A/38/PV.28 General Assembly

The General Assembly will consider the third report of the General Committee [A/38/25G/Add.21. In para- graph 1(a) and (b) of its report, the General Committee recommends to the Assembly the inclusion in the agenda of an additional item entitled "Condemnation of nuclear war" and its allocation to the First Committee. May I take it that the General Assembly approves that recom- mendation? It was so decided (decision 38/402). 2. The PRESIDENT (interpretation from Spanish): In paragraph 2 (a) and (b), the General Committee recommends the inclusion of an additional item entitled "Nuclear-weapon freeze" and its allocation to the First Committee. May I take it that the General Assembly approves that recommendation also? It was so decided.

Belize appears before the Assembly of the representatives of the world's peoples at the beginning ofits third year as an independent nation of the Americas. Our independence was achieved through the struggle of our people and the support of the coun- tries represented here. Wc are responding to the challenge to create a new society based on the structures of democ- racy that have worked so well for us, and with respect for the principles of international behaviour that have ensured the survival of the United Nations for so many years. 4. As a Central American and Caribbean nation, we rejoice at the election of Mr. Jorge Illueca, the Vice- President of Panama, to preside over the deliberations of the thirty-eighth session of the General Assembly. The people of Belize and the people of Panama have a long tradition of association and friendship, and our Govern- ments have forged a relationship oftrust, understanding and mutual support that could be a model for regional co-operation. S. We pay a tribute to the high quality of leadership displayed by Mr. Imre Hollai of Hungary, who presided over the thirty-seventh session. 6. We rejoice at the accession to independence of our brother Caribbean State of Saint Christopher and Nevis ·Resumed from the 21st meeting. , NEW YORK as we: welcome yet another member ofthe Latin American and Caribbean family to the congress of the world. 7. Belize is a small, developing country struggling with its own problems of underdevelopment and nation- building, in the midst of a region suffering the wider consequences of the processes of change, in a world whose chances ofsurvival are lessened progressively with the accelerated developII;lent of the increasingly more frightening and more lethal technology of destruction. 8. Even before Belize became independent, we were a founding member of the Caribbean Free Trade Associa- tion and later of the Caribbean Community. We are also members of the Commonwealth, the Movement of Non- Aligned Countries and various other regional and inter- national organizations. We have beneficial ties of friend- ship and co-operation with most ofthe nations ofEurope, Asia, Africa and the Americas. We are recognized by all the nations of the world-except one, Guatemala. It is the unfounded claims to our land by this larger neigh- bour th,t prevent good and friendly relations with the Republic ofGuatemala and present an obstacle to the full realization of our potential for development and for the betterment of the lot of our peoples. 9. To those who claim our land and cause us needless worry we hold out the hand of friendship. We ask that they respect and recognize our right to determine our future as a nation, free and sovereign, within the land and sea boundaries of Belize, which existed even before the independence of Central America. 10. Guatemala has never possessed any rights over Belize, neither before we became independent nor now that we are independent. It is this intransigence in refus- ing to recognize the reality of an independent Belize that prevents us from living in peace and co-operation as neighbours should. This reality means that only the representatives of the Belizean people can speak for the nation of Belize. Belize is always willing to enter into peaceful dialogue with Guatemala to work out means of living together in peace and harmony. 11. Persistence in this attitude on Guatemala's part constitutes a threat to peace in the only remaining peace- ful part of Central America, a continent afflicted by the violence of strife. We share the anguish of the peoples of the continent and we wish for better times for them and for us. Yet we recognize that Central America is experiencing today the gro~gand yearning for a new liberation, after centuries of power and economic imbal- ances that have left us a doleful legacy of poverty, inequality and unfulfilled expectations. 12. .Although Belize shares the history of the region, we have worked hard to spare our people much ofthe agony of the present crisis. But as the crisis in our region deepens no country is spared the effects. In our own country, refugees from neighbouring States continuously cross our borders in search of a safe haven of peace and stability from the ravages and destruction caused by civil war. Motivated by our human duty, we accept our brother Central Americans in our midst, we make a place for them in our society. Refugees are not isolated in camps peaceful settlement of disputes. 17. With regard to the situation in the Falkland Islands, Belize continues to maintain its well-known policy based on the principles of self-determination, the non-use of force and the peaceful settlement of disputes. 