demonstrates this. That is why we make a pressing appeal to all Governments of Member States which continue, in spite of everything, to have direct or indirect relations of co-operation or common interests with the racist Government of South Africa, to realize this fact, which is daily reaffirmed, and to put an end forthwith to any relations with the Pretoria regime. 82. Even more worrying than this is the co-operation in the nuclear energy field which apparently exists be- tween that racist regime and certain Governments. 83. We unhesitatingly state here that any co-operation in this field with the South African regime is a crime against the whole of mankind. To put the nuclear weapon into the hands of a gang of criminals is indeed an irresponsible act and a real threat to international peace and security. 84. The recent news about a nuclear explosion in South Africa confirms our worry. We hope that the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in the report which our Assembly has requested of him, will shed light on this most alarming matter. 85. On this occasion we condemn the overtly cynical co-operation between Israel and South Africa. The special report of the Special Committee against Apart- heid [A/34/22/Add. 1) indeed contains evidence which leaves no doubt as to the criminal intents of the two racist regimes of Pretoria and Tel Aviv. Here we would 86. In view of this state of affairs, we cannot but do everything in our power to maintain and strengthen the mobilization of the international community aimed at the dismantling of the racist minority regime and the promotion of the sacred cause of the struggling people of Azania, to which we reaffirm our full support through all means at our disposal. 87. The Security Council, which is the organ of the United Nations entrusted with the maintenance of inter- national peace and security, is duty-bound to playa full part. We implore the Council to discharge its repon- sibilities by taking the necessary decisions under Chapter VII of the Charter. In so doing, it will render even more effective the decisions that the international community has been compelled to take in view of the situation of flagrant injustice prevailing in South Africa, increase the chances for peace in the region and the world and enhance the prestige and influence of our Organization. ~ 88. Mr. EMMANUEL (Grenada): The delegation of Grenada would like, first of all, to express its gratitude to the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid and his colleagues for the report submitted to the Assembly. It bears testimony to the Committee's commitment to its mandate. The invaluable assistance rendered the Committee by a number of non-govern- mental organizations is also highly appreciated. 89. As members of the international community, we continue to express our deep concern for the millions of Africans who suffer from the dehumanizing, brutal and racist apartheid policies of the South African Govern- ment. That Government continues, in spite of the con- demnation and censure of the international community through the Umted Nations, to pursue its apartheid policy with a vengeance. The recent Special Committee report is a weighty indictment of that Government's determination to turn the screws of repression ever tighter on the long-suffering population. The South African Government's catalogue of detentions and tor- ture and of secret trials and executions is simply frightening. 90. The Terrorism Act, for instance, like related legislation, is designed not to contain but to perpetuate terrorism. It is aptly described. The term apartheid is, in other words, synonymous with terror. Sharpeville and Soweto and the deaths of Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko and countless others bear testimony to this. 91. In an attempt to stem the tide of freedom, the South African Government has adopted what might be called certain camouflage measures. Among them are the bantustan programme-s-an insult to the genuine political aspirations of the black African popula- tion-and the announced intention to reform the Mixed Marriages Act and labour legislation. There are, of course, other examples of what that Government would describe as a liberalization process, which is designed solely to camouflage the hideous structure of apartheid. 92. The ongoing programme of financial, economic and military collaboration on the part of certain in- 93. Recent reports that the South African Government may have exploded a nuclear device emphasizes the threat that the continued existence of this regime poses to international peace and security. It bears testimony to the lengths to which this regime is prepared to go in order to guarantee its continued existence with the col- laboration of certain Powers. 94. The People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada hopes that the Security Council will adopt a mandatory decision under Chapter VII of the Charter to end all nuclear collaboration with South Africa and call for the dismantling of all its nuclear plants. We welcome the Secretary-General's interim report [A/341639] on this matter of the nuclear explosion and express our thanks to him. 95. The Special Committee's proposal for the holding of an international conference for sanctions against South Africa is most welcome. It is a proposal which has been endorsed by both the OAU and the Sixth Con- ference of Heads of State or Government of Non- Aligned Countries. The People's Revolutionary Gov- ernment of Grenada in conclusion makes a strong ap- peal to those States that have traditionally collaborated with the South African regime to revolutionize their policies so that the world community may finally be rid of this cancer.

