A/35/PV.63 General Assembly

I call on the representative of the United States of America who wishes to explain her vote. 54. Indeed, this year for the first time the Third Com- mittee considered the two aspects of the principle of self-determination. After having for 20 years examined merely the principle of the self-determination of colonial countries and peoples, thanks to the granting ofindependence, the Third Committee has at last given particular attention to the principle of respect for the self-determination ofpeoples and ofsovereign nations. 55. The sponsors of draft resolution 11 were pleased to see that text adopted by consensus in the Third Committee. The amendments made during the debate further strengthened the text, especially the one which has now become the first paragraph of the preamble, as agreed by the sponsors, because ,it strengthens the idea that they were expressing, namely that agenda

The General Assembly has before it a note by the Secretary-General [A/35/453 and Add.l], May I take it that the General Assembly wishes to take note of that document? It was so decided (decision 35/414). AGENDA ITEM US Co-operation between the United Nations and the Islamic Conference

I call on the representative of Pakistan, who wishes to introduce the draft resolution in document A/35/L.9/Rev.l. 59. Mr. NAIK (Pakistan): It is a great privilege for me to introduce on behalfofthe States members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and in my capacity as Chairman of the Islamic Group at the United Nations in New York, the draft resolution on co-operation between the United Nations and the Organization of the Islamic Conference contained in document A/35/L.9/Rev.l. The objective of this draft resolution is to enhance fruitful co-operation between the United Nations and the Islamic organization which represents more than 40 States and over 900 million people. The organization is dedicated to the fur- therance of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and since its inception in 1969 has been playing a dynamic role to uphold fundamental human rights and advance the objectives of interna- tional peace and security. We are convinced that increased co-operation between the United Nations and the Organization of the IslamicConference would be mutually beneficial and significantly contribute to the attainment of political, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian goals shared by the two organi- zations. 60. The States members of the Islamic Conference clearly visualize the role of the organization within the global framework of the Charter of the United Nations. Their commitment to the Charter and funda- mental human rights was therefore explicitly reaffirmed in the charter of the Organization of the Islamic Con- Africa join the comity of nations as free and inde- pendent people. 67. Sharing the concern ofall peace-loving nations of the world over the global arms race and the arms build-up, especially the nuclear arms build-up, the Is!amic Conference has adopted resolutions on im- portant disarmament issues. Since the Islamic coun- tries straddle some of the most sensitive strategic regions of the world, the relentless arms race and the great-Power rivalry and (he consequent tensions in different regions have .a direct bearing on the security of the Islamic nations. The Conference has therefore time and again addressed itself to issues relating to disarmament and security. While reiterating its commitment to the goal of general and complete disarmament, the Islamic Conference has especially emphasized such interim disarmament measures as are of direct relevance to the regions it covers or to its member States as small and medium-sized developing countries. Those measures include the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones in the appropriate regions of the world and security assur- ances against the use or the threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States. 68. Over the years the Islamic Conference has con- sidered a wide range of issues in the economic field, both in the international sphere and related to eco- nomic co-operation among member States. It has consistently expressed its concern at the unpre- cedented widening of the gap between the developed 79. As regards the question before us today-co- operation between the United Nations and the Orga- nization of the Islamic Conference-we should like to point out that the Soviet Union maintains good relations with many Moslem countries, relations which it values. We also take a positive view of the role which the Organization of the Islamic Conference has played in promoting a just solution to the problem of Palestine and the question of East Jerusalem. 80. But we do not think it right that the Organization of the Islamic Conference should be in some special; privileged position in comparison with the regional bodies-with the OAU, for example. Even if certain ideas have been deleted in the revised version of the draft resolution, the very fact that they were put forward prompts us to express regret. 81. We emphatically cannot approve of a draft reso- lution which endorses without exception all the practical activities ofthe Islamic Conference. We view as clearly negative certain well-known unilateral deci- sions and directly hostile actions taken by the Organi- zationof the Islamic Conference against the Demo- cratic Republic of Afghanistan and the April 1978 revolution in that country. Those decisions and actions are aimed at interference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan and in this connexion we wish clearly to state that they do not do honour to the Islamic Con- ference. 82. Those are the reasons why, if draft resolution A/35/L.9/Rev.l is put to the vote, the Soviet delega- tion will vote against it.