18. Belize once more reaffirms its support for our sister Latin American and Caribbean nation of Guyana in its efforts to consolidate its independence and sovereignty and to preserve its territorial integrity in the face of a claim on its territory by its larger neighbour. We note the involvement of the Secretary-General in the search for a peaceful and just settlement of the controversy and join him in urging the maintenance of the most favour- able climate for the effective application of the Geneva Agreement.2 19. We in Belize cannot ignore the f.lct that justice and fundamental rights are still being denied to many of the world's peoples. As a nation whose people have historic links with the continent of Africa, we in Belize cannot ignore the suffering of the black majority in southern Africa, where the racist Pretoria rulers cynically pursue their policy of apartheid on the One hand, while on the other hand herding ethnic majorities into bantustans, whicl!t.~mployssome 25 per cent of our working popula- tion. with limited access to modest preferential markets, ~ ~e Security Council and to put an end to its aggression r Jld its occupation and annexation ofthe lands ofothers force of arms. The question of Palestine and the ~l'~jddle East will remain the acid test of the credibility ot Lhe Organization. which represents the aspirations of all nations to peace and security based on law, justice and respect for the legitimate rights of others. 47. Israel's designs have extended to Lebanon. That sister country was subjected to brutal Israeli aggression, which aggravated the problems of the region and consti- tuted an attempt to destroy the unique social and poli- tical fabric ofthat country. In this connection we demand the unconditional Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in accordance with Security Council resolutions, which would permit the restoration of Lebanon's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, without any external interference. I should like to avail myself of this oppor- tunity !o commend the recent efforts which culminated in a cease-fIre agreement. We hope this agreement will be followed by the implementation of effective measures to ensure the maintenance of peace and stability. ' 48. The serious situation in southern Africa, perpetu- ated by the racist regime in Pretoria, has· continued to arouse anxiety and concern in all countries and peoples around the world. The racist authorities have persisted in their policy of apartheid, a policy that has on many occasions been condemned by the international commu- nity as a crime against humanity, most recently at the Se.cond World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, held last August at Geneva. 49. The Government and people ofthe Sudan condemn the South African regime's apartheid policies practised against the majority of the population of South Africa, its aggression against neighbouring African States and its determination to maintain apartheid by force, includ- ing nuclear force. The Democratic Republic ofthe Sudan further warns against the racist regime's manoeuvres and its policy of so-called gradual change. granting limited constjtutional rights to the "Coloured" population. Sudan will continue its unequivocal support for the f.reedom fIghters in South Africa until freedom, equality and independence are achieved. to see the Namibian question as one of its most impor- tant concerns. 51. The international community has followed with great attention recent developments relating to the ques- tion of Namibia, including the consultations held recently between the Secretary-General and parties concerned, in accordance with Security Council resolution 532 (1983) of last May. We appreciate that effort, and following its completion we deem it necessary that the Security Coun- cil commence the implementation of the peace plan according to an agreed timetable which would be bind- ing on South Africa and which would not involve extra- neous issues such as linkage of the independence of Namibia with the presence of Cuban troops in Angola. Independence is one of Namibia's basic legitimate rights and it should not be subject to conditions or compromises. It is a right that calls for urgent inter- national action to exert pressure on the Government of South Africa to enable the Namibian people to exercise its right to self-determination under the leadership ofthe South West Africa People's Organization [SWAPO], its sole legitimate representative. 52. One of the African questions that are a source of concern to us is the question of Chad. The Sudan has followed the development of events in fraternal Chad with much anxiety, because of the close links that exist between our two peoples and the inevitable impact on us of whatever takes place in Chad. Since the Sudan has adopted the policy of good-neighbourliness and non- intervention in the affairs of others as a cardinal prin- ciple of its foreign policy, it is only natural that we have been greatly concerned over the aggression against Chad, an aggression that violates that principle and thre-~tens thl~ sovereignty and independence of a Member Stal.e of tbjs Organization. 