The position of Israel with regard to all forms of racism and racial discrimination, including apartheid, has been stated and reaffirmed an- nually in this forum. The Jewish people's concept of mankind has always been that of a unity deriving its character from a common origin and a common desti- ny. This doctrine was enunciated at the very beginnings of our civilization over 3,000 years ago in the Holy Bible, where the origins of all mankind are traced to a single person formed by God in His own image. The same universal message was developed hundreds of years later by the prophets of Israel. 97. The prophet Malachi, for example, proclaimed: "Have we not all one father? hath not one God created us? why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother ... " [Malachi, 2:/0]. 98. This doctrine is further expounded in the writings of the Jewish sages, where it reaches its clearest expres- sion. "Why did the Creator form all life from a single ancestor?", they ask; and the reply is: "That the families of mankind shall not lord one over the other with the claim of being sprung from superior stock ... that all men ... may recognize their common kinship in the collective human family" [Tosefta Sanhedrin, 8:4]. Moreover, this belief, this deep convic- "One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among you. U [Ex- odus, 12:49.] 99. More than any other nation the people of Israel have throughout their long history been the classic vic- tims of racial discrimination. Jewish nationhood was born in captivity and in the longing of enslaved masses for freedom. In the Middle Ages, Jews lived for hun- dreds of years fenced off in ghettoes, a nation apart, victims of ruthless persecution and oppression in an unending succession of pogroms and expulsions. Only a generation ago, the Jewish people suffered the loss of one third of its numbers, including one and a half million children murdered by the most brutal, racist regime in the history of man. 100. It is saddening to realize that the lessons of the past have yet to be learned and that the evil of discrimination against the Jewish people has found its way even into the latest in the series of reports of the Special Committee against Apartheid. For what have we here but another attempt to single out the people c. Israel and to subject them to scurrilous and false accusa- tions, as in the past? 101. By selecting Israel as a special target of attack on the basis of its minuscule trade with South Africa, the report has tried to divert the attention of Members from the real issue at hand and to subvert this world forum from what should have been its proper task, in a cynical display of transparent hypocrisy. Seldom does one en- counter a more one-sided and selective document than the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid. Once again we have before us a document inspired by motives of discrimination and bias, when it is motives like these which we are supposed to be collectively at- tempting to eradicate and stamp out. 102. Indeed, it is preposterous to single out Israel for special treatment because of its trade with South Africa, when the volume of that trade amounts to less than two fifths of 1 per cent of South Africa's foreign trade. The only thing special abot t Israel's trade with South Africa is its insignificance by contrast to the latter country's other trading partners, which account for the remaining 99.6 per cent, but who were deemed unworthy of a spe- cial report. 103. If the aim of the debate on apartheid is to com- pile a compendium of trade transactions with South Africa, few countries here would be absent from the list, and Israel would take a minor place, even by compari- son with those States that are most vocal in their con- demnation of apartheid, including the countries represented on the Special Committee. Indeed, if a fair account of economic interests were presented in the report, we would find that South Africa continues to import oil in the same quantities as before and that the two-way traffic in oil and gold between South Africa and tile oil-producing Arab States goes on unabated. 104. How can an international body be expected to take seriously a report that in one paragraph describes Israel's infinitesimal trade with South Africa as an 105. The sections of the report of the Special Commit- tee against Apartheid dealing with nuclear and military collaboration with South Africa again refer to the groundless and false allegations of military ties between Israel and South Africa. The Committee preferred to rely on concoctions based on the wildest journalistic speculation and sheer imagination and never troubled to peruse the relevant United Nations documentation. The lack of fairness in the Committee's report can best be seen in its decision to omit all mention of Israel's letters to the Security Council on the subject in question. This omission of relevant official documentation not only constitutes an affront to the intelligence of States Members of the United Nations, but also demonstrates the total lack of integrity characteristic of the Special Committee's approach' to its work. I will now take the opportunity of referring Members to an official com- munication circulated as a document of the Security Council Committee established by resolution 421 (1977). In that note verbale, dated 14 September 1979,4 Israel reconfirmed its undertakings of 7 December 19775 and 3 April 19786 that "it willcomply with Security Council resolution 418 (1977), and accordingly, Israel will not provide South Africa with arms or related material of all types, in- cluding the sale or transfer of weapons and ammuni- tion, military vehicles and equipment". The same note also reiterates Israel's commitment of I December 19787 that "with regard to licences granted in the past relating to the manufacture and maintenance of arms and ammunition, the Government of Israel has called on industry to take measures to terminate such licences, and the Government will not approve any application for renewal or extension of such a licence". 106. The Special Committee clearly sets no store by official Government statements, contained also in of- ficial United Nations documents, and instead proceeds, as in past years, to tabulate false allegations of military ties between Israel and South Africa, thus completely ig- noring those Government statements. In even greater desperation, the Committee has snatched at one or two second-hand or third-hand reports, gleaned from the realm of newspaper speculation, in an attempt to prove its wholly untenable thesis of nuclear collaboration be- tween Israel and South Africa. 4 Document S/AC.20/17. 6 lbid., Thirty-third Year, Supplement for April. May and June 1978. document S/12475/Add.1. , tbid., Supplement for October, November and December 1978. document S/12948. 108. I therefore wish categorically to reject the base- less and unsubstantiated allegations in the report of nuclear and military collaboration between Israel and South Africa. 109. Israel has voted against apartheid in the United Nations time and again. Our position on apartheid re- mains unchanged. It is the same today as it was in the 1950sand the 1950s. Those were the years when few na- tions enjoyed the respect of African States, as did Israel. It was not only sympathy for the modern-day victims of racism that motivated us to seek out the friendship of the newly-emerging and independent African States, but also a strong sense of identification born of our own historical experience. Indeed it is no wonder that almost 80 years ago Theodor Herzl, the founding father of modern zionism, compared the oppression of blacks in Africa to that-which the Jews themselves had suffered and vowed that when he had witnessed the redemption of his own people, Israel, he would work for freedom in Africa. 