A/37/PV.27 General Assembly

On behalf of the Government of Haiti and in my own name, Sir, I wish to congratulate you most warmly on your election to the presidency of the thirty- seventh session of the General Assembly. I am sure that you will demonstrate those outstanding qualities that won you this disfinction. I wish also to pay a well-deserved tribute to Mr. Kittani, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq, for the discreet and able manner in which he presided over the work of the thirty-sixth session. I should particularly like to join preceding speakers in congratulating Mr. Perez de Cueliar, Secretary-General, whose election to head the Organization is unquestionably a source of deep satisfaction for all third-world countries. May I take this occasion to emphasize the high quality of his report on the work of the Organization [A/37/l], a report which lucidly depicts the shortcomings of the United Nations, as well as the overriding need to' strengthen its decision-making machinery. 2. This session has opened in a tense atmosphere dominated by a note of anguish in the statements, which have persistently reflected the international community's concerns about the general deteriora- tion in the political and economic situation through- out the world. 3. While the industrialized countries may perceive current economic problems more in terms of cyclical or less extreme fluctuations, the third world as a whole-particularly the least-favoured countries- still believe that the structural imbalance between North and South has become even greater and is now dangerously close to the point of collapse. Most third world country delegations, from whatever con- tinent they may come, have spoken with one voice from this rostrum of the tragic expansion of areas of poverty in their respective regions. They have de- scribed the growing distress of impoverished popula- tions desperately trying to eke out a meagre existence which becomes more precarious with every passing day. Hence we small nations have no illusions when we wonder about our future. 4. For almost a decade now, negotiations on the establishment of a new economic order--one that would be more just, more harmonious, but also more efficient-have come up against a lack of true political will on the part of the rich countries to make the adjustments essential to any genuine effort at solidar-

On behalf of tbe Government of Haiti and in my own name, Sir, I wish to congratulate you most warmly on your election to the presidency of the thirty- seventh session of the General Assembly. I am sure that you will demonstrate those outstanding qualities that won you this disfinction. I wish also to pay a well-deserved tribute to Mr. Kittani, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq, for the discreet and able manner in which he presided over the work of the thirty-sixth session. I should particularly like to join preceding speakers in congratulating Mr. Perez de CuelIar, Secretary-General, whose election to head the Organization is unquestionably a source of deep satisfaction for all third-world countries. May I take this occasion to emphasize the high quality of his report on the work of the Organization [A/37/1], a report which lucidly depicts the shortcomings of the United Nations, as well as the overriding need to' strengthen its decision-making machinery. 2. This session has opened in a tense atmosphere dominated by a note of anguish in the statements, which have persistently reflected the international community's concerns about the general deteriora- tion in the political and economic situation through- out the world. 3. While the industrialized countries may perceive current economic problems more in terms of cyclical or less extreme fluctuations, the third world as a whole-particularly the least-favoured countries- still believe that the structural imbalance between North and South has become even greater and is now dangerously close to the point of collapse. Most third world country delegations, from whatever con- tinent they may come, have spoken with one voice from this rostrum of the tragic expansion of areas of poverty in their respective regions. They have de- scribed the growing distress of impoverished popula- tions desperately trying to eke out a meagre existence which becomes more precarious with every passing day. Hence we small nations have no illusions when we wonder about our future. 4. For almost a decade now, negotiations on the establishment of a new economic order~ne that would be more just, more harmonious, but also more efficient-have come up against a lack of true political will on the part of the rich countries to make the adjustments essential to any genuine effort at solidar- NEW YORK NEW YORK ity. Clearly, there is no real prospect for altering the current international order. The institutional, financial and technical measures required for sustained expan- sion of the world economy and for a swifter growth in the developing countries are still being awaited. Meanwhile, the terms of trade are deteriorating at a catastrophic pace, and third-world debt has now risen to $600 billion. ity. Clearly, there is no real prospect for altering the current international order. The institutional, financial and technical measures required for sustained expan- sion of the world economy and for a swifter growth in the developing countries are still being awaited. Meanwhile, the terms of trade are deteriorating at a catastrophic pace, and third-world debt has now risen to $600 billion. 5. At the same time, there is no growth in official development assistance, which has never reached that famous target of 0.7 per cent of the gross national produc.t of the rich countries, or less than 5 per cent ofannual arms expenditures. Indeed the Brandt Com- missionl noted ironically that ~he machinery of death was that which involved thegreatest and most dynamic transfer of technology. Even the new law of the sea, which is based mainly on the concept of balanced participation in the exploitation of common wealth, is challenged because of the regrettable selfishness of certain industrialized nations. 5. At the same time, there is no growth in official development assistance, which has never reached that famous target of 0.7 per cent of the gross national produc.t of the rich countries, or less than 5 per cent ofannual arms expenditures. Indeed the Brandt Com- missionl noted ironically that ~he machinery of death was that which involved the greatest and most dynamic transfer of technology. Even the new law of the sea, which is based mainly on the concept of balanced participation in the exploitation of common wealth, is challenged because of the regrettable selfishness of certain industrialized nations. 6. It is also most distressing to·note that no system- atic campaign has been undertaken to explain to the people of the rich countries that effective solidarity with the pOor countries is less a moral imperative than an irreplaceable factor for economic growth at the world level; for there is no better way of stimu- lating the production and distribution of goods and services than a determination to satisfy the basic needs of billions of individuals who have not yet enjoyed the material benefits of even the most elementary progress. There is no nobler task than that of contrib- uting to the betterment of human beings who have been left on the s;delines of progress by hunger, igno- rance and disease. 6. It is also most distressing to·note that no system- atic campaign has been undertaken to explain to the people of the rich countries that effective solidarity with the pOor countries is less a moral imperative than an irreplaceable factor for economic growth at the world level; for there is no better way of stimu- lating the production and distribution of goods and services than a determination to satisfy the basic needs of billions of individuals who have not yet enjoyed the material benefits of even the most elementary progress. There is no nobler task than that of contrib- uting to the betterment of human beings who have been left on the sidelines of progress by hunger, igno- rance and disease. 7. It is time for the collective conscience of the industrialized countries to stop looking upon inter- national co-operation as a burden on the rich, as alms given to those countries that are supposedly inca- pable of looking after their own future. It is time for the people in the rich countries to understand that the new international economic order will not jeopardize the prosperity of the countries of the North but will rather give a new impetus to the world economy and provide for more equitable distribution of the fruits of growth. 7. It is time for the collective conscience of the industrialized countries to stop looking upon inter- national co-operation as a burden on the rich, as alms given to those countries that are supposedly inca- pable of looking after their own future. It is time for the people in the rich countries to understand that the new international economic order will not jeopardize the prosperity of the countries of the North but will rather give a new impetus to the world economy and provide for more equitable distribution of the fruits of growth. 8. The Republic of Haiti remains convinced that the market economy, which at the national level has in some countries been able to adapt to the require- ments of more human socio-economic development, will also at the international level find the necessary resources to establish a new kind of relationship that is more just and more beneficial. To that end more appropriate and generous action is required on the part of the public authorities of the industrialized countries. World phenomena have to be analysed 8. The Republic of Haiti remains convinced that the market economy, which at the national level has in some countries been able to adapt to the require- ments of more human socio-economic development, will also at the international level find the necessary resources to establish a new kind of relationship that is more just and more beneficial. To that end more appropriate and generous action is required on the part of the public authorities of the industrialized countries. World phenomena have to be analysed 15. In the Middle East the situation remains explo- sive. Recent events in Lebanon and their hideous cruelty continue to horrify the conscience ofthe world and confirm, if there were any need for that, that action by the Organization is necessary to establish overall peace in the region. Contrasting with this background of absurd violence, some bilateral and multilateral initiatives have been taken. They are worthwhile and encouraging, and we trust that they can bring" about a resumption of dialogue, which is so necessary for peace and essential in dealing with the fundamental issue of the future of the Pales- tinian people. 15. In the Middle East the situation remains explo- sive. Recent events in Lebanon and their hideous cruelty continue to horrify the conscience ofthe world and confirm, if there were any need for that, that action by the Organization is necessary to establish overall peace in the region. Contrasting with this background of absurd violence, some bilateral and multilateral initiatives have been taken. They are worthwhile and encouraging, and we trust that they can bring" about a resumption of dialogue, which is so necessary for peace and essential in dealing with the fundamental issue of the future of the Pales- tinian people. 16. The Government of Haiti remains firmly con- vinced that Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) provide the basis for an overall set- tlement of the Middle East problem. The Haitian Government believes that the search for peace neces- sarily involves all of Israel's neighbours recognizing and respecting its right to exist within secure and recognized borders. Likewise we believe that there can be no question of challenging the right of the Palesti- nian people to real self-determination within a physical, legal and administrative framework that is in keeping with its legitimate aspirations. 16. The Government of Haiti remains firmly con- vinced that Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973) provide the basis for an overall set- tlement of the Middle East problem. The Haitian Government believes that the search for peace neces- sarily involves all of Israel's neighbours recognizing and respecting its right to exist within secure and recognized borders. Likewise we believe that there can be no question of challenging the right of the Palesti- nian people to real self-determination within a physical, legal and administrative framework that is in keeping with its legitimate aspirations. 