A few days ago, the world celebrated the 1400th year of the Hegira. As the fifteenth century of the Islamic Era dawns on the world, we in India are. particularly aware of the rich- ness and variety .. of the contribution that Islam has made to human civilization. India today ranks among the three or four countries with the largest population of Muslims in the world, and to the millions of Indian citizens who profess this faith the present anniversary marks an important milestone in the annals ofthis great religion. We are conscious of the profundity of the teachings of the Prophet and of the deep impact they have made on the sensibilities of all mankind. The spirit of equality and the brotherhood of man which have been the guiding principles of the social move- ments launched and promoted by the followers of the Prophet have, particularly in our own times, comlnued to be of great relevance in.designing the political and social underpinnings of the modem nation State. 84. It is a matter of pride for us in India that,' apart from the great religions that have been born within our own country, Islam has also constituted an important part of our composite cultural tradition. As Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi said recently in connexion with the commemoration of the 1400th year of the Hegira: 93. First, we cannot support any formulation which specifies a particular perspective on international issues to the exclusion of other points of view. While we admit that different States have different percep- tions on individual issues, such as those relating to

Cuba deeply appreciates the role played by the Organization of the Islamic Conference in the search for a just solution to the problem of the Middle East on the basis of the exercise of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, as well as for what it has done with regard to the City of Jerusalem. 98. It is our understanding that tbat is the main aim of the Organization of the Islamic Conference; it is its raison d'etre. Because of that, and because of the effective contribution it has made in the past and continues to make to the cause of the Palestinian people, we fully agreed to have it participate as an observer in the activities ofthe non-aligned movement. However, we do not think it is right, in so far as the Charter is concerned, for the United Nations to main- tain relations of co-operation with that organization. We consider that the United Nations should maintain relations of co-operation with regional bodies such as 10S. We have also noted with keen interest their activities concerning the maintenance of international peace and security and the establishment of a new intemational economic order. We hope, therefore, that they will continue on this constructive path in the future. 106. The Organization of the Islamic Conference is, as its name implies, based on Islamic faith and is composed ofMoslemStates, thus manifestingadistinct religious bias. The United Nations, on the other hand, is a secular organization composed of Member States of different religious persuasions and ideologies. The United Nations is also a universal organization with a global outlook and global concerns. Consequently, these two organizations cannot have an identical outlook on all issues. It is with that in mind that we should consider the proposed co-operation of the United Nations and the Islamic Conference. 107. Ethiopia agrees in principle to closer co- operation between the United Nations and the Orga- nization of the Islamic Conference, but we believe that in establishing this we should be careful lest that 109. The non-membership of a concerned party in the Islamic Conference has on occasion led to the abuse of membership rights in the Conference. Thus, it has often happened that political expediency has been put before adherence to principles. Such a situa- tion has consequently led to the adoption of resolutions that run counter to those adopted either by the United Nations or by the regional organizations directly con- cerned. Such a situation has enabled a certain member of the Islamic Conference to abuse its membership in the Conference by usingthe forumfor the promotion of its well-known expansionist ambitions regarding Ethiopia. 110. It ,is therefore only logical and understandable that my delegation rejects such attempts and does not lend support to all the resolutions of the Islamic Con- ference. Ill. As regards the resolution just adopted, the Ethiopiandelegation has serious reservations about the seventh preambular paragraph as well as paragraphs I and 2. Had the draft resolution been put to the vote, my delegation would have been compelled to cast a negative vote on the paragraphs just indicated and to abstain on the text as a whole. The adoption of the resolution should not be construed as endorsement or approbation by the United Nations of resolutions of the Islamic Conference that run counter to the United Nations Charter or its resolutions. 112. Finally, I wish to assure the members of the Islamic Conference that Ethiopia supports all the resolutions ofthe Conference that are compatible with the principles and decisions of the United Nations, the OAU and the non-aligned movement, particularly as they relate to questions concerning the Middle East and Palestine. Our difficulty with the Conference stems solely from those few resolutions that are contrary to both the spirit and the letter of the Charter of the United Nations and that of the OAU. Ill. We hope that in the future the Islamic Con- ference will discourage those members of the Con- ference that attempt to promote unprincipled positions that can only discredit the organization. The dis- couragement of such selfish actions in the future will undoubtedly serve the purpose ofjustice and thereby not onlyenhance the international standingor authority of the Islamic Conference bout also facilitate the closer co-operation that is sought between the Conference and the United Nations.

