A/37/PV.8 General Assembly

On behalf of the Hungarian delegation, Sir, I offer you heartfelt congratulations on your election as President of the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly. We are pleased at your election to that high post, for it is an expression of international recognition both of soCialist Hungary's peace-loving foreign policy and of its activities in the United Nations. It is oursincere hope that under yourguidance the General Assembly will carry out the tasks of this session successfully and in a constructive atmosphere. 2. The thirty-seventh session of the General As- sembly is taking place in an international situation full ofcontroversy and fraught with dangers. Since last year, subversive activities threatening peace and security have been stepped up; tension connected with certain specific events continues to grow. 3. The main reason for the deterioration in the international situation is that extremist !~perialist circles are striving to upset the balance et ~ower which has emerged between the two world ':;y~tems. They are striving to attain military suprem~cy, and to that end have started to arm themselves on an unprecedented scale. They are seeking to establish international conditions in which they can impose ~heir will on other States. I could give many examples of the way in which existing crises have worsened and in which new crises have emerged, aiding and abetting the reactionary forces. 4. The extremist imperialist circles are systematically seeking to impair relations between the socialist and the developed capitalist countries, and to destroy the results which have been achieved in the development of East-West co-operation on the basis of mutual interests. In order to attain their goals, they are exerting growing pressure on the developing countries and on the liberation movements. They have been launchingcampaigns ofslanderand propagandaagainst the socialist and other progressive countries and have been ceaselessly attempting to interfere in their internal affairs on various pretexts. S. We are convinced that it is in the interest of the peoples of the world to put an end to these processes. It is promising to note that more and more countries " and larger and larger masses of the people are op- IXlsing the unbridled arms race, the policy of force, sabre-rattling and measures aimed at creating tension. NEW YORK 6. My Government decisively condemns the attacks launched against detente and the attempts that are being made: ~o poison the international atmosphere and to step up the arms race. We consider that our most important foreign policy task in the present situa- tion is to make the greatest contribution we can to the safeguarding of peace throughout the world, to the improvement of the international atmosphere, to the strengthening of international security, to the" promo- tion of the cause of disarmament and to the strength- ening of friendship and multilateral co-operation among States and peoples. We constantly advocate this in international forums and in bilateral relations. We consider that every opportunity should be seized to expand international co-operation and that increased efforts should be undertaken to find constructive solutions to the problems that stand in the way. Thus, we attach particular importance to the maintenance of the bilateral relations which have evolved during the past decade on the basis of the principle of the peace- ful coexistence of countries with different social systems. Moreover, we deem it necessary to intensify political contacts and dialogue and to broaden eco- nomic and other relations which serve our mutual interests. 7. In order to achieve these goals, we must continue to strengthen the r"t~ of the United Nations so that it caf'i bz more effective in bolstering the cause of peate. 8. The Hungarian People's Republic is a staunch champion of disarmament and of the limitation and reduction ofarmed forces and armaments. My Govern- ment takes a}1 ~ctive part in various international disarmament forums and also seeks in its bilateral relations to promote the cause of disarmament. We are convinced that none of the pressing problems of peace can be solved by armaments. Stockpiling weapons will not result in more stable, guaranteed security or peace, even for the countries which possess those weapons. 9. Today's balance of military power in the world is (';haracterized by parity between the Soviet Union and the United States, and between the Warsaw Treaty countries and the countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]. There is now approxi- mate parity in both nuclear and conventional weapons. 'That parity is an historic victory for the 'countries and peoples which are fighting for socialism, progress and peace; they therefore advocate maintaining it, and strive to ensure that it is maintained at the lowest possible level. 10. Hence the socialist countries, together with other peace-loving countries, in the United Nations and in all other international forums, are making constant efforts to curb the arms race which has reached 11. Naturally, given the state of armaments today, peoples of the world and peace-loving Governments a~ concentrating first and foremost on eliminating th~ danger of nuclear war. My Government also gives priority importance to nuclear disarmament. We are anxious to see the urgent adoption of measures and the conclusion of international agreements that would reduce the arms race and at the same time be specific steps towards nuclear disarmament. 12. We consider the general and unilateral ccmmit- ment of the Soviet Union as being a significant con- tribution to the cause of peace and disarmament, and welcome it, namely, that in no circumstances would it be the first to use nuclear weapons. If all nuclear Powers were to make that commitment, in practice that would mean that the use of the most dangerous weapons of mass destruction would be impossible. Trust amongst States would be signifi- cantly increased and we could hope for the success of disarmament talks with justifiable optimism. 13. We regret that the nuclear Powers which have not yet taken this step are adhering to their plans for manufacturing new types of nuclear weapons, and ~ome of them are still continuing to disseminate the absurd doctrine of a limited nuclear war. 14. From the point of view ofstrengthening universal peace and security, relations between the Soviet Union. and the United States are of decisive importance; hence their talks to limit and reduce strategic nuclear weapons, as well as medium-range nuclear missiles, are particularly important. It is urgent that practical agreements be reached as soon as possible in those talks, o[~ the basis ofthe principle ofequality and equal security. IS. In the struggle against armaments an important role would be played by a ban on nuclear-weapon testing in all sphere<;;. Along with many other coun- tries, we were amazed at the recent decision of the United States Administration not to resume the trilateral talks on a general and complete ban on nuclear-weapon testing. We follow with anxiety the fact that there is an increase in the number of indi- vidual countries which intend to become nuclear- weapon States. We consider that one of the most pressing tasks which demand tremendous responsi- bility is the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons. That is WilY the United Nations shou.ld also strive to bring that about. 16. The goal of fostering nuclear disarmament requgeDhat in ad.dition t~ effO!1S ~o~ar<!s resol~ the aSlc problems, it is necessary to use"""'iiIIotner opportunities which directly or at least indirectly could promote a reduction of the nuclear threat. In this respect we ~lie"~ that further efforts shouid be made to reduce the deployment ofnuclear weapons, to cr~ate nuclear-free zt'nes and zones of peace, to guarantee the security ofcountries which do not possess nuclear weapons and to prevent the accidentaf use of nuclear weapons. th~ States Members ofthe United Nations unanimously expressed their concern at the threat of war. They clearly stated that the elimination of the nuclear threat was the most urgent task of this period. 18. The Government of the Hungarian People's Republic constantly devotes great attention to European security and co-operation. Although our country is small, still, as far as we can, we too promote the practical implementation of the recommendations and spirit of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, signed at Helsinki. Our delegation to the Madrid session of the Conference, which is to resume its follow-up to questions of European security and co-operation next November, will work in the interest of guaran- teeing a constructive spirit for the talks and the adop- tion of a meaningful, b?Janced and purposeful final document. 19. The Government of the Hungarian People's Republi'c is anxious that the Madrid session should conclude ite ':Nork successfully. We consider it partic- ularly important that that Conference should adopt a decision to convene a European conference on confidence-building, security and disarmament. The delegations ,.~ all countries participating in the Madrid Conference shQuld be guided by a will to achieve agreement. Theresponsibility of th~ participatingcoun- tries is particularly great, since the shaping of the international political situation and prospects for disarmament depend to a large extent on how rela- tions evolve among the participating countries and what sort of co-operation will be established among ihem. 20. The growth of international tension h~s been fostered also by the fact that in effect no progress has been made in eliminating pockets of tension that have either long existed or recently emerged. Furthermore, in some places the situation continues to worsen, and the prospects for settlement are becoming ever more remote. My Government believes it abso- lutely urgent !o adopt specific steps speedily to eliminate po~kets of tension and locai conflicts and to resolve controversial issues by peaceful m~ans. 21. It may seem strange that in this context I should also mention Europe. In the past, we used to talk about Europe as a region of peace and tranquillity. However, events that have occurred in recent years -the decision by NATO to station 572 medium-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe, the American r~fusal to ratify the SALT II agreement, the Western ph:n for a vastly accelerated arms build-up and the inadmissible Western interference in the events in Poland-have increased tension in our continent to a significant degree. We "hope that the ongoing Soviet- American talks will ultimately yield results that will foster peaceful co-operation among the European countrit=s. pub~ic 011)inion in our country most vehemently condt;mn ~he aggressive expansionist policies of Israel and its barbaric war against the Lebanese and Pal- estinian Arab peoples which, together with the imperialist manreuvres designed to achieve