A/33/PV.33 General Assembly

Mr. President, speaking for the fIrst time before this Assembly, I have pleasure in associating myself with the . tribute that preceding speakers have paid to you and to your country, Colombia, on theoccasiol1 of'your election to the presidency of the thirty-third session of the General Assembly of our Organization. Repeated references to your wide experience as historian, economist and politiCian are,I am convinced, so many guarantees of success for our work. I wish to' promise in advance the full co-operation of my delegation. 2. It is also with pleasure that I express appreciation of the very high qualities ofyour predecessor, Mr. Lazar Mojsov of Yugoslavia, who conducted the work of this Assembly with competence and devotion 'durirtg his termofofflce. 3. May I also be permitted torecallthe.great dedication of our Secretary·General, Mr.KurtWaldheim, whose acute awareness of the problems besetting countries like mineled hiinin August 1977 to visit Chad to see for hiinselfwhat was going on in the country, because the situation we have beenconftonting for some time has a direct bearing on the question of international peace and security.. Mr. K\lIt Waldlieimbelievesin fact,and. rightly, that, as he sajdin his report on the work of the Organization: "The United Nations was intellded-, among other thingS, to be the guarant()r of justice RJl<lpeace for all nations, and most especially {or defenceless or small countries which would otherwise have no recourse .in a w6rld <lominatedexClusively by power politics." [See AJ33/l, secto/I.J .. 4. .The, ipterest he therefore,.llttaches to th~ devtlloPIrtent of eventsjn my country has won lJim the apP,re"ia!!Qn and regard of the.people ofChad., .'. NEW YORK 5. May I also take this opportunity. to congratulate Solomon Islands,which has acceded to independence,thus becoming a full Member of our Organization. 6. .We have always declared our faith in the United Na'tions and affIrmed our desire to make a reaI,albeitmodest, contribution to its work. On this score our position'remains unchanged. That is why, like other.qell~gations,wewishto express our profound c~ncem at theinost ~opicalquestions of the moment: southern Africa, the Middle East, WSilrma-. ment, the new intematiorial ecollomic order, to quote but a few. . . 7, But fIrst, we cra.ve indulgerice and hope not to tax unduly the patience ()f the A$~emblyifwe. mention once again our own specialcongerns.' .' 8. As we have ,alreadysttessed on repeated occasions both here and in other bodies, we hilve 'neverl:<incealed the fact th~t .we have an internal problem in Chad arid that that problem, alas, Is at the roofof the unfortuiiateevents that have shaken our country for 15yeais,seri9~YdiSruptirtg our econ0111y lIIldaggmvatingour :co~try's poverty.", Nor have we made a ,sectet of oJ1n:onvlctionthat a return to pea~e and a harmonious. life in Chad and the safeguarding of lives, property and res()urces depend fIrst and foremost on the ability of'the, people Of'CI1~~to a.gree ti> settl~ the problem theJllselvtls in accordance with the wiShes oftne people. . ' . .' .:. 9.. Well aware as we are of thesituatioll which We are btlst placed to judge,we have since.ihecoup d'etat of13 APril 1975made considerable progress towardsarappro:cheinent of all citizens, ofChad ,and,· fIrst··'lIIld .foremost, towards national unity,-" " ..... . '. 10. .' Smce the II~aaQfthe StateOfCh~d,GenetaIFeiiX Mallo1JIl\t;IgakoutouBey.NdI,: made' <kiJ.~Wii,·the eAii~t dimensiQlls ~()f the ,phenomella wmclt we1e tr()ublingthe '~oJ?le Qf.C~act,.. llt;pte·'fo\l~e~nth.()rdiri~:sessioIl'()f.the Assembly of Heads of-State and Govefiunent of the Organization: .of.Afri~lirilJnitYI0.4Uh,meetiilt¥iLi\>re •. ,Ville., C;abon inJi.llr 1977'l1I\d si;:J.cetliedelegatiQn'!liChad . echoed •tl1()seftl~lings,.· in .tlte,<!ientlrlllASseIIlb~yof'We 1J~tedt;Illti()ns;lF*Jlti1}y."se~ond:t~guJar~ssio~lnlahY thirlgs·haYtl ltapPtlfledin·()had.'1'l1empstou.t$tandingevent is:·thatcountry's:.eiltry'iIi.to•.a.new triinsitionaI'bti1de$ive ph~seU1jtsP91itjcilltly:oltlil0n;'. . .... '.: : ...... . \: . I' 'Y;~';' 11. Irl'. fllct,OJieQfthe'pOriCiPl.eQbjecfi\'~scWlU~~::thtl Supreme Militlil'YCouncil anJlthePl'oV!