S/38/PV.14 Security Council

9.  1. The PWSIDENT (i&erpretetim fiimtt Spmdsh): The Goneral Assembly will hear a statement by Mr. Julius Nyercre, President of the United Republic of Tanzania. On behalf of the Assembly, I have the honour to welcome him to the United Nations and to invite him to address the Assembly. 2. Mr. NYERERH (United Republic of Tanzania): First, Sir, let me take this o you on your election 8s Pree 8 ii ortunit to congratulate ant oft is session of the General Assembly. Your long diplomatic experience and our proven personal abllitlee mean that the Assembly kill be in good hands under your Ieadarship. You hava the good wishes of the Tanzanian pople ae you carry out this onerous task, and you can rest assured of the full co-operation of the Tanzanian delegation throughout your year of office. 3. I should also like to pay tribute to the Secretary- Oeneral for the work he has already done to strengthen the Organization, and in particular for his effort8 in eoutham Africa. As I have said from this rostrum previ- ously, the Secretary-aeneral and his staff CX%I do no more than to assist us, the Members of the United Nations, to make decisions in the cause of peace and to facllltate the implementation of any decisions we make. United Natone peace-keeping forcea can buy time for us. But if we, the Members, and in particular the pcrwcrful Mcm- hers, do not really want peace or arc not prepared to pay even a small rice for peace, the United Nations staff can achieve very Ittle, if anything. I can therefore only thank P them, and particularly the able Secretary-Oenaral, for their great efforts on our behalf. 4. I last spoka to the Oencral Aseembly during ite twenty-fifth eeesion [P&I%% aer&& in Oaober 1970, devoting the bulk of my e h R”c to the probleme of co!o- i&&m and racism in rout cm Africa. Pro$rcse baz besn made since then. Angola, Moz~rrmbi Territories which were Portu ueec co onia at that time f 3 UC and the other are now eoveriegn nation8 an Members of thle body. So is Zimbabwe. But peace and freedom have not come to our region. 5. The danger that the freedom struggle in southern Africa will be confused by the East-West power conflict has become greater and more obvious. Namibia is still occupied by South Africa, r.nd the tentative movememe towards the isolation of apurlheidSouth Africa from the werld community which could be discerned during the 1970s are now apparently being reversed. Indeed, far from being forced to the defensive by world pressure, South Africa has been allowed to attack its neighbours with little reaction from the international community. It has received only verbal condemnation-if that-in response to Its raids into Mozambique and Lesotho, its destabilisation activities in those countries and al80 in Zimbabwe and Zambia and its Innumerable aggressive actione a part of x ahut Angola, culminating in the occupation of ngolan territory. 6. South Africa’s attempts to deetabilize its neighbours are Intoneifying, yet South Africa is treated by many of us as if it were a rae &able member of the world com- munity which coul P be encoura ed by constructive en- gagamcnt into being a ood neig H a hour, And when these countries look for wor d support, soma Members of the United Nations advise that if the would only avoid provoking South Africa they woul d not suffer from the economic, so&d and political problams which the South African attacks Create for them. The provacation referred to is their open and public opposition to 4 artheid and the reception of refugcue from apartheld sp outh Africa. 7. Unfortunately for South Africa’s neighbours, the real provocation the ple aspectally J offer is their very existence. The exam- ong its borders, of independent nations which procclaim the equality of man and are trying to remote human dignity is a continual threat to the upwt- 5: aid t&$me. 8. The choice facing South Africa’s neighbours is there- fore very clear: either they become accomplices of this raclet r&&me or they must prepare to defend themselves against its attacks. And the United Nations has either to support them in their defence or to become itself an accomplice of the racist State’s attacks on its own people and its naighboure. In this context the United Nations snm all our States, severally and jointly. Neutralit on r&m iz immoral and politically umuet&able in the ong r run. 9. Nor ie it only in relation to ufltihdal that the United Nations has a rcaponeibllity to impnprrss its will upon South Africa. We-the Urdti Nations--have withdrawn South Africa’s mandate for the govommeat of Namibia. After 10~ disuacione and consultations the Security Council IQ. As a reeuh of the Security Council’s deliberations, the SecretaryGeneral has recently assumed a central role in the negotiations. Acting on our behalf he visited South Africa. He has reported that the transition plan as set out and negotiated has now been accepted by both sides, but South Africa refuses to begin its implementation because Angola bae troo s from Cuba hdphlg il to territorial integrity. 11. I must reiterate sauce more that Tanzania categori- cally rejects this attempt to link the ia4ependence of Namibia with the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. We know that South Africa has adopted this defend its sovereignty an B 14. Today it is the people of Palestine who are homeless. Even their right to 0az.a and the West Bank is disputed. How can humanity tolerate this injustice? How can the intcrnatlonP community recognize the “right” of the Jewish people to a part of Palestine and yet deny the Arab people of Palestine the ri ht to form their own State on at least part of that tcrr tory? P 15. Tanzania recognizes the State of Israel, but we do not fee0 P that State’s right to deny a homeland to the peep c of Palestine and to refuse to nc otiatc with the gcntdne representatives of that people, t tt c Palestine Liberation Organization [PLO]. Nor do we recognise Israel’s rtght to commit aggression at will adnst its neighbours, occupying large ’ ~~~~h~~~ 2::::: itlg itl WithdrawaI conditlo 16. The United Nations promoted the creation of the State of Israel. Eoth super-Powers weee involved, to- and what they will dcman If ve way a little in return. In a large athe ng there are usually the “hard-liners” and somct mes the “mediators” in between them. The result is eithce an apparent trhtm an intransigence which d h for the most intransigent- I6 be mea&&s unless the stubborn Qovernmcnt also has power-or a fudged con- sensus subject to a dozen different interpretations, with little if any resulting action. For we have met as op and we part as opponents, whether or not we ar IIIE& R t ether, in the ori nrl decision to divide Palestine. Both VC a responsib ty to work together, and In conart with the ineernational community, to ensuec that the Pafcs- tinian people exercise their inalienable right to self-detcr- mination-including the right to establish an independent State of their own hi Palestine. ;~~;a~ or ail eegard the outcome of our meathtg as a 22. Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that we have many common inleriiational economic goals. It also appears likely that posi$vely directed discussion could lc,$to agreement on how we can work together to fulfil 17. Let me now turn to a world problem which has very special relevance to and importance For Africa. IS. In the General Assembly, in inuutnerable other large and small internatiotal gatherings and in several high- level international commissions, we have discussed the problems of world poverty, the workings of the world trading and financial institutions and the economic re- sponsibilities of our nations one to another. Yet the harsh truth is that the indecency-nay, the obscenity-of unal- loyed poverty is now more widespread and afflicts more people in the world than ever before. The gap between 23. First, all nations-capitalist, socialist, agricultural, industrial, poor and rich-want and need same kind of international economic stability. Business organisations, whether public or private, prefer to have some advance knowledge of their future costs of production and the quantities of raw materials likely to be needed or avail- able. The Longer the gestation period for an investment, the more important stability becomes for those consid- ering such investmeut. Workers also want an assurance that they will be able to earn their living in the future. f l3 which facilitates the pros mi rity of those to whom we ab f ht wish to sell and wh ch safeguards our creditors’ p” lity to repay us by producing and selling goods. Bco- nomically, an impoverished customer is no good to a shopkeeper, a destitute man is no use to a farmer and a bankrupt creditor is a disaster for a bank. 27. These interests we all have in common, all of us. But at present it is not clear whether, in the face of the current world economic crisis. the rich nations still undcr- stand that they are unavoidably llnkesl with the poor. For we hear of economic pro cctlons and of action pro- grammes which talk as‘1 / recovery from the resent recession must start among the rich, inec rndd! and amongst thomwlvw. The mr natmns, it is said, be “pulled up” by-and after-the rich, when thssa tg overcome their own problems of unemployment, low demand and low production. In the meantime, it is rug- gested that the transfer of resources from the rich to the p”” r muse be rcdueed in real terms and that any sizeable imaw in inecrnational llquidlty must be rejected for fcar of its pouibk lntlaelonaq effects umn tbc rkb e-oumsia. 28. Thk tzlk, and the actions based on it, provide rnottrer example of the faUurc to laoIs at a world probkm from a world perspective, to the ultlmaec detriment of rich as well as poor. In 1980 the Brande Commission report I spoke of the urgent need for international action to avert the dangers of economic, social and political collapse in many of the third world countries, with con- sequential implications for peace in the world and pros- perity in the developed nations. It made proposals, which have not been implemented. 29. Earlier this year a second report was published by the Commission.* This also made proposals, practical proposals drawn up by PO 11~ who come from North and South and have diverse I eological approaches to eco- d nomic problems. Judging by the sixth session of the United Nations Couference on Trade and Devclopmest, held at Belgrade from 6 June to 2 July 1983, and many other indications, it appears that once again we are going 2: lem does not ie in the deliberate inhumanity of countries, nor in the malevolence oft r ople in the rich e world’s leaders. It lies in our failure to recognlze that the problem of the poor nations is but part-albeit a ver a common and Joint world problem. T ii urgent part-of is requires action from all of us according to our relative strength. 31. Even the priority art of the problem which relates to the poor countries 8 not simple. Nor is it a single P problem. We, the poor, are frequent1 told of the millions of dollars which have been “poured nto” our countries. r And some economic aid has been given. Our failures and our mistakes are pointed out to us-and they do exist. For the whole programme is, in historical terms, in its infancy. We are all, donor and recipient count&s. lenders and borrowers alike, learning how to develop a nation in the 20th century world by trying to develop. We arc all learning to walk by walkinS. And shnuleaneously with the deliberate transfer of resourcEs to the third world throu there f h dd, concessional loans or private investment, s an automatic and unnoticed transfer of resources from the poor third world to the rich nations as debts are repaid with lntomzt-sometimes very high Interest-as H 1 roflts of third world enterprises arc paid out for dis- ursemcnt elsewhere and as the terms of international trade move relentlessly against the primary producers. 