a total domination over the Middle East, has cr~ateda serious threat to peace and security for the peoples in that region and for the entire world. We express our sympathy for the victims of the terrible tragedy that has occurred in Lebanon, and we continue to support the just struggle of the Arab peoples. Our people learned of the bloody massacr~ in Beirut with indigna- tion and we vehemently condemn that evil deed. The United Nations should take decisive measures to restraht Israel, which has consistently disregarded Security Council and General Assembly resolutions and which regularly violates the elementary norms of international law. 23. The aggression against Lebanon is a new and premonitory proofofthe fact that the policy ofseparate dealings and the blatant use of military force cannot lead to any real seUlement of the Middle East crisis but, on the contrary, will lead to an exacerbation of the situation in that region. The Hungarian Govern- ment will continue to advocate a comprehensive and just settlement of the Middle East crisis and the establishment of lasting peace in the region. It firmly believes that in order to achieve this it is urgent that there be a complete and unconditional with<lrawal of Israeli forces from the Arab territories that have been occupied since 1967, as well as"from Lebanon; that there be a guarantee of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian Arab people, including the;r right tc create an independent Palestinian State; and that there be international guarantees for the security and inde- pende:tt existence ofall States in the region. It supports the idea ofconvening an international conference with the participation of all parties concerned, including the Palestine Liberation Organization [PLO], in order to promote a comprehensive and just settlement. The six-point proposal of the Soviet Union that wa3 put forward by the General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet, Leonid Brezhnev [see A/31/457], m~ets all those requirements, and we therefore beH~ve it to be acceptable for the resolution of the pr('.blem. 24. The development of the international situation has been adversely affected by the baleful influence of circles seeking to maintain and to worsen tension and which continue artificially to support the inclusion of the so··called Afghan and Kampuchean questions on the agenda. With regard to Afghanistan, my Govern- ment continues to maintain its firm position that the key question is. a cessation of .the interferen~e by the forces of ~nternational reactionary forces In the internal affairs of that country. We support the pro- posals of the Government of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union designed to bring about a political solu- tion o~the situation prevailing around Afghanistan. We have followed with interest the activities of the .Personal Representative of the Secretary-General. We 26. The Government of the; Hungarian People's Republic supports the proposal of the Government of the Mongolian People's Republic for the convening ofan international conference of the A§ian and Pacific countries to discuss questions relating to the conclusion ofa convention on the non-use offorce and mutual non- aggression. 1 Among the factors hindering an improve- ment in the international situation wle s.hould mention the pro~lems created by the Korean question, which has remained unsettled for so long. My Government continues to support the just struggle of the Demo- cratic People's Republic of Korea and the cause of a peaceful and democratic unification of the two parts of the country free from outside interferehce. My Government regards as of particular importance the restitution 0f the territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus and its Government's policy of non- alignment. It supports a peaceful solution to the ques~ tion of Cyprus through negotiations that would serve the interests of both communities in that State in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolu- tions, and it supports efforts undertaken in that direction. 27. At this session of the General Assembly, many speakers will undoubtedly express their just concern about the fact that with a view to securing their interests imperialism and neo-colonialism are in- creasing their pressure on the developing countries and the non..aligned movement, and that they are trying to frustrate the success of the national liberation movement. In this forum, I should like to reaffirm the support of the Government- of the Hungarian People's Republic for the struggle ofpeoples for social progress, national independence a"ld self-determinatiop.,~q9 our oppOsition to colonial oppres~ion and neo- colonialist aspirations. We are decisively opposed to racial 'discrimination and condemn the policy of apartheid. 28. We feel that the United Nations must adopt more decisive and effective measures than 1t has done so far to eliminate once and for all the vestiges of colonialism in order to gllarant~e the .rights of all peoples to self-determination. 29. The South _\Uantic armed conflict which took place in recent months wi.th regard to the Falkland 30. Notwithstanding the dedsions of the United Nations and all efforts made thl!~3 far by the progressive forces in the world, the South African racist regime continues to occupy Namibia. The situation which has emerged in southern Africa poses a serioVls 'threat to international peace and ~ecurity. That is why one ofthe most urgent tasks is to resolve the fate of Nam~hia. to guarantee the independence of that c.ountry. lV1y Government supports the just struggle of the Nami- bi&..l }1eople which it has been wa.~ing" undc7 the leader- ship of the South West Mrica Peop,le's Organization [SWAPO], its sole legitimate representative, against the South African occupiem to wii1 genuine indepen- dence for the country. Hungary r-~jects the Western manceuvres, the aim of wh~ch is to maintain foreign dominati!>n, both political and economic, and to pre- serve the influence ofthe South Afri(;al1 racist Govern- ment. We favour the implementation of the United Nations plan. The basis for a negotiated settlement can only be Security Councii r~solution 435 (1978), which should b~ implemented without any ~hang~ or distortion. 31. Nowadays we often receive news about pre5- sures and threats aimed against Cuba, Nicaragua, Grenada and other Latin American countries, about the hf;roic struggle of the patriots of El Salvador and ofacdons against the dictatorial regimes in many coun- tries of Latin America. Wf, believe that in this region ofthe wor!d, too, we should respect the right ofpeoples to self-determination. 32. We believe that the non-aligned movement is an important, positive factor in international life. We were concerned that recently imperialist machhlations to shatter the movement have been stepped up. We believe that the non-aligned countries can maintain and strengthen the anti-imperialist unity of their movement in this situation too, and can remain true to their well-tested principles. 33. My couatry is very concerned about the un- hampered dev,:lopment of mutually advantageous international economic, trade and financial relations. I must note with regret that the tension in the inter- national situation has long had an unfavourable influence on all fields of international economic, trade, financial and scientific and technoiogical co- operation. We decisively reject the policy ofeconomic sanctions against the socialist countries, the policie& of embargo, boycott and ~:Hscrimination. Such policies have not been successful in the past, and at the present time no one will be able to mov\~ the socialist countries away from the path of buil11ng a new society ~nd promoting progress. Such attempts can only lead to a worsening of the inten,\ational atmosphere. All this not only has an unfav/0urable impact in r~lations between East and West, but does damage to the interests of the developing world and further delays the establishmept of a ~ew, just inter- national economic order, based on democratic plin- ciples. 35. Despite the knore tense international situation and the unfavourable politic!'.! processes taking place in the world, we believe that the possibilities of peace- ful development have not yet been exhausted. This view is imposed by common sense and by the inten~f'\ts of the peoples Qf the world. We are con'Jinced ~hal joint actions by all the political elements and scr.!al forces desirous of maintainiJ\~ peaceful international relations and co-operation among States can, in the final anaiysis, overcome the determinatiun to sef;;":k confrontation To bring about that end my country is prepa:('~d to join with an countries who are cO!'lducting ~. sober, respom.:ibie policy. It is in. ;~at spirit that our delegation wiil act at this ses~;orr Qf the G€meral Assemhly. 36. M;i. ELLEMANN-JENSEN (D:enmark): I have the honour of ~ddressing the G~nerai AJsembly 1:nl behalf of th'e European C~mm~n;ty and its le'Mem- ber States. In this capacity, I fake pleasure in con- gratulating y~m, !vir. Pre~ident~ on yo~r el~cd.()n to d3e. presid~ncy of this ~hir~y-seYenth §essk!fi of ~he Gen~I'al As~embl'V. 37. I should further like to e]:'press the Community's apprecia\ion to the out3ning nesie,i·;.'ifli1t for the ieader- ship he has shown en so many occa3ior.s dl1ri~g th~ past year 38. 11ie 10 l\:{ember S!:a~es of tile European Com- munity also wish to congratulate the ne;:N Secretary~ Gf~lieral~ now attending hi~ first regular st".ssion of the Assemb!y. His tirele§s efforts in punmitofpeace during his first year in office have already--and justly- brought him WOt·~ti ,w1de adn ,:>·:!~n. The Secretary- General's stron~ commitmetb to upholding the pur- poses and principles ofthe United Nations is brilliantly demonstrated in his report on the work of the Organ- ization [A/37/1], which is thoughtful and thought- provoking. We, the countries of the world, would do well to heed his advice that as an important 'first step we should consciously recommit ourselves to seeking negotiated solutions to the world's many problems by adhering strictly to the Charter ef the United Nations. 39. The world today presents a bleak picture. It is becoming increasingly difficult to remain o~timistic about the future. Grave conflicts have contmued to take place in many parts of the wofld in the period that has elapsed since 'the thirty-sixth session. The threat remains that local and regional conflicts will escalate to the global level. The world is in the grip of the 'Horst economic recession in decades. All nations, and in particular the developing countries, risk jeopardizing the hard-won achievements made through international co-operation. Fundamental human rights are being increasingly violated 1n many parts of the world. Tilis comb;nation of challenges which the inte':1lational community is facing today calls for determined action and constructive co-operation. The situation requires somet.hing more-and something other:-than each natio17. working to solve its own problems. Wisdom and statesmans~ip are required if pr~motion and protection of hum~n rights throughout the world. -4 j. The Eu."opean Community and its 10 member Sta~(~s pledge their full co-operation in a~hieving th~Sl~ fundamental goal§. Vl~ believe strongly that we have ~ role to play and a contribution to make in this great emlC'avc~.u. We Wiftl to make our contr~hution in fl1litfu1 jlj2Irlm""·ship an'.i collaboration with the either Da~ions of it-~ v:;,;r!1, \Ve understand and SUppOli their des~nr to defend tleir ~",vereignty and territoriai integrity. Wie &isc re- 'ogm:ze that genuine non- alignment i'" an important factor in maintaining intei'na- tional stability and can make an important contribution to bringing about political settlements of the conflicts ~;ll,.