~iolll!1Gp~~mmerit •.:.t~eofjiC.if11 ReC(}'dsAf.th~.ae',!etal~isr"'1)ly,Thir1g,slJ~~d SeSSIon, e'ena')'.ltfeeti1J,1Js,25tb mlleting;p<lIas;'44.8S•.'. ,.' .....,. 12. Convinced· of the firm intention of the Supreme Military Council and t~e Provisional Government to respect the rights and aspirations of all the people of Chad without exception, the Governments we consulted encouraged us and granted us their assistance. It was thus that, thanks to the positive and frank support of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, as exemplified by its President, General Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri, the policy of national reconciliation led to the signing in Khartoum, on 16 September 1977, of the historic agreement between the Supreme Military Council and' the Northern Arme~ Forces Command Council. That agreement triggered the 'process of a return '.tQ peace in my country with the enacting on 29 August.last ofthe Fundamental Charter of the Republic and the designati;ln of General FeliX Malloum Ngakoutou Bey.Ndi ,as President of the Republic ,and the appointlllentof Mr. Hissein Ha~n; to the post of Prime Minister. The documents relatingthereio are at the disposal of representatives and bear the following symbols: United Nations dowment NV/78/74 of IS September 1978; and document S/12888 of 9 October 1978, of the Security Council.2 13~ Therefore, there had been ..installedin Chad the Government of National Union which, took office, on 31 AUauJt 1978. Uiticludesonlytwo senior officers who have been discharged of all military functions or duties. That Government meets the deep aspirations of the people of Chad m4 has !lit as its JIlaill tAsk, within the country,to fJlll. by'ewry lIlean.st,odefendQJif ~rritorialititegrity; to ti8htmen:ilesslyagaiJlstany, se~ssiQnist trend in or~llr to p~serve thecindepend"n~and.unity ofthe nation ofChad; to have ,~., constituent _mbly elected which. wPl.lld ....blish newinstiMlons; tf)instituie~anew demOCratic politi~)if~which' guaran~s, thesecil1arnature of th~ S"te,,' in4iyi~ual f~d()ms, fun~ental,humllll'rights II)d the. ei'fectlvf! pa,rticip!ltion, ofll1l sociJist@ta.in., the adminiatiation of publ1~..craP;aijdin,e"l~m.l affairs, to au~t~~e~re.~iv,,~adherence.ofChadto11\e Ch!lrter of tlijUnitedNationund,to the Charter ofdle OAU; to ,practice a foreign PQlicy of friendship, and co-oPeration 'R.i~!Il1~pl~sth!lt love, P:!l~,li~rt;y, justi~ and prC)~~\-,; , . .' " .~.' , .14.]~mig1lt~ d~sirable .torecallthatChad ~Iongsto . ",fri~~lti&an~fril:JIl~tat~whic;h Jn9Stnl.aintam its pial=' . ;: ':'-1', - .. ,.-'... ".- . - '-'. '" ;.,-- - -. ':. ," '''., - --.". ' :--:.~,-<: ',' "..' - , 15. Chad also belongs to the third world and to the non·aligned group, and intends to maintain this position consistently and to play its role in thestruggie for a higher world civilization. This' means that the Government of National Union will practice a policy of non-alignment. This means that its policy will in no way be confused with that of any bloc, be it from the West or the East, and that its positions will not be dictated except by considerations of peaceful coexistence, the indepe.lldence of States, just and equitable international co-operation, friendship and solidarity among peoples. That policy of non-alignment in no way precludes our taking clear-cut and firm positions on particular international situations, or the maintenance and strengthening of mutually privileged relations such as Chad maintains with certain friendly countries, relations that are . justified by history, geographical considerations and mutual interests. 