32. The economic crisis and imbalance. ln the world does cxlst. There is widuprcad uncm North and ever slower economic growe loymcnt in the R rates; interna- tional debt crises threaten the whole structure of world crude and finance; the lease developed counedw gee cvcn poorer and their pros At the eamc the, e #F of future advance pact fainter. North-South nc@atlons have ~,andtbcrcarcsomcwhowmddr&crehaeebcrc were no gl&al nogotIrtiau. Where do we go from here? Wlut & tbc way out of the menu into which we seem to he bltmdcring? 33. This world prublem can be solved only by all natl~ns working together. That is why WC, the pr, have been appealing to the great nations of the world to permit meaningful global negotiations to take place. We are still appealbig to them to do this, so that together we can fmd genuine solutions to our common problems. But if some nations cannot see that it is a world problem or do not feel able at present to join in the work of tackling it, then the rest of us must do what is within our capacity in as large or small a group as we can gather together for that purpose. 34. The Breilon Woods institutions were established without the Soviet Union and its allies. For some twenty years they served the purposes of their original members. Today it is meet the nee d uite clear that these institution: cannot s of the poor, and therefore thr:: are not able efficiently to serve the interests of the rich in our roposals have to be made pub&l r ? A ublic propoea requires a public answer. But is th a the est way of conducting such vital matters a# nuclear disarmament? 45. A positive a problems are to preach is required if any international i e solved. We all inhabit one planet. Neither nuclear fall-out, nor bubonic plague, nor the violence borne of frustration nor even the miseries of avoidable famine can be confined within national bound- aries or within continents. Development, disarmament, the environment, all are world problems even while we 9dc them from the viewpoint of OUT independent aovercign States. They can and they must be dealt with by us all workin each ot % together, for at the lowest WC can all harm er and at the highest we could dl benefit from co-operation on the basis of equality. 46. If we so decide, the United Nations can be a major instrument of peace, peace ba#cd on tackliw world prob- lems a~ what they are: the common problems of s com- mon humanity. 47. We m&y not like caeb other. We may distrust erch other. But neither ltktng nor dirtrust is relevant. In thfr twentieth century our ncrtion# have to work to ether in order to survive. The alternative is to die. al! a f us, and all our peoples. The choice is ours: co-operation slowly and painfully built up! or inevitable and pervading chaos and insecurity and dtsa$er. 48. Let us decide to work together for the good of humanity. 49. The PRESIDENT (i~ite~~~e[alj~n from Spnttish): On behalf of the General Assembly I wish to thank Mr. Julius Nyerere, President of the United Rcpubiic of Tanzania, for the historic statement he has just made. 50. The General Assembly will now hear a statement by Mr. Petar Tanchev, First Vice-President of the State Council of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria. I have grtat pleasure in welcoming him and inviting him to address the Assembly. 37. We, the poor, are oRQn asked where these extra resources are to come from. This world does not lack rc9oucccs; it only lacks the political will to tackle the indecency of world poverty. When a #upcrPower or a wealthy nation, or even a comparatively w%nithy nation, decides that something is nr~essary, it usually doe# it. RFaources will not be available unless the rich decide that the abolition of world poverty is a matter of priority. 38. Although the national income in the rich countries has been risin stilt rising, alt throughout the past two decades and is B p ’ &#etazidefortkrellefofpoverty ou now more slow1 that increase has virtually none of in the third world. For exam gro%s national product used t! ic, the percentage of their y countries of the Organi- zation for Economic Co-operation and Development IOECD] for this purpooae WBS lower in 1978, and is tower now, than it wa# in 1965. The suggestion that when the recession ir over an attack can be made on world poverty L thus not very convincing. 39. In 1982 the world # gcn t ~iso biion on armaments; the 5pcding of the OEC countries and of Petroleum Exp&ing Countries in meat nid was a World Bank’s w o&utely $36 bUtion. orld Development Report for 1983, in 1981 the net inflow of public and publicly guaranteed loans to 34 low-income countries, Including India and China, amounted to just over 95 billion. Net direct private investment was something like $500 million, ahnosl half of which was iu a country in that category which is an oil producer, 40. That brings me to my last point. What is this defence cxpendmne to which we all give so high a pri- orityl All nations, including the poorest, spend some money on armaments and defence, but over half the total world expenditure is made by the super-Powers, and a sizeable proportion of the rest is accounted for by their allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Orgenizaiion (Iv‘4 TO] and the Warsaw Trco.ty Orpanization. pies Is focused on tho activities of the General Assam- ly. This is so because the mnjor problems of our time, and particularly the problem of how to prevent war and prcservc peace, have acquired truly vital significance for the de&y of each and every individual, every nation and the whole of mankind. This is so because the present internatIonal situation has given rise to extremely serious a rounds for alarm. Since the Second World War there m hardly been another such campllcated and tense a pa&d of history as the one we are living in today. 54. All this is the result of the course pursued by the United States and certain countries of NATO, the aim of which is to gain military-strategic superiority over the Soviet Union and the other countries of the socialist community. That course has led to an unchecked escala- tion of the arms race, has dangerously exacerbated ten- sions In various regions of the world and has klndled new hotbeds of crisis. 55. An Integral part of thls which has also been refleete P licy is total confrontation. m certain attempts to inter- fere in the internal affairs of the socialist count&s and to orchastrato slanderous campaigns. $6. The latest example in this respect has been the cam lnci 8” gn agaistat the &let Union in connection with the ant involving the South Korean aircraft. While ex- pressing our most sincere regret at the loss of human Jlfe, we at tba same time arc convinced that the ontira respon- sibillty for this tragedy rests \Lith those forces which cold- bloodedly masterminded and car&d out this &minai and P rovocative act. Those forces have gone so far in their nslnuations as to deny elementary normal conditions for the vdval of the head of the delegation of the Soviet Union for the Qeneral Assembly e&on. 57. This course in international affalru has in fact no future md no chance of success either in the poltlcal or In thr. military field. &awe of the extremely dangerour riskr which it for the fate of the wpler, it has e rdrtem of the overwhalml~ hich are profoundly Interested in advantageous promoting equitable and mutually international co-operation. This was eln- quentiy reaffirmed by the decisions of the Seventh Con- fcrence of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi from 7 to 12 March 1983 @?eA~38/13.2 md Corr.1 awl 21, which, as is well known, constitutean important positive factor in the international arena. k the same time, the policy of rearmament and confrontation has aroused protests by the broadest strata of the international community. SB. Never before have there been on Earth so many and such terrifying weapons capable of destroying life, and that is why mankind has never been in so much need of “9 ual security. This historic opportunity should not be m ued, A substantial step forward lo this respect Is represented by the latest coruENc(ive procporrlr put forward by the S&et U&on. 62. As aEuro country, the People’s Republic of Buigarla m&ta ns the position that our res pe” present and future generations entails the e f! onsibility to imination of the nuclear danger in Europe, thus giving fresh hnpetus to detente so that Europe can become a continent of peace, free of weapons of mass deslruction,. where all States could maintain relations of co-operation on the basis of full equality and mutual respect, in the interest of the progress and prosperity of nations. 63. A hopeful sign in this respect is the successpful con- clusion of the Madrid meeting. It confirms once again that, given good political will, it is possible even in the present complex international situation to pursue a dia- logue leading to mutually acceptable a Pi recments. In our opinion, it IS vitally important for t e process which began at Helsinki to con!inue and to advance, to make ut forward to this effect but is actively 65. Situated as it is in the Balkan ~niasula, the People’s Republic of Bulgaria has a vital stake in the realization of the idea of turning this region into a nuclear-weapon- free zone, The concrete proposals of m country for step are uiIy consonant with the P Ing up efforts to this end are also we1 Y known. They of ace, understanding an d” iicy based on the principles co-operation in the Balkans wh ch the People’s Republic of Bulgaria has been con- p” sistcntl 1 r pursuing. As an eloquent example In this respect, shou d like to recall our proposal for the signing of a coda of good-neighbourly relations among countries in that part of Europe. This policy of principle is in the best interest of all the Balkan and Euro ean peo i P les and is a genuine r:ontributlon to the strengt ening o yeace and security in the world. 67. For the Peuple’s Republic of Bulgaria and the other count&s of the socialist community as well, the desire for peace stems from the very nature of the socialist system. A society which is entirely devoted to work and construction for the benefit of ail its members cannot desire ww. Such a society does not need any war. War is aiien to its very nature. Such a society needs peace as well as mutuaiiy beneficial and equitable international co-ape&on. It Is precisely for this reason that the States of the sociaiist community have unswervingly pursued, and wiiI contfnue to P ursue, a constructive policy of prinoipk directed to de ending peace, strengthening inter- nation& security and promoting confidence and co- oper&or, amo is no other ro 2 peoples. In the present-day world ehmc open but that of peaceful coexistence of States with different saeiai s sterns and the building ofin&rn&ruIreIuioasonthe isofstrictobservanee Ls of the princtples of the Charter of the Unkd Natlom arid the r&es of internationaI law. 68. In the present particularly important-and I would even say fateful-moment for the future of mankind, the peace-loving policy of the countries of the socialist com- rmmity wa’: once again reaffirmed in the Political Decia- )teti 81 Prague on 5 January 1983 [A/38/67 and iu the Moscow joint statement of28 June /292]. These documents contain detailed as- sessrnems of the currenf inlernational situation as well as constructive and realistic initiatives and proposals for easing tensions and for solving the cardinal problems of the present day: first and foremost, the elimination of the dan race an d er of nuclear war, the cessation of the arms the pursuance of disarmament on the basis of equality and equal security. 