~ich threaten the world. 42. The European Community also strongly believes that through co-operation and partnership we can come to grips with the problems of inequity which plague the world economy. We shall pursue our efforts in these fields with vigour and look forward to building the partnership based on mutual trust which is neces- sary to achieve these important goals. 43. Serious setbacks in East-West relations have been a major element in the deteriorating international situation during recent years. The past years have brought new and disturbing violations of the prin- ciples on which the United Nations is based. The continued occupation of Afghanistan, with the evident willingness of the Soviet Union to pursue its aims by use of its massive military potential, has contributed to the creation of a climate of distrust and tension. 44. The tragic ev~nts in Poland since last December, which have taken place under pressure, have also had a major negative impact on overall East-West rela- tions. These events, taking place in the heart of Europe, cause deep concern among the Ten. The Ten have repeatedly called for the lifting of martial law, the release of those arrested and the restoration of a genuine dialogue with the Church and Solidarity. The Ten will continue to urge the Polish authorities to live up to their d~clared intentions of re-establishing civil liberties and the process of reform in Poland as rapidly as possible. 45. To halt the present negative trend and develop substantial and balanced East-West relat~ons aimed at genuine detente, the causes underlying the negative developments in East-West relations should be .removed in order to restore respect for the principles 46. Tnere is at ['resent much popular concern about world tension, the use of force by some countri(:s in contraverItlon ofthe Charter and the ~mbalance in both nuclear and ~OIiY~!ltioi1aI weapons. Th~s situation creates international mistrust and public anxiety. The latter manrrests itself in many \Vays in States where freedom of expression, is guaranteed. The Govern- ments of the Ten recognize and understand these concerns. We have no doubt that similar concern is felt by the p~oples of Sta~es where, regrettably, open cJ<pressicms of popular feeling about the build-up of arm~mellts and the canse~uentburden on already ?ahenng economics ha'/e so far been supp'l'essed. 4·!~. A few months ago the Member States met for the secona special session devoted to disarmament. Governmf.mts and peoples all over the globe had looked forward to this event in the hope that it would lead to a fresh impetus in the process oi disarmament and thereby to the reduction of armaments and to huge mmtary expenditures. The results of the session were disappointing. However, the Ten consider it veri important that the consensus principle was upheld. Furthermore, the session unconditionally confirmed the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly [resolution S-lO/2], the first such special session, in 1978. The :'iews presented at that session will form a useful basis for future dis- cussions and negotiations. It is also noteworthy that at the second special session devoted to disarmament the Assembly agreed to continue the process initiated at the first special session. 48. The member States of the European Community will make every endeavour to help accomplish this important task. They will continue to support all constructive prQposals which lead to reductions in armaments and to the banning of certain types of weapons, and which enhance confidence and assure the security of all nations. In this respect the Ten strongly support efforts of a substanti~ and realist;c nature made in the sole negotiating body, the Geneva Committee on Disarmameilt, and in other forums. 49. The T~n welcome the negotiations initiated this summer between the United States and the Soviet Union on mutual reductions of nuclep· '3ttLtegic arms. These negotiations will unaoubtedly be difficult. We hope, however, that they will result in an early agree- ment on' substantial redu~tions of these we~pons... . SO. We welcome also the negotiations between the United States and the Soviet UniaD on intermediate- range nuclear fOlces, negotiations which are taking place within the framework of the strategic arms reduction talks. It is well known that these weapons are of special concern to us. We hope that the negotiations will lead to concrete results in the near future. SI. Parallel with arms control and disarmament in the nuc;lear field, substantial reductions in the con- ventional field must be pursued vigorous!} fir~~tage bili.~IY sig~ficant, binding and verifiable 60. The events in Lebanon confirm that the needfor co I~ ebnlce- Ul h mg h anI fSEecurity-building measures a negotiated, comprehensive settlement of the Arab- app Ica e to t e woe 0 urope. Israeli conflict is more pressing than ever. They 54. Efforts at improving East-West relations should furthermore confirm that there can be no real peace or not be restricted to arms control. There is an equally stability in the region unless the legitimate rights of the great need for a comprehensive East-West dialogue Palestinian people also are recognized. Thus we do not on other subjects, both political and economic. The believe it is either wise or just for Israel to seek process initiated by the Conference on Security and to deny another people the right it claims for itself. Co-operation in Europe is a most important channel 61. The Ten remain convinced that two essential for this dialogue. The Ten sincerely hope that it will principles must be accepted and reconciled: the right be possible, when the Madrid follow-up meeting within to existence and security for all the States and justice the CSCE process reconvene8 in November of this for all the peoples. Our commitment to the right of year, to reach agreement on a balanced and substantial Israel to live in security and peace is fundamental and concluding document. Such a document should mark unwavering; so also is our commitment to the right of tangible progress within the human dimension of the the Palestinian people to self-determination, with all Conference and contain a precise mandate for a con- that this implies. This approach is well reflected in ference on disarmament in Europe. In tb~opinion ofthe the Franco-Egyptian initiative which is now before Ten the draft submitted by the neutral and non-aligned the Security Council.2 countries remains a good starting-point for the nego- 62. The Ten are encouraged that these principles and tiating process in Madrid. the need to reconcile them are commanding increasing 55. Since the thirty-sixth session of the General acceptance as the basis for a comprehensive, just and Assembly and folIowitlg events in Lebanon, which durable settlement. are only the latest element in a chain of violence and 63. We welcome the new American initiative con- counter-violence in the area, the situation in the tained in President Reagan'~ speech on 1 September Middle East has deteriorated further. During the last 1982. It offers an important opportunity for peaceful few months problems relating to that situation have progress on the Palestinian question and a step towards occupied the Se~urity Council repeatedly, as well as the reconciliation ofthe parties' conflictingaspirations. the General Assembly. The danger to international peace must be evident to all of us. 64. All parties should seize the present opportunity to 56. The Ten recall their vigorous condemnation of initiate a prGcess of mutual ra;Jprochement leading the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. We are horrified by towards a comprehensive peace settlement. In this the terrible suffering and damage which have been connection, we emphasize the importance of the Final Declaration adopted at the Twelfth Arab Summit inflicted upon Lebanon and its civil population. A large Conference, which was held at Fez on 9 September number of innocent men, women and children have [see A/37/696), which we see as an expression of the been killed or wounded. Many t:tousands have been unanimous will ofthe participants, including the PLO, made homeless. We are especially shocked and to work for the achievement of a just peace in the ~~v9It~d ~y_..t~e_ massacre of Palestinia~ civilians in Middle East encompassing all States in the area, Be~rut. The Ten have strongly condemned this criminal .. II ti .. act. An authoritative inquiry into the circumstances mcludmg Israel. We ca now or a Similar expression of this incident is clearly necessary. of a will for peace on the part of Israel. 65. The Ten underline their continuing concern at 57. The Ten reaffirm their solidarity with a friendly Israeli policies in the occupied territories. We reiterate country whose population has suffered so cruelly and h h I I' d .. . J I whose fragile stability is dangerously threatened. t at t e srae I eCISlons concernmg east erusa em and the Golan Heights are contrary to international They are confident that the Lebanese people will be law and threrefore invalid in our eyes. Similarly, we able to bring about national reconciliation. The regard the f~ontinuing programme ofIsraeli settlements presence of certain of their members in the multi- in the West Bank and Gaza as iHegal and a major national· force established at the request of the b I ~ d h . f Lebanese Government in line with the objectives of 0 stac e to peace ellorts an to t e creation 0 a relevant Security Council resolutions b~ars witness climate of confidence between the parties. to the attachment of the T,en to the restoration of the 66. The Ten wish to see the Palestinian pe~ple in a authority of the Lebanese Govf~rnment. The:y renew p,osition to pursue their demands by political means 69. The Ten have stated their pol~cy on the Cyprus problem on many occasions. We have consistently supported the efforts of the Secretary-General to bring about a lasting solution. Under his auspices the inter- communal talks have been established on a regular basis. As has been stated by the Secretary-General, this does not mean that the well-known major sub- stantive elements of the Cyprus problem are about to be resolved. It is our sincere wish that the neces- sary good will be shown so that progress can be made towards a just and lasting solution to this grave problem, a solution that will effectively maintain the unity, territorial integrity and independence of the Republic of Cyp~s. 70. The countries in the African continent are still faced with the difficult task of settling internal and external conflicts by peaceful means. The Ten support Africa's quest for peaceful development. Confident that the difficulties at present confronting the Organization of African Unity [OAU] will be over- come, we hope that that organization will 00_able to continue to fulfil its unique role as a forum for con- ce11ed action to secure peace in the African continent. 