16. This has been a general account of the important changes that have taken. place in my c;ountry and which represent, ollviously, a deci~ve step towards the achievement ofpc:acein Chad.. 17. However, if difficulties still arise, they are entirely the fault of a neighbouring country, which seeks to retain the, northern parts of the country, which it occupies and where it niaintains, "through its enormous military might,a fratricidal war in order to have its expansiOnist interests triumph. It goes without saying that only the interference, the intrigues and the'greed of, that neighllourirlgcountry delay the achievement of total national reconciliation. In truth, what our neighbour in question is conspiring to do within ,our country goes far ~yond what it cynically calls the "Chad rebellion" or "the impossibility for the Government orChad· ofliving with its people". Moreover, th.. best refutation of these allegations comes from. those. whom it calls the;"Chad revolutionaries"and for whom it sometimes claims to speak. Those "Chall revolutionaries",lastmonth, in aletter addressed to the ambassador of Chad in Tripoli, stated the following: ~. .'uT(),nsExcellency the Alnb~sadorofthe Republicaf . Chad't0the SocialistIJeople's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in Tripoli·c. ' .' ~ . ' , . "We,the members oftbeComriliitee ofForeignAffliiJ.'s of the FROLINAT (Front for the National Liberatioriof ~h.ad, Popul~Forces of Liberation, A11lledForces), at preSent'in'Tripoli;wish tobiingfo your attention new teildenti()usLiby~mangeuvres .which were deCidedQn after the formlltion of the GovemmentofNationaI Union . in the country and wlloseoJ)jective is to occupy by force the,northempart of the national territory. -.. "Moreover, we inform you that we are under strict surveillance, by the Libyan lcluthorities and do not enjoy our full freedom. All roads leading to the interior of the country are blocked by the forces of aggression. We thought it our duty to bring this information to the notice of our Embassy, because,regarQIess of our diver· gence of views in ,the conduct of the affairs of the country we feel. that.this is a m~ttei: that concerns the ,people of .Chadonly~ For this' reason we are more -determined than ever to defend the terrltorlalintegrity of our fatherland and .willnotyield to any enemy a sm.@e inch of our territory. We believe the people ofc,t~ad are capable of settling their own problems among themselves and '" without foreign interference. Finally,.it is our plltrioticsentiments that. haye prompted us to provipe you with this information in order to enableyoll' to take in,time the necessary measures to defend and preserv\l.ollr homeland." 18. That'denunciation of mUitary aggression and Libyan expansionism clearly shows that the "~hadrevoluticiii is now seething" m:Libya lIII.d not in Chad. In aQy case, t4e willtoguaranteenationall;lnity and, thein4ivisibility and secular nature of our C()J.Ultry is something felt todaiby all true Chad nationals'wherever they may be. They' realize IJlore 'aJ1Qmor\l,thedangers oJ,the Libyan .manoeuvres. They,Jeel.tha('theyare more and mpre'involved in the nationai .cause .and will eventually triumph ,over' ilie for~es ofevil. . . '. ,', . 19~ The.democrati~atioll, of ihe.country·ri()~under~ay, asshl)wn ,byth~. mstallatlollottIieGovernmentofN~ti(}l)al Viii~n, lIJlp.l).ationaldemangsi,nlposeon .l\~ the sa~re4qll~Y tl)defend ,91ir, il)dependence, ..~ovl}reignty an~ territoijlil integrity, as recognized by alL~tates,. theu'nited.Nlltians an<i·''the. O}\U, while.:hoplng',tilat tll~:"SllPPO~: an<i. und~r" ~tandingof. peace4oying,countries wlllprevliil over the pressures.,of,allkinds·that.areeJ5,erted. againstsl)~e ofQur brl)ther~. .. . .. , , 20., We<do not want anallIlegcQ!lfrotitat,o~wi~hour a<iversariesalthough we have had imposed"on us a WaT that Cl?llceals its true;IlllIi1e·W.e~i,mply wis.h .~osl}e -p~trights ·~spll,cte<l,t9,·~erespe,c:te.dwith reg~d tl) ,,\lstli~.~rrie princ:jple,s iliat o~ers.cl8ii:nfC)rtlu:mselves. Inthiscon.teit ·we-shaU'lie-()rced:i~,tight \'ig()rqu~IY.ag~nst..tilQse \'1hb attack!isand'!orespond.with..bI9Ws.,fl)(evg&.'bl,owthlltvie ·receiv~, jn;:~eepi,%~jth.;our3spiratiop,to·peace '~li,.Rur desireto,liv,e JI).:pellc~,~~qllie;t1Without~hj,clrllf;-Y'i4l}i of economic and.socialdevelopmentWl)uld,be illiJ~9ry'. .......: •. 