110. Israel remained faithful to that noble legacy, placing at the disposal of the African nations its own ex- perience in making the transition from an under-devel- oped to a progressive economy, and devising methods to share that experience with the emergent African coun- tries. Israel's contribution to the African continent was acknowledged as recently as 20 October 1979 by the Reverend Charles Kenyatta, who wrote in the Amster- dam News, published in Harlem, New York: "One tiny nation has contributed more in foreign technical aid to Black African nations than any or all of the oil-rich Arab bloc. That nation is Israel." Ill. Those who persist, then, in confounding and con- fusing the issues before us today, by seeking to exploit the world's justified abhorrence of apartheid and by turning this discussion into yet another Middle East debate in which they can pursue their relentless cam- paign of hatred, not merely diminish the gravity of the injustices perpetrated in the name of racism and racial discrimination, but sow division in a place where con- sensus is necessary and vital to remove discrimination and restore human dignity. The specious singling out of Israel for its alleged relations with South Africa, therefore, serves no useful purpose, leaving aside the fruitless campaign of political warfare to which some States here are clearly addicted. 112. In conlusion, so that there may be no misunder- standing of Israel's own stand on the principle before us, let me affirm once again that our position with regard to apartheid remains unchanged. Indeed, we are ourselves a multiracial people of all colours and backgrounds and, for that reason too. we cannot be anything but critical of a policy which causes humilia- tion to others because of their race or colour. In fact, we would be unfaithful to our Jewish heritage if we were to leave the slightest doubt in anybody's mind that we abhor any form of racial discrimination or humiliation. 114. This Assembly has repeatedly and unequivocally condemned apartheid in South Africa. The concept of separate development on a racial basis is contrary to the principles of equality and justice to which our countries firmly adhere and violates the most fundamental prin- ciples of the Charter of the United Nations. The apart- heid system is based on racial segregation, discrimina- tion, exploitation of human beings and repression. It has caused the majority of South Africans immeas- urable suff'ering in the interests of ensuring the economic and political domination by white South Africans. 115. The nine member States of the European Com- munity strongly deplore the grave injustice done by the Government of South Africa to the majority of its citizens by denying them their basic political rights and participation in the ordering of their own society. If this situation continues, the nine members fear that oppor- tunities for peaceful change in South Africa will be lost. 116. Freedom of political expression is, in our view, vital to the democratic process. A gamut of legal in- struments and administrative actions, including ar- bitrary arrests, censorship, banning orders and house arrests, is still used by the South African Government against those who wish to bring about a peaceful end to apartheid. 117. The recurrence of political trials and the number of political prisoners in South African gaols testify to the systematic and ruthless repression that is imposed on many of those who are working for a just and equitable society in that country. The nine members have con- tinued to make representations to the South African Government on this question. We again call on the South African Government to release immediately and unconditionally all those who are imprisoned for their political beliefs; we urge the Government to permit open and unfettered political debate among South Africans on all social, economic and political matters which af- fect their lives. 118. The nine members condemn the bantustan policy of the South African Government. Through this device urban blacks are stripped of their South African citizen- ship and are assigned to so-called homelands. Further- more, the forced relocation of population and the forci- ble transfer of large numbers of people into makeshift resettlement camps add to the problems of rural areas and cause great human suffering tel the families involv- ed. The nine members have not recognized the most re- cent of these creations, Venda, or the other bantustans and call upon the Government of South Africa to stop the policy of bantustanization. 119. The Or vernment of South Africa alienates the vast maiorit,' )f its own citizens and makes them strangers in ti.eir own country. Black South Africans have contributed greatly by their labour and skills to the development of their country, They have done so despite the lack of opportunities for p.romotion to skilled and managerial positions and wages commensurate ",'lith those paid to white employees for similar work. This ex- ploitation of the majority, the product of racial ex- 120. The nine members of the European Community have noted that changes to apartheid legislation have recently been suggested and in certain cases introduced, and hope that they represent the beginning of a move to abandon apartheid. However, the nine members will not be satisfied with modifications to the. system and continue to believe that fundamental change in South Africa is necessary and inevitable. They hope that it will be achieved quickly and peacefully. Only then will a society based on equality and justice, irrespective of col- our or race, become a reality. 121. The nine members remain convinced that those within South Africa who are working to bring an end to apartheid should be encouraged in their efforts to achieve peaceful change. It is to be hoped that the grow- ing debate on this issue will lead to a fundamental rejec- tion of apartheid and will help to achieve a just society. In this connexion, the nine members consider that chan- nelsof communication with South Africa should be used in order to further the attainment of this goal. 122. The nine members feel that encouragement should also be given to those non-governmental organ- izations, including churches, trade unions and other groups, which are contributing to the debate on this most serious issue. Their efforts have been especially useful in increasing public awareness of the abhorrent nature of apartheid. 123. With regard to the particular forms of discrim- ination against black workers in South Africa, the nine members adopted a code of conduct for subsidiaries of companies doing business in South Africa. They will in- crease pressure to promote the process of peaceful change in South Africa. They will continue to examine ways by which their collective weight may be used to in- fluence the Government of South Africa. 124. The United Nations has an important role to play in the effort to eliminate apartheid. The nine members remain ready to assist in this endeavour. Furthermore, the Nine remain committed to strict observance of the Security Council resolution on the arms embargo against South Africa. This is in keeping with the volun- tary measures taken by our countries prior to the adop- tion of resolution 418 (1977). 125. The European Community and its member States will continue to help those States close to South Africa which have had to deal with a range of economic, social and humanitarian problems generated by the policies of apartheid. In this connexion, the nine members recall the Southern African Development Co-ordination Con- ference, held at Arusha, Tanzania, on 3 and 4 July 1979, where consideration was given to ways of reduc- ing the economic and infrastructural dependence of African countries on South Africa. They have con- tinued to contribute to United Nations funds and private non-governmental organizations that aid those South Africans who have been compelled to flee their homes.