69. Unfortunately these concrete proposals and initia- tives for reducing the military threat ill Europe and in acquiring over greater significance as a substantial part of the efforts to prevent nuclear war. 95. The People’s Republic of Bulgaria is deeply con: ccrned over the lack of real progress in the efforts to &&ate existing hotbeds of tension. 96. The situation in the Middle East continues to be extremely dangerous, as the region is being increasin turned into a front line of the ressive global f ly of certain irnperiaIist States. With t 9 pal cy sup aga nst the Lebanese and Palestinian pea r rt of the latter, Israel continues its e encouragemen;sn; p las %u axle- goricaily condemn these actions and ins st on Israel’s complete withdrawal from Lebanon as well as from ail the Arab territories occupied in 1967 and since. WC demand the reco ition of the legitimate and inaiienablc rights of the Ara ryple of Palestine, including its right to sclfdeterminat on and the creation of its own State. 99. The People’s Republic of Bul the only correct avenue for reac qisconvincedthat just and lasting aeitlemettt of the n a comprehensive, M ddie East problem, u emphasised in the Qeneva Declaration on Palestine, is convening an international pclcs conference on the Middle mt with the partidpation of aii parties con- cerned, including the in e@ footin ~nsablc partidpation on an Af, of the PLO, t e role legitimate ceprerenta- ab people of Paiatlrie. 78. WC support the efforts to reach a peaceful and just solution of th? problem of Cyprus, guaranteeing the independence, sovereignty,, territorial integrity and non- alignment of the Republic of Cyprus, with the total demilitarization of the island and respect for the intcresls of the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish Cypriots. 79. As a result of the illegal occupalion of Namibia by the racist rbghne of Pretoria and its policy of upurhdd and aggression against the independent African States of the region, the situation in southern Africa continues to be tense and dangerous. The People’s Republic of Hul- garia fully supports the legitimate struggle for self-detcr- minallon and independence waged by the Namibian people under the leadership of its so!e authentic repre- sentative. SWAPO. Our position is fully in harmony with the will of the majority of States in the world, which has tlve of the 90. Under our guhiance we anticipate the same thought- -r fulness and mpartiailty which our deliberations enjoyed during the last session under the very capable leadershi of Mr. lmre Hollai of Hungary. His also was a difficu t P tenure and one which earned the gratitude of the entire international community. 91. We also believe that congratulations are in order to another outstanding diplomat, Mr. Davidson Hepburn, the representative of the Bahamas. His candidacy for the office of President of this year’s General Assembly strengthened the democratic process within the United Nations and was R visible and dignified expression of the vitality of the OrganiaatIon’e democracy. His candidacy was also hnportant for two other reasons. First, he repre- sents a country which, Iike ours, is a small island derel- ophtg State. Very often the a&t& difficulties and needs of such States are over ooked WitbItt tha l&ma- P tionai arena. Secondly, his country is in a subregion, the Caribbean, which like our own subregion. the South Padfic, is shniIarly of&o overlooked. It is our hope that Mr.H bum%candidacywillatIastsignalanawak to the T -%!I 4d. act that alI nations, Iike all people, are credt 82. The United Nations has a great role to solving the key problems of the present day, whit R lay in affect the interests of ail States and peoples. 83. The maintenance of peace and ending the arms race are the most important prerequisites for the successful solution of the pressing r&o-economic and other prob- lems upon which mankind’s prosperity depends. 84. We devote particular attention to the problems of development. As a country with a dynamic and stable economy, we are interested in the removal of artificial obstacles and barriers and in the promotion of equitable and mutual1 beneficial co-operation, a guarantee for which wool d be the restructuring of Intematlonal eco- nontic relations on a just and democratic basis and the establishment of a uew international economic order. In this connection, we support the demand for a speedy beginning of global negotiations, and we are ready to study any constructive proposaI in this important area. 8% In conchrsion, I return to the under&g theme of my statement-how to preserve peace and save the plana from a nuclear catastrophe. For us BuIgarluu, there Is only one answer. As Todor Zhivkov. General .%retuy of the Central Committee of the Bul&ut Cor~~unist Party and PraIdent of the State Council of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, has s&d: “The question today is as follows: either we live peacefully with each other or we annihilate each other. Therefore, the main conclusion we must draw cannot be but the following: to build step by step, consistently and decisively, new international relations, relations of peaceful co-existence between States of different social systems.” 92. PananulsbaruntrysmaRinsIzebut#in nuunmdrcpuutlcn.~hur,thir~‘sFrieadlycoatat ~~~~~~~~~~ --hilblY@auJuicd -Fmnldw4al- trkr.Forthirrafnnwerrluteyou~~uytoy~ that we will SB be Forever grmeful. 93. We also congratulate the Government and people of Saint Christopher and Nevis, another small island developing State, on their country’s attaiument of inde- pendence and on becoming the 158th Member of the United Nations. Its presence in our midst strengthens the Orkanlzation and its democracv and bears witness to the un~ersality of mankind and this world body. 94. It is occasionally necessary to applaud an exercise in democracy here at the United Nations because some do not always practise what they preach. There are those who espouse a belief in the dignity and equality of all mankind and all nations yet ignore the smaller coumries until they seek our votes on a specific item. There are those who profess a belief in freedom of expression yet 86. NOW, as in the past, we are ready to cooperate with all who are really for peace, international understanding and mutually beneficial co-operation. We shall continue to work to strengthen the role of the United Nations, in strict compliance with the principles and objectives en- shrined in its Charter. These orincioles and obiectives correspond IO the iuterests of all neoples. ~Tlie &&e’s r ear’s session signifies a ion -overdue reco nition of the ntportanee of the Organbat on. We kope t k 1 at tt will also signify a renewed commitment on the part of all of its Members to the letter and ta the spirit of the Charter. We hope too, that it will si nify a firm determhtation to take seriously the admon tion of our able Secretary- ! General, who, in his most recent report on the work of the Organisation [A/%/l], said, “A continuous effort to contribute to the implementation of United Nations decisions should be an integral part of the foreign policy of Member States to a far greater extent than it is at the present time.” , 10% In his report, the Secretar -General has once a ain demonstrated the candour and nsightful analysis w Y f ich we have come to expect of kim and kfs excellent staff and wkiek is so cssentiel if we, the Members of the United Nations, are to take the necessary steps to strengthen the Organisation and make it more effective. We must re- member that the failures and shortcomings of the United Nations are the failures and shortcomings of the mem- bership. Ail of us% large and small, old and new, devel- oped and developin e share this responsibiilty. Either we shall make our wor f here meaningful and successful or we skalJ by our own actions reduce it to meaningless irrelevance and abstraction. The ckolcc lies with us. Our respective pea les perceive the United Nations through our actions M B attack as muck meaning to its pronouncc- merits as we ourselves do. 104. No one can den that the U&cd Nations, aad indeed mankind, is at t B Is very moment at one of those important and innumerable crossroads which recur in the course of human history. At tkis moment, WC are faced with daily rcmktders of how teeknology kas figuratively reduced tkc size of the globe and brought w all closer together. Unfortunately, the very same tecknolog kas far too often fueM in some pea greed and desire to rule and contra P Ie, an unmtro t blc the fcsoufca of otker pcsple. Tkus, altkougk we live tn a world of great abim- dance, wk!ek is clt able of producing evca more, frr tea many mpte live n a world of constant scarcity. Tkis ! amity is nut only a scsr@fty of material goods which w&d be difffcuk enough to ex@ab~ and co \ylth, but &u a scardty of rccpcct and of opport nnr ty. 10.5. It IS tNs latter scar&y which is most distressing and most inexcusable as we stand poised on the brink of the twenty-first century. It is this scarcity more tkan any other factor which has led to the seemingly neverending series of global shockwaves and canfrontations between the world% “haves” and its “have-nets”. 106. The w&d’s super-Pavers certainly have tkeir own contradictions and causes for conflict. However, it would be a grievous error to attempt to define all of the world’s present problems in terms of super-power rivalry. Rival- ries between States and even between social systems come and go, Like the tide, they ebb and they flow. However, the aspirations, goals and dreams of people-ail people, men, women and children-are constant. Ail want the same things-a better life, understanding and respect. deybgratiom power in international 91. We fn Vanuatu owe a great deal to the Unhed Nations, as does every other nation that was a colony at the close of the Second World War. Others who owe a great deal to the United Nations include millions of persons who are no longer ravaged by hunger and disease OP who have a place to slee or who can rtad because of tke work of the United F! ations specia&zed a en&s. Big natfons and small nations owe 6 great de Ef to the Organization because it has provided a universal forum for d&~&on and ucchangc where there WW. none before. 