53. The international community followed closely the deliberations in the Security Council on Chad's complaint of attempts to overthrow and replace a legitimate Gov- ernment that is recognized by the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement and the OAU. It is truly regret- table that the Security Council, which is entrusted with the maintenance of international peace and security, was not able to discharge its responsibilities despite the fact that the aggression agdnst Chad was a flagrant violation of the sovereignty, indepena..:nce and territorial integrity of that country. That failure not only undermines the credibility of the Security Council, but also arouses the fears of many couP,tries that do not possess the neces- sary power to deter foreign aggression. It will also encourage similar adventures unless a deterrent is found to preserve the independence, unity and territorial integ- rity of weaker'countries. 54. The Sudan supports the efforts of the OAU to assist the Government of Chad, whose legitimacy was confIrmed at the nineteenth session of the OAU Assem- bly of Heads of State and Government. We hope that, with the support of the OAU and of the international community, the legitimate Government of Chad will be able to settle its internal problems without any foreign intervention and to direct its efforts to problems of reconstruction. SS. With regard to the question of Western Sahara, we hope-that the climate of reconciliation in North Africa will lead to the re-establishment of stability and security _,!i-:O::~~== --:=== = ." ~= ='-"=:,:::tbe genuine and balanced deYelOp relatio~ship. 123. ·As I stated before, the present world order is characterized by inequality between States and it cannot be denied that this unjust system lies at the root of the .) refrain from interfering in the international affairs of other States. 127. It is to be expected that States under the threat of being the victims of these hostile activities will find it necessary to maintain expensive defence capabHities against the threat to their national sovereignty and inde- pendence, which will result in increasing instability. My Government deplores the fact that an incorrect judgement of the causes that lie at the root of the instability in the region has created tension. as a result of which the region is on the verge of becoming the scene of prolonged conflict between opposing Power blocs. 128. The state of chronic social injustice which charac- terizes some societies in Central America is clearly the main source of internal instability in different countries of this region. Clearly, therefore. the solution of the problems of the region calls for a thorough restructuring ofthe social and economic relations within the countries affected by this crisis. Moreover, the pouring of vast amounts of arms into the region seriously impairs the ardent efforts of the Contadora Group to promote regional stability through dialogue. in the Latin Ameri- can tradition of the peaceful settlement of differences between States. My Government remains supportive of these valuable initiatives of the Group and calls upon all States to assist in its efforts. 129. The Caribbean area has not escaped the conse- quences of the increased tension in our region. The pro- longed activities of large-scale naval squadrons in the Caribbean, extending to the southernmost flank of the area bordering on my country, is a source of deep con- cern to our Government. The desire of the peoples ofthe Caribbean to live in peace and tranquillity. as is essen- tial fOT''their economic and social development. has been expressed on various occasions. Turning the Caribbean region into another scene of super-Power rivalry would 141. One of the victims of the present gloomy world 133. It is a fact that the Middle East will remain an area economic situation is the funding mechanism of opera- of turmoil and human suffering in the absence of a just tional activities for development through the multilateral settlement of the Palestinian question. agencies. It is a fact oflife for multilateral agencies today 134. I have more than once stressed in my statement that they not only encounter difficulties in acquiring new the significance that our Government attributes to the allocations, but imd it increasingly difficult to convert principle of non-interference and non-intervention in the pledged amounts and contributions into actual funds. We internal affairs of States. Therefore violation of this call upon the major donors to accept the reality of an principle, wherever it occurs, remains a matter of con- interdependent world, and to help find ways and means cern for our Government. Consequently, we continue to to resolve the development aid crisis. support the efforts of the United Nations to end the 142. It is in the interest of both groups, developed presence of foreign troops in Afghanistan and Kam- and r.leveloping countries, that every effort be made to puchea, and call on all nations to respect the independ- strengthen genuine co-operation among all countries. In ence and right to self-determination of these two this respect we fully support the activities which have been non-aligned States. undertaken by the developing countries within the context 135. The solution of the problems of the few hotbeds of the Caracas Programme of Action 4 to promote of tension to which I have confined myself and of the South-South co-operation. Trade possibilities on the numerous other conflicts that threaten the future of our subregional and regional levels, as in the context of planet seems to remain out of our reach. The United economic co-operation among developing countries, can Nations is expected to play an instrumental role in the contribute to lessening dependence on the industrialized search for their solution. The extent to which it will be countries. successful largely depends on the international atmo- 143. Having said this, we would emphasize that