I should like, first of all, to extend to the Special Committee against Apartheid and, in particular, to its Chairman, Mr. Clark, my delegation's unqualified congratulations on the complete and meticulous report [A/34/22] it has submitted, which undoubtedly covers all aspects of the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination practised by the Government of South Africa. Furthermore, our congratulations go to the Special Committee for having drawn up an interna- tional convention against apartheid in sports, submitted in document A/34/36. 128. The problem of apartheid has been on the agenda of the United Nations for more than a quarter of a cen- tury now. The humiliations and tortures inflicted on millions of Africans by a minority of whites have been repeatedly denounced as being the most odious type of human rights violations. 129. Indeed, the States Members of our Organization are unanimous in thinking that apartheid is a crime against humanity, a violation of all internationally recognized norms of human rights. That policy was ex- pressed specifically in the creation of so-called ban- tustans which not only affect the territorial integrity of the country, but also provide a means of guaranteeing a cheap source of labour, a stratagem that is destined to perpetuate domination by the white minority and to deprive the African people of South Africa of their in- alienable rights. 130. Did not John Vorster say in 1968: "It is certain that there are blacks who work for us. They continue to do so and have done so for generations, although our ideal is to separate them completely ... The fact is that we need them be- cause they work for us ... But the fact that they work for us can never authorize them to claim any political rights, either now or in the future!" Ill. Thus the policy is clear, and to implement it the South African Government has institutionalized terror and persecution. 132. No country, since the fall of the Third Reich, has dared to proclaim before the entire world laws as in- human, degrading and unjust as those of the South African regime. 133. South Africa has not confined itself to implement- ing those laws on its own territory; it has tried to export them to the neighbouring territories of Namibia and Southern Rhodesia. 135. Obviously apartheid is the product of racial prej- udices. of racial discrimination and segregation. which flout the dignity and integrity of the individual and con- stitute the most flagrant violations of the principles en- shrined in the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 136. In South Africa, racial prejudice is a way of thinking and racial discrimination servesto maintain the myth of white superiority. 137. Did not the Secretary-General of the United Na- tions say, on 11 October 1978, on the occasion of the special meeting of the General Assembly to observe the International Anti-Apartheid Year: "There is no single issue on which the Members of this Organization are more united than the one be- fore us. We therefore speak today with one voice in expressing our determination to do everything within our power to help to ensure the establishment in South Africa of a just society in which all people of all races will enjoy their inalienable rights." 8 It must be agreed that there can be no more righteous expression of feeling than that by which the interna- tional community shows its unanimous condemnation of a policy that is at once immoral, inhuman and de- grading, and one that constitutes the most scathing de- fiance of the conscience of mankind. 138. But the problem of apartheid cannot be con- ceived as one that has to do merely with the observance of human rights in South Africa, however important that aspect may be. 139. Indeed, the United Nations has long recognized that the policy and actions of the Pretoria regime en- danger peace and security in ...he southern part of the African continent and hold risks for the future. The complaints which are frequently brought before our Organization of violations of the sovereignty of the neighbouring States of Angola, Mozambique and Botswana, suffice to prove this point. Only last week in its resolution 454 (1979), the Security Council, at the re- quest of Angola, once more condemned South Africa for its incursions into Angola. 140. The nature and the proportions of this danger have been evident with each act of aggression against the front-line States by the racist regime of South Africa. 142. In fact, on 22 September last, the American satellite VELA recorded an explosion of a force estimated at two kilotones off the coast of South Africa. This event provoked the indignation and concern of all African States, indeed of the international community, and this concern will not be allayed by the many denials, the most astonishing of which attributed the intensity of the light recorded in the southern hemisphere to a natural phenomenon caused by the confluence of a mass of polar air and an oceanic turbulence. 143. The champions of apartheid never cease to amaze us, because even in scientific circles they find people to defend the system, despite reason and common sense. Indeed, people even insinuate that it is possible that that extraordinary light was caused by an explosion which occurred in a Soviet nuclear submarine off the South African coast. 144. We do not have the benefit of sufficient expert knowledge in this field to become involved in such a debate, the aim of which is to erect a diversionary smoke-screen in order to afford South Africa one more respite. 145. Reason would have required South Africa, under manifold international pressures, to change and become amenable. On the contrary, it is becoming more and more entrenched in an untenable position, desiring as it does, with the acquisition of the nuclear weapon, to put itself in a position where it can perpetually blackmail its neighbours, the African States and the intermrional community. 146. My country does not usually point ai .using finger at States which collaborate or have co...aborated with South Africa in the nuclear field by signing con- tracts to supply nuclear material; and we are not going to point that finger today. Nevertheless, while there is still time, weshould like to draw attention to the respon- sibility of those countries, a responsibility which should compel them to revisetheir contracts, to include in them strict control guarantees or, if need be, to cancel them in order to avert the spread of the nuclear weapon. 147. We hope that this appeal will be heard and that, in the report which the Secretary-General will be sub- mitting to this Assembly pursuant to the request made to him to conduct an inquiry [47th meeting, para. 18], we shall be in a position to avert this danger which threatens all of humanity. 