21.,. The Republic of Chad has clearlyshl)wnsince1973, the.date of the occupation:by-LibYa ofAou?:9\l,an'tiltegra! part.of· c)ur~lltiQilalterrii6ry; ltsre~9i,nessto$ettle\'the 'border'd'ispute with that c:()~ntrythroli~'t~~c:~f\l}m~M~' 22.' .We say too that.it.is the duty.of an African States to understand, stipportand defend Chad'sjust caiJse, because the aggression of which Chad is at present thilvictim is not only, contrary, to the ideals ofAfrica, butalso threatens o$e,r:Mrican Stli-tes which are located, vefY.,.cI~se, to Chad. 23. The dAU, which hasb~el).seize<lof th!~questionSince the fourteenth~e.ssi0J.loritsA!lse,rilbly 'at Llb~evme)n July 1977,'continuestl) se,archJor,'a settlement.;, We silicerely h9pethat arapidsolution~illbe found 6~the AdHoi: COlpmfttee,niadf;l up of the: Pe,DlC)~~~tic .•Repubii~()f th,e Sudan, the RePublic ciftlje N'iger,the Unitedl{ep~bl.ic' of ~!Ip1eroon,andth!:fed.eral~~P\lblic,of~Ugeija,which was set, ~pfor' thl} purposea.tJhefiftee.rlth~r.diI'iary session of tlie:, O~W A~~mblyat J(hat~oum,itr)ll1YBee A133/235 and C(}rr.l, anne~ If, ABG/Res.'J.4- (XVjJ. ..., ... ~ "" ". . , ..... ....'.' " 24:]'inaI1Y,:w.e addressB'pres$.lJIg !l~peaito the iilier· national community to go ,~v~rythWg;fu .its power. to protect small countries suchasnline -a-gamst'ihe desire for d0JI.1inatiollandhegll!Pqnyof ri9h-,C().I!l'lJ~esl,ike ·Libya. Our OrganlZl1'tionmustass\Jme', itsoblig~tions<and ensUre' for ~llIalico~tljeslilce mU~f;l{hepe~~and' sec~ritYthey R.ecd ,io'~e:!!J with4h~yit~ probl~!'Ils,~}ijch bes~t ~~nt,mun~ly , ·ih.e'fight.aga1l)~t .uriqllr·d~"~lopmenL~d. ~epoverty .~sc~ntuat~dby,t~i~~ff~J'Ut~,9~lJsea!>rPil~j~Cll~t df()ll~t. ·Qha4·.hasenonnl)US',\Jotelltllil, ....bllt.~li-t p!)tentJalrequues ·yast, ~e;an~fQ(its,exploHatil)ll; 'imdaOOY~allitneeds.Pea~, pu,blic,$ecjlrityand tl,leprotllptipn'9ftl].!lUfe andptoperty . p~l)lJrlIeople.y,· . - ,i '-' . . 2~C \\1eWi§hiJl'~!!hicu~~r, tril"~mtniLth.o$,~bfthe gre~t l)ucle~,P9Wllrs",wh.()s.e'.illi:Jr,ests,ar,~'I1l()re.or.less at the foot .0f't,li'e·kjn9·()fa~.sistan~·..<mdthe; ina~s.ive:,¥~p~l.y'of.·tIi~.llIost murderous weapons withwhich'theY pr<>:v~qe:'Jtib¥a,thllt !?y virtue of the, princ:iplesthey defend here, sometiines with neat,t1,leYJ~()lJld.nl)t~~and,()1). th\l c,Q\Jntries wlll.ch ha:veno i ~$()u.rce~aJ~~Jtl!lve, ll~iji,~tt~eIl1~i,cY9fthRs~. whic:hil~ve ·tOo Jllu~J;t.,8J,14\vhc~~\Y~rlil<:e~,~tit~qll.i~, q\i,ite~J~\lI", .as'isthe .'~~~;,\VHh}.i~Y~bYre.~~ve-I~~frie,d:,;jhrA9~h,.We.'. pre~s fue PQrg(Yip9'··Il.e\VsJIi~lLil>ya!'·mfts}~~p,~si9n!$.fm.td"'lir~i.ke '~~i~ri,ij~,)~t~M~ Jq.b.ujl,4~;~~~.lea.rpJljl1t- It .•..~easy to objecti~e of bringing to the negotiatmg table the main parties involved.Rather lan Smith and his clique have been allowed to gain time Md to use every ruse to render inoperative all the positions that do not satisfy them or their accomplices abroad. The delegation of Chad notes with regret the journey made by lan Smith, to the United States, which no doubt will enable Aim·to obtain assistance from' his friends in or,der to implement his "intemal settlement" planand'thus stay in power. The lesson to be drawn from this attitude on the part of lan Smith is that the manaeuvresof' the Powers involved in 'the settlement of the crisis in'Zimbabwe have made it impossible. for them to face their responsibilities; For' its part, Chad has not changed .its position, which. remains constant, and. it 26. To thosa int!:mal and regional problems must be added, another great concem: the constapt threat to the survival of the whole of mankind. I wis1) to' speak of disarmament. . , 27. The unbridled arms race of certain major Powers'has led to the existen~ ofincalculable means ofdestruction on o~rplanet. 28. It was most appropri~te that the General Assembly devoted its tlJnth special session to that disquieting prob· lem. My country considers' that that .se,ssion,. was an important milestone in the disarmament process. It believes that the time has come to orient research on the use of nuclear energy towards peaceful ends and, above all, to invite the great Powers to refrain from imposing those weapons on certain States, as some recent agre~ments indicate is happening. exp~sSes its total 'support for .the Patriotic'Front, which alone is curying·00. a struggle that fUlly meets the desires of the Zimbabwean people. 