Once again we are dealing with a subject on which volumes of words have been spoken, torrents of denunciatory terms and crocodile tears have poured forth and thunderous resolutions of condemnation have echoed and re- echoed in these halls. But once again we are faced with the harsh, ugly facts that confront us year after year. For the harsh and bitter truth remains that the Pretoria regime will continue to laugh at this body to scorn and perpetrate its heinous crimes against humanity and civilized behaviour so long as words and resolutions, however pungent and impressive they may be, are not translated into effective, positive and stem action by all the members of this community. In this respect, those whose power and influence make them the most conspicuous aiders and abetters are those powerful and affluent nations which continue to ignore the repeated calls for comprehensive and effective sanctions against the South African racists. 150. If we did not believe that the power of evil will not in the end triumph over the power of good, if the inspiring triumph of Zimbabwe and its heroic people were not there as an example of the fact that the humanist spirit and those who will not yield to racist, imperialist-minded tyrants will eventually over- throw the forces of oppression and slavery, we might tire in ourefforts. But because of repeated demonstra- tions of the unquenchable spirit of men when fighting for their freedom, because Barbados believes that the people of Namibia and southern Africa will eventually 155. Those bloody-minded traffickers in human subjugation and misery were sent packing, and my delegation rejoices that the courts ofa frinedly member of the Commonwealth community whence they came prosecuted and punished them for infringing certain laws connected with the supply of arms to South Africa. 156. The international community can therefore rest assured that my Government will live up to its obliga- tions under international agreements and the resolu- tions and decisions of the General Assembly calling for the complete isolation ofSouth Africa. My country will continue to do so as long as the necessity exists. 157. My delegation supports the recommendations of the Special Committee against Apartheid, under 158. The consciences of civilized people everywhere must be kept alive as to the dangers of this cancerous scourge that must be eliminated from the world, which not so very long ago suffered horribly from the consequences of the "master race" theory. History may well repeat itself, if we do not soon rid the world of this abomination.

I should like first of all to pay a tribute to rhe Special Committee against Apartheid and its Chairman, Mr. Clark, for the detailed report that has been submitted to us covering all aspects of the policy of racial discrimination and apartheid practised by the racist regime of South Africa. That report indicates that the international community is fully aware of the ignominy of apartheid. I should like also to congrat- ulate the Ad Hoc Committee on the Drafting of an International Convention against Apartheid in Sports for its work. 160. The most important accomplishments of the United Nations since its inception have been achieved above all in the field of decolonization, the right to self-determination and the elimination of racial dis- crimination and apartheid in all its manifestations. The General Assembly was quite right to condemn racial discrimination by labelling it as a crime against humanity as a whole. Indeed, that is the most heinous crime against man and the international community. Last year we witnessed the victory of the people of Zimbabwe in its struggle against the oppressor, a victory which was crowned by the independence of that country last April. This historic victory has not only isolated the racist regime but also made the forces of right and equality in South Africa triumph. The struggle of the South African people will intensify and the support lent it by peoples the world over will increase its determination and its strength. There can be no doubt that in the final analysis good will triumph over evil. 161. Human beings have vital needs which derive from their very nature. In order for them to flourish, they must enjoy equality, freedom, dignity and their inalienable rights; those are the fundamental rights the Almighty has granted to every human being; those are sacred rights. Anyone who does not respect those rights granted by God is an enemy of God and of humanity. All peoples must enjoy respect for freedom of the individual, peace, justice and equality for all. That is why recognition ofthe rights to freedom and equality between human beings is a fundamental element of the rules governing a stable social system in any State and within any community. 162. The progress made by civilization can be assessed in the light of the rights that have been recognized as belonging to individuals and protected by law and justice at the State level and internationally. This progress can be measured by the degree ofequality granted J~twecm individuals as well as by the degree their efforts will end in failure. 