148. When we reflect upon the anti-human nature of apartheid and the determination of the South African leaders to do everything in their power to preserve the status quo, as, well as upon the fact that South Africa is one of the few countries which have not signed the Trea- ty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [resolution 2373 (XXII), annex] we are able to under- stand that the African countries cannot be satisfied with assurances motivated by a desire to trivialize an event 150. In any event, it is absolutely imperative, under present circumstances, to proceed to an extensive mobilization of all progressive forces, all nations and all Governments which cherish peace, with a view to the ceasing of all collaboration, in any form whatsoever, with the Pretoria regime. 151. It would be appropriate in this respect to imple- ment all measures set forth in the Security Council resolutions as well as in those of the General Assembly. Senegal, for its part, believes that the international com- munity should continue. its efforts to impose on South Africa binding economic sanctions as well as a total boycott against the South African racist regime, as pro- vided for by Chapter VII of the Charter. 152. It is particularly important at the present time to sensitize public opinion in countries that give military and economic assistance to the racist regime so that co- ordinated measures may be taken to enforce strict respect for the embargo on arms deliveries, as set forth in Security Council resolution 418 (1977). 153. The decision of the Nordic countries to establish a joint programme of action against apartheid in South Africa, by ending their investments, was an extremely positive step and one which we applaud. It proves that concrete action can be taken where there is a political will to do so. 154. In this regard, we were delighted by the decision recently taken by the Australian Government to pro- hibit an aeronautical firm from selling to South Africa 100 planes which were originally to be used in agriculture and which the South African Government wanted to use as coastguard aircraft. In revoking the contract, which was to have brought Australia 60 million Australian dollars, that country took account of the interests of the international community and suc- ceeded in putting aside selfish commercial advantages. In fact, one of the subterfuges that most developed countries often use is to say that, given the freedom which their firms enjoy under liberal economic policies, they cannot intervene to revoke contracts that have been concluded between private firms. This is only a trap, since we know that these contracts are often backed by guarantees from banks or governmental agencies which cover most foreign investments. 155. The international community would not be doing its duty if, it did not through joint action give effective assistance to the victims of apartheid through their na- tional liberation movements. These movements should obtain the material and moral assistance to enable them to hasten the fall of the odious apartheid regime. 156. , We should not forget things too quickly, because 157. Only an all-round decisive struggle, mobilizing all countries which are sincerely opposed to apartheid, can yield meaningful results. 158. Certain cosmetic operations are conducted here and there by South Africa to salve its conscience and to mollify certain segments of international opinion. Thus, the South African Government, for economic reasons, recently undertook an electoral reform by allowing into Parliament Coloureds and people of Asian origin, while nevertheless excluding the great majority of the people, that is, the blacks. In like manner, certain public places, such as restaurants, hotels, cinemas and sports stadia were desegregated, and certain laws such as the Mixed Marriages Act and the Immorality Act are about to be softened. But this, the Assembly may be sure, is again a trap to give respite to the South African regime. 159. Notwithstanding all these actions, South Africa is far from abandoning its 'policy, and apartheid is far from dead. This fact prompted Percy Qoboza to state that: "If apartheid is dead, then urgent funeral ar- rangements need to be made. The body is still around and it is making a terrible smell." 9 160. We emphasize strongly that, in the realm of sports, Africa continues to request the boycott of South Africa by all international competitions, including Rugby, so as to isolate that country. This is the time and place to praise the courage and clear thinking of the European Governments, such as France, the Nether- lands and Ireland, which have recently decided to forbid entry to South African sportsmen who have "coloured" their teams by integrating them for the occasion. 161. The preliminary draft of an international con- vention against apartheid' in sports, prepared by the Ad Hoc Committee [A/34/36], must be carefully studied by those who, on the eve of important world sporting events such as the Olympic games, still try to provoke Africa by inciting boycotts and attempting to question the suspension of South Africa by the International Olympic Committee. 162. Article 6 of the draft convention envisages ap- propriate action against sports teams, sports bodies and individual sportsmen that participate in sports activities in a country practising apartheid or with teams from a country practising apartheid. 163. It is time for the fine words spoken here in the an- nual debate on apartheid by the representatives of Member States, to be translated into concrete action, as has just been done by the Bureau of the Socialist Inter- national, which met at Lisbon on 30'an<\ 31 October this year. . 164. A resolution on South Africa was submitted on the initiative of the Portuguese Socialist Party and was adopted by the Bureau of the Socialist International. This resolution requests all affiliated parties to adopt economic sanctions against South Africa and to pro- 166. It was after that meeting that the President of the Republic of Senegal, speaking on the subject of South Africa at a press conference, stated that the root of the problem is that the Western Powers do not have the clarity of thought or the courage to implement the sanc- tions against Pretoria decided on by the United Nations. 167. I shall conclude by reaffirming the determination of my Government to support unreservedly the just struggle of the people of South Africa in their legitimate fight to free themselves from oppression and humilia- tion. 168. Senegal will support unswervingly any measures adopted by the United Nations to combat and eliminate colonialism, ~acism and apartheid. 169. For our part, we are convinced that the time for purely verbal condemnations has come to an end. The international community must assume its responsibility by adopting practical, concrete and effective measures. We invite all peoples that love peace and justice to im- plement more strictly the principles of our Charter, the Charter of the United Nations, in order to bring about this concerted, effective action.