33. In Namibia the peace agreement arrived at with such great difficulty with the assistance of fiveWestem Powers has been torpedoed by the 'pretoria regime. The plan adopted by the . Security 'CoUilcil4 and resolutions 431 (1978) and 432 (1978) will thus remain dead letters, as usual..It is equally true that Namibia is regarded by the whole iiltemational community as on intemational TerntorY. Therefore' it is .out duty t6 !re,sort' now." toevety possible meanS to implement the decisions of the United 29. One of the criticismswe hear levelled most often at the U ';ed Nations concems its inabiiityto adopt timely, siul\ificant and effective measures to solve world problems. 11uea1S .to .intemational .peace and security which couJ,d have been prevented. under the Charter have frequently I1egenerated into bloody conflicts difficult to contain. Yet, whenever crises. arise, serioUSly endangering the stability of the world,it is g~nerally the United Nations we tumto in the' hope' of.finding solutions.. What deserves criticism, in our view, is the facttbat cQmmondeclsionsresulting from the concerns of the whole communityyiel~in the long run to the' Umited.interestsof SOl1)e, instead of representing a definitive settiement of a particular pro.blem. That is the Nations~in this instance the Programme ofAction adopted at the nin~ specialsessioll[see resolution S~912J. ' .••.. ,.' ' ;.' ';:,,' .""".> :,';'; 34. III South Africa it has become'more and~oreobvious that' not o~yhave our~ecisiC)ns with a'view to "restoring the rights of-the peoples not been implemented b(it the catastrophic situation in which the blacks have ~en placed is being aggravated. There is no daubtthat, with a Vorster asPi'tlsident and a 'Botha 'as Prime. MiJrlster, thearrest~, ,toa1uii; asslaination,'h,ajlgingSin ;prisons aii.d 'machine- 30'\Vhen we consi4ertha reasons that led the nati9ns·tb' ~~!iigofblac~s}il'the streets,'asinSharpe.vi\le ill',1960 "create tIlls.qi~iz~tio~ ..~e:~,nil.that the Unite4.Nations ~d' Sowetciin 1976,willin"rease:'fhe questionis howlong re...!li~s ,a ;f.eryvablabl.ei~struntent for •• satjsfYiJIg the the worldwill putup\¥ithtlieapartheidrligUbe;whose true re~lOn for the persiste~tco.ntradiction betweenthe desire for. peace, £:~~rity ,and co-operation and t~econstan~ d.anger oh general co~flagratiQn. ' '. ,',' .... ',,' ."",' '.' . Jeji~tcJ~iP~t.ions o( ~d.Therefore its'Succe~sO,r jrltentions.areonly too .clear.ThOsewhii,while frequently it.s f...u~s... ~~pef1,d;first·and. fOrel1lo~t on. the.wiay ..•"'e 'Ulv9king human .rights, at the sanie"time refuseto apply·the ell1()lC)y.that iJ.tsflilnlent; To .~itratiC)iuilly w~ mustmake " resoliitions and e sanctions ';against that .regimewill'in't1le ~yery~fT9rt.toen~urethatifs. syst~mandprinciple~,to long run~ar all the conseqlJences of their perfidious ~hich;w!lhayeunllDiljto~t.subscribed, prevailC)ter riyal· attitude; because it is their ,attitude a1on'ethat ensures the rlessteanminR (roWt'S:ifiSh. toneems:1here 'are many' cases survival orthe'apartheid ~giane. " ,,~. ' Which CUl be .ttledonly within the framewotlFbfthe ,. "', ,'. . . , . ., ". ·United.Nationsit'.Viesin~tel)' ~ttoavoidaWllr£~rrno,re3S. '.'In 9ther,partiofthe world'sitliatiol1s'as disqilietingas ·¥y~~ti!!g.Ul"" the~con~Wo:,I~W~·Th~,tiM~haScomethose.;r·Ii.vementioned ·.~~,·.·.stm·'. unresolVed while'the to~!t\lbtJt . . 'Ies!9.n~;(f9l1\.tlaetribul~~ops '¥se~J~g ·pc)pulati~ns'·suffer.On .'theSe '((ueSfions, too; 'Cliadnis .fie th .. efi'·Onre'.~llt:91~sat.'·'oo0f.I· a·.t•.e..·· or,14~ndto~~esteps to ~fe~ard,,~taClopte'lh: Pdsitionwhicll'i,s' t~t8lJrlJDambig!1.o\is,whether , "c>.. ~;<,\.>" " 'iri\heOAO,·th~. Conrerences of;Jibn;'a1igned',coootnes')or " <. , . . .. ·th~;~ni!e~Na~iolis.' i'herefore''it,would;beidle'fortneto >~l~:~~~t~i..~r~iji~.J~~:'ta~®t~~~~~ ~.~~at.~~r,~,~t!~~·~~f-e}.~~~~~,i~~~~~~:~c~.ged, ",;'..:~ m0r.e.sedo..s'.1'he ·t~~ofth:eiUnited~lltionssbouidbenot sUnplyto'lirev~nt'War' 'rnb~iIcirIgout'~r resorting to ~tive~i~ljtr"'tIa~r' . ..Jti~ilito'ei~iliate·i~·'dallke~ ,~'\t.l.