98. NaturaUy, the United Nations cannot be ven credit far every advance mankind has made sktcc t 945, hut it an +xxt&ly be credited wkk enousk to make us all E mud. Not tke least of tke world k&y s accompliskmcnts &at it hw brought us together from all corners of tke &be and made it somewhat easier for us to eomnmnicate afid to f et to know eaek other, brid of cusp don and distrust. The Unit 2 &c g unnatural ga s Nations cannot blamed if we, tke Members, bave not taken full advantage of tkis 0ppQrtmlity. wiil get to know and appreciate us amd our r on a Uttle 2 bk more. For us, this session of the Oencr is an important step in that process. Assembly l@Oo. It is always a rare and unique privilege to address the General Assembly. This year the pdbilege is even rarer and mire unique because of tkr. presence of so many distinguished heads of States or Government here at this thirty-eighth session. Most have come in response to the appeal ma& at the Seventk Conference of Heads of State or Govcmnent of Non-Aligned Countries, held at New Delhi in March 1983, and the subsequent urging of the highly esteemed chnurperson of the Movement of Nan- Aligned Countries, our good friend Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India. Al1 have come in recognition of the fact that the Unhed Nations. despite its shorteom- ings and its critics, continues to be the best, and perhaps 109. ft was never intended tcs be, and because of its nature and the reaiities of our world it can never effec- tively be, an atiknce against communism any more than it can, or even should, be an alliance against capitalism. The sociai and economic s to live under is it matter t stem that May country chooses i! at is best left to the people of that country, This is true regardless of that country3 name, size or location, be it the United States or be it Nlw8gua. I tO. The United Nations has ban at its best In helping to prevent another world war and in helping promote and accelerate the process of decolonisation. It has been at its worst in serving as a platform for the denunciation of one economic and social system by tlte another. Such crusades ace best left to ot roponents of E er bodies, as they seriously hamper and undermine our effectiveness. f Ii. It would be wise for ali of us tc remember that the world’s two foremost Powers are both significantly stron er than the ee-st of us. Neither one needs any of KS to 7 fght its battles. Howeuer, the consequences of any such fight affects each and every one of us. Therefore, we have as much of an interest in the rational and rea- sonable exercise of the tremendous power possessed by these two great nations as they them&m do. 112. Our search, therefore, must be for some common ground ar mmmon donominator on which they and WC vivai. Let OKC chtt can continue aur rest forpa, dcvcicpment and sur- en deci e the future, but let us casurc that there will be 8 futuc~. 113. In sssooshtg the eurr@t state of the United Nations, one is rcndndcd of u nlookhgatth two indlvfduais who, c w&r, had different a k-wttons. one, was half empty. The 0 bserved that the glass ths glass was half fuM. mcnt of *@ unftgi Iid. Yes, there w tnctrtd md sczm as w&b p&u0 the F be rcsokd. In raKthm Africa aad g7awslYC paefll af iWtusfanrffke8 rcdam hu bequeathed a 16gacy of itefcamd strife WI&b at tinter appears to be itSol- ubh except by force of arms. In South-East Asia more thm four de&es of eeasclcss and unremitting warfare and destruction hnve ieft the people and their land devas- tated. Rather than help to rebuild what they destroyed, the wko once spanswed i&n Nal now spansor Pal Pot, thereby hindering reconciliation and the economic and &al reconstruction of the area. 115. In South and Central America, the just and legiti- mate strivings of pea& for justice, equality, land, bread ad frcedam hnvc been labelled subversive by the despnts whU rule cvcry Facet of their lives. Fascistic death squads operate wit11 impunity and include among their victims defenceless peasants, priests, nuns, teachers and school Children. In the South Pacific, we find most of the world’s remaining non-self-governlug territories, and we find the waters. Those wards should be borne in mind du&ng our dcliber- ations, particularly on those items which seem to rem&n on our agenda with no apparent solution in sight. 118. After so many years, it is not easy IO understand why the It is dif r plc of FaMinc CQNtot return to their homes. cult to comprehend why South Africa must be glvcn even more indue&ments to end its illegal occupation of Namibia. It is difficult to f&thorn how ratIonal minds can treat the nco.faseist r&ime in Pretoria Lilic a dvili& nation, which tt is not, rather than Ukc the outeast and pariah which it ts. 119. Some have suggested that we, the international community, have not been patient enough or that WC are not moderate enough in considering thcsc issues and in framing rcsoiutions on these topics. Others argue quite con\dndogly thaf WC have already bean t&m patient a5d t&t wa have no right to be my men nto&atc ti we ~~~~~~~~~~~~*~~ Pgainrtmcf&%oftbesMt4fe&6nl.tlIerum- dth4smemdmthrrwwcQtllutdlsd~bcso jtadatt with and so madarte towards today? 120. Rrhaps there is an argument that can be mnde for toning down some of these resolutions. WC do not know. We simply know that we have not yet heard valid reasons for voting against resolutions that seek to redress valid grievances. 121. It seems IO us that those who publicly proclaim an imention to embrace South Africa must themselves accept responsibility for resolutions which criticizc such an embrace. To do otherwise is to suggest that some of us are above criticism, and certainly our Creator never intended that any of us tidnk that of ourselves. That wauld be the height of arrogance and would undoubtedly bring down the indignation and the wrath of the Creator. 122. The situations in the Middle East and in sourhem Africa are indeed tragic. They arc tragic for the victims 124, Indonesla ls a country which we have long admired and respected. II is a country which by its actions helped inspirc the dccolonization proecss and later became a founder of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. It isi$rgc and powerful country which we consider a i25. Although Vanuatu is Indonesia’s friend, we also rca.iizc that a true friend is not one who tells another simply what he wishcs to hear. Rifficuit as it may be, a true friend must on occasion be painfully honest and tell a friend what that friend may not wish to hear. Such is the east with rcspcet to Indonesia’s invasion, occupation and attdmpted annexation of East Timor. 126. Bast Tfmor is another small South Pacific country, ilk0 our own. Its pie fought on the side of the Allies during the Sccon d”e” World War and paid dear1 ii for their commitment to what became the ideals of t c United Nations. Like more than two thirds of the nations rcpre- I27. The rcsuitla brutaiiaation of Bast Timor’s people has aiso brutali z&f Indonwia’s image as a nation. How E. sao Iar c justify such hcavyhandcd repression of oi$mr? what lo Bast Timor 80 thrcatcncd Indancsia t at htmdrcds of thousands of innoecat men, womcnl&td cbiidrcn had to many more arc stiii paying r y with their iivca and so y sudden dtsappcaranccs, dctcqitlbn without explanation, and torture? Why has cvcry effort to provide cvcn the minimum humanitarian as&&& to tha b&agucrd jxople of Bast Timor bcca thwarted by the Indonesian autboritics? 129. If we accept Indonesia’s actions ia East Timor, then with what legal authority do we chaiienge Israel”5 annexation of Jerusalem and the Golan Heights? If we accept Indonesia’s brutality in East Timor, then with what moral authority do we challenge apsFtheiei’? If we, the former colonies of the world, are not true to our own P renouncements on colonialism and human rights when t comes to East Timor, then we have not yet rreed our- selves from the old discredited values of those who called themselves our masters. 130. It is not easy, nor is it a leasant experience, to be compelled to focus so crttrc ly upon the actions of hf a country which was once a model and un inspiration to our own people and others who were coionized. It is, however, more difficult and less pleasant to bear witness Mr. Koh (Singapore), Vice-Presidonl, look the C’kalr. 132. We arc reminded of an important directive issued during the struggle to free Chdnealissau and Cape Ver4e from colonial domination: “Hide nothing from the masses of the people. Tcii no iics claim no easy victo- ries.” Those words arc as appropriate here in this cham- ber today as they were in West Africa in 196% 133. We, therefore, once again a salvage Its soul as a nation and to & peal ~CI Indonesia to c true to its hcrita e and stature by negotiating a speedy and complete wit fl - drawai of its forces from East Timor. Let :he people of that country dceidc their own fate, and let the United Nations assist in that proecss. This is why we have a United Nations. 134. New Caledonia is another non-self-governing ter- ritory in the South Pacific and another example of why WC have the Orgenfiation. It is al50 another matter which calls for us, the titernational community, to “tell no lies, claim no easy vfetorics”. . continue to pose a second question: who will control the enormous economic potcntiai of this smaii developing country? 136. Without a doubt, aIi of us hcrc today arc well aware of the role that economies played in the coloniza- tion of most of the world. WC arc also certainly aware of the fact that it is the mineral wealth of Namibia aad of South Africa that iics behind the compiieatcd poiitieai web spun by those who do not wish to see the tbosc countries control their own resources. rs”” ewp$t doni& people fast slmlIar obstaeics for the same rcB$ons. 137. In New Caicdoaia, as in southern Aft&s, the &tier contrary to the interests of the caous pop&ion. This the world uadcrstaads and 138. What is icss wcii understood, however, is that the in New Caiedmia. 139. Qeneraliy speaking, metropolitan Powers do not have a direct interest in the maintenance of rigid and exclusionary so&i codes which hamper economic growth and development. This is particularly true when those social codes, by whatever name they are called, are oper- able far from the physical endirons of the metropolitan Power. Thus, a~e~metel, or segregation, comes to be seen as outmoded, unnecessary and even threatening to the broader, more general economic interests of the metro- politan Power. Eventuaily, the metropolitan Power may, for its own purposes, even seek to appear to be playing a leading role in ending a particularly odious s&al code. 140. Naturally, none of this occurs overnight. It takes time for the contradiction to arise, more time for it to 1421. The pwplcs of the Pacific have always respected and been nt peace with their environment. TQ us, aur lands, our skies and our ucean have always ~MI a source of spiritual guidance as well as a means of sus@hihq Ufc. ISiX Others have now come to our arca ta canduct tests, stare tnatcrial and dump wastes that would nt~t be toler- ated in their own waters and on their awn lands. Despite tkc strong representatlan of all Oovcrmnents In the tic% tMs reckless disregard far human life and the envieonmeat continues almost unabated. Our ~ppasition Is based can moral (IS well tts scientific grounds. Invitations by France or by any other nuclear Power to visit test sites wilt never reduce the sercngth of our moral ~bj,fcctlons. WC, the people of the South Pacific, have made it c&r that WC want an immediate and ta the tesfhsg of say and all nuclecu weapons in our region. of the basic and elementary dign ty res &“t and legal -_ -rfghts that mast human kings are now a la to take for - -grant&. Many of these intransi ant settlers are former e&ri.s who left Algeria after t ft e Orgaailsafton arm&e seer&e, the notariuus OAS, f&d in its efforts to abort .Afgdass indopendenca and to murder Charles de OauUe, tkan President of France, fn the psocess. f44, Tkc peopls of New CaMc3nia have extended a warm and apen hand of friendshi TV all who would work .tagc%her in a free and indepn 8 cnt nation. Theirs is a vision of a non-axctustonary South Pacific nation in wk& all human beings would k treated as equals. 145. WC belfcvc that the Qovmmant of France 1s sin- ce&y searcking far answers to tkc questlens raised con- ce&ktg New CWdonla’s future. Tkc reforms tkat France B&S introduced have ccrtainly bclped, and the dcmon- s&t& a shwrc commitment to an effort to h d aomc M%man aimd upon which the competing interests may -g3cccmo%d. and tkasa who ved there bna have been brought there and permitted to vote ~4 order ta outweigh the wishes of the Iegititnate yqxdntian nru~t tmt take part. in its total- ity, fhe Canberra cammuniqu6 supports the right of sclf- determination. it urges the various sr~tors af the popu- Iaticn m work cfosely with France ta emure a peaceful transitian to independence. it is laudable in its aims and practical In its approach, including the decision to review the sftuatian next year and to consider the desirability af re-inscription of New Caledonia on the United Nations ifst af non-self-governing tcrritarles. 