The present situation in South Africa is characterized on the one hand by the development of the liberation struggle of the people of South Africa, firmly supported by the front-line States and by all the peoples and Governments of the countries in Africa and throughout the world that love peace and justice, and on the other by the persistence of the South African racists, in collusion with imperialism and international forces of reaction, in their policy of repression of the people and acts of aggression against neighbouring countries. Despite all the repressive, brutal, racist measures, the people of South Africa have intensified their political and armed struggle in all parts of the country for the attainment of their inalienable national rights. In spite of the conspiracy of silence, the South African press has had to report the resistance of the peo- ple and the guerrilla war which has developed in dif- ferent regions of the country. On the global level, many activities have been organized within the framework of the United Nations system and OAU, as well as by na- tional and international organizations, to achieve inten- sified international mobilization aimed at strengthening solidarity with the valiant people of South Africa, vigorously condemning the Pretoria regime and further isolating the apartheid regime internationally. This year the Non-Aligned Movement has devoted particular at- tention to the struggle against apartheid. At its Extraor- dinary Ministerial Meeting, held at Maputo from 26 January to 2 February 1979, the Co-ordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries adopted important recommendations 10 which were endorsed by the Con- 171. In the face of strong popular opposition internal- ly and nearly complete isolation externally, the racist South African authorities have obstinately pursued their repression of the people, and have strengthened their collusion with imperialism and international reactionary forces. Defying world public opinion and all the resolu- tions of the United Nations, Pretoria increased the number of arrests, summary trials, political assassina- tions and massacres of detainees and even school- children. The world willnever forget the Sharpeville and Langa massacres, the massacre of schoolchildren in Soweto, the assassination of Steve Biko or the recent murder of Solomon Mahlangu, not to mention the assassination of innumerable other freedom fighters. 172. The so-called bantustanization policy is another aspect of the apartheid system which has caused untold suffering to the non-white population. In spite of the vigorous opposition of the people and international condemnation, the Pretoria leaders have speeded up the implementation of their plan for the tribal division of the country through the establishment of bantustans, which is an attempt to destroy the territorial integrity of the country, the unity of the South African people and the united front of black patriots, in which Africans, those called "Coloureds" and Asians struggle side by Side agamst their common enemy, the apartheid regime. 173. The international community persists in its severe condemnation and rejection of the bantustanization programme of South Africa, including the attempts to create tribal armies to be used against the national liberation movement. 174. As we near the end of the International Year of the Child, we must forcefully denounce the crimes of apartheid against black children. South Africa is the only country in the world where black children are from birth marked with an indelible stigma. According to studies published by the United Nations, there is 1 doc- tor for every 44,000 African children, while that ratio is 1 to 4,000 for white children. The infant mortality rate in the African population is 200 per thousand in the cities and 400 per thousand in rural areas, while the rate for white children is 27 per thousand. 175. The apartheid regime, the bastion of racism, has not only endeavoured to strengthen its hold in South Africa but has also made desperate attempts to con- solidate its hold on the British colony of Southern Rhodesia and the international Territory of Namibia. This policy of expansionism by Pretoria has as its goal to make, in its own words, a "fortress" of southern African States, the aim of which is to guarantee the con- tinued plundering of the natural resources of the region as well as the exploitation of its peoples, and to provide a springboard for acts of aggression against the front- line countries and refugee camps for the victims of racism. The past year has witnessed numerous brutal acts of aggression by South Africa and Southern Rhodesia against the front-line countries, notably Angola, Mozambique and Zambia. On the very eve of the debate in the General Assembly on the apartheid 176. My delegation would like to express the militant solidarity of the people and Government of Viet Nam with the fraternal peoples and their great leaders in Angola, Mozambique, Zambia and other front-line countries and their great admiration of the firmness with which they have repelled racist acts of aggression and made sacrifices in order to discharge their noble in- ternational obligation concerning the struggle of the peoples of Namibia, Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. 177. It should be emphasized that new racist acts of armed aggression against Angola and Zambia coincide with the news that South Africa has recently detonated a nuclear device. The danger that the nuclear weapon in the hands of the racists and expansionists poses for peace and security in Africa and throughout the world, is self-evident. The Western countries and Israel, which collaborated with South Africa in the nuclear sphere in spite of all the resolutions of the United Nations, will bear a heavy responsibility in the eyes of nistory. 178. It is a secret to no one that South Africa, however cynical and arrogant it may be, would not be able so obstinately and for so long to pursue the shameful policy of apartheid, condemned by the United Nations as a crime against dignity and the human conscience, without the complicity of certain Western Powers. The Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non- Aligned Countries, held in Havana, expressed: " . . . its serious concern over and resolutely con- demned the continuing economic, military and nuclear collaboration of the imperialist Powers ... with the racist regime of South Africa. It stressed that this co-operation had not only facilitated the establishment and consolidation of the apartheid regime's repressive and oppressive apparatus but also increased Pretoria's war potential, including its plans for nuclear development, which constitute a threat to the South African people, independent neighbouring States and international peace and security." [see A/34/542, annex, sect. I., para. 76.] 179. It is precisely because of this co-operation and complicity that, up to the present, the Security Council has not been able to envisage mandatory economic sanc- tions against Pretoria, in particular, an embargo on deliveries of oil and petroleum products to South Africa. Resolution 418 (1977) of the Security Council concerning an arms embargo against South Africa has not been respected, above all as regards the production and development of nuclear weapons. 180. In the face of the dangerous situation which now prevails in southern Africa as a result of the apartheid policy of the Pretoria regime, the international com- munity must adopt urgent measures in accordance with the Charter in order to ensure implementation of the resolutions and action programmes of the United Na- tions in this connexion. My delegation wishes to express its appreciation to the Special Committee against Apart- heid for the work it has accomplished. We are prepared to support its recommendations. 182. The people and Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam reaffirm their unshakable solidarity with the heroic peoples of South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe and with the national liberation movements of the African National Congress, the South West Africa People's Organization and the Patriotic Front in their struggle to abolish the colonialist, racist and apartheid regime and to recover their freedom, their independence and their dignity. In unison with the inter- national community, we forcefully condemn the racist regimes of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia for their vile crimes against the peoples of southern Africa. We wish to reaffirm our admiration for the South African people, which is persevering in its liberation struggle in extremely difticult conditions to ensure that its right to control the destiny of its country and to live in freedom and human dignity will prevail. We reaffirm our solidarity with the front-line countries. They deserve all the help they need from the international community to strengthen their national defence and compensate them for the sacrifices they have made in supporting the national liberation movements and wel- coming refugees from southern Africa.