~.'~'~pp~i;~(.~~l~~ ~4V:!iV9W':pe..~;rt#:·~til,e; 37. However, considerable progress has been made as regards ways of making the world aware of the situation of those poor.countries. The proclamation of the First United Nations Developrnent Decade and. the first session of UNCTAD were part of that programme, which haS been followed by three more sessions of UNCTAD;theproi::la· mation of the Second Development Decade, the i'i' 'th and seventh special sessions ot the General Assem~ \nd a number of regular sessions of the Assembly an<l., many other organs ofthe United Nations family; . 43. Chad's position on internationalmonetari'problemsis the following. All. countriesshouldparticipateeff~cljvely: and on an equal f()otinginthedecisi0IlS and management of international monetary insti~utions~ That means thaf decisions an,d consultations on monetarY ~\{ittl!rs,. wh.Jcl1. inevitably have an impact. on •. the eC0!i0mic ,!Utd sO!lial development ·of the;thi~dwor:Id,.should no l0l!ger. be lef~,: solely to a small group of countries, even if they aret1J,e. richest,., . " ", ........., 44. It isnowJCe08J;iiZed~ttec}lriologieat.baclcwarcmllSS . widens the already yaWning gap betweerrtlfe developed ari:d' thedevelOi?iJ1gcountries. Takinglldvantage oHheir prpgress in' tIrls..fiela, theriChc()~trles' me the1ransfer of technology 'as .~.. ac~ual b~gaining 'point; and;thi~· 'Is 39. In the field of commodities' the deterioration in the terms of trade, which President Senghor haS rightly called "Ute new black slavery", stillexists. Resolution 93 (VI) of UNCTADs ponc~rning theclntegratedProgrammeth~t was cpnceived '. to solve" theproblein,' still ' C()mes'~ uP'. against d/i:laying tllCtiCS o~ Pt!'. partofrich ,coUntries,particularlyin contfary'to~e relevllD.tprt>\1sipns ofthe.Dechu;atjbn'Oif' the Establisliiilent of a'New lriternatiOlialEconoJIiie Order [resolution 3201 is·jiJ)I, the ChartetofSconorhiclUghts and .Duties of :S~ates [resolution, 3281 (XXIX)!, an4 the Um,a Ik91l\l'a~t~Q im4P.I.a.n <if A,cti.d~ OD liidustrililPe'Velo~~ re~pect of the creation of the comnion fimd,which is its main element, .. ..' ;a..-. 4.0~Weventureto'h6Pl:that the UnitedNationsNegotiatijig Conference' oh .a'(lQnmu)n.Fund '.uIlder th~ 'I:Iitegra~ed Piograrmne for Commodities. which willresume its wone'on:' this.questi<min NQv/i:m\l!lr, will,at lqng ,last fmd a happy S9\'ftJon t9 t!t~,P!9b!efD. ~imilarly, weJl~a~:()ur.hoPl:sin .menl.~.In., this~rineJdon; W~l'laCe·great:ho~i'm'·'th'e'­ forthcoming' United 'Nati9ns"Conference .onSci~~c.e ~d Technolo~ for' Development,m the'preparation of whicH' my c<>.~~~ i~~g a.n:.a~$ive.part~.. '., ~',_ ".,. - .,. :. ,.' '.', > - -..,I. ~. ., • ,',,: ••. .-~;:. ," .45.Co·operation.betwe.en, deveb)pingcoun~rie~hllS'~!'~l ·tliemain.concern o~,~those co~m!'s~~, theiraccll$$i9'1 ~o indePl:ndence. Chad,for its part. is resolutely comm.itte~ to this' course, because we beUeve that strengthentrtgsuch thefi(thse~joQ'QfUN(::TAD,\VIP!?h is to mee~inMllQna n~xt year:tmdwhic!J.sho~ld brn.gin :n~\V elep1ent~. . . ,,,,:,,,:,":.'.."-:,-- "",-, ,;~ :':',;' .·,':'~.-'-'<,/;'"l~~;' J':.~ . ,'-'-'-' ,",,':" ,.. -~ "J..,Whilethedeve.1oping_c9untpeUhe.mselves bear:.tiie maj9~. i;;e~po~~ibi!ity; ..Joi.4ev~~opm"pt:;·e·x~inal .. finilnciat ~is~~ .is.!loneJhe .. le.ssin~pen.§~~le:~egt~t~ably, .Pie Sp,e.rc,l'!lt n.teC'{ 8l;0\V~;",RiCh. theAev;elopmg <:oWltri,e.s we!'9 tohav~llcJ1..:re.d,bythe,end of..tl\eEirs~I>eve'()pm/,lpt c~0Pl:ration.wi111ead the .developingc()untrie~to:w.llI'dSthe.. collective ·autoIl9my.·. thatis;~one:.otthe'very;·,bll$Cs·Qf·UJ.e! new international',ecQIioJIiic:oroero;.:··,;':0;.,;,;<;·/•.:.r'.", 4(i,•. T~ciuii~~. co.~~i~~i~n,ke~~J6,i9~~~l~~fui •.~6~ri!rt~~ f@s withijl th~t ci)Jlte~t. )ithis~o1Jri~~oiiT tnf~~~nt !ktade;ih~k.s;lg. the. tr8ll.sfer of~~t~malJ;e~otir~~!, h~ n~v~r ~~~iia~Jt.i~v~!l:; Vn4erpen~r!d'.As..JClllbb"resol~(f()!1 'IJnj~~4 .·~lltion,'s.Collf.~~.llce~JJ:~[ec~@.;~O-opl',tati~n 26~~ ~V),,:~·.t~et ()f 9'?P!lf.~~t..9('sf.