South- sphere. However, the international atmosphere, poisoned South co-operation is by no means intended to replace ~~~~~~~ti~s~~d~~~~tr~~}e~llt~~~~~f~~~::~~bi~ co-operation between the South and the North, nor does success' it relieve the latter from its responsibility towards the . developing countries. Hence, we expect that during this 136. In this respect we can refer to the fate of one of session, despite the set-backs at Belgrade, a number of the major preoccupations of the Organization: the pro- short-term programmes ofmeasures for immediate action motion ofdisarmament. The arms buildup is continuing can be successfully negotiated. We cherish the hope that at its usual pace. Far from disregarding the danger the necessary political climate will be created, so that all ~ inhere~t in this acti.vity for our physical survival, we are the important interrelated issues can be discussed in their most disturbed by Its heavy toll on the resources of our proper context. problem~connected with peace and stability in the world, it would only be fair to note that the current session, unfortunately, is taking place against a backdrop of alarming deterioration in tbe international situation, f':,..1tures of which are confrontation, military interven- tion, foreign occupation and the spiralling arms race. The increasingly frequent use or threat of use of force against the sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity of States since the thirty-seventh session makes even more pertinent the comments made from this rostrum on 2~ June 1982 by President Abmed Sekou Toure. He said: "What actually is threatening peace? It is the prac- tice of colonialism racism and apartheid, hegemon- ism, the downgradillg of the fate of the so-called materially deprived peoples, total scorn for those peoples, the flouting of international laws which guarantee the right of every people to peace, security and progress."s 177. The deterioration of the international political situation unfortunately seems to be reflected in the sphere of international economic relations, in which the situa- tion gives no grounds for hope-far from it. 178. Our intention here is not to single out a scape- goat, much less to identify the guilty, but rather to reiterate our appeal to the international community. The crisis in international economic relations and the grow- ing disparity between the developing countries and the 181. In thtl face oHms situation, which in the long run may well give rise to serious problems that could com- promise international peace and security, the developed countries continue to adopt regressive policies and prac- tices that work against the purposes of the new inter- national economic order. We regret to note that official development assistance is actually shrinking in real terms. For all the countries in the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Co-opera- tion and Development, this assistanc"e represents only approximately 0.37 per cent of the gross national prod- uct of the countries concerned, that is, half the target fIXed by the United Nations. And this has happened despite the noteworthy efforts which have been made by some Governments. 182. It is therefore time to act because the long-term development ofthe world economy must necessarily begin with the.~olution of the economic problems of develop- ing countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia, all of which are potential markets for products from the North. 183. We believe that it is essential for the industrialized countries to devote more resources to development than to the arms race. Similarly, the industrialized nations must apply the relevant General Assembly resolutions relating to development. They should also respond to the appeals made by FAO to implement a world food pro- gramme aimed at the stimulation of agricultural produc- tion by a massive programme ofinvestment, to strengthen world food security and to liberalize markets so as to guarantee stable and remunerative prices to exporters in developing countries. 184. The difficulties besetting the international eco- nomic system unfortunately are not the only ones faced by our countries. Natural disasters are also the daily lot of the developing world. Drought and flood are but two examples. 185. The Revolutionary People's Republic of Guinea is looked upon as the watershed of West Africa, since it is the starting-point for a number of international 19£? In !~e economic. field the ,:,orld is experiencing a s~nous cnsls charac~enzedessentIally by rampant infla- tion,. a .constantly IDcreasing rate of unemployment, ~eavler I~debtedne~s, ~ slowing down of production, an IDcrease ID protectIomsm and a shortage of financial means. 197. The imbalance in international economic rela- tions ~d the interest rate policy applied by certain countnes to revive their economic activities explain the situation. which has serious repercussions for the devel- oping countries. 198. The sixth session of the United Nations Confer- ence on Trade and Development, which had aroused great hopes,. did not yield the desired results. The wealthy countnes on~e again mai~tained their usual positions, thus preventmg the adoptIon of specific measures. 199. We consider essential the establishment of a new international econoJI1Jc order that is more just and equi- table, leading to a restructuring of production, exchange and control by each country concerning the use ofits own resources. 