71. The Ten express their deep concern over the renewed tension prevailing since early July on the Ethiopian-Somali border. The Ten, who are committed to respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all the countries of the region, make an urgent appeal te the interested Governments to refrain from any actions contrary to the Charter of the United Nations and to work for the restoration ofpeace within the Horn of Africa.. 72. In southern Africa, independence for Namibia and an end to racial discrimination are still to be achieved. The Ten have repeatedly and firmly expressed their conviction that the people of Nami- bia must be permitted to determine their own future through free and fair el~ctions under the supervision and control of the United Nations in accordance with Security Council resolution 435 (1978). 73. We reiterate this conviction today with a feeling ihat prospects for a settlement are now better than 74. The Ten reaffirm their support for all parties who have striven in recent months to brinr- about the achievement of independence, peace and prosperity for Namibia. They commend the five Western States for their untiring efforts to seek a s~edy solution in accordance with resolution 435 (1978). TheTen urge all parties concerned to facilitate the conclusion of the negotiations without further delay and to refrain from any action which could endanger the agreement reached. The recent South African incursions into Angola cannot but complicate the ongoing negotia- tions. The Ten have condemned these violations of Angola's sovereignty and territorial integrity. ~ 75. Now is the time for statesmanship and courage. Namibia remains the primary responsibility of the United Nations and the world community would'react strongly to attempts to delay Namibia's independence. 76. Within South Africa itself, the situation continues to be marked by increased restrictions on and oppres- sion of the country's black majority. The Ten deeply deplore this. They reiterate their clear condemnation and rejection of this system of institutionalized racial discrimination. ' 77. Noting recent developments within South Africa, the Ten remain convinced of the urgent need for meeting the political as well as the social and economic aspirations of all South Africans. An early abolition of the apartheid system is essential. The Ten will continue a critical dialogue with South Africa to encourage peaceful change in the COlputry. They will also continue to use the collective weight of the European community to influence South Africa to end the system of apartheid and establish a society with freedom and justice fJlf all. 78. The Soviet military occupation since 1979 of Afghanistan, a formeriy non~aligned and independent country, remains a source of grave concern to the whole world and continues seriously to affect the stability of the region. 79. More than 20 per cent of the Afghan ~pulatign. have had to flee their home country. This exodus continues and tens of thousands of additional refugees are reaching the camps each month. 'Un- broken resistance in Afghanistan clearly shows that the Afghan people reject the political system forc~d upon them and vigorously-refuse to be governed by a regime imposed by a foreign Power. 80. The Ten strongly urge consideration of the European Council proposal of 30 June 19813 for a, comprehensive political settlement of the conflict. They continue to believe that only a settlement which is ultimately endorsed by the Afghan people and which takes fully into account their fundamental right to self-determination will be able to bring lasting peace and stability to the area. Th~ £uropean Council proposal seeks to bring about the cessation ofexternal intervention and the establishment of safeguards to prevent such interventions in the future and takes into full account the legitimate interests of the countries in the area" : t ~ development assistance and the endeavours to fulfd oped countries, asdefinedatthe Paris Conference. This 1 them despite economic difficulties are an integral part target ha$ already been achieved by some European. 1 of this strategy. Although faced with budgetary dif- Communlity countries. At present, no less than 70 pel' ~ ficulties, the member States of the Community remain cent of ~I~l bilateral official development assistance .. 122. Our alarm is due to the absence of any encour- aging signs in the international economic climate and the tendency among some countries to solve their economic problems in isoJation. This developmen~ is likely to increase the existing discrepancies. Relevant to this issue are the claims made by some indus- trialized countries that call into question the efficiency of economic aid through international organizations. This is one of the major reasons for the acute crisis facing UNDP, which is suffering a serious depletion of financial resources because of the decrease in the voluntary contributions ofthe donor countries, a situa- tion that has led to a 40 per cent reduction in country programmes for developing nations. This is bound to" have an adverse effect on the economic and social development programmes of those countries, not to meniion the negative effects in discrediting the concept of co-operation and interdependence, the mainstay of the United Nations. 123. Some of lhe issues discussed within the frame- work of the North-South dialogue have assumed special significance and urgency; we must ·therefore act vigorously in dealing with them and seeking the necessary solutions. In addition to those issues is the question of global negotiations for restructuring the international economic order. Consultations over those negotiatiQns have now entered their third year, but we are still going throuah a vicious circle of SU3- gestions and counter-tliuggestions, a circle that has not yet been broken. 124. Nevertheless, we are still hopeful that the parties can,find a common ground to permit the realization of this objective, provided tha~ the political will emerges among some patties to forge ahead towards genuine reform of the international economic order. 125. The Group of 77 has made strenuous efforts to get the North-South gllJbal negotiations going, and to make the negotiations comprehensive as wen as complementary. This goal, regrettably, has not been realized because of the rigid position taken by some industrialized countries. We see no alternative to stepped-llP efforts to indu~e more flexibility among the industrialized nations in their attitude towards the problems of the developing nations. The international community is ;ncreasingly convinced of the need to review and change thl:~ current pattern of international economic relations and to establish it on a basis of equity, partnership and international interdependence. 129.- The convening of the second special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament this year was an event of tremendous significance to which mankind pinned its hopes for peace. Thus, our disap- pointment was all the greater because at that session the Assembly failed to agree on a comprehensive programme for disarmament within a rpecific time- frame, including specific and effective measures to halt the arms race, nuclear and conventional. By that failure an excellent opportunity was missed for realizing'the goal of disarmament and thereby guaran- teeirig a safe and peaceful world. 130. The failure of that session, however, should not lead us to give up hope. Armed with a persistent political will, we the Governments and peoples should be able to proceed towards narrowing the gap between the various positions. And here we would like to under- line that the nuclear Powers, especially the super-- Powers, have a special responsibility, emanating from their international obligations to ensure world peace and security, over and above the collective responsi- bility of all States in this regard. 131. Egypt will work tirelessly in contr~buting to the achievement of peace all over the world, and espe- cially in the Middle East. In that connection, Egypt has launched an initiative for a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East and has been pursuing means to implement it for the last eight years. 132. The declaration of the Middle East as ~ nuclear-weapon-free zone wou!d be a rn~or eleml~nt in lessening tension and eliminating instability in the area. Appropriate measures would be needed to determine the best approach to that goal. 133. Egypt hus suggested that the Secretary-GeOl~ral send a special repr~sentative to meet the parties c:on- 134. Mr le than a ye-ar afterits accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Egypt reaffirms its dedication and commitment to ensuring international respect for the objectives of the Treaty, believing that it can contribute to the search for an effective system of non-proliferation and to ensuring the right of all States to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. In this connection, we s~rongly support the position of the non-aligned countries in insisting on iron-clad guarantees of the protection of the security of non-nuclear countries. In addition, nuclear Powers must give assurances to those countries that nuclear weapons wHl not be used against them. Now that non-nuclear countries signatories to the Treaty have fulfilled their obligations, Egypt stresses the need for nuclear Powers to abide by their commitments under the Treaty. 135. It is abundantly clear that th~ international situation, because of (he conflicts with which it is plagued or because of wars actually being waged, demonstrates that no partial approach ofdealing with a single problem in isolation from others-whether it be disarmament? the new economic order or collective security-will provide an effective remedy for the problems conne~ted with the international political system. This leacls me to reiterate our earlier proposal on the convening of a special session of the General Assembly for the purpose of a thorough review of the entire international political system aDd the role of the United Nations. This would help us to fulfil our responsibility to establish an international political system that is more just and more secure. 