164. The racist authorities in South Africa have deliberately adopted an overt policy of apartheid and 169. Military and nuclear co-operation between have enshrined it in their Constitution and their legisla- Israel and South Africa is a fact. The report of the tion, In so doing, South Africahas deprived black men, Special Committee against Apartheid contains proof who are the majority of the indigenous population, indicating that this collaboration and these close links of their iegitimate right to coexist with their brothers between the two abject regimes exist. We condemn within the society, of their right to education, without racial discrimination in South Africa and we condemn which they cannot acquire the essential elements the regimes of those countries which have followed enabling them to survive, of their right to marry and this inhuman policy. We condemn all those who assist to have a family as they choose within the society the racial discrimination regime, whatever form their in which they live and within the international eom- assistance takes, because this strengthens the destruc- munity. The black man has been deprived of the tive principle on which apartheid is based. opportunity ofaccess to the COUl1s to defend his rights 170. Co-operation between Israel and South Africa on a basis of equality with the whites. He has been is a well-known fact and has been condemned by the deprived of his right to earn a salary equal to that of Special Committee against Apartheid. This collabora- the whites and of his right to choose where to live in tion is not limited merely to the economic and social the country and the trade he wishes to practise. Hence spheres, but extends to the military and nuclear the minority racist regimeofSouth Africais preventing spheres as well. the black man from makingsocial and economic gains. 171. Since its independence, Kuwait has banned On the contrary, it is exploiting him and depriving all co-operation with the apartheid regime. It is our him of any opportunity to flourish. duty to condemn these unjust conditions. We must 165. Some claim that South Africa is one of the isolate the racist regime of South Africa and the racist pillarsofWestern civilizationand that it is safeguarding regime in Palestine. We must help the black majority its values and its ideals. How can this be true when and the Palestinian people as much 2S possible to put the sources of Western civilization are Greek ph~- an end to these unjust regimes which are committing losophy and the Christian religion, which proclaim crimes against mankind, whichare the enemies of God, equality among men, the dignity of man and his right and which resort tc obscurantism. We demand provi- to life. South Africa does not confine itself to flouting sions under Chapter VII of the Charter to be carried the values of European civilization; it rejects its out against South Africa and Israel until the majority ideal8. in South Africa and the Palestinian people are able to 166. In the preamble to the Charter of the United exercise self-determination and to live in full freedom Nations, the international community has reaffirmed andjustice on the basis ofequality and human dignity. faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity 172. Mr. SALLAH (Gambia):The problems ofapart- and worth of the human person and emphasized the held and its inherent suffering have been a scourge need for respect for human rights and fundamental on the minds and bodies of its victims long enough. freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, Neither mental nor physical wounds inflicted on language or religion. All Member States have com- persons subjected to this tyranny wait to hurt; nor mitted themselves to ensuring respect for these do these wounds wait to cause pain or death. Neither principles. does the blight on the face of the international eom- 167. Racial discrimination in South Africa and munity, which protests but does not do enough to Namibia runs counter to the principles of the Charter stop these disturbing occurrences, cease to be less of and its basic values. South Africa has divided the an indictment against it. society of the country into two separate blocs by 173. Since this apparent lack of resolve in the erecting a barrier, which has created a gap between the endeavours to eradicate apartheid is enough to permit sons of a same nations, for the' white racist minority and encourage the persistence of this racist phe- is attempting to subjugate the black majority. Thus, nomenon in South Africa, and though some of us by reason of racial discrimination, the country is cut remind each other that gross events occurring in the in half. Political, economic and military authority is in name ofapartheid are known and deeply felt, some of the hands' of the white racist minority and the black the impact of that conscious realization of suffering 'mlUority is deprived of all its rights. That minority must have diminished to a very great extent to have resorts to oppression, terror, arbitrary imprisonment permitted the evident indifference which has allowed and summary sentencing; it forbids mixed marriages such a grave situation to continue. and prevents the black m~ority from participating in 174. Since the recognition of and respect for the elections and in government. fundamental principles ofhuman rights form one of the 168. Collaboration between the racists is necessary cardinal principles of our foreign policy, the existence for that regime to maintain itself. Collaboration of this all-too-evident situation makes it incumbent 177. The brutal racist repression of people seeking their birthright and of human dignity and the mass extermination of the native population of South Africa and of the peoples of Zimbabwe and Namibia, and the incursions into neighbouring independent African nations must be ended. The deliberate and repeated acts of aggression committed' by South Africa against the front-line States are abhorrent. The South African regime' s determined attempts to entrench itselffurther and to perpetuate racist minority rule in the region should be stopped. 178,. The Gambia speaks out against and reinforces its condemnation of the acts of racial aggression I have described, as well as of the illegal annexation ofWalvis Bay, the intensification of the military build-up in Namibia, the illegal use of the territory of Namibia for acts of aggression against neighbouring independent countries and the devastation of villages and the intensified recruitment of mercenaries. 