17. Latin America is also going through a turbulent period, and there is an atmosphere of uncertainty because of the consequences of the conflict relating to the Malvinas Islands and the difficult situation in Central America. The recent war in the South Atlantic and the bloodshed it involved highlighted the remnants ofa way ofHfe that has clearly passed. Indeed it placed a severe strain on the peace of the region and under- mined the solidarity of the continent. 17. Latin America is also going through a turbulent period, and there is an atmosphere of uncertainty because of the consequences of the conflict relating to the Malvinas Islands and the difficult situation in Central America. The recent war in the South Atlantic and the bloodshed it involved highlighted the remnants ofa way ofHfe that has clearly passed. Indeed it placed a severe strain on the peace of the region and under- mined the solidarity of the continent. 18. The Republic of Haiti, faithful to its past and respectful of its traditions, has never hesitated to oppose all forms ofcolonial domination, and naturally expressed its solidarity with the just claims of the Republic of Argentina. The Government of Haiti, aware of how fragile are victories imposed by force, believes that the United Nations can play a decisive role in the search for a negotiated and peaceful solu- tion which would make it possible to establish the def!nitive bases for a mutually acceptable agreement. That is why we joined in the initiative of Argentina and Mexico in calling for the inclusion in the agenda 18. The Republic of Haiti, faithful to its past and respectful of its traditions, has never hesitated to oppose all forms ofcolonial domination, and naturally expressed its solidarity with the just claims of the Republic of Argentina. The Government of Haiti, aware of how fragile are victories imposed by force, believes that the United Nations can play a decisive role in the search for a negotiated and peaceful solu- tion which would make it possible to establish the def!nitive bases for a mutually acceptable agreement. That is why we joined in the initiative of Argentina and Mexico in calling for the inclusion in the agenda 20. As regards Asia, the Government of Haiti is carefully following the courageous initiatives of the Republic of Korea for the reuniflcaticn of the Korean nation. We regret the halt in negotiations between the two Governments and urge them to go beyond their differences of view in order to arrive at satisfactory results. That, of course, can be done only by the Koreans themselves. However, the United Nations could, with the agreemer.t of the parties, take action to provide a propitious framework for the resumption of talks. 21. The Haitian Government welcomes the initiative to regroup the Cambodian liberation forces within the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampu- chea. We lend our full support to the various United Nations initiatives for a settlement of the conflict, which must necessarily include the total and final withdrawal of Vietnamese forces from the territory of Kampuchea. 20. As regards Asia, the Government of Haiti is carefully following the courageous initiatives of the Republic of Korea for the reuniflcaticn of the Korean nation. We regret the halt in negotiations between the two Governments and urge them to go beyond their differences of view in order to arrive at satisfactory results. That, of course, can be done only by the Koreans themselves. However, the United Nations could, with the agreemer.t of the parties, take action to provide a propitious framework for the resumption of talks. 21. The Haitian Government welcomes the initiative to regroup the Cambodian liberation forces within the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampu- chea. We lend our full support to the various United Nations initiatives for a settlement of the conflict, which must necessarily include the total and final withdrawal of Vietnamese forces from the territory of Kampuchea. 22. Similarly, the Government of Hail! ')trongly con- demns the continued occupation of Atghanistan by foreign troops and urges the establishment of condi- tions which would effectively enable the Afghan people to choose their kind of political society freely, without any outside interference. 23. The negotiatic;ms on Namibian independence, despite optimistic statements of members of the con- tact group, have made no progress and are simply marking time. Some people insist on making the Namibian question one aspect of East-West confron- tation, but that is completely unjustified. Meanwhile, the South African regime, encouraged by the differ- ences of view that ha'!e developed within the contact group, is increasing its diversionary tactics in an attempt to delay the inevitable outcome. 24. The Haitian Government believes that any swift solution ofthe Namibian problem necessarily invoives the full implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which reflects the international consensus on the need for immediate independence for Namibia under the leadership of the patriotic liberation forces of the South West Africa People's Organization [SWAPO]. It is upsetting to see that South Africa, despite the measures taken against it by the United 22. Similarly, the Government of Hail! ')trongly con- demns the continued occupation of Atghanistan by foreign troops and urges the establishment of condi- tions which would effectively enable the Afghan people to choose their kind of political society freely, without any outside interference. 23. The negotiatic;ms on Namibian independence, despite optimistic statements of members of the con- tact group, have made no progress and are simply marking time. Some people insist on making the Namibian question one aspect of East-West confron- tation, but that is completely unjustified. Meanwhile, the South African regime, encouraged by the differ- ences of view that ha'!e developed within the contact group, is increasing its diversionary tactics in an attempt to delay the inevitable outcome. 24. The Haitian Government believes that any swift solution ofthe Namibian problem necessarily invoives the full implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978), which reflects the international consensus on the need for immediate independence for Namibia under the leadership of the patriotic liberation forces of the South West Africa People's Organization [SWAPO]. It is upsetting to see that South Africa, despite the measures taken against it by the United tre~ld mariner Christopher Columbus en Ule island 38. The South Atlantic has not been spared the use now known as San Salvador in the Commonwealth of force, costly in both human and material terms. of th~ Bahamas. That event, as we all know, marked We would encourage the parties to bring about aformal the beginning of a new era in the history of the world end to the conflict in order that negotiations may and of the Americas. The Bahamas is proud of the commence witha view toafinaJ and lastingsettlement. role which fate destined it to play in the early history 39. The Bahamas is concen~ed by the violation of of our hemisphere, and it is ~n this spirit that the the fundamental principles on which the Organiza- Bahamas wishes to plac~, on rtlcord its intention to tion is founde4, expecially the principle that the bring before the Assembly at the appropriate time a ~breat or use of force in international relations is resolmion to ~ommemorate the quincentennial anni- p;ohibited. This principle is particularly significant versary of Columbus's arrh'a1 in the New World. for small States and territories with limited resources. 32. The Bahamas has (j~voted itself to the establish- 40. The dispute between Guyana and Venezuela ment and development of a peaceful and stable world owing to the latter's revival of A claim to Guyana's omer. This iti .<11 essential prerequisite if progress is territory is another area ofconcern in our hemisphere. to continue towards improving the 'luality of life of The Bahamas accepts that a judicial solution to this our own people and that ofother nations of the world. problem has already been found under inte:rnational Yet, as one reviews the international situation over law. We urge that Venezuela respi;:ct Guyana's terri- the past year, it is evident that peate and security torial integrity and that the two parties arrive at a have been frequently ;;hattered, with very serious peaceful solution in the spirit of the purposes and consequences, in various regions. A number of CQO- principles of the Charter and of the agreements con- flicts have interrupted international tranquillity and cluded between them. resulted in heavy !Qsses of huma'1 life and consider- able material darn~geo 41. We continue to hope for an early, peaceful and comprehensive solution to the situation in Cyprus. 33. We in the Bahamas are profoundly saddened We are cognizant of the gravity of the situation and by the events in Lebanon. We believe in the sanctity of its implications for the well-being of the peoples of human life in a world seemingly desensitized by involved and for the continuance of their national violence and murder. ""e therefore deplore the m~..s§ unity, based on their collective will, unhindered by murders, particularly of innocent men, women and outside forces. However, we must begin seriously to children, in the refugee camps of Sabra and ShaHla. consider measures for improving the effectiveness of Those responsible for such atrocities should be held the Organization, for in the Cyprus question we see accountable. Unless the United Nations is able to onCf.; again a situation where the decisions taken by deal effectively with such situations so as to serve as the Organization have not led to significant progress. a deterrent to others, then it will indeed become a 42. Peace is indivisible. Violations of peace are to useless institution. be deplored. Indeed, ret;ourse to the use of force is 34. The wishes of the Government and people of apparently becoming a norm in international relations, Lebanon must be respected and its sovereignty and to the detriment of countries both large and small. territorial integrity restored. Accordingly, we urge J'he proscription of the threat or use of force, the the speedy withdrawal of all foreign forces from principles of sovereignty, independence, territorial LebanOi1. We are also deeply disapPQinted by the integrity, non-interference in the internal affairs of absence of full compliance with the series of Security States and the peaceful settlement of disputes are Council resolutions on this matter. The use of force indispensable norms of international life which must against any nation must not tate the place of reason. be respected by all. 35. The right of all nations, including Israel and 43. The world economy continues to be caught in Lebanon, to exist in peace and security must be the most severe recession since the great depression respected. There must also be recognition of the legit- of the 1930s, The per capita gross national product imate rights of the Pa~estinian peuple, including tbeir for developing countries as a whole has fallen for the tre~ld mariner Christopher Columbus en Ule island 38. The South Atlantic has not been spared the use now known as San Salvador in the Commonwealth of force, costly in both human and material terms. of th~ Bahamas. That event, as we all know, marked We would encourage the parties to bring about aformal the beginning of a new era in the history of the world end to the conflict in order that negotiations may and of the Americas. The Bahamas is proud of the commence witha view toafinaJ and lastingsettlement. role which fate destined it to play in the early history 39. The Bahamas is concen~ed by the violation of of our hemisphere, and it is ~n this spirit that the the fundamental principles on which the Organiza- Bahamas wishes to plac~, on rtlcord its intention to tion is founde4, expecially the principle that the bring before the Assembly at the appropriate time a ~breat or use of force in international relations is resolmion to ~ommemorate the quincentennial anni- p;ohibited. This principle is particularly significant versary of Columbus's arrh'a1 in the New World. for small States and territories with limited resources. 