147. The Vanuatu Government is confident that New C&da&a will soan assume its rightful place as an indc- pendent nation. Toward tkat end, we urge Members of fS1. It is far this reason that our Government supports proposals far the cstabltshmcnt of a nuclear-free Pacific. This past Juty we were proud ta kcsf an httarnational eanfcrcnw on a nuclear-free and independent Fa&flc. To all but the most myopic observer8 it is clear that tka two o kand in hand. Indeed, WC submit that it will in fact te is an independent Pacific and until the rcapc&e difficult to achieve a nuctcar-free Pacfflc until tkcr; of tka area are free to decide for tkcmscivcs whet r cr this defiicmtnt of our land, sea and air skaU continue. 1%. &anomie dcvck8pment in the South Fasffic is a difficult and somewhat ehisivc goal. Same of our coun- t&s are blessed with abundartt mktcrai resources, some knee again be administered as yari af cur country, which they arc. 1%. Bath the Mavement of Nan-Aligned Countries and the United Nations have begun to focus an the unique problems of small Sand developing States. The recently caneluded conference of experts hasted by the Oovern- merit of Grenada is a very positive step in the right direc- rlrm. It is our hapc that the wark of the conference can continue nnd recciva the suypcrrt of the entire interna- tiennf comnlurlity. ISG. We recagniee t,!at the prablcms of small island deveioping States arc only one of a host cf eeanontic problems plaguing the world today. The depressed state 161. It is not at all possible or even de4rable for us to develop our countries by rigid imitation3 of the We3t or the II&. We cannot isolate ourselvc9, but WC most cer- taint o&r develop our own methodolo beaI&y~nomyandsoeil~. We and our own & y do not have the option of 3aUing to distant shore3 and stealin land or having pa t the past. Even if t R le to labour for u3 a3 othor8 have at option were av&ble, it ie not the way we would choose to develop. Whflc we do not live ht the past, we most certainIy remember our shared history. 162. to& This is not to suggest for one moment that thing3 are as one-sided as we mIgItt like to believe. We, the &velop 3 countries, are also imperfect. Some of u3 have negIect to practi3e whit we preached. Some are nfrsid to be candid in pdkerrhtg our own gerformpncae, ns ip our adversarfes and friends did not &e&y know where we have fallen rhort. Some eontinut to make ca ita! mistakes; others among us COnIhUe tC make social stakes. Some manage to make both. 163. For us to begin to take corrective action, we must first be true to ourselves. For us to be taJ;en seriously, we must first take ourselves seriously. We will undoubt- edly command as much respect as we demand by our own efforts, our owu consistency and, most im P ortantly, our own sacrifices, personal and institutiona . 164. Now more than ever we must respect the aniver- sality of mankind and plan for the future. There are literally dozens of pressing 2 roblems confronting the international community to ay. Each successive crisis seems to overshadow the previous one. 165. Perhaps none in recent memory was as dramatic as the downing of the Korean Air Lines flight 007. Few mP 166. We do not know if the world wiii ever know what events really ted up to this tragedy and what really hap- pened just before the aircraft ~8s shot down. It is possible that both sides are telling the truth a8 they perceive the truth to be. We do not know. 167. We do not believe there can ever be any justificn- tion tar shooting down a civilian aircraft, except perhaps in the extremely remote possibihty of averting a far greater immediate human disaster. We believe that the Soviet Union made a tragic mistake and inexplitibly compounded the mistake in its immediate aftermath. 168. However, we do not believe that blame or guilt in this instance Iles with any one natlon. Thls wa3 a tragedy for ah mankbtd and not just for any one State or group of States. It proves nothing about any particular social or economic system. This was a failure by mankind, ail mankind. It reveals the heightened sense of internationai insecurity that the arms race, cold war rhetoric and tests of miiitary preparedness have brought us. 169. This tragedy tells us that the technology of de3truc- tion is far more advanced than is the technology of communication and the technology of the prevention of destruction. In the normal course of events, we would learn from such a tragedy and develop more effective safeguards to prevent a recurrence. Unfortunately this doe.8 not appear to be the CBSB, and this is even more of a tragedy.. 170. It saddens and concerns us to see the international atmosphere further poisoned by hatred and recrimina- tions. Now more than ever, the world cries out for the leader&i0 of wise statemen. Where are the leaders with the wisdom and the courage to say, “Let us sit down and r-on together”, to say, “Let us make sure this doe3 not happen a ain”, to sa % J “Let us put an end to the suspicions an distrust w ch gave rise to this incident”? 171, Why are those who were silent when a Libyan airlhter was shot down by Israeli fighters so vocal and articulate now? Wh Cuban airlhscr w&8 r, arc those who were silent when a lown out of the sky b a terrorist bomb so morally outmged now? AU human If fe is sacred, and none is more sacred than another. The lives of East Timorcss and Vietnamese are sacred. The live3 of PaIetr- tinian3andLebanaeare3acred.Thelive3ofImn&n3and lraqis sre saercd. The iives 0~~~~~~~ sacred. The Mvcs of T- Without eaccption the ass of any lumt8n Life I3 0 tmg0dy. The number of victim3 or their nationality doe3 not make the tragedy any worse or deepen our sorrow. These who stress the individual aspects of human rights should understand this better than anyone. 172. Why are those who are so willing to isolate the Soviet Union so unwilling to isolate South Africa7 Why is it vital to keep channels of communication open to South Africa, but not tptbe Soviet Union? Why is South ,4&+7consrdered a ctvrhzed State, but not the Sovret 173. Ours is a small country, and admittedly we do not know the answer to every question. However, there are many things we are certain of. One certainty is that those who ally themselves with the evil practitioners of uporb Ireidor other forms of racism cannot complain to us when others move irrto the moral vacuum they themselves have f78. The entire woi!d is waiting for us, ali of us, to move forward in the name of the human race. Now each nation represented here tuday must ask i&if whether it v~v;;;es: be part of the problem or to be part sf the 179. The PRBSIDENT: On behalf of the Qencrai Assembly, I: wish to thank the Honourable Father Walter H. Llni, Prime Minister of the Re ublic of Vanuatu, for the bnp~rtant statement he has ust made. P IgO. Mr. LAN (Austria& It is a particular pleasure to congratulate the Prcsfdcnt on his de&on to the rcsi- dency of the Gcncrai Asscmbiy. His outstandin f &PlO- matic skills and great cxperiencc in for&n af airs as wcfl as his I~ng assuciation with the work of the U&cd Nations, will ccnetdcrably fad&ate our diffieuh task during the weeks ahead and greatly contribute to the stte+Xssful conciuslon of thie session. 181. 1 aha wish to convey to his prsdecesacar, hfr. Inue HaW Deputy Minister for For&n Affairs of Hungary, QUP aimed thanks and hkgb ap r&at& far Ms tact, pditial uadentandf~ and tire ebb paronol; efforts in F canductb the affairs of tkc Gcncrcl Asscmbiy over the past ye%P. I&2. I should further like to welcome most cordially the deiegatian of the new Member State, Saint Christopher and Nevis. and express our hopes for close and frunfui co-aperatmn. 153. The thirty-eighth session takes pincc against the background of a serious intcrnarionai situatien. The danger of nuclear war casts a dark shadow over the future af mankind..Perenniaiiy unreceived conflicts bring untold suffering 10 many regions of the world. They are ofte!, exacerbated and prolonged by super-Power rivalry. The structural imbalances of the global ecrmomy, in conjunc- tion with the present economic crisis, condemn the greater pert of humanity to a life of poverty and want. Increasing disregard of human rights, persistent racial discrimination including the bl Powers, have dcmonstratod their interest in continuing t 5 c racers of dktcntc. Austria wiJl spare no effort in eontr buting actively to the succcps of this process. We note with satisfaction that the ttext follaw- up meeting will take place at Vienna in 1986. 187. The conclusion of the Madrid mdetfne proves that sinccrc negotlatlng efforts c81f .suee&. Its cxamplc must ke faiiowcd hl other ape&s, in paPtied8P -eat ncgctiatbns, on the succc%s or failure of which rests the survival of mankind. Apat frum tkc ott@ing ac@a- thns, tkc Confcrcnce on Canfidenec- and Security- building Meam~cs and willbc#ili”kin~l bwt oppor0&y in this atleastaminknumofg ueequlvecllly eunbnr this au. The intemrtfonrl ema- munity Justly demands a thorough tnvcstigatiffn of the circumstances which led to this catas&a ishment of tbase responsible, as wei P he and the pun- as appropriate compensation to the families of the victims. We also believe that effective internaticmal measures will have to be taken to prevcnr the recurrence of such a horrible event. If@. The United Nations has an important raic to play in the disarmament pracess. The negotiations in the Committee en Disarmament, tbc deliberations an arms ihnitatian in mhcr organs and the efforts ta build public support for disarmament should be intensified and expanded. During this General Asscrnbiy session the Austrian delegation will ursue its initiotive caneem- irig measures to facilitate 0 3Jecrive information on the t”* Without 8 commonly accepted target, no really sectoral decision can be made. Laissez-f&e is pass& Ta leave the poorest ta the ups and dawns of economic power play is es inhuman as it is counter- pfUdUCMV& 192. Peace and well-being can be assured only if all cooac&s in all regions share mare equitabiy in the world’s economic progress, Austr!a is firmly convinced of the necessity of the North-South dialogue and far its part will conttitue to increase the scope of its development casperatian. 193. Austria believes that the observmce and promotion of human rights constitute not merely an abstract prin- dpla but also pm&al policy. Such a gr&ster imprtmce in a warld beset r Ucy assumes even y armed conflicts, poUtic%l upheavals and economic crises. Therefore all &se individuals end movements that fight against a pees&m and the denial af their ri WEM may c&tat on Austda’s hts everywhere in t/l - e fr cndship. f t r&f 1%. In spite of the caxistcnce of clear legal norms, gmve violations of human rightr, occur every day in many I&&$ &ts 6f the world. We continue ta witness unjustified e toctw, izbitrw executions, re&iaus lntokranee mad politi& pcraecutbon. rmr. Where should they example of the fact that c it OP This question is B further c care prablam of cba Middle l?ast CQRfliCt is the question of Patestine, Unless tba FsfestMan people can oxcmisc Its natioti rights, there catl be no lastin part of the re Bk pace, cithec In Lebanun ar in any other an. 202. The war between Iran and Iraq has entrred its fourth year. The loss of human life and the waste of resaurces have reached staggering prapartions. Austria appeals ta both parties to cease this senseless strugle and ta seek a peaceful settlement of their dispute. We welcome and support ail mediation effarts that may contribute KI this end. 203. The armed intervention in Afghnnistan cantiuucs ta cause immense human suffering and is a serious threat ta the stability of the entire region. This persistent vialn- tian of fundamental orinciples of the Charter of the United Nations also constitutes a major obstacle ta the improvement of East-West relations. Austria urges nil trtlpomt role ta play in this tantext. In our view this tale should be strengthened and further developed so as ta ensure the effective international PI -itectian of human rights. 