136. As an African country, Egypt is passing through the oame crucial stage as the rest of Africa. We see attempts to· circumvent the United Nations plan for Namibia, the persistence ofapartheid in South Africa, the grave situation in the Horn of Africa and disagree- ment over the question of Western Sahara. Moreover, the pursuit ofcertain reckless policies poses a threl'ilt to the unity of Africa and to the territorial integrity of its States and the security of its peoples. We are aware of the predicament with which the OAU has been faced, ever since the thirty-eighth session of the Council of Ministers, which was held in February in Addis Ababa, in connection with the question of the membership of Western Sahara. That question has given rise to disagreementwithin the ranks ofthe OAU, threatening its very survival. However, impelled by our 'deep conviction and belief in African unity and by our int~rest in the continuing viability of the OAU, we in Egypt have adopted a firm position, namely, that differences, no matter how deep and extensive, can be solved in a spirit of reconciliation, in the true African tradition. We in Egypt are contident of the 9.bility (.f Afri~a to exercise African wisdom and 1,0 resolve those differences that arose last February al1ld interrupted the work of the OAU at a time-when the 137. Foremost among African prcblelJls is the 143. While reviewing the situation in Africa I should situation in southern Africa, where South Mrica con- like to convey some good news to the international tinues to defy the international community by inten- community about an i~portant event that will take sifying its policies of racial discrimination and apart- place in a few days. Egypt and the Sudan are con- heid, which have been condemned by all mankind, eluding a new ~harter for integration, a charter irrespective of creed, ideology or religion. Egypt formulating an organizational and substantive frame- strongly supports all international resolutions work and reflecting the political will of the two coun- calling for sanctions against South Africa until it tries to step up their development through the imple- desists from the policies that flout the elementary mentation of a number of projects in the economic, principles of human rights. Furthermore, Egypt urges social and cultural spheres. The charter provides for ~1I States to participate effectiv~ly in the application a presidential council for integration affairs, a "Valley of such sanctions. of the Nile" parliament with about 60 members repre- 138. We condemn the racist policies of South Africa senting the two peoples, a general secretariat to· act and its colonialist policy in Namibia. Although four as the executive arm in following up integration years have passed since the adoption of Security projects and a special fund to finance those projects. Council resolution 435 (1978), which sets forth the United Nations plan for the peaceful sett~ement of the 144. The goal of the integration and its charter is matter, the region has not yet achieved its indepen- to establish regional co-operation as a model and a dence, because of the intransigence (\'1' the coloniaHst nucleus that could, in the futun~, encompass the nine racist Pretoria regime. countries of the Nile Basin. It shoul~.berecalled that in 1980 the OAU Assembly endorsed the Lagos Phn 139. We are all only too aware of the lengths to of Action for the Implementation of the ~f()nrovia which SWAPO, the legitimate representative of the Strategy for the Development of Africa,12 when they people of Namibia, has gone in its efforts to adopt a decided that African regional co-operation constituted reasonable attitude and to achieve a peaceful settle- an indispensable basisfor socialandeconomic dewelop- ment of the problem. We are all familiar with the ment in Africa. The integra~ion plan concluded by manreuvres of South Africa designed to perpetuate its Egypt and the Sudan is fully in keeping with the illegal occupation of Namibb and to set up a quisling .Lagos plan. It is indeed a good omen, heralding wel- regime there. fare and prosperity for the peoples of the Nile Valley, 140. SWAPO and the African States have expe- north and south alike. rienced the bitterness of frustration created by such endless manreuvres. The lat~st of those manreuvres 145. As a founding member of the non-aligned occurred only a few weeks ago. After the Western movement, Egypt declares that there is no alternative contact group had sent the letter· concerning the to the policy of non-alignment. Non-alignment is the agreement reached on constitutional principles,9 the sole means of safeguarding the security and the safety Prime Minister of South Africa came up with a new of the third world· and of facing the policies of stratagem to obstruct agreement by introducing polarization, blocs, pacts and confrontation. Non- elements extraneous to the question of Namibia and alignment i~ incontestably the only deterrent to also to the United Nations plan. We call upon the policies of hegemony, expansion and domination. Western contact group to exercise aJl types ofpressure The no~-aligned movement was established in on South Africa to induce it t.o impl!ement the United response to the aspirations of emerging nations which Nations plan which it approved in principle in 1978. had barely left behind the struggle for liberation. The movement atliO includes peoples and nations whic!) 141. In talking about Africa I cannot refrain from are still locked in a bitter struggle to liq~idate ·the emphasizing one of the most serious problems in the remnants ofcolonialism, overcome dependence, back- continent's history, namely, that of Western Saharcl. wardness and racism and defend human rights and The resolution adopted at the eighteenthses-sionof the dignity. OAU Assembly of Heads of State and Goverriment in June 1981 in Nairobi,IO and the decisions adopted in 146. The active and historic role played by the early August 198111 ~md February 1982 [see A/37/570/Rel·.2] pioneers and founders of the movement deserves a by the UAU Im~lementation Committee provide a special tribute from all of us. Today we recall the sound basis for a peaceful settlement that would ensure guidance ofgreat, inspired leaders such as Tito, Nehru stability in the area in accordance with the right to and Abdel Nasser, who charted for us the lofty io.als self-determination. The subseCjuent negative develop- and noble means for success. We feel that the values ments in the attempt to impos~ new Conditions without and principles which they struggled for are in o.eed consensus have not only complicated the question offurther defence and further sustained efforts if they of Western Sahara but also threatened political life in are to retain their authenticity, purity and essence. the continent. 147. Indeed, much has been achieved. The movement 142. We appeal to our brother countries parties to' now has a wider membelship, as it comprises the the problem before the OAU to seek a peaceful majority of the States in the international community. approach to conflicts and to avoid recourse to force. But as opposed to these achievements, a number of We consider it our duty to call for adherence to the problems have.unfortunately arisen, the most serious charter of the OAU, which forbids intervention in the of which are those affecting the ranks of the countries internal affairs of member States. We also call upon of the movement. 14·9. The challenges facing the movement make it necessary that all of us who have an interest in pre- serving its non-aligned character should try to keep it on course. It gives me great pleasure to note that within the movement the situation is far better than it was a few years ago. This is to the credit of the member States, which for the most part have reso· lutely defended that great body and respected its true principles in order to put non-alignment back on its original track in facing the perils of the cold war between the super-Powe~. Experience has taught us that it is the small and developing countries that generally and ultimately hear the brunt and the conse- quences of that cold war. 150. The basic principle of our great movement, to which President Hosni Mubarak reaffirms his commit- ment, is for us a finn creed and a constant element of our foreign policy under the new leadership of Egypt. 151. It would be appropriate to acknowledge here the efforts that have been made recently to save the movement from fragmentation owing to the insistence of some countries on changing the venue of the Seventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was scheduled to be held in Baghdad. We welcoifi'o. the constructive attitude of the Iraqi Government in not insisting on Baghdad as the venue, and also thank the Government of India for agreeing to hest the meeting; we urge, so that the non-aligned countries can pursue the positive approach they have ch03en. 152. Recently the Middle East has been the theatre of very tragic events, being subjected to devastating wars and unprecedented waves of destruction. But despite all the anguish, hopes of a just settlement that takes into account the rights of all the parties without exception have not yet been extinguished. Egypt, which bears a special responsibility in this area, was in the forefront of the battlefield when war was the only means ofdealing with the situation. Similarly, Egypt was in the front line of negotiators when the time was propitious and the balance was redressed. 