32. The Bahamas has (j~voted itself to the establish- 40. The dispute between Guyana and Venezuela ment and development of a peaceful and stable world owing to the latter's revival of A claim to Guyana's omer. This iti .<11 essential prerequisite if progress is territory is another area ofconcern in our hemisphere. to continue towards improving the 'luality of life of The Bahamas accepts that a judicial solution to this our own people and that ofother nations of the world. problem has already been found under inte:rnational Yet, as one reviews the international situation over law. We urge that Venezuela respi;:ct Guyana's terri- the past year, it is evident that peate and security torial integrity and that the two parties arrive at a have been frequently ;;hattered, with very serious peaceful solution in the spirit of the purposes and consequences, in various regions. A number of CQO- principles of the Charter and of the agreements con- flicts have interrupted international tranquillity and cluded between them. resulted in heavy !Qsses of huma'1 life and consider- able material darn~geo 41. We continue to hope for an early, peaceful and comprehensive solution to the situation in Cyprus. 33. We in the Bahamas are profoundly saddened We are cognizant of the gravity of the situation and by the events in Lebanon. We believe in the sanctity of its implications for the well-being of the peoples of human life in a world seemingly desensitized by involved and for the continuance of their national violence and murder. ""e therefore deplore the m~..s§ unity, based on their collective will, unhindered by murders, particularly of innocent men, women and outside forces. However, we must begin seriously to children, in the refugee camps of Sabra and ShaHla. consider measures for improving the effectiveness of Those responsible for such atrocities should be held the Organization, for in the Cyprus question we see accountable. Unless the United Nations is able to onCf.; again a situation where the decisions taken by deal effectively with such situations so as to serve as the Organization have not led to significant progress. a deterrent to others, then it will indeed become a 42. Peace is indivisible. Violations of peace are to useless institution. be deplored. Indeed, ret;ourse to the use of force is 34. The wishes of the Government and people of apparently becoming a norm in international relations, Lebanon must be respected and its sovereignty and to the detriment of countries both large and small. territorial integrity restored. Accordingly, we urge J'he proscription of the threat or use of force, the the speedy withdrawal of all foreign forces from principles of sovereignty, independence, territorial LebanOi1. We are also deeply disapPQinted by the integrity, non-interference in the internal affairs of absence of full compliance with the series of Security States and the peaceful settlement of disputes are Council resolutions on this matter. The use of force indispensable norms of international life which must against any nation must not tate the place of reason. be respected by all. 35. The right of all nations, including Israel and 43. The world economy continues to be caught in Lebanon, to exist in peace and security must be the most severe recession since the great depression respected. There must also be recognition of the legit- of the 1930s, The per capita gross national product imate rights of the Pa~estinian peuple, including tbeir for developing countries as a whole has fallen for the i~vestment, in the developing countries. 44. It is hoped that agreement can be reached on the framework and early launching of global negotia- tions. The asymmetrical nature ofthe interdepende:lce between States has underscored the need for meas- ures to redress the structural imbalances in the world economy, particularly in the areas of trade, raw materials, energy, money and finance. In our view, recovery and global negotiations should not be re- garded as incompatible. The participating heads of Government at the Versaiiles Economic Summit in June agreed that the launching of global negotiations was a major political objective. That was a positive development. But further efforts in good faith are re- quired to resolve the amendments and counter-amend- ments to the proposal of the Group of77 regarding the basis for consultations. 45. Interdependence and the consequent necessity for international economic co-operation are basic principles of international economic relations, as amply reflected in the International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade. The uncertainty which has clouded interna- tional economic co-operation must be removed. Inter- national co-operation must again be set on the track towards world economic recovery and ecnnomic development of the developing countries. 46. During the three Qe~ades that the General As- sembly has been considering the question ofapartheid, the overwhelming majority of mankind has rallied to the cause of eliminating that affront to human dignity. In this International Year of Mobilization for Sanc- tions against South Africa, the international com- munity should continue to take energetic and con- certed action in support of the legitimate struggle of the oppressed peoples of South Africa for human rights. The ne~d for collective action is underscored by the continuing designation by South Africa of so- called independent homelands and by threats and acts of aggression against the front-line States of southern Africa. 47. While the case of the violation of human rights in South Africa is a blatant and obviollS one, the existence and persistence of human rights violations throughout the world, in States Members ofthe United Nations, cannot be denied. The United Nations system has developed an increasingly ccmplex network of international instruments and machinery to address the problems of human rights violations. Yet lack of consensus on human rights issues, double standards and a growing trend towards selectivity have un- doUbtedly impeded the efficiency of this machinery. Unless the United Nations is prepared constructively to utilize existing human rights machinery in a non- political, humanitarian manner, universally appJi- i~vestment, in the developing countries. 44. It is hoped that agreement can be reached on the framework and early launching of global negotia- tions. The asymmetrical nature ofthe interdepende:lce between States has underscored the need for meas- ures to redress the structural imbalances in the world economy, particularly in the areas of trade, raw materials, energy, money and finance. In our view, recovery and global negotiations should not be re- garded as incompatible. The participating heads of Government at the Versaiiles Economic Summit in June agreed that the launching of global negotiations was a major political objective. That was a positive development. But further efforts in good faith are re- quired to resolve the amendments and counter-amend- ments to the proposal of the Group of77 regarding the basis for consultations. 45. Interdependence and the consequent necessity for international economic co-operation are basic principles of international economic relations, as amply reflected in the International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade. The uncertainty which has clouded interna- tional economic co-operation must be removed. Inter- national co-operation must again be set on the track towards world economic recovery and ecnnomic development of the developing countries. 46. During the three Qe~ades that the General As- sembly has been considering the question ofapartheid, the overwhelming majority of mankind has rallied to the cause of eliminating that affront to human dignity. In this International Year of Mobilization for Sanc- tions against South Africa, the international com- munity should continue to take energetic and con- certed action in support of the legitimate struggle of the oppressed peoples of South Africa for human rights. The ne~d for collective action is underscored by the continuing designation by South Africa of so- called independent homelands and by threats and acts of aggression against the front-line States of southern Africa. 47. While the case of the violation of human rights in South Africa is a blatant and obviollS one, the existence and persistence of human rights violations throughout the world, in States Members ofthe United Nations, cannot be denied. The United Nations system has developed an increasingly ccmplex network of international instruments and machinery to address the problems of human rights violations. Yet lack of consensus on human rights issues, double standards and a growing trend towards selectivity have un- doUbtedly impeded the efficiency of this machinery. Unless the United Nations is prepared constructively to utilize existing human rights machinery in a non- political, humanitarian manner, universally appJi- 49. At the recently concluded second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, the Bahamas stated that the challenge facing us ail was how to move from awareness, statements of intent, machinery and procedures to genuine and concrete disarmament measures. The Bahamas also elaborated briefly on how that challenge could be squarely and honestly met. Yet it seemed that we could not resolve the contradictions that existed between motivation, words and action, and that special session ended in failure. Increased milita- rization, far beyond legitimate security needs, only serves to inC'.rease international tension and exac- erbate international conflict. Thus, it behoves us all -nUClear-weapon States, militarily signiflCaDt States, non-militarily significant States-to work collectively towards significant disarmament measures which will restore the confidence ofour peoples in the worth and effectiveness of the United Nations. 49. At the recently concluded second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, the Bahamas stated that the challenge facing us ail was how to move from awareness, statements of intent, machinery and procedures to genuine and concrete disarmament measures. The Bahamas also elaborated briefly on how that challenge could be squarely and honestly met. Yet it seemed that we could not resolve the contradictions that existed between motivation, words and action, and that special session ended in failure. Increased milita- rization, far beyond legitimate security needs, only serves to inC'.rease international tension and exac- erbate international conflict. Thus, it behoves us all -nUClear-weapon States, militarily signiflCaDt States, non-militarily significant States-to work collectively towards significant disarmament measures which will restore the confidence ofour peoples in the worth and effectiveness of the United Nations. 50. Mankind can no longer justify tbe enormous resources spent on armaments. The poverty, hunger and underdevelopment that face so many States demand a redirection of those valuable resources. In addition, the potential destructiveness of those modem weapon systems is reason enough to bring mankind to its senses and to the realization of man's true purpose in this universe. My delegation realizes that some progress has been made towards disarm:' ament, but we must 'register our strong concern at the slow pace of tbat progress. 50. Mankind can no longer justify tbe enormous resources spent on armaments. The poverty, hunger and underdevelopment that face so many States demand a redirection of those valuable resources. In addition, the potential destructiveness of those modem weapon systems is reason enough to bring mankind to its senses and to the realization of man's true purpose in this universe. My delegation realizes that some progress has been made towards disarm:' ament, but we must 'register our strong concern at the slow pace of tbat progress. 51. The problem of drug abuse has come to be re- garded, rightfully, as a universal one. It affects every region of the world. Over the past several years, the Latin American region has seemingly become a new focal point for international drug traffickers, as pro- duction and trafficking, primarily in cannabis, hashish, cocaine and methaqualone have significantly in- creased. The Bahamas, once uninvolved in such mat- ters, has become increasingly alarmed by the reaK-za- tion that it has become a major conduit for the illicit traffic moving from sources and supply centres in South America to large and profitable consumption centres in North America and Europe. 