179. With regard to the internal situation in South Africa itself, the Gambia condemns the manoeuvres by the South African regime to create "buffer zones" to fragment African opposition and to create a reservoir of cheap labour which have been instituted which, if curtailed, will eventually eliminate the oppressive phenomenon of apartheid. 182. The afore-nentioned practices by racist apart- heid against the peoples of South Africa and southern Africa are heinous enough in themselves. They are an abomination. Of even greater imporl, and having even graver implications for the region and the international community as a whole, is the development of a nuclear testing site in the Kalahari desert and the frightening reality of actual nuclear testing in the area, with the help, and at the instigation, of certain Members of the United Nations. 183. By failing or refusing to take appropriate steps to eradicate tl.~ evils of apartheid, with their accom- panying psychological effects, we are acquiescing In our own demise, moral and physical. Significant measures have been enumerated by the Security Council through insistent negotiations. It remains now to implement, indeed, to enforce these resolutions against the actions documented against South Africa under Chapter VII of the Charter; in particular, the call for comprehensive economic sanctions, and the arms and oil embargoes, aimed at drastically shortening the time tolerated for the effective rectification of abuses and the merciful lessening ofgrief sustained by the aggrieved parties and occasioned by the systematic Sou~hAfrica,transgressions committed by that regime South African regime, to compel it to relinquish the in complete contravention of international law, as it policy of apartheid and to pr~vent it fro~ developing continues to import and use arms to effect the complete its already considerable military potential not sur- destabilization of the region of southern Africa. The prisingly includes the leading nations of the tightrope- Gambia opposes the actions ofcertain States Members walking so-called free world. It is not by mere chance S h that they refuse to apply against South Africa the of the (Tnited Nations which continue to arm out sanctions provided for in Chapter VII of the Charter, Africa 'Jnd to collaborate with it in the nuclear field. as they have frequently been called upon to do by the 186. The Gambia supports the continued necessary non-aligned countries and others. The outrageous assistance to the African States, in their particular profits their transnationa! corporations extr~ct fr~m position as front-line States, in their unending struggle South Africa and Namibia make apartheid quite to combat apartheid and racism, and supports t~e profitable. Moreover, the Pretoria regimeis essentially continued assistance to Lesotho, whose economic a pawn in its imperialist strategy and its desire to development has ~en seriously curtailed by its re~us~1 dominate the African continent. to recognize the Independence of the Transkei, m 194. Whether with or without the Treaty on the Non- complhlnce,withthe resolutions ofthe United Nations. Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, with or without 187. Finally, the Gambia wishes to pay a reverent United Nations resolutions, they therefore gleefully tribute to the gallant efforts of the thousands and participate in the proliferation of nuclear material a~d thousands ofunnamed Steve Bikes, Robert Sobukwes, thus in the promotion of the nuclear military potential Albert Luthulis and Nelson Mandelas, immortalized of their apartheid cronies. That single fact, the by their valiant struggles against racial transgressions acquisition by South Africaofthe capability to produce and apartheid,and thanks all of those who have nuclear weapons, which represents a clear threat to faithfully given their support from the outset, and are mankind, suffices to reveal the hypocrisy and the now working diligently to combat apartheid. Pharisaical conduct of those free-world accomplices 188. Mr.ROA KOURI (Cuba) (interpretation from and self-proclaimed defenders of human rights. Spanish): One is never tired of denounc!n¥ year after 195. The South African regime's policy ofapartheid year, before the Assembly, that dehumanlzing monster constitutes today the most brutal, rapacious and of the Fascists of Pretoria known in the modem-day dangerous form of Fascist and imperialis! expan- political jungle by tde name of apartheid. We do so sionism. It must be extirpated, not only ID South once again, forcefully, as we are convinced that our Africa, by unstinted economic, political and military words' which 'are backed by unswerving solidarity support to the national liberation m~vemen! !If the with the South African people, will contribute to the South African people, ANC, but also ID Namibia, the extirpation forever of the most despicable system of Territory occupied illegally, in contravention of the oppression of our times. explicit will of this world Organization and the 189. Apartheid is rooted in barbarous concepts which Namibian people, whose sole legitimate representa- indeed predate logic, but they are not peculiar to, nor tive, the South West Africa People's Organization 207~ As we all know, the Pretoria regime has taken people of South Africa and Namibia, the sustained every opportunity to use its military machine to defiance of the United Nations and the principles of intimidate the people of South Africa, to wage war the Charter over three decades, and the threat to peace against the liberation forces of Namibia engaged in posed by South Africa's aggressive and militaristic legitimate struggle, and to launch armed aggression policies more than justify action under Chapter VII against Angola and other neighbouring States that of the Charter. have supported southern African liberation move- ments. This aggressive and militaristic posture makes 212. Buttimeis running out. South Africa, which has the continued transfer of nuclear technology