Let my opening remarks express my delegation's appreciation of the work accomplished by the Special Committee against Apartheid, which year after year has provided this Assembly with a comprehensive and exhaustive report on South Africa's racial policies. 184. I should like to pay a special tribute to Am- bassador Akporode Clark, Permanent Representative of Nigeria, for the efficient and able manner in which "'e is performing his functions as Chairman of the Spe...al Committee. Our tribute also includes his predecessor for so many years, Ambassador Leslie Harriman. 185. The international community is once again called upon to reiterate in the most vehement and emphatic manner its unanimous condemnation of the abhorrent policies of apartheid. 186. The continual refusal by South Africa to heed the repeated international appeals may lead us to the con- clusion that no reversal of Pretoria's racial segregation policies is ever to be expected. However hopeless our ef- forts may have proved to be until now, this Organiza- tion is duty-bound to persevere in its endeavours to rally world public opinion against the evils of apartheid, with a view to bringing about the indispensable conditions for its.definitive eradication. 188. Not satisfied with imposing upon the black South African majority the hardships and humiliations that apartheid entails, the Pretoria regime continues to deny the people of Namibia, whose territory it illegally oc- cupies, its inalienable rights to freedom and dignity, within an independent State. 189. South Africa's latest attempts to gain interna- tional approval for its obnoxious segregation policiesby granting an illusory independence to the so-called ban- tustans have deceived no one. In this respect, I should like to put on record that the Brazilian Government has refused to grant any kind of recognition to the latest bantustan created, denominated Venda, and has in- structed all its foreign diplomatic and consular missions not to accept any documents, passports or others, issued by that artificial entity. 190. Apartheid deserves unconditional condemnation by both moral and legal standards. Becauseof it, South Africa has gained the opprobrium of mankind as a whole. Brazil could not fail to add its voice in the most categorical manner to the unanimous repudiation of the policiesof apartheid to which Pretoria continues to sub- ject the South African black majority population. In ef- fect, nothing could be more contrary to the values we stand for as a nation than discrimination policies based on racial and ethnic considerations. 191. As a multiracial society which takes pride in its African heritage, Brazil cannot elude its responsibility to commit its support to the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. This commitment, expressed in our vote for the resolutions adopted by this Assembly, is also reflected in practical and concrete measures which have been duly conveyed to the competent United Na- tions organs and need not be enumerated. 192. Let me conclude by pledging Brazil's solidarity with the suffering peoples in South Africa and Namibia and assure them that Brazil will continue to lend its con- tribution to having this Assembly take actions conduc- ive to the final elimination of apartheid. 193. Mr.HAMIDULLAH KHAN (Bangladesh): Apartheid in South Africa, despite three decades of systematic ex- posure and universal condemnation, continues more deeply entrenched and repressive than ever. The facts are stark, the process is brutal, the situation explosive and the danger to peace and security palpable and immi- nent. 194. As the world community grapples with the choice of further action, peaceful or punitive, Bangladesh believes that certain truths are self-evident. The struggle in South Africa must be viewed essentially within its 195. The human rights dimension of the problem needs no elaboration. It is now universally recognized that the maintenance of the system of apartheid is a negation, the antithesis 'Of the common standards of achievement for all peoples and nations established in the United Nations Charter and elaborated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The General Assembly has categorically condemned apartheid not only as a crime against the conscience and dignity of mankind, but as a crime against humanity seriously disturbing and threatening international peace and security. 196. The Special Committee against Apartheid has ex- haustively compiled and catalogued annually the extent and escalation of this heinous policy, a policy whose of- ficial philosophy is rooted in institutionalized racism, whose guiding motivation is segregation through the perpetuation of white supremacy, and whose objective is the eventual creation of a racial federation or con- federation between areas and racially defined homelands or bantustans. This policy, pursued with unrelenting ferocity, has meant the usurpation of 87 per cent of the most productive agricultural land for the ex- clusive use of whites; the denial of political representa- tion to more than four fifths of the population; economic discrimination and exploitation Oil an un- precedented scale; the dispossession and forcible transfer of millions of Africans and dismemberment of the country. It has been an intricate web of legislation and administrative policies designed to ensure racial segregation and restrict freedom of movement. Thou- sands have been arrested without trial, incarcerated, tortured, banned and even murdered. Intimidation and harassment are sanctioned by ever more repressive legislation to dampen and suppress resistance. Mean- while the most blatant manifestation of apartheid con- tinues apace. South Africa has now imposed another bantustan, Venda, in addition to Transkei and Bophuthatswana, in studied defiance of the interna- tional community's rejection of these homelands as in- valid. 