51. The problem of drug abuse has come to be re- garded, rightfully, as a universal one. It affects every region of the world. Over the past several years, the Latin American region has seemingly become a new focal point for international drug traffickers, as pro- duction and trafficking, primarily in cannabis, hashish, cocaine and methaqualone have significantly in- creased. The Bahamas, once uninvolved in such mat- ters, has become increasingly alarmed by the reaK-za- tion that it has become a major conduit for the illicit traffic moving from sources and supply centres in South America to large and profitable consumption centres in North America and Europe. 52. In this connection the Bahamas was pleased to be elected to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. It had its first opportunity, at the seventh special ses- sion, held at Vienna in February of this year, to voice its concern with regard to the illicit traffic in t:tc Latin American region and, in particular, in the Carib- bean sub-region. The dilemma of transit States cannot be overstated. They can exercise·no control over the 52. In this connection the Bahamas was pleased to be elected to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. It had its first opportunity, at the seventh special ses- sion, held at Vienna in February of this year, to voice its concern with regard to the illicit traffic in t:tc Latin American region and, in particular, in the Carib- bean sub-region. The dilemma of transit States cannot be overstated. They can exercise·no control over the Strat~gy, on the actual movement of illicit drugs will ticularly glad to see you assume this diftkult respon- be supported. sibility because you represent a country, Hungary, 54. Only consistency of purpose at the bilateral, with which Algeria has established excellent rela- regional and intemationallevels will retard illicit pro- tions of friendship and co-operation. You have suc- duction of, traffic in and demand for narcotic drugs. ceeded Mr. Kittani, who for one year placed his great Despite its limited resources the Bahamas will con- experience and ability as an accomplished diplomat at tinue, in conjunction with Member States and the the service of the Organization. I should also like to United Nations t to play an active role in the struggle congratulate Mr. Perez de Cuellar for the dynamism against drug abuse. he has shown in discharging his mandate since his 55. The Third United Nations Conference on the election to the high post of Secretary-General. Law of the Sea has succeeded, after many years of 61. The Assembly is faced from one session to an- lengthy negotiations, in producing a Convention which other with the same challenge of how to build a truly is unprecedented in scope and size-a major milestone universal peace. The fact t~lat this is almost a per- in international co-operation and a fundamental con- macent challenge might lead one to believe that the tribution to international order and stability. A com- United Nations can only continue to wish for beneficial prehensive document which is in many respects in- achievements which would give full significance to novative bas been negotiated. Compromises have the concepts of convergence and harmonization on been made to arrive at a generally acceptable con- which this assembly of nations is based. vention which constitutes a delicate balance between 62. In the statements made since the opening of the conflk.ting interests. Within the United Nations general debate the same concern has emerged over system, the work of the Conference is an example the crisis in international relations as a whole and the for the international community of what can be serious problems facing our world. There have been achieved by multilateral negotiations. two points that we have all been obliged to make: 56. The Bahamas is an archipelagic nation. We are first, the lucid analyses that from year to year have therefore particularly gratified that the United Nations highlighted the primary causes of the critical state of Convention on the Law of the Sea4 contains provi- our world and the dangers for the f~ure of mankind; sions for the delimitation of the national frontiers of secondly, the international community~s inability reso- archipelagic States. This Convention corrects a serious lutely to tac.kle these primary causes and prevent omission in the law of the sea, as the two previous these dangers. texts did not address the circumstances peculiar to 63. But promoting true peace requires that we go archipelagic States. beyond simply being aware of the dreadful realities 57. We had hoped the Convention would receive of international life; nor can it simply be reduced the unanimous support ofthe international community, to diagnosing, however correct our diagnosis may be. and we continue to hope that it will. It is none the less What is certainly needed is a break, a change, in our sincere desire that those governments that have so attitude and conduct which have broadened tension far indicated their non-participation will, in the final and ir:.security. Unless we have such a break, such analysis, .come to the conclusion that their national a change, the international community will not be able interests would be best secured by participation in to put an end to systematic violations of the principles the new form of true international co-operation rep- of the Charter. resented by the Convention. 64; In these circumstances, we can hardly be sur- 58. The report ofthe Secretary-General on the work prised that the picture of our world today is one of of the Organization raised the central issue of the anarchy where the unleashing of unbridled force capacity of the United Nations to keep the peace crushing the elementary principles and values of law and to serve as a forum for negotiations. The Baha- shows the failure of policies based only on power mas congratulates the Secretary-Gen~ral on the plays and relationships of force. The tragedy of the approach taken in his first report and concurs with Palestinian people is the most dramatic illustration of his analysis of the factors and circumstances which this. Indeed, the Palestinian problem, which has appear to have contributed to the impaired effective- dominated international affairs and the work of the ness of the Organization. We subscribe also to the Organization this entire past year, is the most sig- Strat~gy, on the actual movement of illicit drugs will ticularly glad to see you assume this diftkult respon- be supported. sibility because you represent a country, Hungary, 54. Only consistency of purpose at the bilateral, with which Algeria has established excellent rela- regional and intemationallevels will retard illicit pro- tions of friendship and co-operation. You have suc- duction of, traffic in and demand for narcotic drugs. ceeded Mr. Kittani, who for one year placed his great Despite its limited resources the Bahamas will con- experience and ability as an accomplished diplomat at tinue, in conjunction with Member States and the the service of the Organization. I should also like to United Nations t to play an active role in the struggle congratulate Mr. Perez de Cuellar for the dynamism against drug abuse. he has shown in discharging his mandate since his 55. The Third United Nations Conference on the election to the high post of Secretary-General. Law of the Sea has succeeded, after many years of 61. The Assembly is faced from one session to an- lengthy negotiations, in producing a Convention which other with the same challenge of how to build a truly is unprecedented in scope and size-a major milestone universal peace. The fact t~lat this is almost a per- in international co-operation and a fundamental con- macent challenge might lead one to believe that the tribution to international order and stability. A com- United Nations can only continue to wish for beneficial prehensive document which is in many respects in- achievements which would give full significance to novative bas been negotiated. Compromises have the concepts of convergence and harmonization on been made to arrive at a generally acceptable con- which this assembly of nations is based. vention which constitutes a delicate balance between 62. In the statements made since the opening of the conflk.ting interests. Within the United Nations general debate the same concern has emerged over system, the work of the Conference is an example the crisis in international relations as a whole and the for the international community of what can be serious problems facing our world. There have been achieved by multilateral negotiations. two points that we have all been obliged to make: 56. The Bahamas is an archipelagic nation. We are first, the lucid analyses that from year to year have therefore particularly gratified that the United Nations highlighted the primary causes of the critical state of Convention on the Law of the Sea4 contains provi- our world and the dangers for the f~ure of mankind; sions for the delimitation of the national frontiers of secondly, the international community~s inability reso- archipelagic States. This Convention corrects a serious lutely to tac.kle these primary causes and prevent omission in the law of the sea, as the two previous these dangers. texts did not address the circumstances peculiar to 63. But promoting true peace requires that we go archipelagic States. beyond simply being aware of the dreadful realities 57. We had hoped the Convention would receive of international life; nor can it simply be reduced the unanimous support ofthe international community, to diagnosing, however correct our diagnosis may be. and we continue to hope that it will. It is none the less What is certainly needed is a break, a change, in our sincere desire that those governments that have so attitude and conduct which have broadened tension far indicated their non-participation will, in the final and ir:.security. Unless we have such a break, such analysis, .come to the conclusion that their national a change, the international community will not be able interests would be best secured by participation in to put an end to systematic violations of the principles the new form of true international co-operation rep- of the Charter. resented by the Convention. 64; In these circumstances, we can hardly be sur- 58. The report ofthe Secretary-General on the work prised that the picture of our world today is one of of the Organization raised the central issue of the anarchy where the unleashing of unbridled force capacity of the United Nations to keep the peace crushing the elementary principles and values of law and to serve as a forum for negotiations. The Baha- shows the failure of policies based only on power mas congratulates the Secretary-Gen~ral on the plays and relationships of force. The tragedy of the approach taken in his first report and concurs with Palestinian people is the most dramatic illustration of his analysis of the factors and circumstances which this. Indeed, the Palestinian problem, which has appear to have contributed to the impaired effective- dominated international affairs and the work of the ness of the Organization. We subscribe also to the Organization this entire past year, is the most sig- ~fore, the recognition of tbe national rights of the tative, SWAPO, to be given practical effect. It is time Palestinian people, above all their right to establish a for the \'lestern Powers that have the duty· and the State in their homeland, is essential to a just and means of influencing the policy of the Pretoria regime lasting peace in the Middle East. to do what is incumbent on them and to shoulder 68. This is moreover, the very substance of the their responsibility, because they have a commitment international community's consensus on a settlement to the international community concerning the pro- of the crisis in the Middle East. It is the duty of th~ cess of independence for Namibia. United Nations to fulfil its responsibilities and make 74. In north-west Africa the conflict between the possible the implementation ofthis consensus, thereby people of Western Sahara and the occupying Power, ensuring a return to peace in the Middle East. It must the Kingdom of Morocco, has been a matter of con- react with specific action and bold decisions that at stant concern to the international community since last ensure justice for the Palestinian people. 