()#:JlatiQIl~ pl'()duct,was~t;for:trllll'sferi.of,pjiblip ~$iStance.J9r a.m,ong,Pevel()~illgi (lq1:'Jltri~~ j~~;.~~t~p',{Q ;:""~~<~ <!~,vel()pme~i~y.Qie..d~~9.I()pel1-,!?q'm~9e.s'tq,·the~~v~(oP,Ing ·whYW~~!.!J?P.9rt; Whllt It:~~9,w·:l>,eell; .llg.re~ ~.. ~l! B\l.eg"O$ ~sfll!!l.o.f ;Acti()~,.z":.: .":" .·.·;~u:.·,\·i .. t; ",; •• ;.::: cowitrie~;btltit ~~~~9Y:2~'19~sthfit;9ta(tjlf2~t,o{()9, Will- ';~".t'~~~i~it/~~ll~~~;(j;: ':~:7 "'.;';= '>";<;',':' i~·s.;e~~~in.fS~iille V"it~ i(~iietis ~Q~/~i~~9/6.~,~~~~ell,~J Deiltlop".eitt;;:Fciurt# SelsijjiJ;.vol;'I;Repott'imd ~nriexei(qnjtcd C!Hiperil.tioii amcillg l)e til lZ-XSi!ptembei'l. " No. E.78;II.A,I·I),19I!ap. I.. .:.; "= N~~9!1li publication, ~es No.. E.76JI.DdOand cOmaendum)j·pilrt c:me'A; ,....,.> ':·;c·,,;:··"'";:::.,i'.';;>/;··?;:··..'.c·· 48. My delegation is disappointed that a procedural impllsse was reached in the Committee's work and that it wu un_ble to qree on the interpretation of its mandate.. The present impasse should not be used as a pretext by some delegations to take the North-8outh dialogue outside the United'Nations. We must devote ourselves to reaching a clear defmition of a new mandate so that the ComlJlittee may carry out· the task of verifying'the implementation of the agreements relating to the establishment of the new international economic order and the task of facilitating economic negotiations. 49. The.international Organization has made considerable progress. Nevertheless, there are still many difficult problems. confronting us and, therefore. urgent efforts are required to ensure tht\t the.appeals of the suffering peoples, of the peaee-lovinB countries, no longer come up against a wall of silence. Ut us. then, use the institutions we have and the .tOols avanable to US to achieve the goal we have been pursuing since the birth ofthe United Nations: justice, lIOa~,sec~rity. co-operation IIld a betterli(e for everyone. U\e.:poWerf\l1 an<l,~eweak. the rich L'ld the poor. so.. Mr. SIN()~ (~ycheUes): First, Sir. 1 offer you the ~..col!&tltUla~ns of my delegati9n on your unanimous electi,QIl to the pre$idency of the.thirty~third session of the GOne.tal ~bly.lt isa well-deserVed honour. reflecting gteatsredi~~il;both you an~your country. 51. 'to. tdt;Kurt \Valdh~im ,mydelegiltion extends its ~re"appreciali9I).fQranoth~r ye.at: of unremitting effort Ql··..·.ex~c~ifu& \h~··.4el1la.ll(ling, 'responsibilities ·of his high~ ot'ft~~(~re~:<;e~~ral., '. . . S~.'}.Iy delegation would like' al!i6 to add itS COngratulationftoth~ofothers'toSolomon' IslllIlds on its itt~~ntofs9Yereign iIldependenc»and admission to this worldbcidY. ' " ,'>3: ..--. 53~ ·)Iy'dele.ation,wish~!l,t\)ifoc;usjts, coiltributi,ontothis, _batG oniliiSInaU'rarigeofquttions~q~eltions it considers tObc,of~cullr importance.indeedof~ntconcern,to the'U;nitedNatiCins and to the'world atllirge and ill need of ~~~~~#~~~~'~~~P~B?~·C:ino~;· .' ;(. ';"·~'t'r()in·'At"ri~. twould tum:tust to. that .. '. ~~keom(~~Jtsbllhasmany prOblemS;b.utthose .ftlj. '~a(jUr·'sra~st~~~tiirel.te to'Zimbabwe·alid '1!l' '. . . .' 'lJWrontY~~stflY"mthera!le"of'llttnan ....·~!1,lti!it9ry.and(ry>~~ .• J.»re~rV~.their ...privllCJed·and (.a;••~ 56. It is regrettable that from month to month hUlldreds of people are killed and thousands suffer deprivation of one kind or another. while the millions who make up the Zimbabwean nation are not permitted the fundamental right of running their own country. 57. It is unfortunate bllt, it now seems. unavoidable that the Patriotic Front will have to prosecute the armed struggle even more vigorously so that the people of Zimbabwe may be liberated and take their rightful plac~in the comity of independent nations. All personsof goodwill had hoped for an early end to the fighting. in Zimbabwe. but that hope now appears to have been vain. Since ·the endeavours of the United Nations as a whole and of individual Member States which have been concerned to settle '.this .problem have been unsuccessful, .one can only pray that. there will be an early and fundamental change of heart on the part of those now in power in Zimbabwe so that the aspirations and rights of all Zimbabweans may be realized. 