196. The internatianai situation is characterized by many regianal conflicts. 197. The Middle East continues ta be one of the mast dangerous crisis areas of the world. The implicatians af this conflict transcend the confines of the regian. World peace and international security ere nowhere mare directly threatened than in the Middle East. The human and humanitarian dimension of thir conflict must not be overlooked either. Every day the cycle of hatred, rcpres- sion and the use of farce claims more victims and creates new obstacles to peace. ff we succeed in finding estinians Uvhtg in Leba- ~~~~s~~~~~~l~ccs of non&tcrfcrcncc in their dmnastic 204. The Karnpuchctm prabicrn Is arlolficr m8tter of scrtffuv conccI‘il. licrc the past ye&w has brought certahl stgrrs of grcntcr rlcxibility, but at the same ttmc the rnili- tery uccupn~ton, the use of farce, the mhcry of refugees and the den!& of the basic hum&n rights have canftaucd unabated, Austria remains cawhced thsrc mly ncgotin- tlans between all pnrttcs to the eotlfllct ai1 the basis af the resaluttans of the Qcneral Asscrnbly and af the Intcr- nntionti Conference on Kmnpuehea can lead to a lust scttlcment whfeh Gould ensure a better future far the stvcreiy tried Kampuchean people. 20% The shuation in Cyprus undcrlhres the urgency of n camprehcrrslvc negotiated settlement, Res erefgnty, fndqxndencc and territcrrini integr p” ct far SQII- pI@tc withdrawal of the occupyln ty and cam- forces constitute, in a settlement. Austria sttil considers the talks bctwcn the two cammunhfes to k the best meant to sotvc thair problems between thcm- s&m. WC fully apprsctats and support the efforts undcr- taken in that regard by the Seecretq-Qencral rind his sjxafJ ecprescntative. 2%. The pcoplc of Namibln are stiif waiting for their fndcpcndencc. Four Cauncit re.&utfon l cars of work an the b&s of Security 35 (1978) have Ied to a large degree of agrccmcnt on tkc details and tkc ~rn~~~emcntat~~n of the transition have direct P km. Elements whtch, in our vlcw, dc not re evance TV the indepcudence of N&b& must not impede that process. We strongly su S%wctwy-Qencrat’s efforts to brc;ak the doa B port the leek and fin8My to bring about the i~~ie~cot~~o~ of tkc U&d Natbns plan for Nsmlbta. our view, tin csscntkf basis for sue fi ak% Tkc %Qntinldcig fsttow ritwrian in ckmrf Amcr- tct k LI mPtt%c of deep cancartt to Aurti~. We cat&& thfr &is alas& related to the tkk m f ofaund s&al change on is undergaing, l3xpoitatfan, injustice and p” repFeSs on throughout centuries BTe the raat c81[9E8 of the current problems. Any approach to the Ccntrai Amcrictm crisis which reduces it simply QP prirnnrily ta a matter of East-West canfrantutioa or ta If question af sph6rcs of idlucnce or mopsting idcalogies will only aggravate the situation. A settlement cmmat be imposed from autsidc or by the USC or thrcnt of USC of force. It must be reached thraugh free negatiatians between all parties directly cancerned. Austria wclcomcs, in particular, the effatts by the Contadara Group. Self-determinntian, ti -inter.. fer:rsnceT respect far the territorial integrity of States, the ubiigntmn not to use the territory af a State for acts af MFgression against another, the peaceful scttlcinent of disputes rind the prohibitian of the use and threat of USC and fricndiy relations yrol has it specfal lace. The rao utians af the Uencr~ Assembly of P?6Oan 6” i%l [iw&tlar~~ 1497(XiQ urzd Cd61 @=V&‘ril led in 1969 ta an agrcctncrtt b%wtx Austria and Stal on B new Framework of nutonamy far Smith TyroL K rnong its impartant provisio~i? thase an the use of the &nn&n language and the estubltshmcnt of an autonmnous sectton in Bozen of the AdmInistrative Caurt arc of special sigrdficancc for the preservation af the South Tyrefcatt ethrtlc group. Ucsplte the agrecnrcnt in princlplc renohcd months ago between the It&&n Oavernmcnt and the minority con. corned, the de&tans reinthrg to thcsa fmprtont mtxsure~ have still nat been enacted. Austria is aware &SC this is parity due to recent potitkxd developments in ltal t How- everI Austria views with P ccrtahi mnccm the act that ty fhe probleir: cf South t nguin Member States circumvent United Nations instltu- tians ar misuse them for their partisan interests. J&spit@ the great services the United Nations cclnthmrs to provide, and in s&e afits great pxential to contribute to human f ragress, we hnvc to recognizc that the system of multi- atcral diplomacy is in a scriaus state of crisis. 219. We have all come to recognlee peace, disarmament and development as the central, interrehed issues of our the, but iii aekkowledging this reality we are in fact also defihg the comprehensive context, which 1s the only relevant context, for ittseeurlty anu mstab ir fully resolving the growing ty la the world. 220. In the resent global setting, mutual interaction attd link es JB” are self tween political and economic problems dent. In an lncreasktgly interdependent world, thC paUtfd stabllit and economic well-belag of both cfduelapsd and deve aping countries are becoming more r iitt&twIkcd. As the problems we face today have assumed ghbaI propmtkms, in scope as well as in their conse- h ~&ICCS, they ace~rdhgly call fop a globalixed effort in dhlg soIutions. The emergence of a new, more equi- table and rational international order can come about onl through sustained international co-operation and dta ogue, conducted within a coherent and integrated 3 approach te the problems at hand. 221. It is a matter of deepening concern, therefore, to observe what our Secretary-General in his report on the work of tr Grganization [ibid.] so aptly de- scribed as the continuing “erosion of muhdateraiism and internationalism”. 222. The growing tendency of some major Powers to resort to a bdateralism based on considerations of expe- diency and a narrowly defined concept of security must be checked, as it can only lead to heightened polarixation and the revival of naked power politics. If such a drift F” cc and security of Sautk-West Asia, this conflict has ustifiably aroused world-wide concern because of its ramifications on a number of global issues. Tkc sovcr- cfgnty* territorial tntcgrity, independenec and non-ailgncd &t&us of tkc country must be rcstorcd and the Afghan refugeas must bc allowed ta return to tkcir horn@ tn safety and dignity. I would Ukc ta take tble opportu- nity to commend the efforts of the SearctaryUencral to fkid a negotiated solution, md we arc cncouragcd by tkc indications .of progress EO far made by kis spcaial repse&cntauvc. 237, -- Dcspitc aonecftcd intcrizatianal efforts, most rc- wntiy at the intcmationcl Confcecneo in Sup rt of t&c ~~of~~N~b~F~ lcforIa@cn& kcid inF from Sto29Aprillgas,tl,prclrfwcrrof;frea apldi&cpcndcntNamibfPscesnaobeztQtoday~tbcy g hf&qxbl& Mast Jgni~clY* the fupther mpoft 5 -onbisrccertt~ttothe hasapwn “t”x ‘$“” tbc6rafcafc~nttmscsbsorurco Rw ~~~ lfaltfno pragrccs to& NM&&Q -ltsf&sacs~ueliII*kc~ of~~~~~~~a~.~c~~c~~ in cffarts to pcrpctuatc its &gal oeaupation of Nxmibfa thraugh a eaIcul;tted policy af saGal and political frag- mentation rmd impasing puppet rbgknes. As the Secre- tary-General painted out, uruil a d&te is fixed far the implementation af Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and a cease-fire camas into farce, the claim of sub&&M progress cannot be sustained. ?t it would be n&e ta entertain the ainst this backgraund, ape that South African racists will ever abandon tkeir policies and abide by the terms of relevant Security Catmcil resolutions without the imposition af mandatary sanctions. 238. Indonesia will cantinuc in its staunek support of tke valiant struggle of the Namibian peaple under the ?a Within th8 sama area Qf the wurM, WC contiaue to tics with concern tItc tensions and stcifc t&t have best Central Amdw and tkc Cacibbcrtn. Tkc fwtors Ch&t km3 embrokd tids r&an fa islesant tmmort i3rc fundamcnt&y raotcd fn in&u& unrcsc~vd probEams WE&II in tkc past thwarted movement tow&s s&al and cccanomic ficsdsa w %&I Bs owth towmis trtrc in& If- dam Movement toward t f 6 solution of tkesc pcob tms /= is hsmpcrcd by AGE& iadtwd wect UP covcct pee+ sure% TItc most ratio ltaf irppcoach has corn@ from tka sdancs in the on tk8m&es, which UIWIy hiwe tttc m&g St& % rcatalalfshing sub&y & the r&on. 244, -T&e ic no doubt ckat AnW&ca is of gcw aci- apcmdon to 0w.re w all foewo activitfe% In Antarctica will be for the benefit QI ail mankind. 24. We are mare tiwt ihe ptiics to the 19S9 Antarctic Treaty7 fwe promoted scientific coupecation arld ecvi- roMleMd rese&cch arid hwe succeeded in preventing tcrritarkd ckdms and the miiitnclz&m of the region. Nmre the less, di of these commendable activities da not detract from the fact thae knawiedge about the workings of the TM@ ;md the modalities of its functioning have so far been the pdvkge of a few. Hence, the hfdative of Malaysia and Anttgua wd Bacbudo (il/.%%%B and Cowl] in &ing the Unieed Nations to undertake o axc~pcehensive study of the region is B www&bb one, amon of In f developing countries has become an integral part 0nesla”s foscign policy. Within our llmhed capac- ides we have extended technical co0peratlon to various countries both within and boyon 1 r0grammes This we will contiaue.- our region. 234. The i989s, so far, have brought us a distress- ing increase in poll&al tenstons, conflict and cconomlc dlslacation on a global as well as R regional scale. This ccmmunity. 1s the international instrument best suited to develop such a capacity. 2%. The presence here in New York of a large number of heads of State or Ciovernment, in response to the initiative of the chairman of the Movement of Non- Aligned Countries, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, not 258. U CHIT HLAINO (Burma): Sir, the delegation of Burma, which I have the privilege to lead here, is happy to extend the warmest congratulations to Mr. IIlueea on his election as President of tha thirty-& hth session. His dlstln u&h& exper ence of world affairs ls a guarantee to us all that k political career and his wi ff e knowledge and the present session Is in the most able hands. We wish to assure him of our su discharge of hls port and cosperation In the rcspons bilitles, P 259. We also take this opportunity to render a tribute to the outgoing President, Mr. Imre Hollal, for the integrity of purpose with which he guided the delihera- tlons of the Assembly during the last session. 268. We are also happy to offer our fcllcitatlons and friendly greetings to the dclcgatlon of Saint Christopher and Ncvls on the occasion of its admission into the family of the United Nations, which is the universality of the members et another step towards ii p of the Organlxatlon. 