1975. It is thus natural that OAU and the United Nations should have attempted to find a just and de- 69. The plots hatched against the Palestinian resist- finitive solution to this problem borne of the side- ance, like, those we see in other parts of the world, tracking of the process that should have lea- to. the force us to say that there seems to be a planned policy for destroying solidarity, a strategy for splitting region- decolonization of Western Sahara. The Organization, al and other political groups, in order to turn back the aware of the justice and legitimacy of the struggle tide of history and re-establish imperial domination waged by the people of Western Sahara, led .by the in the third world countries faced with many problems POLISARIO, has thus constantly called for the and trying despite a thousand difficulties to find solu- exercise by the peo~~e of Western Sahara of their right freely to determine their own future, and in Gen- tians in keeping with the aspirations of their peoples. eral Assembly resolution 36/46 called for negotiations 70. Against this background certain actions against between Morocco and POLISARIO. the Organization of African Unity [OAU] are of par- 75. OAU, for its part, aware of the dangers of the ticular concern to us. Its very birth bore witness to the victories won through the struggle of the African continuing conflict in the region, has made a respon- . sible attempt to find ways and means of moving to- peoples In the decolonization prc.!:ess, and OAU was wards a solution consistent with its charter and prin- from the outset a means of completing this liberation ciples. of the continent in all areas and a bulwark of African freedom against all threats. Since OAU has to its credit 76. It is thus encouraging to see that one of the two constant action in solidarity with all freedom fighters parties to the conflict, the Sahraoui Amb Democratic ~fore, the recognition of tbe national rights of the tative, SWAPO, to be given practical effect. It is time Palestinian people, above all their right to establish a for the \'lestern Powers that have the duty· and the State in their homeland, is essential to a just and means of influencing the policy of the Pretoria regime lasting peace in the Middle East. to do what is incumbent on them and to shoulder 68. This is moreover, the very substance of the their responsibility, because they have a commitment international community's consensus on a settlement to the international community concerning the pro- of the crisis in the Middle East. It is the duty of th~ cess of independence for Namibia. United Nations to fulfil its responsibilities and make 74. In north-west Africa the conflict between the possible the implementation ofthis consensus, thereby people of Western Sahara and the occupying Power, ensuring a return to peace in the Middle East. It must the Kingdom of Morocco, has been a matter of con- react with specific action and bold decisions that at stant concern to the international community since last ensure justice for the Palestinian people. 1975. It is thus natural that OAU and the United Nations should have attempted to find a just and de- 69. The plots hatched against the Palestinian resist- finitive solution to this problem borne of the side- ance, like, those we see in other parts of the world, tracking of the process that should have lea- to. the force us to say that there seems to be a planned policy for destroying solidarity, a strategy for splitting region- decolonization of Western Sahara. The Organization, al and other political groups, in order to turn back the aware of the justice and legitimacy of the struggle tide of history and re-establish imperial domination waged by the people of Western Sahara, led .by the in the third world countries faced with many problems POLISARIO, has thus constantly called for the and trying despite a thousand difficulties to find solu- exercise by the peo~~e of Western Sahara of their right freely to determine their own future, and in Gen- tians in keeping with the aspirations of their peoples. eral Assembly resolution 36/46 called for negotiations 70. Against this background certain actions against between Morocco and POLISARIO. the Organization of African Unity [OAU] are of par- 75. OAU, for its part, aware of the dangers of the ticular concern to us. Its very birth bore witness to the victories won through the struggle of the African continuing conflict in the region, has made a respon- . sible attempt to find ways and means of moving to- peoples In the decolonization prc.!:ess, and OAU was wards a solution consistent with its charter and prin- from the outset a means of completing this liberation ciples. of the continent in all areas and a bulwark of African freedom against all threats. Since OAU has to its credit 76. It is thus encouraging to see that one of the two constant action in solidarity with all freedom fighters parties to the conflict, the Sahraoui Amb Democratic 102. To some extent the peoples of the world are beingdeceived when they disregard the United Nations in the frontal assault on w~r, guerrilla warfare, ter- rorism, torture and foreign intervention in- the in- ternal affairs of States. Also, the peoples of the world are in fact being thwarted when the United Nations is not allowed to stop repression of democratic move- ments which seek changes in unjust economic and social structures by peaceful electoral methods. 102. To some extent the peoples of the world are beingdeceived when they disregard the United Nations in the frontal assault on w~r, guerrilla warfare, ter- rorism, torture and foreign intervention in- the in- ternal affairs of States. Also, the peoples of the world are in fact being thwarted when the United Nations is not allowed to stop repression of democratic move- ments which seek changes in unjust economic and social structures by peaceful electoral methods. 103. Violations of human rights, violations of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights must receive priority attention by the United Nations. More vigorous action is needed, for we have gone beyond thf~ stage of mere declarations which proclaim and define' those rights and now an effort must be made, realistically and with a keen sense of urgency, to perfect and put into practice the international instruments which have been created to promote the fundamental freedoms of every person everywhere. 103. Violations of human rights, violations of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights must receive priority attention by the United Nations. More vigorous action is needed, for we have gone beyond thf~ stage of mere declarations which proclaim and define' those rights and now an effort must be made, realistically and with a keen sense of urgency, to perfect and put into practice the international instruments which have been created to promote the fundamental freedoms of every person everywhere. 104. In this connection it is fitting to stress one of the most impressive of the revolutions that have occurred in the past three decades, but one which has gone 12.rgely unnoticed by the majority of the peo- ples of the world. I am referring, of course, to the fact that it has finally been recognized that the indi- vidual is a subject of international public law and can resort to the appropriatej~risdictionalbodies on human rights when domestic means of protection have been exhausted, do not exist, or have serious imperfec- tions. Within the United Nations, the Human Rights Comm:!iee must be strengthened and, above all, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [resolution 2200 A (XXI), cmnex] must be ratified. Both instruments must be signed and mtified by all Members of the United Nations, because that would benefit the man in the street in all nations and be a victory of far-reaching consequences. 104. In this connection it is fitting to stress one of the most impressive of the revolutions that have occurred in the past three decades, but one which has gone 12.rgely unnoticed by the majority of the peo- ples of the world. I am referring, of course, to the fact that it has finally been recognized that the indi- vidual is a subject of international public law and can resort to the appropriatej~risdictionalbodies on human rights when domestic means of protection have been exhausted, do not exist, or have serious imperfec- tions. Within the United Nations, the Human Rights Comm:!iee must be strengthened and, above all, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [resolution 2200 A (XXI), cmnex] must be ratified. Both instruments must be signed and mtified by all Members of the United Nations, because that would benefit the man in the street in all nations and be a victory of far-reaching consequences. 105. The average citizen of the nations represented here trusts the good judgement of those who govern to ensure the well-being to which he is entitled, but which he may not obtain because he is not aware of the new machinery which could be used and cannot bring pressure to bear on his Government to abide by the commitments entered into when it signed the Charter. Human rights and the Uni:ted Nations, it should be remembered, are indissolubly linked. If-they were not in the Charter, then the Organization would 105. The average citizen of the nations represented here trusts the good judgement of those who govern to ensure the well-being to which he is entitled, but which he may not obtain because he is not aware of the new machinery which could be used and cannot bring pressure to bear on his Government to abide by the commitments entered into when it signed the Charter. Human rights and the Uni:ted Nations, it should be remembered, are indissolubly linked. If-they were not in the Charter, then the Organization would u ••• human work is a key, probably the essential key, to the whole social question, if we try to see that question really from the point of view of man's good. And if the solution-or rather, the gradual u ••• human work is a key, probably the essential key, to the whole social question, if we try to see that question really from the point of view of man's good. And if the solution-or rather, the gradual solution-of~hesocial question, which keeps coming up and becomes ever more complex, must be sought in the direction of "making life more human', then the key, namely human work, acquires fundamental and decisive importance." Furthermore, another cardinal principle enunciated by John Paul 11 should also be stressed here-the ethical value of work solution-of~hesocial question, which keeps coming up and becomes ever more complex, must be sought in the direction of "making life more human', then the key, namely human work, acquires fundamental and decisive importance." Furthermore, another cardinal principle enunciated by John Paul 11 should also be stressed here-the ethical value of work "which clearly and directly remains linked to the fact that the one who carries it out is a person, a conscious and free subject, that is to say, a subject who decides about himself." "which clearly and directly remains linked to the fact that the one who carries it out is a person, a conscious and free subject, that is to say, a subject who decides about himself." And here the Pope of the workers pauses to empha- size the subjective dimension of work, rising from its dignity: " ... the basis for determining the value of human work is not primarily the kind of work being done, but the fact that the one who is doing it is a person." And here the Pope of the workers pauses to empha- size the subjective dimension of work, rising from its dignity: " ... the basis for determining the value of human work is not primarily the kind of work being done, but the fact that the one who is doing it is a person." 