153. Egypt most emphatically cannot afford to accept a situation in which one party to the conflict arrogates to itself the role of arbiter, waging wars~ wreaking havoc and committing aggression. Egypt will never accept Israeli aggression against Iraq, its annexation of the Syrian Golan Heights or its occupa- tion of Lebanon. Egypt totally reiects Israel's utterly irresponsible policy of unbrid"'~d aggression against the Palestinian people aIld the :PLO. 154. Israel must understand that Egypt will never tolerate the mutilation of the Palestinian question or of the Palestinian people and that Egypt rejects Israel's 160. As all delegafions are aware, Egypt has been engaged in negotiatioml with Israel with the full participation of the United States of America to help establish transitional arrangements that would assist in ~comPIiShing: le=~~~~tiY:S~":: 161•. However, Israel opted to persist in establishing settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories in an attempt to seize and usurp the territories of the West Bank, including Jerusalem and Oaza. Again, Israel persisted in annexing Jerusalem and the Syrian Oolan Heights and in adopting other measures that conflict with the confidence-building endeavours required to establish a comprehensive peace in the area. 162.. This has culminated in the sus~nsion of those negotiations more than once. Needless to say, Egypt, committed as it is to a firm :ltational stand based on and reinforced by the rules of inteluational law and the principles and the purposes of the Charter, cancot accept such distorted interpretations ofaccords reached under international legality. Egypt cannot associate itselfwith aconspiracy againstthe Palestinian people through any unsound interpretation or equivo- cal intentions or designs aimed at annexation, incor- poration and other pnllctices directed against the Palestinians in Jerusalem, the West Bank or Oaza. 163., In the wake of Israel's complete withdrawal from Egyptian territory on 25 AprJ 1982, hope still lingered and did not fade. We expected that Israel would be serious this time in the continuation of the peace process. Allow me here to emphasize the fact that Egypt views the withdrawal from Sinai as only part of a settlement of the overall problem and as a step on a long, tedious road. Unfortunately, Israel dissipated all hopes through persistence in its policies, unacceptable by any logic or reason. Then came the devastating aggression on Lebanon, which has been both a staggering blow to the sovereignty and terri- torial integrity of Lebanon and a flagrant violation of the political and human rights of its citizens, whose lives have been severely disrupted. The invasion has also painfully disrupted the structure ofthe Palestinian community in Lebanon which, owing to displacement and dispersion, had been forced to take temporary shelter in Lebanon. The invasion was i'lanned also to abolish the political and national rights of the Pal- estinian people and to stifle its struggle under the leadership of the PLO. i! i 164. Against this background, Egypt and France presented a joint initiative in the Security Council last July. The draft resolution contained two parts, the first providing for guarantees of the sovereignty and political independence of Lebanon and the second dealing with and supporting the national and inalienable rights of the Palestinian people against the armed Israeli invasion. It called for the appUcation of the principles of security in order to: "Reaffirm the right of all States in the region to existence and security in accordance with Security Council resolution 242 (1967); "Reaffirm the legitimate national rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self- determination with all its implications, on the under- standing that to this end the Palestinian people shall be represented in the negotiations and, con- 166. Foremost among those positive developments is President Ronald Reagan,s initiative made pub!~ on I September 1982. It is a commendable attitude on the partofthe AmericanAdministration. Itsanalysis of the situation in the Middle East is sound, and that is why the United States is urged 10 take a firmer stand concerning the grave de\"elcpmen~s resulting from the Israeli policy in Lebanon, Beirut in par- ticular, the Palestinian problem and the problem of the Middle East in general. 167. We welcome the init=ative, which contains many. positive elements and constitutes a ml\ior step towards a just solution of the Palestinian problem and a fair and comprebensive settlement. Meanwhile, we have some C(l)mments to make on parts of this initiative which we hope will be considered by the United States Administration. There will certainly be ample time and opportunity for such reconsideration when discussions start with the parties concerned. How- ever, what is essential in the final analysis is that sustained efforts be made to give effect to this ini- tiative as quickly as possible, before it is overtaken by events or eroded by man<Euvres such as those we have witnessed recently. 168. At the same time we urge the Government of Israel to reconsider its negative attitude to the Reagan initiative, to respect the framework of international legality by ceasing the establishmen.tofsettlementsand desisting from its policies of annexation and assimila- tion and to treat the population of the West Bank, including east Jerusalem and the Gaze Strip, in accord- ance with the provisions of the Geneva Convention. We urge Israel not to adopt an inflexible attitude but to respond positively to the appeal made by the highest authority in the United States. 169. We also urge the PLO to reassess the present situation in all its aspects, re-examine our suggesHon for simultaneous mutual recognition, acd reaffirm its adherence to all the United Nations resolutions relevant to the question of Palestine, in order to facilitate a dialogue with the United States, thus enabling the PLO to participate in the dialogue with all the parties directly concerned with this question. In turn, such a dialogue would enable the American Administration to communicate on a basis of equality with all the parties concerned. ." 177. All foreign forces must withdraw from Lebanon, but the withdrawal of Israeli occupation forces should neither be conditional on nor relate to any other presence. Israel must realize by now that its view concerning the situation in the Middle East is erroneous, that its understanding of conditions in Lebanon is superficial. It results n01 from any under- standing of reality but from the arrogance of power. The presence of Israel in Lebanon will not lead to stability in that country but will, rather, intensify the waste and destruction there. That may be what Israel wants; it is certainly what Israel is accomplishing. But Israel will not long escape the consequences, unless it hastens to correct the situation, unless its wise men or its friends correct the situation, before the oppor- tunity is missed and it is too late. 178. We urge the United States~ the super-Power that·is in a position effectively to influence several situations in the area, and which is providing Israel with the tools of power and the means of life, to restrain Israel without delay, as President Eisenhov:er did in 1957. 179. Israel dishonoured all its pledges and guaran- tees under the agreement reached on the withdrawal of PLO forces from Beirut when Israeli troops pushed into west Beirut and inside the refuge~ camps of innocent Palestinian civilians in Sabra and Shatila unleashing their henchmen and lackeys, murderers and assassins to butcher children, babies, women and elderly men who were under .the protection of the Israeli occupation army, on a dark day of shame for Israel. 180. The basic solution to the Lebanese problem lies in respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and Arab character ofLebanon, the unity of its peop!e and Government and the safe- guarding of the rights of all its citizens on a basis of equality, coexistence and co-operation. 181. At the same time, we advise our brothers in Lebanon, irrespective of their creed, affiliations, aspi- rations or position, to make the unity of their State and their people their highest concern. They are required to stand united in these crucial moments to enable Lebanon to weather this stormy crisis and restore their country to its traditional pride and traditional pros- perity. In this connection, Egypt wishes all success to President Amin Gemayel, Lebanon's new Presi- dent, in his challengins mandate, and hopes that his election will be a major step towards stability, inde- pendence and the termination of foreign occupation. 182. I have touched on the painful events taking place in the heart of the Arab world. On its eastern frontiers, a ferocious war between Iran and. Iraq has entered its third· year posing. grave perils to·the sta- 184. As an Arab country which believes in the terri- torial integrity ofthe Arab nation, and confident ofthe Government of Iraq's acceptance of peace initiatives, Egypt declares that it will support Iraq in defence of the Iraqi peopie and territory. 185. Peace for Egypt is a profound conviction and a full commi~ment. Consequently, despite the colossal obstacles obstructing our patl1 towards a J)P.Qceful settlement in the Middle East, Egypt will nev~; Aesign itself to despair, but will persist unwaveringly in exerting all efforts to achieve a peace based on justice, which alone can ensure permanence and continuity. 186. Egypt's commitment to peace is not exclusive, but transcends the Middle East to spread to other regions of the world. Egyptian positions on world issues emanate from one consistent a.'1d constant prin- ciple. We call for the peaceful settlement of disputes through dialogue and negotiation, and through respect for intemationallaw and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. 187. These are our expectations and aspirations. They are not dreams, because through our' common and concerted efforts, they could be translated into realities of life, to help creale a better world for our posterity and ail future generations.

'It gives me pleasure to con- gratulate Mr. Hollai on his unanimous election as President of the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly and to wish him success in his noble mis- sion. I am confident that his ability, experience and wisdom will lead to the desired success ofour work at this session. My country's delegation will do its utmost to co-operate with him towards that end, especially since the development of cordial relations between our two countries will render our co-opera~ioncloser and more comprehensive. 189. I wish to laud the achievemelk~ of the out- going President, Mr. Ismat Kittar~~, during whose tenure the General Assembly held several special and emetgency special sessic,fis, in addition to the regular thirty-sixth session. Mr. Kittani conducted the work of the various sessions in an efficient manner that is worthy of our full appreciation and praise. 190.' I also laud the Secretary-General, during whose term of office we hope that the Organization will take longer :~rldes towards the attainment of its purposes and objectives. 194. Most of the statemepi,s delivered at the second special session on disarmament last June portrayed a tragic picture of toda)":i world. They urgently and sincerely drew attention to the dangersfacing humanity because of the tmcontroIlable armaments problem. They also pointed to the gloomy fate awaiting all mankind. They expressed the desire of the non- nuclear countries-which constitute the great majority ofthe world community-to protect themselves against the- use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. They called for the banning of nuclear- tests and for a halt to the manufacture ofchemical and biological weapons and the destruction. of the' pr~sent stockpiles. T~.~y advocated the establishment ofzones of peace, as well as nuclear-free zones in the Middle East, Mrica, South-East Asia and other parts of the world. 195. None the less, despite all these sincere and con- tinuing calls and appews, we are in fact witnessing the transfer to the aggressor countries of the most sophis- ticated equipment of aggression. We can see that internationally banned weapons are being used. The world has recently witnessed tens of thousands of Palestinian and Lebanese citizens-mostly children, women and elderly people-falling victim to cluster bombs, vacuum bombs and nerve gases made in the United States of America, during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and its capital, Beirut. 