to South been able to achieve a considerable degree of military Afi . . I I I . I dibl h self-sufficiency, is desperately seeking to do the same nca particu ar y a armmg. ncre I y, t e same for its energy needs. If it succeeds it will undermine semantics used to circumvent the arms embargo on conventional weapons are now being used to enhance the usefulness of the only peaceful measures which South Africa's undoubted nuclear-weapon capability. the United Nations hasat its disposal. The unrealistic distinction 'Jetween weapons for 213. Obviously economic sanctions would be ef- internal repression and weapons for external use has fective only if all South Africa's trading partners acted been supplanted by the equally unreal distinction in concert. My delegation has in the past suggested between peaceful and military nuclear collaboration. that-and we still believe this to be true-the countries The supply of nuclear technology to South Africa for in question should engage injoint consultations on the any purpose endangers the stability, security and modalities of imposing effective economic sanctions peace of Africa and also international peace and on South Africa. security. 208. It is easy to be dismayed by the entrenched forces of tyranny and oppression, but my delegation believes that the' new climate brought about by the victory of the.people of Zimbabwe will foster progress towards establishing a democratic society in South Afric.a. This development certainly challenges us to redouble our efforts to liberate all who suffer under apartheid. Undoubtedly the ordeal of the victims of racist' oppression in South Africa is becoming more painful arid moredangerous as the Pretoria regime grows desperate in its increasing isolation. But it is also true that the rising political consciousness of the ml\iority in South Africa and their determination to create a just society are part of a historic trend that will not be reversed. 209: There have, of course, been signs of increased activism and' increased political consciousness. The strikes by black workers for better wages, the organized protests ofcourageous young South Africans carried on in the face of the brutal and murderous response of the police forces, and the bold campaign launched in' South Africa for the release of Nelson M&ndela and other political prisoners and detainees -all show -that the frustration of non-white South Africans can no longer be contained and that people of goodwill from allethnic groups are determined to create an open society with equal opportunity for all. 210. The task of the United Nations must be to step up the international mobilization against apartheid in order to isolate the minority regime and give the fuUest material and moral support to the national liberation movement of South Africa. In this context the work of national non-governmental organizations will play 'a vital role in the various areas where pressure needs to be put on Govemments to promote their compliance with United Nations resolutions on apartheid. National measures to ensure the effective- ness of the arms embargo and to stop the crucial flow 214. The world community continues to look to the Security Council to adopt measures commensurate with the situation caused by South Africa's racist policies. My delegation hopes that it will soon take up this matter and that it will not shirk its responsibility to remove a grave threat to regional and international peace and-security,

If racism is a disgrace to mankind because it is based on discrimination in social relations by reason of sex, colour, language or religion, apart- heid is even more dangerous because it bases social relations in South African society on hegemonism, domination and exploitation by the white minority against the black majority. The latter thus suffer under the yoke of this colonialist clique from humiliating and destructive practices and from deprivation of their dignity and their legitimate rights to vote, to be represented and to participate in the management of State affairs. 216. This phenomenon, the eradication of which is prescribed by the Charter and the Universal Declara- tion ofHuman Rights, instruments which alsocondemn those who engage in these nractices, takes humanity back to the dark ages and deprives the human being of the dignity which is his most sacred prerogative. 217. In this sense it is not a mere disregard of the United Nations ora flagrant violation ofits resolutions. It represents a denial of the values and principles governing international relations. Consequently, to oppose it in all its dimensions is an imperative that must be acted upon to protect human civilization from a real danger. 218. This is essential if we are to preserve civilization. That is why we must be untiring as long as the racist regime subsists and as long as its practices endure in all their forms in South Africa as well as Palestine and 228. In this regard Morocco, as a member of the Governing Board of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, established under resolution 2054 B (XX), calls upon all Member States who have not contributed yet to that fund to do so as quickly as possible. 229. Hope is by no means lost. One day, sooner or later, the apartheid regime of South Africa will be overcome. We can see signs, both within the country and without, that liberation is on the way. Those who still hesitate must join in supporting it before it is too late. The great awakening among the ranks of the black majority in South Africa and the struggle of political organizations and labour federations, students' and other mass organizations in the country- side, towns and cities of South Africa to end apartheid and build a democratic State show that the moment of deliverance has come. Morocco hails that heroic struggle in South Africa and Namibia and reaffirms that it supports them until final victory.