114. Equally enlightening are some other thoughts which I shall now sum up. First, rejection of "mate- rialistic and economistic thought", which equates work with goods and is the source of unheard of, inhumane exploitation, even today, when the con- cept of capitalism at any cost has been tempered. Hence, a different approach must be adopted-one which comprehends the working man: 114. Equally enlightening are some other thoughts which I shall now sum up. First, rejection of "mate- rialistic and economistic thought", which equates work with goods and is the source of unheard of, inhumane exploitation, even today, when the con- cept of capitalism at any cost has been tempered. Hence, a different approach must be adopted-one which comprehends the working man: " ... in accordance with the true dignity of his work-that is to say, ... as subject and maker, and, for this very reason, as the true purpose of the whole process of production." " ... in accordance with the true dignity of his work-that is to say, ... as subject and maker, and, for this very reason, as the true purpose of the whole process of production." Secondly, the strengthening of worker solidarity, not only because there are many different kinds of work and because there are still many injustices which de- rive from the liberal socio-political system, but also because: "On the world level, the development of civili- zation and of communications has made possible a more complete diagnosis of the living and working conditions of man globally, but it has also revealed other forms of injustice, much more extensive than those which in the last century stimulated unity between workers for particular solidarity in the working world. This is true in countries which have completed a certain process of industrial revolution. It is also true ~n countries where the main working milieu continues to be agriculture or other similar occupations." Secondly, the strengthening of worker solidarity, not only because there are many different kinds of work and because there are still many injustices which de- rive from the liberal socio-political system, but also because: "On the world level, the development of civili- zation and of communications has made possible a more complete diagnosis of the living and working conditions of man globally, but it has also revealed other forms of injustice, much more extensive than those which in the last century stimulated unity between workers for particular solidarity in the working world. This is true in countries which have completed a certain process of industrial revolution. It is also true ~n countries where the main working milieu continues to be agriculture or other similar occupations." Thirdly, work, at the same time 'as it promotes a hier- archy of duties, is: " ... a source of rights on the part of the worker. These rights must be examined in the broad context of human rights as a whole, which are connatural with man." Thirdly, work, at the same time 'as it promotes a hier- arcby of duties, is: " ... a source of rights on the part of the worker. These rights must be examined in the broad context of human rights as a whole, which are connatural with man." 117. The Government of Costa Rica is also con- cerned about other problems that tend to work against peace. With greater eloquence than mine, represen- tatives have referred to the catastrophic develop- ments in the world economy, which have had a dev- astating effect on the development and political stability of the vast mC\iority of States Members of 117. The Government of Costa Rica is also con- cerned about other problems that tend to work against peace. With greater eloquence than mine, represen- tatives have referred to the catastrophic develop- ments in the world economy, which have had a dev- astating effect on the development and political stability of the vast mC\iority of States Members of 118. The year 1981 was one of the worst of the post-war period from the economic standpoint. All the indices suggest that there will be a greater dete- rioration in the immediate future. The stagnation of our economies, the galloping inflation which charac- terizes most of our economies, the deterioration in the terms of trade and the serious disequilibrium in the balance of payments which accompanies it disrupt social peace and make it more difficult to tind demo- cratic political solutions to the serious problems be- setting many countries. 118. The year 1981 was one of the worst of the post-war period from the economic standpoint. All the indices suggest that there will be a greater dete- rioration in the immediate future. The stagnation of our economies, the galloping inflation which charac- terizes most of our economies, the deterioration in the terms of trade and the serious disequilibrium in the balance of payments which accompanies it disrupt social peace and make it more difficult to tind demo- cratic political solutions to the serious problems be- setting many countries. 119. Our region has seen its external debt doubled in only three years, and today it exceeds $240 billion. This is the result of an attempt to replace a lack of dynamism in exports, brought about to some extent by the weak demand of the developed countries, by an influx of capital, with increasingly higher interest rates. 119. Our region has seen its external debt doubled in only three years, and today it exceeds $240 billion. This is the result of an attempt to replace a lack of dynamism in exports, brought about to some extent by the weak demand of the developed countries, by an influx of capital, with increasingly higher interest rates. 120. In the circumstances, it is disappointing that today there is not the necessary political consensus to ensure a take-off in global negotiations. Recog- nizing the structuml problems which characterize international economic relations ~md emphasizing that a global discussion of these problems is neces- sary, we share the opin:on of thtJse that say it is urgent that short-term action be taken to prevent the complete collapse of the weaker ecolomies. 120. In the circumstances, it is disappointing that today there is not the necessary political consensus to ensure a take-off in global negotiations. Recog- nizing the structuml problems which characterize international economic relations ~md emphasizing that a global discussion of these problems is neces- sary, we share the opin:on of thtJse that say it is urgent that short-term action be taken to prevent the complete collapse of the weaker ecolomies. 121.' For this reason it is necessary that we start work on an emergency programme encompassing, inter alia, the following actions: first, initiatives to increase the flow oftrade by means ofeliminating bar- riers to the exportg of the developing countries and by means ofgreater South-South exchange; secondly, the creation of compensatory funds to reduce the impact of the deterioration in the terms of trade; thirdly, better promotion of joint investment by the industrialized and developing countries in the latter; fourthly, the increase, on a generous and disinter- ested basis, of the flow of resources towards mul- tilateral financing bodies and technological co-oper- ation to improve the liquidity of the developing countries; and, fifthly, the promotion of greater understanding and tolerance in those bodies as re- gards the implementation of economic measures in such a way as to ensure a better balance between the objectives of reactivation and of stabilization. 121.' For this reason it is necessary that we start work on an emergency programme encompassing, inter alia, the following actions: first, initiatives to increase the flow oftrade by means ofeliminating bar- riers to the exportg of the developing countries and by means ofgreater South-South exchange; secondly, the creation of compensatory funds to reduce the impact of the deterioration in the terms of trade; thirdly, better promotion of joint investment by the industrialized and developing countries in the latter; fourthly, the increase, on a generous and disinter- ested basis, of the flow of resources towards mul- tilateral financing bodies and technological co-oper- ation to improve the liquidity of the developing countries; and, fifthly, the promotion of greater understanding and tolerance in those bodies as re- gards the implementation of economic measures in such a way as to ensure a better balance between the objectives of reactivation and of stabilization. 122. We should like to stress that the adoption of a programme such as the one just mentioned should not be seen as a substitute for greater efforts leading to the creation of a new economic order. We believe, however, that these measures are in keeping with the spirit of the new order, that they would help tl> establish a climate more conducive to the success of initiatives concerning the structural change that we desire and that they would create necessary condi- tions-although perhaps not all the conditions-for the peace and security which our peoples deserve. 122. We should like to stress that the adoption of a programme such as the one just mentioned should not be seen as a substitute for greater efforts leading to the creation of a new economic order. We believe, however, that these measures are in keeping with the spirit of the new order, that they would help tl> establish a climate more conducive to the success of initiatives concerning the structural change that we desire and that they would create necessary condi- tions-although perhaps not all the conditions-for the peace and security which our peoples deserve. 123.. In this respect, the meeting of Foreign Min- isters held at San Jose on 4 October drew 123.. In this respect, the meeting of Foreign Min- isters held at San Jose on 4 October drew 126. My Government feels great satisfaction at the constructive efforts being made by the Government of the Republic of Korea to bring about the reunifi- cation of that country on the basis of its recent pro- posals. Whatever is done must be in line with the aims and purposes of the United Nations regarding the reunification of Korea. Costa Rica recognizes the peace-loving and hard-working nature of the friendly and noble people of the Republic of Korea. 126. My Government feels great satisfaction at the constructive efforts being made by the Government of the Republic of Korea to bring about the reunifi- cation of that country on the basis of its recent pro- posals. Whatever is done must be in line with the aims and purposes of the United Nations regarding the reunification of Korea. Costa Rica recognizes the peace-loving and hard-working nature of the friendly and noble people of the Republic of Korea. 127. Costa Rica welcomes the fact that the dear sister Republic of Argentina has taken the initiative in pressing its just claim to the Malvinas Islands in this United Nations forum and hopes that the negotia- tions will prove fruitful. The association of the Sec- retary-General with the dialog\le, in accordance with a proposal of which Costa Rica was a sponsor, is a guarantee that the parties wiJI reach an honourable and peaceful final agreement. 127. Costa Rica welcomes the fact that the dear sister Republic of Argentina has taken the initiative in pressing its just claim to the Malvinas Islands in this United Nations forum and hopes that the negotia- tions will prove fruitful. The association of the Sec- retary-General with the dialog\le, in accordance with a proposal of which Costa Rica was a sponsor, is a guarantee that the parties wiJI reach an honourable and peaceful final agreement. 128. Costa Rica shows the concern expresseo in this Hall at what is happening in Cyprus, Afghanistan and Kampuchea, where situations in violation of the principles of the Charter continue. 128. Costa Rica shows the concern expresseo in this Hall at what is happening in Cyprus, Afghanistan and Kampuchea, where situations in violation of the principles of the Charter continue. 129. I should now like to take up the subject speci- fically referred to by the Secretary-General in his report on the work of the Organization. I refer to what he has called "the prevailing convulsion of Ce:ltral America" [A/37/J, p. 2]. 129. I should now like to take up the subject speci- fically referred to by the Secretary-General in his report on the work of the Organization. I refer to what he has called "the prevailing convulsion of Ce:ltral America" [A/37/J, p. 2]. 130. More than four decades ago we, the demo- cratic sectors promoting social change and freedom 130. More than four decades ago we, the demo- cratic sectors promoting social change and freedom 136. As already stated, it is, of course, quite clear that without appropriate means or machinery to ana- lyse this peace plan and other proposals with the same purpose, they all run the risk of being inef- fective, and that would be tragic. For that reason, at the San Jose meeting which I have referred to, the ministers agreed "to set themselves up as a Forum for Peace and Democracy", a forum which could be extended through the inclusion or the collaboration of otherdemocratic States. The Forum could recommend specific actions to representatives of participating countries, and they should report on the results and transmit the final act of the meeting to other States, so that they can present any appropriate comments and views. 