196. Domination, exploitation, the plundering of national resources, persecution, aggression and the protection of the aggressor have become the rules guiding the conduct of imperialist, racist and Zionist forces in international relations. Most States Members of the United Nations and the world public have unsol~ed, despite the new initiative and proposals submitted by the Government of the People's Demo- cratic Republic of Korea. We support the unification of Korea on the just and practical bases suggested by the Pyong Yang Government. 207. A. sad and regrettable war took place in the South Atlantic. The question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) awaits discussiciD during this session of the General Assembly. We call for the resumption of negotiationg between the two parties concerned, namely, Argentina and the United Kingdom, under the auspices of the United Nations, in order to find a peaceful settlement based on the relevant United Nations resolutions and the principles of the Charter. The efforts of the Secretary-General in this respect are both necessary and desirable in order to facilitate the realization of the desired peaceful settlement. 208. The dangerous and tragic situation in the Middle East clearly reflects the disruption which the interna- tional community has undergone as a result of the constant Israeli aggression. The tragedy of the Pal- estinian people and the whole Middle East region dates back to the establishment of Israel on the soil of Palestine. Much suffering and bleeding continue as a result of the plots of world zionism to establish a racist empire starting in Palestine and extending to other parts of the Arab world, defined by the Zionist doctrine as being from the Nile to the Eu- phrates-an empire that would dominate the Middle East and control the international situation~ through such hegemony, because ofthe strategic and economic 213. In 1948 the Israelis introduced the slogan of "negotiating peace with the Arabs" and under this false pretext occupied the demilitarized zone, which was under Arabcontrol and supervision. In 1967, under the motto of "security", the Israelis launched the June aggression and then began to build settlements in the newly occupied Arab territories. Now they demand security for these settlements, built on the occupied Arab lands, contrary to international instru- ments, the principles of international law and United Nations resolutions. 214. Israel has refused to implement all international resolutions calling for its withdrawal from the Arab lands that it occupied in 1967, and it has rejected all peace initiatives, including the American initiatives. It rejected and foiled both the Jarring and Rogers initiatives. All international efforts to determine the borders of the State of Israel have failed. A num- ber of Israeli leaders have introduced an insolent, dangerous and arrogant definition of borders, unpre- 216. Despite Security Council resolutions 50s (1982) and 509 (1982), the Israeli invaders continued their advance till they besieged Beirut and unleashed on it an inferno of bombs from the air, land and sea in a way . unprecedented in the history of war. "In one day the Lebanese capital was hit by over 250,000 Israeli bombs and rockets, as reported by the world news agencies at the. time. 217. In this wat, the Israelis killed tens of thousands of people, mostly civilians-women, children and elderly people. They also displaced hundreds of thousands and destroyed villages, towns and civilian installations. Even hospitals and places of worship were not spared. They used internationally banned weapons. And all this came under the title of "Peace for Galilee". 218. A survey of Israeli decisions, together with the statements ofIsraeli leaders, shows us tbat the aggres- sion on Lebanon had the following obj' .:tives: first, to liquidate the PLO and displace the Pal",stinians anew; secondly, to control Lebanon throagh what they call the establishment of"a strong Government", as ifany Government installed by foreign occupation can ever be "strong"; thirdly, to impose a "peace treaty" on the State of Lebanon; fourthly, to usurp parts of Lebanon-witness Israel's current measures in the occupied Lebanese territory, where attempts are und~r way to plunder the waters of the Litani river and to create a new settlement; and, fifthly, to deal a military blow to Syria, and weaken it in order to weaken Arab resistance to Israeli aggression, since Syria is the base and pivot of this resistance. 219. To realize those aims, Israel began its invasion of Lebanon, in which tens ofthousands ofPalestinians and Lebanese were massacred and towns and villages were destroyed. To realize those aims, Israel's forces entered Beirut, in spite of an agreement arranged by President Reagan's envoy, Mr. Philip Habib, in spite of the United States guarantees that the Israeli forces, afterthe implementation ofthe agreement, would never 224. The international community has rejected the Israeli invasion ofLebanon, and that invasion has been condemned by all nations and peoples of the world, individually and c1l11ectively. But is that enough, in the face of this perilous situation? 225. The countries which voted in favour ofadmitting Israel to membership of the Organization based their approval on the Israeli pledge that Israel would be a peac~-Ioving State, <;ommitted to the Charter and the' principles ofthe United Nations. Are not Israel's racist crimes, its barbarous acts of aggression, its invasion of Lebanon and the war of extermination it is waging against the Palestinian and Lebanese Iklorles enough to mak~ those countries reconsider their attitude to 242. Mr. STENBACK {Finland): It gives me great pleasuke to extend to you, Sir, the congratul~tions of the Government of Finland on your election to the presidency of the ('~neral Assembly. Finns and Hungarians have a cummon ethnic and linguisti£ back- ground spanning thousands of years. This gives a special chamcter to our relationship which was evident during the recent visit by the President of Finland to your country. You personally bring to your high office an ,~xceptionally long experien~e ~n, and profound understanding of, United Nations affairs. The~e, as well as your determination and patience, win ensure effective guidance of the Ass(~mbly's work at this particularly crucial time. 243 ~ The Secretary-General is not only the chief administrative officer of the Organization; he is also the symbol and the guardian of its authority. In Mr. Perez de Cnellar the United Nations has a Secre- tary-General who has shown that he will perform those functions well. His strength of will---8;SU we would call it in Finnish-combined with political realism are both necessary for fulfilling the tasks entrusted to him by the Charter. 244. The new Secretary-General has taken office ~t a particularly thank~ess time. Rarely has the interna- tional environment been less amenable to peaceful resolution of disputes by coli~ctive action through the United Nations. The Secretary-General himself has made a profound analysis of this situation and the reasons for it. His report on the work of the Organi- zation gives a graphic description of the erosion of the authority of the Organization. His suggestions for restoring the authority and ability of the United Nations to act are of crucial importance and have the full support of my Government. 245. The viability of the collective security system, as provided for by the Charter, is ofparticular concern to small countries such as those comprising the Nordic group. The Government of Finland has therefore followed with growing concern the grad'~al weakening of the United Nations in a world of tension and strife. In a statement made in mid-August on behalf of the Government ofFinland, I had occasion to expound on that same theme. The matter was further 4iscussed at the meetingofthe Nordic Foreign Ministers in Helsinki who agreed to study amongst themselves and with other Member States which share this concern ways and means to remedy the situation. Takinginto account univ~rsal collective security system provided by the Council. He proposes that the authority of peace- Charter. In the words of the Secretary-General: keeping operations be underpinned by guarantees, "Without such a system there will be no reliable including explicit guarantees for collective or indi- defence or shelter for the small and weak. And without vidual supportive action. For its part, my Government s:ucb a system all of our efforts on the economic and pledges its full support for all these measures suggested social side, which also need their own collective by the Secretary-General. impetus, may well falter. H [A/37/l, p. l.] 252. As a matter of ~onsistent policy, Finland has 247. In his report the Secretary-General warns us taken a balan~ed and conciliatory position on the that we are perilously near to a new international various controversial issues in the world. It is our anarchy. !n fact, the notion that it pays to use force firm intention to continue this policy. We believe that to SOlve inten1ational problems is gaining currency. Finland can best contribute to the search for a just Regiona~ and local conflicts have erupted into open and durable world order through strict and consistent warf~n~. Inter,{1ational tensinn mounts. Relations adherence to a policy of neutrality which, while it betwe~n great Powers have steadily ~eteriorated. enjoins us to refrain from taking sides in disputes Confrontalion has replaced dialogue al:d competition between ~he great Powers, enables us to maintain has ove'!Whelm~d accommodation. The arms race friendly relations with all States across the dividing continuf:s. Resoutces badly needed for the alleviation lines of ideology or military alignments and thus to of pnveity and h:,mger are squandered on the perfec- work whenever possible for the cause of conciliation tion of instruments of death. Confidence in the pos- and the peaceful settlemeLt of disputes. Neutral States sibility of peacefui settlement of disputes is breaking "ave, we believe, a special obligation, not only to down. The intemational system which was set up to themselves but to the international community as a mai~tain peace J\nd security and to promote interna- whole, to conduct themselves with objectivity and tional co.operation is in jeopardy. restraint ia order to retain the confidence of an sides 2 '8 T and thus the ability to perform such peaceful services ~ . his year has put the United Nations security as may be required in the interests of internaticnal syst~m le a harsh test. It has to meet this challenge d· if it 'A,ishes to survive. The conflict in th' Middle peace an secunty. East has assumed a new dimension of violence 253. The situation in t"'e Middle East is oiten compo~nded by the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. perceived as a regional conflict. This conception The