197. The inevitable fall-out of this premeditated policy of racism is a legacy of violence and destruction. Tur- bulence in South Africa is now on a short lease. Resistance, long non-violent, has hardened into im- placability, fueled by years of denial and heart-breaking sacrifice. The memory of Sharpeville and Soweto are in- delibly imprinted in history. They are grim milestones in the march of decolonization and along the hard road to freedom, equality and human dignity. The struggle will go on, armed or unarmed. The process is irreversible. It is directed, through the determination and resolveof the people of South Africa, to securing their freedom, despite brutality, despite repression, despite spurious political trials and arbitrary arrests and despite deten- tion, banning and bantustanization. It draws momen- tum from the memory of all those innumerable silent victims of apartheid, all those who risked their lives in the cause of human dignity. It derives strength from the spirits of martyrs such as Steve Biko, Solomon Mahlangu and countless others who have died in the cause of freedom. It is driven by the will of those who 198. While humanitarian considerations alone de- mand the total eradication of apartheid and the dismantling of its machinery of repression, there can be no doubt today that, politically, its continued existence constitutes a threat to peace and security demanding decisive action by the world community. Challenged by resistance from within and without, South Africa has been transforming itself into an armoured bastion with clear-cut objectives. The ultimate aim is the perpetua- tion of white supremacy in Africa, south of the Zambezi, directly or indirectly, through surrogate or puppet regimes installed in Southern Rhodesia and Namibia. A primary objective is to crush insurrection and deter the liberation struggle. The immediate target is the front-line States and South Africa's determination to isolate and harass them, destabilize their Government and disrupt their economy by means not excluding full- fledged and pre-planned armed incursions across inter- national frontiers. At the same time, South Africa's in- tent is to increase its attractiveness to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NA TO] as an ally, by deliberately conjuring up and projecting the image of South Africa as a vital strategic base against communism. Military ex- penditure in South Africa has annually been escalating dramatically, jumping in one decade from $358 million to over $1.5 billion to date. The development of its nuclear potential, as the Special Committee and the great majority of Member States have repeatedly warn- ed. has always been a foremost priority. It now appears almost certain that South Africa has acquired the capability to produce nuclear weapons, with all the in- calculable consequences that that entails. 199. The call for action, in the face of these developments, has now become an imperative. For over 30 years, the United Nations has sought a wide variety of avenues for a peaceful solution of the problem of apartheid, the essential prerequisite for which was encouragement of the recognition of the right of the people of South Africa as a whole to decide the destiny of the nation. South Africa has spurned all such attempts with impun- ity. The Lusaka Manifesto" - or Manifesto on Southern Africa-adopted at the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries a decade ago, sought to stem the tide towards violent upheaval by proposing a workable framework for a just and lasting solution, a framework that envisaged amnesty for all political prisoners, negotiation with the liberation movements, the abandonment of the separate homelands policy and the extension of human rights in accordance with the common standards laid down by the United Nations. Recommendations to convene a na- tional convention, composed of genuine representatives of all the South African people, were mooted as long ago as 1964. These conditions remain pertinent and, in- deed, imperative, but they continue to be flatly rejected by the racist minority regime of Pretoria. 200. There is clear consensus among the great majori- ty of nations that any form of relations or association with the racist regime directly bolsters the perpetuation of apartheid and can at best be viewed as appeasement 201. The last few years have seen the launching by the international community of perhaps the most concen- trated expose and assault on South Africa's policies of institutionalized racism. This momentum must be main- tained and international pressure further mobilized and co-ordinated. For its own part, Bangladesh is irrevo- cably committed to the eradication of apartheid. Bangladesh cannot accept any solution tantamount to a modification of racism or the imposition of unilateral solutions denying the people of South Africa as a whole the right to determine their future. All necessary steps must be taken to ensure the transfer of all powers to the people of South Africa as a whole, in accordance with their freely expressed will and desire and without any distinction as to race or colour, in order to enable them to enjoy complete freedom and independence. Bangladesh accordingly reaffirms its recognition of the legitimacy of the liberation struggle in South Africa. We welcome the presence of their representatives in our midst. We believe that a concerted campaign must be directed towards the complete and total isolation of the apartheid regime on all fronts-military, political, economic, social, cultural, sports and other fields. The international community must intensify its efforts at providing all forms of assistance, moral and material, to the national liberation movements and their supporters, the front-line States. International efforts must also be directed towards the sustainment, development, educa- tion and training of South African refugees displaced from their homeland. They constitute a crucial van- guard in the dismantling of apartheid. 202. My delegation would like to pay a special tribute to the Chairman and the other members of the Special Committee against Apartheid for their painstaking and exhaustive work. We fully endorse the recommenda- tions contained in their reports [A/34/22 and Add. I]. We believe that the time has come for the Security Council to consider more forthright action in pursuance of the steps it has already taken and to seize upon the recommendations of that Committee and, through it, those of the General Assembly. 203. South Africa's record constitutes one of the bleakest chronicles in human history, a permanent blemish on the conscience of mankind. It is now ob- vious that the anguish of the international community cannot be assuaged by anything short of the total