136. As already stated, it is, of course, quite clear that without appropriate means or machinery to ana- lyse this peace plan and other proposals with the same purpose, they all run the risk of being inef- fective, and that would be tragic. For that reason, at the San Jose meeting which I have referred to, the ministers agreed "to set themselves up as a Forum for Peace and Democracy", a forum which could be extended through the inclusion or the collaboration of otherdemocratic States. The Forum could recommend specific actions to representatives of participating countries, and they should report on the results and transmit the final act of the meeting to other States, so that they can present any appropriate comments and views. 137. The representatives asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica to transmit the final act, on behalf of the participating Governments, to the Governments of the region and to other Governments concerned, in order to obtain their views on the prin- ciples and conditions for peace set forth therein. 137. The representatives asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica to transmit the final act, on behalf of the participating Governments, to the Governments of the region and to other Governments concerned, in order to obtain their views on the prin- ciples and conditions for peace set forth therein. 138. They decided to convene a new meeting as soon as possible in order to assess the progress being made in implementing the aims of the declaration. 138. They decided to convene a new meeting as soon as possible in order to assess the progress being made in implementing the aims of the declaration. 139. The Forum 'for Peace and Democracy is an expression of a common will; it does not constitute an official body, and therefore has the necessary flexibility and dynamism to carry out its great task. The nucleus ofthe Forum is made up ofBelize, Colom- bia, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, the United States and Costa Rica. What- ever democratic countries from the area wish to become members of the Forum may do so, and a second group can be made up of democratic coun- tries which wish to co-operate with the Forum without actually belonging to it. Here I should like to stress that the Forum was created so that there might be the participation in it of all count(es involved in conflicts in Central America that disrupt peace, so that they could explain their views and make peace pro- posals; and this has already been done by Nica- ragua, Honduras, Mexico, the United States and Panama individually, and by Mexico and Venezuela jointly, apart from the eight other countries that met 139. The Forum 'for Peace and Democracy is an expression of a common will; it does not constitute an official body, and therefore has the necessary flexibility and dynamism to carry out its great task. The nucleus ofthe Forum is made up ofBelize, Colom- bia, El Salvador, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, the United States and Costa Rica. What- ever democratic countries from the area wish to become members of the Forum may do so, and a second group can be made up of democratic coun- tries which wish to co-operate with the Forum without actually belonging to it. Here I should like to stress that the Forum was created so that there might be the participation in it of all count(es involved in conflicts in Central America that disrupt peace, so that they could explain their views and make peace pro- posals; and this has already been done by Nica- ragua, Honduras, Mexico, the United States and Panama individually, and by Mexico and Venezuela jointly, apart from the eight other countries that met * Mr. Velayati spoke in Persian. The English version ofhis state- ment was supplied by the delegation. * Mr. Velayati spoke in Persian. The English version ofhis state- ment was supplied by the delegation. 154. Now, as we speak of the importance of strug- gling against world imperialism and zionism, we have in mind the most recent crime against humanit)t of American imperialism and occupierzionism committed in the Islamic world, while other Powers remain silent. Thousands of children and innocent, defence- less old women and men have been drenched in blood in the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in west Beirut by a group of dishonourable Zionist terrorists, who attacked Moslems in the most terrible manner. This is not the first crime committed by Israel nor will it be the last. 154. Now, as we speak of the importance of strug- gling against world imperialism and zionism, we have in mind the most recent crime against humanit)t of American imperialism and occupierzionism committed in the Islamic world, while other Powers remain silent. Thousands of children and innocent, defence- less old women and men have been drenched in blood in the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in west Beirut by a group of dishonourable Zionist terrorists, who attacked Moslems in the most terrible manner. This is not the first crime committed by Israel nor will it be the last. 155. The whole world remembers that the Zionist regime since its illegitimate inception, which was the outcome of the imperialist Powers' comprom~se, and the open usurpation ofthe Palestinian lands, has never ceased to commit brutal crimes against the Moslem Palestinians being subjected to tyranny. The tragi~ massacre in the Deir Yassin and Kafr Qasim village3, in which the Irgun terrorist groups killed even the animals, is not yet forgotten. Today we are witnesses 155. The whole world remembers that the Zionist regime since its illegitimate inception, which was the outcome of the imperialist Powers' comprom~se, and the open usurpation ofthe Palestinian lands, has never ceased to commit brutal crimes against the Moslem Palestinians being subjected to tyranny. The tragi~ massacre in the Deir Yassin and Kafr Qasim village3, in which the Irgun terrorist groups killed even the animals, is not yet forgotten. Today we are witnesses b and on Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese combatants selves with the massacre of innocent people but will and dispatched our forces to the scene of batt!e consider that as only a prelude to their great plot to against zionism, despite our serious need for them m threaten and eliminate the Palestinian cause and the war which had be~n imposed on us. We took this establish the influence of world-devouring America measure as an Islamic and religious duty. We were over the whole region. Their objective is to convince the only non-front-line country that embarked on such the countries of the region that plans of the Camp action against the Zionist regime. David type and the support of America are the only way to settle the Middle East crisis and that those 163. We believe that the root solution to the Palestine who do not accept such a solution are doomed to problem and to the whole Middle East crisis can be annihilation. found only by placing emphasis on the fact that the problem is an Islamic one and through an endeavour 159. We believe that the expulsion of the Palestinian to create a unity of views among Moslem forces. combatants from Lebanon not only is not the end of For that reason, the Islamic Republic of Iran has al- the affair but will be the beginning of a new phase ways tried to emphasize the Islamic dimension of the of the long struggle of the Arab and Moslem nations. problem, and the proposal made by Iran for the forma- Although the existence ofhypocritical, reactionary and tion of a united Islamic front against zionism and xenophilic rulers in certain countries of the region imperialism is in fact nothing but a wa}' ofemphasizing creates difficulties for the Moslems in the attainment the Islamic nature of the Palestine issue. of their sacred objectives, and although these un- b and on Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese combatants selves with the massacre of innocent people but will and dispatched our forces to the scene of batt!e consider that as only a prelude to their great plot to against zionism, despite our serious need for them m threaten and eliminate the Palestinian cause and the war which had be~n imposed on us. We took this establish the influence of world-devouring America measure as an Islamic and religious duty. We were over the whole region. Their objective is to convince the only non-front-line country that embarked on such the countries of the region that plans of the Camp action against the Zionist regime. David type and the support of America are the only way to settle the Middle East crisis and that those 163. We believe that the root solution to the Palestine who do not accept such a solution are doomed to problem and to the whole Middle East crisis can be annihilation. found only by placing emphasis on the fact that the problem is an Islamic one and through an endeavour 159. We believe that the expulsion of the Palestinian to create a unity of views among Moslem forces. combatants from Lebanon not only is not the end of For that reason, the Islamic Republic of Iran has al- the affair but will be the beginning of a new phase ways tried to emphasize the Islamic dimension of the of the long struggle of the Arab and Moslem nations. problem, and the proposal made by Iran for the forma- Although the existence ofhypocritical, reactionary and tion of a united Islamic front against zionism and xenophilic rulers in certain countries of the region imperialism is in fact nothing but a wa}' ofemphasizing creates difficulties for the Moslems in the attainment the Islamic nature of the Palestine issue. of their sacred objectives, and although these un- ~pular rulers, with their shameless compromise 164. Just as the Palestinian revolution and the peo- with America and its illegitimate child, Israel, are a pie of Lebanon have been the target of the destructive disgrace to Moslems, the forces of the people will conspiracies of American imperialism and its agent, rise up and finally demand of their rulers why· they the usurper "Israel, so the people of Iran, too, have remained silent in the face of the cruel massacre of had the experience of plots designed for them by the ~pular rulers, with their shameless compromise 164. Just as the Palestinian revolution and the peo- with America and its illegitimate child, Israel, are a pie of Lebanon have been the target of the destructive disgrace to Moslems, the forces of the people will conspiracies of American imperialism and its agent, rise up and finally demand of their rulers why· they the usurper "Israel, so the people of Iran, too, have remained silent in the face of the cruel massacre of had the experience of plots designed for them by the 177. The Government ofthe Islamic Republic ofIran 183. 1'beGovernment ofthe Islamic Republic oflnin, therefore supports the Declaration ofthe Indian Ocean following the principles of its ideology concerning as a Zone of Peace [resolutior.. 2832 (XXVI)], con- support for the justice-seeking struggles of the op-- demns the conspiracy to cancel the 1983 Colombo pressed nation,s against.the oppr~ssors, severed all Conference and calls tor the dismantling of all foreign its political and economic relations with the racist bases in the regien, as well as the elimination of the regime of South Mrica from the very first days of presence offoreign Powers from the Indian Ocean and the victory of the revolution. We have always con- the Persian Gulf. demned and denounced in international circles the 178. As has already been indicated, our foreign policies of the minority racist Government, which policy is based on the principle of "neither East nor hurt the common conscience of human society. The West". We reject the present int.ernational order that current year has been declared by the United Nations divides the world into two poles--East and West. We as International Year of Mobilization for Sa.nctions believe th~t the balance of terror prevailing in the against South Africa, We hope thatfmn and collective 177. The Government ofthe Islamic Republic ofIran 183. 1'beGovernment ofthe Islamic Republic oflnin, therefore supports the Declaration ofthe Indian Ocean following the principles of its ideology concerning as a Zone of Peace [resolutior.. 