261. The regular sessions of the General Assembly have always been of great interest and value to all delegations present at these yearly gatherings. It is a traditional time to review and evaluate what ls happening ip the world, what we expect to do about it and to give thought to the problems of the future, These occasions enable us to take stock of various standpoints In the presetnt cdttditiclis of the world and to acquaint ourselves with each other’s positions and attitudes. For our part, WC leave wlth an understanding and apprcolation much bc#u t&m what we first come here. to resolving the key issues of our times. Experience has shown that a certain de great Powers is f ree of understanding among the essent al before we can hope to gain tangible ground in the peace-making process. The course of any negotiations can be circumscribed by their indif- fercnce or greatly enhanced by their support. If the United Nations is to make a constructive move towards a safer and more secure world, it is essential that the great Powers do their part in making progress possible. Reorientation of thinkin and formulation of new approaches and concepts o f solution wili be possible only at a lower level P reduce an outcome that the world can live with and that a not merely to the benefit of one region and to the detriment of another. 271. We cannot ignore the factor of time involved in arms control negotiations. We stand at a crossroads where the inabilit of arms control negotiations to keep pace with techno ogical innovation ma r r pass the point of manageability and make it impossib e, in a practiccil sense, to atop the accelerating arms race. The rotractcd pace of diplomatic negotiations and the relat vely more P rapid pace of technological progress means that arms control will become ever more difficult in the years to come unless some bold initiative5 arc taken to arrest and reverse the present trends. Meantime, while strategic arms control negotiations remain at an impasse, advances in technology threatcn to upset the nuclear balance. touchRf upon the general nature of world d now like to comment briefly on them aa they relate to our common search for a viable and effec- eiw response. the great Powers assume that only more weapons could provide more protection. Negotiations and agreements on arms control to date have done little to limit either weapons development or weapons quantities, and the probability of nuclear war has not adequately or appre- clably decreased. 269. In a situation where the enormous destructive potential of nuclear weapons threatens the very survival of marlkind, fears about the dangers of nuclear war have become more pronounced than before. The prevention of nuclear war has emerged into the foreground as the burning issue of the day. Arms and technology are but solution. This baa cauacd a actbaek in the moat rcccnt efforta of tbc peak3 proocsa. 273. It b i&o cvidcnt tlut my solution of tbc MI&k East problem, to bc visbic, muat bc eomprcbcnsIva in nature. Equclly, a eomprchcnaivc acttlcmcnt in the Middk Boat is not possible without meaningful progress towards a solution of the Palestine problem. 274. The position of the delegation of Burma regarding the issues of the Middle East and Palestine is quite clear. We recognize the reality that, whatever the circumstfmcea of its birth, Israel has come to stay in the Middle East. We accordingly reco nize the right of Israel to exist. WC meintdn, however, a t at the right to exist does not confer on Israel or on any other State the right to acquire terri- tory by war or to resort to unilateral acts that prejudice the outcome of any final comprehensive settlement. Looking to future prospects, we feel that unless steps are taken to halt the current process of Israeli settlements in mutual recagnitiorl of tkc fight of caoh side: to exist. The te m nation and ot national homeland must bc reaagnized, B itimatc rights af Cho Palestinian people fn self-deter- etde by sldc with the recognition of Israel’s right ta sur- vival and need for security. Failing such aceammadatton b&veen the two sides, peace In the Middtc East would surely bc impassibIe‘ To our regret, Ckc present im IIs- aabie antagonism displayed by the two sldcs halds 1 tCIc t ~~~~~~ of making any headway Cow&fde a Middle Hast 275. in Lebnncn the prcsenee of unautkorizcd foreign farces continues Co destabilizc internal order. Pratractcd efforts Co effect their wkkdrawaf have SQ far faundcrcd. Moreover, the intractable problem of communal conflict still faces the couttry. Tkc prablcms of Lebanon stem from the unresolved issues of Cka Middle East and Pal- e&m. Natwltkstanding this fact* the overriding eonacrn must be ta enm-e the witkdrawrd of foreign forces from -the eountr and Chc realtr&~n of the full sovcrcignty, tcreifarial ntegrity and political indc r ndcncc of Lcba- nan, within its fnnernationdly recagn f d bound&s, in accord&w with Security Cowcii re~ok~~ions..in this regard. 276. The record of ongoing deveio menta in southern Africa provides tittlc c~u8c for aptim P sm. There km keen na real change in the overall pattern of rclatians bctwccn South Africa and the African frant-Ifnc States which 2% The efforts of the eanl&~C graup rcprwnting the warld’s mast powerful caunfrks have &SC failed to influ- @KC South Africa, rutd tad&y fkcrc is kardly any praspect Of a sokitian to the question of Namibia. A furtker dl!aCory factar causing cancern is the injection of extra- neous issues Chat tend to distort the reality of the Nuni- bi8n Qn%Ckm. The delegation of Burma cannot in faith ~uppgrt motives tkat are incampatiblc witk the e&r f aad and spirit of Security Council resolufian 435 (1978). We kold the view that any yaralIeIism or linkage between tke indepndence af Namibia and extraneaus and irrelevant ~wCS WI only raise daub& as to the attitude af those WhQ promofe the concept. of r&on. This is a matter af P rEndpie with us, far any brcwk af Ckc b&e prindples nternatian~ rck3Cfan81 Bs cnunclatcd In Ckc Ckartcr of the United Nations, c&mot k aaandan& slnec it crcatcs a dangerous prcccdent with wide-ran&g impli- cstions. WC 98 t this hiwc the MI: are appltea Ic ta all States d rinctplcs of the Char- eMbcCs of the weed Natians and will survive only if Mcmbcn fat&fully uphold them, 282. -R~gixrdktg Kampuahca, tho stalcsnatc cantinucs de-&Cc man Tkc d&g& tl dipptam& moves in and outid6 the r&an. an of Burma consfdcrs Chat the achicvcmcnt of 8 paMtia& sat&on in Kampuekta must nwssariiy bc wrkcd out by tka Kampuchean pcapte thcmsclves with- cmt au&sfdc intcrfcrcnee, Wa would ttapa that bath inter- n& md external ccndkiorrs win h tlmo matwe ta allow f&tic wux of the &s&g system, 284. Wkfle recent farecasts taik of an economic upturn in same kfgkiy iadustrialired countries, the momentum af recavery is as yet Cua slaw Co warrant jubilation. We should, of eaurse, like ta be aptimfstic about world recovery, the prospects of which, after all, skauld benefit all nations, However, in maly respects tkc world CCQ- namic sieuatfan cannot really be described as being re- spansive. Warld trade remains sluggish, and interest rates are high and have rapidly increased the level of debt service ayments. As a result, eke infcraafimnl manetary an 8. fmancial systems have been placed under severe strain. All this points to the fact that fuadamental 2%. There is a great deal of ideological propaganda that insists that Lebanon will always be in turmoil, that Leb- anon can never contribute to civiiizcd and purposeful lives. Those who-maintain these absurdities see their interests best served in conflict and confrontation; the would feel lost and purposeless in a society of civlllze cr ) co-opcrativc and peace-iovlng nations. They insist that Lebanon will alwa 60 dissuade the U s remain intractable, ho in thereby pr ted Nations from cxcrcls iv g 6s peace- fui role or friendly Powers from extending a sympathetic, helping hand. 297. In the face of this propaganda and through eight years of bloodehcd, economic ruin and forei n intervcn- tion of every sort, it is proof of our incvita % IO viability as a nation that no Lebanese faction has ever entertained the Ides of partition or secession. The Lebanese people arc absolute1 Lebanon. W E committed to a unlflcd and indcpcndcnt at the Lebanese people share is a precious cxp&@ncc hi democratic govcrnmcnt, unique in the Arab world. Until war broke out, Lebanon was the cultural and ccBt6mlc capital of the Middle B&st, the meeting lace of Arab and Wcatcrn intcilcc6uai8, the centre for L temadonai banki@md trade and a prcc&;us example of succc88fill, peaceful dcmocratlc govcmcnt. 298. In 1975, as the soclcty of civiilzcd States looked on, this; iiuog deinocrac succumbed to a host of Arab- Israeli, tar-Arab and t &t-West tension& To k 8urc tab&a&, Ls other hetero cntiue s&tics, had 1~ al& of inte~~&~o61&, but t & c virtue of democracy ir tbmt it caat&l~6huecensionpoesoftiy, unllkeoth&forms of gov@itm@u6 w&h can only resist and supprer, them. 299. We stand bcforc the world asking for an opportu; nity to be left 60 ourselves in order to allow our demo- cratic ways to resolve the tensions in our nation. This request is in no way utopian or unreasonable, for many of the oldest and most stable Member States of the Organization-European, Asian and American-have experienced similarly tumultuous and dangerous periods in their past as they forged heterogeneous po uiarions into unified, modern nation States. Thus, in a Lt dition 60 our courage, determination and faith, historical precedent is on our side. 300. In Lebanon, a pluralistic society is attempting to reach mature nationhood. The contours of religions and faiths are being redefined in order to conform to the % uirc special slgniflcan~ !!I view of the isissrclH6ionsajtist belwmi 66E 6mIcountries, 5s well 118 the &ad&ion&i tics of fricadship-and co-operation &t$a$c6@i&l r&lgosigbctw@ii Qthl Amccica and @U. I wish to express ap rcciation to the President’s p&c8ssor;Mf. Imrc Ho i al, for thr: able manner in @I& he praaldc4-I over the 6hlrty-sovetlth s&on. 292. My delegation has carefully studied the report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organisation [A/38/1]. We express our support for the valuable com- ments and observations in this report, especially those relating to the endeavours to enhance the effectiveness of the Security Council and strengthen the United Nations peace-keeping operations, whose missions and objectives are set by the Security Council. 293. My delegation specifically supports the Secretary- Oeneral’s proposal to dispatch fact-finding missions to areas of tension, to prevent possible conflicts which could endanger international peace and security. en:;& of destruction enobgh of dislocation and we have had enough, enough of bloodshed despair, We have not pay an add16 onai price for pca.ce. As B Member P aid tic high price of war. We should of the United Nations we want our rights 60 be restored 60 us.” 135th meeting, para, ?.] obstacles which are making t agreement difficult. e implementation of the 302. Syria effectively controls about one half of Leba- nese territory. Its army no longer enjoys the umbrella of legitimacy that the Lebanese Government had proylded since 1976,~No one wilideny that Syrian forces have played a balancing role in the past in the raging intecna- tional conflicts fought on Lebanese territory, but this is no longer the case. The prolongation of a Syrian miiitary g resence in Lebanon is likely to exacerbate relations etween Lebanon and Syria, and it works to the disad- vantage of both. In the Syrian-held territory of Lebanon, Palestinians, lranians, Lib 813s and a number of local organizations, armed and J &ted by the Syrians, have been pitted against the forces of the lcgitimatcly Consti- tuted Qovernment. Clearly, Syria and Lebaoon have many inseparable interests, some of which have increased L reatly in the past seven tween Lebanon and S ears. Clearly, the relations J a were and still are de&led tgmse qt@ita@cly closerthan tberelations betwccnLeb- anon andany other country in the Middle &?t. L&itm has made it abundantly Elear that it intsndezto ctdtlvatc time ralaUbn.s, to addms our common interest6 and to work with Syria in the promotion of ideals which the peoples OF the two countries