2qo. The present economic crisis, which constantly Widens the gap between the developing and the developed countries, is not only a source of instability but also a threat to pea~ and security in the world. Peace and development are linked, and that is why my delegation urges an early start to global negotiations directed towards specific measures dealing with the principal problems of international co-operation. 201. In the political field, numerous upheavals charac- terize our era, and no continent has escaped the current worsening of the international political climate. ~2. In the Middle East the situation, which still gives nse to concern, requires an urgent political solution which would enable peace to be restored in the region. 203. We earnestly hope for an end to the war between Iraq and Iran, two neighbouring and fraternal countries. 204. With regard to the Palestinian problem, we think that the people of the region must live in peace, and that implies the creation of an independent and sovereign Palestinian State under the leadership of the PLO, its sole repr~entative, and also recognition of the right of Israel to eXIst. 205. With regard to Lebanon, my delegation welcomes the cease-fire which took effect in recent weeks in that country, and we earnestly hope that the foreign troops sta- tioned there will withdraw in accordance with the wishes expressed by the sovereign Government of Lebanon. 206. In Asia, the occupation of Afghanistan and of Democratic Kampuchea by foreign forces must cease, so that those peoples can freely choose their own destinv. 207. With regard to the Korean question, a soluti~n must be found without foreign interference and in keep- ing ~th the principles of reunification accepted by the parties concerned. 208. In Central America, tension has increased to a dis- turbing degree, and only a political solution can remove the clearly explosive dangers and create a climate of detente and of peace in that region. 209. In Africa, flash-points persist and are spreading. inabilit~ofthe <;ouncil to take a clear stand on the Libyan aggresSion agaInst my country must lead us to think ~eri?uslyabout s.trengthening the.capacity of the Organ- IZation to deal With the problems It faces, in line with the proposals made by the Secretary-General in his report on the work of the Organization in 1982.9 217. I should like now to speak to the General Assem- bly about the extremely serious situation prevailing in my country. I have no intention ofgoing back over what my people have had to endure in their 20 years of mar- tyrdom in Chad. My delegation spoke at great length ~boutthat at the thirty-seventh session and again this year ID the Security Council. Today our intention is rather to inform the Assembly about the most recent developments in the tragic train of events caused by the open and unprovoked aggression of Libya against Chad. I am speaking to the Assembly about this with a heavy heart, whole~heartedgratitude. 225. At the very moment that I am speaking to the Assembly, the regular Libyan army, the Islamic Legion 230. To these countries and organizations which were kind enough to show their solidarity with the people of Chad, we again express our profound gratitude on behalf of the Government and people of Chad, and we urge them to continue their help. It is also a pleasure for us to express, on behalf of the Government and people of Chad, our deep gratitude to the Secretary-General and to the entire United Nations system for their laudable efforts for Chad. 231. Fraternal friendship and co-operation with the countries of the world, in particular with neighbouring countries, have always occupied a special place in the foreign policy of the Government of Chad. The Basic Law ofthe Republic governing State institutions in Chad assigns to the Government, inter alia, the task of pur- suing a foreign policy of friendship, co-operation and peacefuR coexistence, based on respect for the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and that of the OAU, and for those of the Non-Aligned Moveme!nt. pe~pleofChad will be able to devote themselves entirely and t'Jtally to the work of the reconstruction and restora- tion oftheir country, which has been destroyed by almost 20 years of war. 244. Therefore, we call on the international community, in keeping with the Charter ofthe United Nations, to help Chad regain its dignity, territorial integrity, independence and sovereignty, making Qaddafi's Libya see reason, cease its acts ofaggression and intervention in our internal affairs and withdraw forthwith from Chad its invasion and occupation forces. 245. Chad wishes to live in peace within its interna- tionally recognized borders. Chad wishes to live on good terms with all its neighbours. In spite of the barbaric and unacceptable actions of Libya. the Government ofChad is ever open to and ready for a dialogue on the peaceful s,~ttlement of this conflict. 246. In this regard, we welcome the total support of the European Parliament for the efforts of the Government of Chad to restore peace in Chad, so that we can get on with the worit of reconstructing our country. 