Once again the General Assembly is seized of the trying and painful question ofapartheid, which since 1946 has given rise to so many meetings and dozens of resolutions by the General Assembly, the Security Council and other United Nations bodies. 231. Apartheid constitutes an affront to mankind and any signatory States of the Geneva Convention, any Government concerned with respect for human rights, has a duty to contribute to the solution of that serious 236. The Secretary-General's report entitled "In- quires into reports concerning a nuclear explosion by South Africa" [A/35/358] particularly commanded the attention of my delegation. We were reassured to see that the study group felt, on the basis of scientific assessment, that the signal recorded on 22 Septem- ber 1979 did not stem from a nuclear explosion. None the less, it notes with apprehension the serious threat &~bject of another report of the Secretary-General [A/35/509]. 238. Mr. GBEHO (Ghana): The policies of the racist re'gime of South Africa have been under consideration in' the Assembly ever since the founding of the United Nations ..The General Assembly has, during almost all of its sessions, expressed concern over the inhuman policies pursued by the apartheid regime in respect of the black majority population of South Africa. Representatives of all Member States have also con- demned apartheid as a crime against the conscience and dignity of mankind and have indicated their desire for the elimination of apartheid in South Africa. It is regrettable to say, however, that those expressions of condemnation ofthe policies ofapartheid have in most cases not been matched by concrete action aimed at ensuring the ending of apartheid. It is that lack of action that has ensured the survival of apartheid and kept the question on the agenda of the Assembly for 35 years. 239. As in previous years, the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid paints a gloomy picture of the domestic situation in South Africa. It confirms that, since the Assembly considered the apartheid policies of the racist regime at its thirty-fourth session, the internal situation has been characterized by mounting' repression and brutality against the black people of South Africa. These actions have taken the form of the killing and maiming of schoolchildren who were protesting against the discriminatory apart- heid educational system, the arrest and detention of thousands of trade unionists for their demand for trade union rights, the harassment of churchmen, lawyers and journalists for their opposition to the unjust apart- heid legislation and practices. The trend of holding trials for treason that started last year continues; so also do trials under the Terrorism Act. New arbitrary and repressive legislation has been enacted to give effect to these criminal acts against the people of South Africa. 240. As if these criminal acts perpetrated against the black population were not enough, the apartheid authorities have continued the series of spor Q4ic incursions into and acts of aggression agains Jgh- bouring States. The apartheid regime OCCU(h".i the territory of Angola in October 1979 and June 1980 for long periods of time and violated the territory of Zambia in April 1980. Having failed to obtain the co-operation ofneighbouring States in its uriholydesign ofestablishing an alliance in the so-called constellation of States as a bulwark against any future onslaught, the Botha regime is vigorously pursuing a policy of subversion and destabilization as regards those neighbours. 241. International concern over the internal situation was given expression in Security Council resolution 473 242. South Africa's disregard for resolutions and decisions of the Assembly and of the Security Council has been made possible because of the fact that con- certed international effort to invoke sanctions against that regime has failed to receive the support of the most powerful Members of the Organization. Those Member States have allowed narrow economic and political interests to override issues of human rights and fundamental freedoms, which are the subject ofone of the basic principles underlying the purposes of the Organization as outlined in Chapter I of the Charter. 243. It is the assurance that the international com- munity is unable to take any effective measures against the racist regime that gives it confidence and the courage to pursue policies aimed at perpetuatingapart- held, Indeed, it is the continued collaboration it receives from some of the most powerful Members of the Organization that lends the regime its respecta- bility and the audacity to ignore decisions of the United Nations. 244. The first comprehensive report on. implementa- tion of United Nations resolutions on apartheid by Governments and inter-governmental organizations gives a clear picture of the extent of collaboration with the apartheid regime. In its introductory chap- ter, that report of the Special Committee against Apartheid states, among other things that "While a large number of Member States have gone to great lengths to implement the many resolu- tions aimed at eliminating the apartheid system, other States have not complied with them. Some States have greatly increased their trade with and investment in South Africa since the adoption of resolutions calling for an end to these activities. A few have even continued to provide military and nuclear assistance to South Africa. Consequently, United Nations action against apartheid has re- mainedfarfromeffective." [A/35/22/Add./, para. 6.] It is those few States which collaborate with South Africa that hold the key to our success in the struggle against apartheid. 245. The international mobilization and campaign against apartheid has gained momentum. Tremendous efforts are being made by well-meaning Governments and international and national non-governmental organizations to increase public awareness of the inhuman policies of apartheid. Many Member States have taken various unilateral actions, including the withdrawal of investments, the imposition of an oil embargo and the severing of economic, trade, political and diplomatic relations with South Africa. 247. It has been repeatedly suggested in statements before the Assembly and before the Security Council that it is, rather, the imposition of the whole range of mandatory measures prescribed under Chapter VII of the Charter that will finally compel the racist regime to abandon its policies ofapartheid and restore to the people of South Africa their dignity and human rights. My delegation would endorse such a view if it had any guarantee that we would all act in concert on those measures. But we all know full well that attempts to that end have failed, largely because of the reluctance of some of the States that wield the veto. The use of the veto has been such as to create the strong impres- sion that the veto is exercised in these matters to protect interests that have been developed through several years of collaboration with South Africa. It would seem, therefore, that it is only when a serious attempt is made by those States to end their col- laboration with the racist regime that the Security Council will be enabled to fulfil its responsibilities under Chapter VII of the Charter. Thus the cessation of all forms of collaboration with South Africa is an essential first step in the elimination of apartheid. 248. The special report on the implementation of United Nations resolutions has also underlined the fact that the continuance of external commitment to South Africa has been instrumental in (he survival of the inhuman policies of apartheid. It emp..aslzes that South Atrica's present state of industrial, military, economic and nuclear strength could never have been achieved without the extensive assistance provided by a few industrialized nations. South Africa's military capacity has increased steadily over the years, to the extent that its defence system is today the largest and most sophisticated in sub-Saharan Africa. Above all, the regime may have already crossed the threshold of nuclear-weapon capability, making it a formidable Power in our continent. Furthermore, South Africa has invested so extensively in domestic arms produc- tion that it is now a significant exporter of military armaments. All these industrial and military develop- ments have been made possible by the assistance it obtains from its friends and trading partners which are States Members of the United Nations. 249. Reiterating the view of my delegation that for the reasons I have given it is the question of the cessation of collaboration that must be addressed during this session, I wish to underline the need for Member States to adopt legislation and also undertake appropriate effective measures to terminate all forms of collaboration with the racist regime. We have been told over and over again by many delegations of the inability of their respective Governments to take such measures either because of their legal or political systems or because such legislative action would violate the rights of their citizens. Yet we know too well that it has been possible for Governments to 270. We in Africa are determined never to forget this, nor should the international community. If we forget we may not live even to regret.