share. Now Lsbanoti c&c ~~~b~~ ~~t~~~~‘~~r~~~~~~~~ m. FJeoiiatsn hlr.4h&ln~slowbueBncu Trt ii in the no ctr near B&lbok in the east. To- g GP with other elements and some local militias su - ported by external forces, they were directly hrvolved n P fighting the Lebanese Army and in preventing it from extending its authority in the area recently evacuated by the Israelis. Since 1970 Lebanon has been the base for military actions by the PLO against Israel, actions which led to successive air raids by Israel and two invasions of Lebanon, in 1978 and 1982, the second of which isd to Israeli occupation of south Lebanon. The Lebanese, more than any other people in the Arab world, gave the Pales- tinians the opportunity to experhnent with all types of methodologies to reclaim their legitimate rights, If they have failed to do so it is not for lack of good will on the part of Lebanon. Now, however, neither Lebanon nor 306. Hoi much more can apeo le bear? Over 100,000 dead; 500,000 displaced and horn 8 e-s.? more than 260,000 expatriated; tens of thousands m&ed or othcrvdsc permanently injured; historic cities and sites levelled, destroyed and loot&, picturesque viliages burnt or razed to tho ground. Roliing hills and proud mountain tops, oacc the homes of ancient ads and more reeentiy the sanctuary of the one omnisc f em, omnipresent, omni~ov- ing Cod, have beeome the site for artillery ph$es;es fire, steel, destruction and death on a population and on a Qovcrnmcnt whie r= is attempting, against heavy odds, the Herculean task of standing with the ri qttaii d ht, the just and the fair and the myriad of fine 0s that are Lebanon. in its confrontation with Israel, has become highly miii- tarized and impatient with Lebanon’s liberal regime. Revolutionary Arab States ex loited Lebanon’s pluralistic structure and encouraged t R e rise of movements and parties whose objectives were in conflict with the broad- based consensus on which the Lebanese pluralistic, demo- cratic order is based. 309. When others were busy mobilizing masses, buildhrg armies and concentrating power in ruling 611&s, the Leb- anese were contributing to peace and excelling in trade and finance, in education and health and in :he promo- tion of the arts and the fine things of life. Perhaps in all this we underestimated the necessity of buihhng a strong remove all non-Lebanese force8 from the country and to stand behlnd the P&dent in hl8 effort8 to liberate. unite and develop Lebanon. 312. A year a o we a8ked the Twelfth Arab Summit Cmferenec, he1 d at Paz, to acknowledge Lebanon’s de&= don to remove Israeli, Syrian and PLO force8 from Leb- anon. In earl of Heads of 2 spring we asked the Seventh Conference tate or Oovemment of Non-AU ed Coun- tAtit, tit New Delhi, to support Lebanon% d $ t to get aII nomLebane8e force8 out dttte emmy. Tfm @reemetit M.&WI in May 1983 between Lebanon and Israel under u&cd states sponsor8blp reqtdm8 Is& to withdraw f@ly froti Lebanon. Rectatly, President Ciemayel sent l&&r8 to President A8ad and to Mr. Arafat asking them to-tithdraw their armed forces from Lebanon. 314. We are deeply grateful to the United States, France, Italy and the United Kingdom for their peace- keeping forces in our country and for the support they are glvin the Government in attainin its broad ob’ec- tives. b Le anon must pay a special tri me to Press c *d ent Reagan, who has wholeheartedly committed himself to helping Lebanon regain its unity, sovereignty and inde- pendence. In the past week the efforts of the United States and of Saudi Arabia, in quiet and intensive diplomacy batween Beirut and l%una8cus, have led to a cease-fire which we hope will end the bloodshed and start the political process of conciliating conflicts and interests. We are grateful to the United States and to Saudi Arabia 317. If dialo this success w ue and diplomacy can succeed in Lebanon il 1 breed other succe8se8, and the parties to the effort will gain credlblllty and momentum and go on to resolve other P roblems. If Lebanon falls, every society from Morocco n the west to the Oulf State8 in the east wiB be threatened. Now the world looks on a8 the battle between order and anarchy rages: every rC ime in the region fearfully await8 its outcome. If there s any crisis f whose consequences spell the beginning or the end of an’ era, it is the Lebanese crisis. In a real hlstorlcal sense Lebanon’8 crisis is axial and future event8 will be judged by what was done or left undone at this juncture. 318. -Lebanon is doing the impossible within the llmhed me8n8 at it8 disposal. The Ciovernment exercises effective control over barely 15 per cent of the territory, and yet the people, irrespective of the force that exercises control over them, are ovcrwhchningly with the Oovermncnt. P&dent Oemayel ha8 called aln and agaln on all leader8 of the o position to oIn cstabIi8h the p rift h” clples on w a dialogue that will ch the new Lebanon will be founded. Now a &lo e cmunittea has been cstab- lished and effort8 arc un r cr way to convene it a8 soon as 88ible. The stage ha8 been 8et for tho form&on of a go ovemment of national unity and the opposition has been invited to participate ia it. one looks askance at his neighbour. 320. In speaking to the Assembly about Lebanon I am speaking of a subject not unfamiliar to representatives. For over 100 years Lebanese have been emigrating to the Far East, to South-East Asia, to Australia, to New Zea- land, to Africa, to the Americas and, more recently. to Europe and the Gulf States. Ambitious and dating Leb- anese have been responsible for great intellectual, artistic and developmental achievements in the new Iands that they have made their homes. In most of the countries represented in the Assembly Lebanese hold key positions in government, education and business. They left their 321. I bring with m the aspirations of a belea uered people. My voice encompasses the voice of tens o c thcm- sands of men, women and children who have lost their fives in a merciless international conflict. 322. What I ask of the international community assem. bled in this Hall is to help the Lebanese nation secure the normaI, the mtnimum, conditions of national exist- ence. The Lebanese people themselves are anxious to achlevr the rest. The Lebanese are a capable, inventive and industrtaus people. They will not succumb to the rages of international chaos and conflict but will mould a stranger and deeper national entfty out of the suffering that they have endured. We like to think that we are not alane in this struggte, and we look to our brothers in the sacfety of nations for encouragement, assistance and support. 323, The PRESIDENT: I shall now call on dele adons that have asked to speak in exercise of the right o % reply. May I remind members that, in accordance with General Assembly decision 341401, statements in exercise of the right of reply are limited to 10 minutea for first statemems and five minutes for second. 324. Mr, AL-QAYSI (Iraq): This morning [Nfh nreet- fagIt In bls Friday sermon, the Foreign Minister of Iran engaged in 8 futile attempt to gain credibility for his dlsernftted r&gime, ody to prove ostcuagab~ its hypocrisy, dfg&ant abuse and defiance. 32.a -Ha has acasd my &wry of havhlg commletcd ctggresstan agabtst Iran. I shall not o into the facts of th+& case in detail, first, for the sbnp e reason that those f facta have been presented to the various organs of the I&&& Natfans m mnerow measiow, and secondly, far the reason-in relation to which I shotdd Ilke to ‘The Foreign h&&cr of Iran aetempeed to &crcdlt tit% peaceful gestures of my country, quoting from doc- ument AK.l/3SPS. We have become accustomed to the Iranian practice of quoting out ef context. The Foreign Mltlister af Iran simply quoted one line out of a total of two and a half pages, rind I shall not bother representa- tives with reading that long document to them in order to shaw haw deceptive the quatation of the Foreign Minister af Irau is, and how easily discredited the rest Of the quotations in his statemc!:t could be. ?A?. He alluded to the mi&tin af the Secretary-General which wes established ta inepect civilian areas in Iran and Iraq* and he xttacked the Security Council for not hiving acted upon the report of the Secretary-General on the work of that mission. The members of the Security 329. Do I need to recall the Iranian practice of killing prlsoners of war or the IranIan practice of recruiting children and throwln it them into the theatres of war-a practice recently con emned by the Sub-Commision on Prevention of Dlscrhulnation and Protection of Mlnori- ties-as on the Strait of Hormuzl This Is the most cx- treme form of blackmail and deception. It remlnds one of the poltcics of the Shah, the polleeman of the Gulf. If the Iranian rkglmc has a gemdnc d&c for the security and welfare of the area, why dozs It not end its accu tion ;;a thcw Acab islauds, an occupation begun r y the 330. We know what the essential problem Is with the rCglme of the mullahs. It is the iIlwlon of the export of the revolution. I challenge the Iranians to come to the rostrum and tcIl us of one Islamic country, only one, in whose IneernaI affairs ehcy have not aetempecd to interfere. 331. Mr. I3LFATTAL Syrian Arab Re ubIIc) (infer. pr,?tatianfrom Arabic): I+! y delegation bid no Intention of ape&dreg at eh& late hour, but In the last statement in the general debate there was an anaI ncse and the Arab situation tbae is to tar Is of the Leba. y dlffcront from our ate&y& of that situation. Tho For&n MheIe&rcrf my country rcsuneed such an anaIy5ls on 28 [~~ff&/&&witieoreItcr&ec~Ilc the COWQSU for eke I&baite@ c&Is. %w 332. L&anon ir fwpd with a for&n wn ehae & beJa3cw a alMwuI J@greuiwl. rt IuffarI from tlta IIraeII QccupaeIoii. It Suffers from Ame&n oceup&n and from oebet forms of eccupaeicm embodkd In ebe multlnatlonal force. WC have stated our posItton concern- ing all these matters. It is incumbent upon me to remind the previous speaker of the Syrian Arab Republic’s posi- tion of principle concerning the multinational ravaging, the foreign ravaging, of Lebanon, imported from the United States. I wish to clarify once more what the For- eign Minister said: “Our position on all these issues is clear and is based on the following principles. First, Lebanon’s unity, independence and sovereignty are among the principles whose violation or infringement can never be accepted the other Arab States. The Arab States that end and assistinS the to recover their natIonal % anon to the Arab minks which face the Zionist aggressIon supported from outside. I feel it is incumbent on me to read this agree- ment kecause it will be seen from this agreement, which is accepted by the Lebanese Oovernment, that the situ= ation existing in Lebanon, with the recent fightln , con- stitutes mt internal conflict, a clvll war, with whtc a Syria has nothlng to do. That has keen admitted by the Leba- nese Qoverament. I shall quota the 8 in Bngllsh, from the toxt given in T e New York ‘7&r@ 1 reemcnt in full and on 27 September 1963. It reads as follows: “An immediate halt to fighting on Lebanese tcrri- tory, on all fronts and demarcation lines. The truce will he policed by neutral observers. LLPormatlon of a committee of representatives from the Lebanese Army, the National Salvation Front, the -Lebanese Forces and Amal to draw the necessary arrangements and consecrate the ease-fire.“* It then CRiis for “... an urgent conference to kegln a national dia. logue among the following: ~“From the National Salvation Front: Mr. Walid dumbtat, former Prime Minister Rashld Karaml and former President Sulclman Franjich. “From the Lekanese Forces: formsr President CBS diia Chmoun and Mr. Pierre Carnayel.