question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) belittles the pivotal political, strategic and economic led to a bloody military conflict. The war between Iran importance ofthe regi~n, which transcends the regional and Iraq continues, causing devastation and suffering. confines of the conflict. The situation in the Middle 249. In addition" the persistent problems of the East continues to pose the most persistent threat situation in southern Mrica, South-East Asia, Mghani- to international peace and security. The dangers stan, Central America, Western Sahara and the Horn inherent in the absence of peace in the Middle East of Africa stand unresolved. All these remain 1ues- have been demonstrated once again by the events in tions of legitimate concern to the international com- Lebanon. Israel has invaded and occupied and con- lPllunity, yet the United Nations has been ignored or tinues to occupy a major part of a sovereign State pushed aside. Its potential for ens;-:. management and Member of the United Nations, in defiance of the peaceful settlement of disputes ha~ ,')fen neglected. repeated calls by the Security Council and the intema- tional community as a whole. The tragedy of Lebanon 250. The United Nations has not been listened to; has been compounded by the massacre of hundreds of there has been scant willingness to use its services. innocent civilians in the refugee camps of Sabra and At worst, the authority ofthe United Nations has been Shatila. On 20 September the Government of Finland flouted. The abuse of the United Nations for short- expressed its profound shock at that tragic event and term intere~ts has overshadowed its ultimate im- gave its full support to Security Council resolution 521 portance to all Member States as the only universal (1982). Having entered west Beirut with the declared OrganizatIon foJ" finding peaceful and negotiated solu- aim of maintaining law and order in Beirut, Israel tions to global problems. cannot now escape its responsibility for what took 251. In his report the S~cretary-Generalhas proposed place. concrete measures to halt the erosion of the authority 254. In the conditions prevailing the immediate of the United Nations and to restore its capacity to concern of the international community has under- act. The Secretary-General proposes, as a first step, standably focused on the crisis in Lebanon. That that Governments consciously recommit themselves crisis, however, should be seen in a wider context. to the Charter. He proposes that the Security Council It is but a consequence of the unresolved situation in keep an dctive watch on dangerous situations and, the Middle East as a whole. In our view the basic if necessary, initiate discussions with the parties principles of a peaceful settlement remain immutable. before they reach a point of crisis. He considers it The acquisition of territories by force is inaElmissible. 2610 Since the introduction of nuclear weapons more than a generation ago, nuclear arsenals have grown in size, sophistication and destructiveness beyond any conceivable purpose. The development and refinement of nuclear weapons have proved to be the most dynamic field of advancing arms technology. Ulti- mately, such advances may upset global strategic stability, an outcome that would have incalculable consequences. It is equally alarming that the develop- ment of military technology is likely to complicate any future efforts to curb the arms race. It will be ever more difficult to agree as to what weapons should be limited, and how. 262. The two major nuclear Powers, the Soviet Union and the United States, have the main responsi- bility for constraining the nuclear arms race. They have recognized that responsibility by engaging in the strategic arms limitation talks in the early 19708. The agreements reached have marked limited but not insignificant efforts towards constraining the arms race and reducing the danger of nuclear war. The continuation of the dialogue is, furthermort~, in itself a vitally important arms control measure and has intrinsic political value. The Government of Finland has therefore welcomed the resumption ofthe str&1tegic arms dialogue between the Soviet Union and the United States last June. It is obvious that the negotia- tions will prove long and arduous. Nevertheless, the goal should be a significant quantitative and qualitative reduction in nuclear arsemll. 263. Nuclear weapons are a particularly acute con- cern to the nations of Europe, the continent of the d~adliest concentration of weapons. It is an urgent necessity for Europe to reach concrete and compre- hensive results in the Geneva talks on nuclear weapons. The goal should be to eliminate the danger of nuclear weapons, deployed or scheduled to be deployed. 264. The Committee on Disarmament has not for the past few years produced tangible results in the form of draft treaties on arms limitation. This is to be regretted. I weapon is not only a threat but an instrument of death encompass all aspects of the problem, including its and destruction used every day. Efforts towards underlying causes. con~rentional disarmament and control of arms 273. The Government of Finland notes with satis- transfers should therefore be intensified, both globally faction that the United Nations Convention on the and regionally. Results from the Vienna Talks on Law of the Seals was adopted last spring with the Mutual Reduction of Forces, Armaments and As- support of an overwhelming majority of States, sociated Measures in Central Europe continue to be although full consensus could not be reached. The urgent. general acceptance of the Convention, which could 269. The signatory States of lite CQnference on well be the most significant legal instrument of this 278. Multilateral development institutions contribute to a more equitable geographical distribution of aid, taking particularly intoaccount the needs ofthe poorest countries. Those institutions must be provided with necessary resources, and that can be done only by reversing tht decrease in official development assis- t~mcf~ in general and in multilateral aid in particular. 279. Finland will continue its strong support for multilateral development activities. In our develop- ment policies we have traditionally concentrated on the poorest countries. Finland has committed itnelf to allocating at least 30 per cent of its bilateral assis- tance to the least developed countries, in compliance with the Substantial New Programme of Action for

As we come to this session of the General Assembly, the interna- tional situation is in some respects more serious than it has been since the end ofthe Second World War and the establishment of the Organization. The quantity of armaments is much greater, weapons are more devastating, hunger more severe, destitution more extensive, and the curse of unemployment more far- reaching than ever before since the establishment:of the Organization. We have certainly made some gains and that we must not forget. But much more glaring are the cases where success has been limited, or when no results at all were achieved. I intend to deal with a few of those aspects here. . 283. When I addressed the General Assembly in Sep- tember 1981 [8th meeting], I referred to a number of provisions ofthe Charter and ofthe Universal Declara- tion of Human Rights. I compared the words to the deeds. In the past year there has been a continual deterioration in these matters in many parts of the 290. The situation in Afghanistan has not improved since we met here one year ago. The military occupa- tion has now lasted nearly three years. Efforts con- tinue with limitedsuccess toforce the submissionofthe people and compel them to resign themselves to the situation. Repeated United Nations resolutions are dis-' regarded. Much the same can indeed be said of war- torn Kampuchea. 291. Just over two years ago, new waves of freedom spread through Polish society. The people sought a greater voice in their own affairs. Agreements were reached with the authorities on a slight rela:Lation of controls and the establishment of free trade unions was allowed. These tendencies towards freedom were to be short-lived. They ended with the imposition of martial law on 13 December 1981. 292. A list ofthis kind could be long. There are many States which suffer under totalitarianism and oppres- sion where the principles of the Charter are ignored. 293. While such situations recur at short intervals, it is extremely difficult to lower the tension in interna- tional relations and to proceed to effective and realistic measures to promote and preserve peace and security in accordance with the fundamental aims of the Organization. Such measures are indeed essential now. 294. The quantity of armaments is of a much greater dimension and weapons are more menacing than those the world has ever seen before; but still the frantic arms race continues. The debate on who is the most powerful could no doubt go on ad infinitum. In fact, the debate would probably not be resolved unless the unthinkable should happen-that the big Powers put the matter to the test. It is not likely that many would be left to judge the outcome, and the witmer would ~iscredit the Islamic legal system and to impose a Western secular legu code on our Moslem people as a violation of our peoples' right to choose their religion as well as their legal and political system. 306. It is not the first time, and will certainly not be the last time, that the Western imperialists have tried 3 Blllletin cif the Ellropeem Commllnities. No. 6, 1981, vol. 14, para. 1.1.13. .. See Offidal Recorels ofthe General Assembly, Twent.v-seventh Session, SIIpplement No. 27, annex I. S United Nations publicaiiori. Sales No. E.81.1I.D.8 and Corr.l. 6 Report of the United Nmions Conferen('e on the Least De"eloped COlll,tries, Paris, /-/4 September /98/ (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.82.1.8), part one, sect. A. 7 RepfJrt of tl,e United Nations Conference on New and Rene",- nbleSfJUN:esofEnergy. Naif'obi, /0-2/ AlIgllst /981 (United Nations publication, Sales No, E.81.1.24), chap. I, sect. A. I Adopted at tt!(, Hiah-l.evel Conference on Economic Co- operation among Developing Countries (see A/36/333 and Corr.I). 9 See Offici,,1 Records of the Set'IIrity Council, Thirty-se,'emh Yetl'. SlIpplement for JIII)·. Allgllst and September /982. document S/l5287. 10 See A/36/534, annex 11. lt See Offici,,1 Rt'('ords of the Sec;lrity Cmmd/. Thirt.\·-si:rth Year. SlIpplement for Jllly, Augllst and September 198/, document S/l4692. u See A/S-lI/14, annex I. II See Offici,,1 Re('f1rels of tl,e Semrity CoU/,d/, Thirt)'-se"em" Yeel', 2385th me~.tJ!'B.... •.. Sce Legal CfII,seqll('m'esJor ~tates ofthe Continlled Presem'e {if So",h Africa ill Ntll1,ibie, (Sollth West Africa) not",ithstcmding Sec"rit)' COlll,cil Resolution 276 (1970), Ad,'iso1')' Opinions, I.C.J. 'Reports /97/, p, 16. U Official Record... ofthe T/,irtJ United Nati{ms Cmiferem.:e fII' the L"w ofthe Se", vo!. XVII, document A/CONF.62/122.