The international press has reported in recent life of the international community. Indeed, that 279. Political detainees are systematically sentenced importance is justified by the fact that South Africa is to restrictive measures and house arrests for longyears, the only country in the world where, at least officially, often after having served 'prison terms as long as segregation and racial discrimination have been raised 20 years with no consideration whatsoever for the to the level of a government system. It is in South generally advanced age ofthose who are released from Africa that a racial group has officially claimed the prison. As can be seen, there is no place for human power to dominate another racial group of human rights in South Africa. beings, and just as officially and systematically applies 280. The big Western Powers, whose constitutions in itself to oppressing it. This is a pure and simple nega- their preambles wax poetic in favour of the respect for tion of human rights. human rights should side with the South African 274. I stated at the outset that the Western Powers individual battered by the policy of oppression and had great responsibility for the survival of that regime repression, instead ofholding dear the interests oftheir of the dark ages, apartheid. We should have no monopolies. We ask the Western Powers, whose illusions about the statements of good faith made from corporations plunder the wealth of South Africa, to this rostrum by the representatives of certain Western demonstrate theirdevotion to, the concept of human countries. The imperialist countries, indeed, have the rights by decisive action in favour of the oppressed harshest words for apartheid. They know how to find majority in South Africa. When the Western Powers in their own languages the best possible words to apply put an end to-and they hav- .f ~ means to do this- to the apartheid regime, with which they claim to have the daily violations of hum, ts in South Africa, no connexion. they will be more credible. 281. Those who seek international peace and security without worrying about the fires kindling under the ashes in South Africa are seriously mistaken and are deceiving themselves. A South Africa rid of the stigma of apartheid, governed according to the principles of democracy and respectful ofhuman rights, seems to us a more certain guarantee of peace and stability on our continent, and, therefore, throughout the world. 282. But how can this be achieved? Do the Western Powers have the necessary political will to go beyond the stage of declarations of good faith in which even those most bound to the South African regime indulge here? 283. We hope that, in the framework of the Interna- tional Conference on Sanctions against South Africa, the representatives of each and every country will come up to this rostrum to announce the specific measures which, by act or omission, every Govern- ment has taken towards eradicating the scourge of apartheid. 284. This is an excellent opportunity for us to express heartfelt congratulations to those Western countries that have joined the ranks of the adversaries ofapart- heid and which are giving support, aid and assistance 275. Some whose ideology borders on apartheid resort to euphemisms to try to explain that their relations with the racist regime of Pretoria are insignificant, but the reality is quite otherwise. It is certainly thanks to the support of the major Western Powers that the Pretoria racist regime can afford to defy our international Organization. It is certainly the West that makes available to the Pretoria racist regime the military, economic and all other means that make it possible for it not only to survive but also to rush into military adventures by committing acts of aggression against neighbouring countries, such as Angola, Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana under the pretext that these countries are harbouring anti-apartheid elements or are guilty of "communism". 276. The co-operation of the West with South Africa is multifaceted.and can be clearly seen in all the reports submitted to us. It would not be so condemned if the vast profits that it has won for the West had not been obtained at the cost of the blood of black school- children, at the cost of the lives of South African miners, so many ofwhom have been buried in gold and coal-mines, at the cost ofthe banishment and imprison- ment, in conditions that defy human existence, of all those who dare to proclaim their disdain for the hideous system of apartheid. 2 New York, Paddington Press, 1978.