247. Once again. faced with the typical barbaric aggres- sion of Libya and its illegal occupation, we urgently appeal to the United Nations as the guarantor of the maintenance of in'.,' ·~tionaI peace and security fully to shoulder responsil,"'Jes in this serious situation existing between Chad and Libya, which could extend to the entire subregion. c:hadian people, which aspires only to peace and devel- opment. The solution to this long-standing, complex question lies with the Chadians, and the Chadians alone. In the view of my Government and of friends of my country with which we have worked, this solution can be reached through respect for the sovereignty and terri- orial integrity of Chad, through the cessation of hostil- ities in order to begin negotiations between the Chadians under the aegis of the OAU, through possible assistance from a neutral peace-keeping force after the departure of all foreign troops. Recent diplomatic developments provide grounds for hope that this approach is feasible, and all those who can contribute ~hould act accordingly. That would be a great service to the people of Chad and to Africa. 266. The situation in Africa is not the only source of concern to my Government. In the Middle East the situa- tion has never been as explosive. The worsening of the Palestinian problem and the conflagration in Lebanon are a serious threat to peace and security in the region and throughout the world. Thus the whole international community must set about resolving the problem in an urgent manner. 267. Once again we have evidence that until the Pales- tinian question has been resolved in a just and lasting fashion all States in the region will suffer. The refusal of the Israeli Government to recognize the Palestinian people's right to existence and self-determination and the denial ofthe PLO as the representative ofthe Palestinian people constitute the major obstacles to any settlement of the conflict. 268. The Government of the Republic of Burundi has always recognized the State of Israel. However, it ener- getically condemns the constant recourse by Israel to aggression against neighbouring States. The purpose of that aggression is to satisfy Israel's expansionist ambi- tions and to attempt to liquidate the PLO, the sole legitimate representative ofthe Palestinian people. There can be no reall?eace as long as Israel's leaders remain unconvinced that they cannot reasonably aspire to tran- quillity in a troubled region. 279. To speak of peace and security in a world thirsting for armaments is a paradox. Never have arms buildups proceeded at such a pace, with entire peoples looking on impassively. The published statistics are staggering: more than $600 billion a year devoted to military expenditure compared with less than $25 billion going to development assistance. 280. The international community is entitled to expect from the States concerned progress in negotiations on disarmament. The super-Powers should take a decision on the limitation of the nuclear danger and on progres- sive steps to exorcise it. Renunciation of the deploy- ment of all new weapons would be a significant step forward. . 281. The beneficial impact of disarmament on the economic development and social progress ofthe peoples oftile entire world has been clearly shown over the years in countless debates on the question within the United Nations. Many voices, including those of authoritative speakers, to whom we pay a tribute, have once again proposed the diversion of part of the funds being spent on armaments to development, but it is time to move from words to action and to take initiatives and set examples in order to arouse the conscience of mankind. 282. As far as my Government is concerned, aside from the problems of peace and security, the development of three quarters of the human race remains the greatest challenge facing mankind. Given the"gravity ofthe world economic situation which we are experiencing, the inter- national community seems powerless. The special situa- tion of developing countries has dramatically worsened, particularly that of the poorest nations which have awaited in vain the implementation of specific measures adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Paris in 1981. Furthermore, the ~eight ofthis debt has obliterated the hopes nurtured by certain southern countries for progress towards social and economic development for their peoples. The stag- nation ofinternational trade, the steady fall in commodity prices, the reductions in development assistance and the tendency to neglect and even denigrate multilateral eco- nomic co-operation are all negative factors likely to worsen t~e crisis. They can, however, be overcome providing there is the courage and political will to relaunch the global negotiations in keeping with resolu- tion 34/138, adopted unanimously by the General Assem- bly four years ad,O. 283. My country believes that the international com- munity must continue to pursue its efforts to bring about structural changes in the international economic and monetary systems. We believe that, given the inter- dependence of peoples, it is possible to create a new world economic order in which the interests of each country and each group are safeguarded. There is no doubt that, for example, instead of loans being made and then the repayments having to be rescheduled, in order not to worsen the debt burden, an.increase in the price of commodities would partially relieve the cri,sis ofexternal payments. NOTES I OfficialRecords ofthe Security Council, Thirty-eighth Year, Sup- p/ement for July, August and September 1983, document S/15978. 2Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.65 No. 8192, p. 323). 3Lagos Plan of Action for the Implementation of the Monrovia Strategy for the Economic Development of Africa (see A/S-II/14, ~~~~Pted by the High Level Conference on Economic Co-operation among Developing Countries, held at Caracas from 13 to 19 May 1981. SFrente Popular para la Liberaci6n de Saguia el-Hamra y de Rio de Oro.