2832 (XXVI)], con- support for the justice-seeking struggles of the op-- demns the conspiracy to cancel the 1983 Colombo pressed nation,s against.the oppr~ssors, severed all Conference and calls tor the dismantling of all foreign its political and economic relations with the racist bases in the regien, as well as the elimination of the regime of South Mrica from the very first days of presence offoreign Powers from the Indian Ocean and the victory of the revolution. We have always con- the Persian Gulf. demned and denounced in international circles the 178. As has already been indicated, our foreign policies of the minority racist Government, which policy is based on the principle of "neither East nor hurt the common conscience of human society. The West". We reject the present int.ernational order that current year has been declared by the United Nations divides the world into two poles--East and West. We as International Year of Mobilization for Sa.nctions believe th~t the balance of terror prevailing in the against South Africa, We hope thatfmn and collective 1J!"-~w~~O_~rl~d!!!lla~:~.~~l,~~~~e~~.~,-!-"re~I.~:a~.n~~o~~:~S4!1!! t~!!I!'~:fI!::~~!!Ilil'::_Jtha:!!lJ" is b a se d m e a su re s a re tak ••en t o s o lv e••t h iS d iffi IC'U I tPtbblem . 1J!"-~w~~O_~rl~d!!!lla~:~.~~l,~~~~e~~.~,-!-"re~I.~:a~.n~~o~~:~S4!1!! t~!!I!'~:fI!::~~!!Ilil'::_Jtha:!!lJ" is b a se d m e a su re s a re tak ••en t o s o lv e••t h iS d iffi IC'U I tPtbblem . issu~. In this connection, we reject any negotiation stead, the profits go to the super-Powers, which sub- conducted in the absence of the true representatives stitute confrontation and \:onflict for amity and under- of the Mghan people. standing in international relatklns. Therefore it lies with third world cnuntries, tha.nks to all the experi- 186. We consistently support the struggles and ef- ence they have gained from various imperialist strate- forts of the freedom-seeking countries of South and gies, to put an end to the differences created by imperi- Central America, especially the revolutionary people alist forces and, by making use of their financial ofNicaragua, against the interference, conspiracy'and resources for their national well-being, take the first attempts at domination by America. We also :sup- step for the eradication of this unjust order that has port the legitimate struggles of revolutionary f'c!Ces cast its shadow over the world. in El Salvador and other countries of the region against the tyranny and oppression of despotic re- ~93. The serious crisis that dominates the world gimes. economy is a deep and structural one. The increased deficitin the balanceofpayments, the negative changes 187. The Islamic Republic ofIran condemns the Brit- in the temts of trade, the I~ck of financEal capital for ish military attacks on the Malvinas Islands anti the long-term, infrasti")ctural and productive inyestmer'ts, co-operationofAmericaand Britain in thatconnection, the lack ofaccess M global markets for offers ofgoods and considers them a" an example of imperialist, and servic~s, the lack of bllnsfer of technology and, issu~. In this connection, we reject any negotiation stead, the profits go to the super-Powers, which sub- conducted in the absence of the true representatives stitute confrontation and \:onflict for amity and under- of the Mghan people. standing in international relatklns. Therefore it lies with third world cnuntries, tha.nks to all the experi- 186. We consistently support the struggles and ef- ence they have gained from various imperialist strate- forts of the freedom-seeking countries of South and gies, to put an end to the differences created by imperi- Central America, especially the revolutionary people alist forces and, by making use of their financial ofNicaragua, against the interference, conspiracy'and resources for their national well-being, take the first attempts at domination by America. We also :sup- step for the eradication of this unjust order that has port the legitimate struggles of revolutionary f'c!Ces cast its shadow over the world. in El Salvador and other countries of the region against the tyranny and oppression of despotic re- ~93. The serious crisis that dominates the world gimes. economy is a deep and structural one. The increased deficitin the balanceofpayments, the negative changes 187. The Islamic Republic ofIran condemns the Brit- in the temts of trade, the I~ck of financEal capital for ish military attacks on the Malvinas Islands anti the long-term, infrasti")ctural and productive inyestmer'ts, co-operationofAmericaand Britain in thatconnection, the lack ofaccess M global markets for offers ofgoods and considers them a" an example of imperialist, and servic~s, the lack of bllnsfer of technology and, foun~", the world will not be far away from interna=- tional anarchy and chaos. In thiscon"ection, many examples can be cited. 200. In September 1980 the Iraqi regime attacked Iran and drowned thousands of innocent civilians in blood, displaced millions of our fellow countrymen and razed the cities located in the part ofour territory that had been under its occupation for 22 months. It seems as ifin the course ofthose two years the colos- sal machine of the United Nations was in a deep sleep and no one was thinking about the establish- ment of a just and honourable peace, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the maintenance of inter- national security, as ·stipulated in the Charter. But as soon as our combatants were able by their devotion and selflessness and the sacrifice ofthousands ofmen, to expel the aggressive enemy from most of their soil, they embarked on the course of administering justice and ensuring the security of the borders. And then, all of a sudden, the mission of the SUpei-Powers for the maintenance and consolidation of interna- tional peace and security was propounded. It is not known where these awakened consciences and mis- sions were during the two years'that had passed since the beginning of the war and the oppression and ty- ranny to which the people of Iran were subjected. Is it not the case that now that the interests ofthe super- Powers, which supported the Iraqi regime with their money and weapons, are threatened, the memLers of the Security Council have started to think about adopting a resolution, commiserating about ~ace and including an item in this connection in the agenda of the General Assembly? 201. I shall give a better example. On 18 September 1982 one of the most shocking crimes in human history was committed in Beirut before the very eyes of the world and the United Nations. Israeli criminals, assisted by mercenary phalangists, having committed crimes in southem Lebanon for several months and foun~", the world will not be far away from interna=- tional anarchy and chaos. In thiscon"ection, many examples can be cited. 200. In September 1980 the Iraqi regime attacked Iran and drowned thousands of innocent civilians in blood, displaced millions of our fellow countrymen and razed the cities located in the part ofour territory that had been under its occupation for 22 months. It seems as ifin the course ofthose two years the colos- sal machine of the United Nations was in a deep sleep and no one was thinking about the establish- ment of a just and honourable peace, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the maintenance of inter- national security, as ·stipulated in the Charter. But as soon as our combatants were able by their devotion and selflessness and the sacrifice ofthousands ofmen, to expel the aggressive enemy from most of their soil, they embarked on the course of administering justice and ensuring the security of the borders. And then, all of a sudden, the mission of the SUpei-Powers for the maintenance and consolidation of interna- tional peace and security was propounded. It is not known where these awakened consciences and mis- sions were during the two years'that had passed since the beginning of the war and the oppression and ty- ranny to which the people of Iran were subjected. Is it not the case that now that the interests ofthe super- Powers, which supported the Iraqi regime with their money and weapons, are threatened, the memLers of the Security Council have started to think about adopting a resolution, commiserating about ~ace and including an item in this connection in the agenda of the General Assembly? 201. I shall give a better example. On 18 September 1982 one of the most shocking crimes in human history was committed in Beirut before the very eyes of the world and the United Nations. Israeli criminals, assisted by mercenary phalangists, having committed crimes in southern Lebanon for several months and IDt~rna~lonal ~onsclence-to fluDlsh that see.d of eyl1- development, will bestow upon the United Nations ~omgt msecunty, warmongenng and aggression, wlth- the role that befi'ts it. ID the context of Chapter VII of the Charter. Perhaps it is forgotten that Articles 41 and 42 of the Charter even exist. Is it not one of the conditions for mem- bership in the Organization that a Member must be peace-loving? Did not the General Assembly in its resolution ES-7/4 of 30 April 1982 recognize Israel to be non-peace-Iov:ng? The provisions ofArticle 6 ofthe Chartersuffice to expel Israel from the United Nations. Then Why is warmongering Israel still a Member of the United Nations? If proper action is not taken in this case or in similar cases, the concept of collective action for the maint.enance of peace and security, contained in the Charter, will not be applied. And if serious measures are not taken in this case for the elimination of the unjust privilege of w~to, the con- fidence that the deprived and tyrannized nations of the world should have in the Organization will not be created and the shortcomings to which the Secretary- Generalhas referred in his reportwill not be eliminated. We should not forget that the Charter and its monop- olistic privileges are the outcome of the post-Second- IDt~rna~lonal ~onsclence-to fluDlsh that see.d of eyl1- development, will bestow upon the United Nations ~omgt msecunty, warmongenng and aggression, wlth- the role that befi'ts it. ID the context of Chapter VII of the Charter. Perhaps it is forgotten that Articles 41 and 42 of the Charter even exist. Is it not one of the conditions for mem- bership in the Organization that a Member must be peace-loving? Did not the General Assembly in its resolution ES-7/4 of 30 April 1982 recognize Israel to be non-peace-Iov:ng? The provisions ofArticle 6 ofthe Chartersuffice to expel Israel from the United Nations. Then Why is warmongering Israel still a Member of the United Nations? If proper action is not taken in this case or in similar cases, the concept of collective action for the maint.enance of peace and security, contained in the Charter, will not be applied. And if serious measures are not taken in this case for the elimination of the unjust privilege of w~to, the con- fidence that the deprived and tyrannized nations of the world should have in the Organization will not be created and the shortcomings to which the Secretary- Generalhas referred in his reportwill not be eliminated. We should not forget that the Charter and its monop- olistic privileges are the outcome of the post-Second- The meeting rose at 2.15 p.m. The meeting rose at 2.15 p.m. NOTES NOTES I See North-South: A program for survival; report of the Inde- pendent Commission on. International Development Issues, under the chairmanship of Willy Brandt (Cambridg~. Mass., The MIT Press, 1980). Z See Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Del'elopment, Fifth Session, vol. I, Report and Annexes (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.79.II.D.14), part one, sect. A. I See North-South: A program for survival; report of the Inde- pendent Commission on. International Development Issues, under the chairmanship of Willy Brandt (Cambridg~. Mass., The MIT Press, 1980). Z See Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Del'elopment, Fifth Session, vol. I, Report and Annexes (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.79.II.D.14), part one, sect. A. 3 See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Least Del'eloped Countries. Paris, 1-14 September 1981 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.82.1.81, part one, sect. A. 3 See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Least Del'eloped Countries. Paris, 1-14 September 1981 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.82.1.81, part one, sect. A. S Adopted by the High-Level Conference on Economic Co- operation among Developing Countries. See A/36/333 and Corr.!. S Adopted by the High-Level Conference on Economic Co- operation among Developing Countries. See A/36/333 and Corr.!.