58. If the Secretary-Genei'al d~sobserVe any.glimmer9f promise in this direction, I trust that he will. even 'at this late hour. renew his earlier efforts to. resolve tltis tortuous problem.F,ul'ther. I appeal to those Governments thatare really' in a position to exert influenCe. by one means or another. on the present regime to do so. so that the errors ofits ways maybe corrected in the quickest way possible. evell at. this late hour. an.dpeaee aJid j1JsUl:!' for.altmay be: achievedin..Zimbabwe. 59;. Namibia is· another large, dark cloud in the African sky. The 'outlook ..'appeared ':to. ,be' distinctly brighter (ollowing the iUnthse,ecial ~~on. wbichtheAssemtily, heldonNamibilfihApril and Maythisyear and, indeed, WltU just a few. ~IlYSllgO. 'o\'lteIlthe SouthAfrican Govemment de.cidedtopress~ ahealHiriitatenilly'alid ·m de'fi8llcc'of tile- UmtediNations)Vith its oWJi programmefbr tllecountry.It isdifficUlttQ'see whatSouth Africa hopes to gain from ~ step. Certainly, it WiUreaptheodi~inofthe international commun1tY~'It. ap~ars to.want .tocreate.anon-repre;; sentative,j;uppet'ijgime; \Vhic~; ineyitablY WiUbecome liIlother~'iRiemitio~31 'leper @,loqaSideits.bantustlPi~. This SOllth Amcan actJ."l:sncanoll1y be·' denounced bec~~it demesthepeople 'ofN~blitheirnglittotrtteself- d~tenriination.·and,milepend~nce~.dW1U:onlY'prolongt11e peri()ctofmi$ery'th'atNanUbra~ii.as suffered. ' . .', .~, . , ".--.' .-~ . 6O.1'heresollltiOJl~dC)pte!lat thespecjal session ofthis ~blX lte-s,qluj;ijn 'S.~~l~l ..sJioyI!l~owb,eimpl!l11lented, '.··s,s.ie.docJin~nt~33/~~IR~~,1(l:hap.vti,arin~~; paras.~~i 61. I now turn to another question, which in part relates to Africa. As we all know, this Assembly,.in resolution 2832 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971, declared the Indian Ocean a zone of peace. That was a positi~e,step in the right direction and in line with action .long advocated by the non-aligned countries. And that. declaration was followed by the establishment of the 4d Hoc Committee on the Indian.Ocean charged with studying the implications of the Declaration. 62. The Committee has stuck admirably to its difficult task over they~ars. As Seychelles is one of the countries m~st directly affected, my, delegation is concerned that some ..of the other States that can only claim a less immediate interest should R\lt have,co-operated as fully and as promptly as thl3Y might have with the Committee in its endeavour to give real and full effect to the 1971 Declaration. 63. There is now an urgent need to convene the long- awaited conference on the Indian Ocean, but we have not yet had the meeting of the littoral and hinterland States of the Indian Ocean, a prerequisite for that conference,as decided at the thirty-second session of the Assentbly {resolution. 32/86}. My delegation urges that. that P1'l1- liminary meeting be convened·.at.the earliest possible.time. Action is required before the Indian Oc!!an qu~stion becomes even knottier and more difficult to unravel. How long can the States of the Indian, Ocean, which are the potential sufferers in a situation.,no~of their own making, tolerate the.build-up ofmilitary forces by the super-Powers when those States could become the victims ofa holocaust brought abouiby that s\lper-Powerrivalry? As Seychelles has made quite clear before, it recognizes that States of.the Indian Ocean have a legitimate right to gullrd and provide for their own interests, ~ut thesl1per.Powersshouid remove theiqllilitary 'presence from the I~dian..ocean, andwllat- ever steps are neces~ to achie~ethiswith the .~inimlJJJl of delay shouldnowbe.taken, inconformity with reS9lutions lIdopted here. . .' . 64. ,'The States ·of the Indian Ocean heard and read that the, sUPer:Powers are: discuSsing the questiQR ~fth~ir militarypre~nceinthe Indian. 0cellll.•We are neither invi~e4 tOPllfticipate'norinfoQ1ledof the outcj)meof those and0ft~chn0lo&y? .J'hesePri~s CQIitinue tori~ethesap1e ~everlind &rllc?iDple,tety~J1.~ffe.cteli'by theJaII'ill the pri(:tls of Olw.materisJll. 'put 4iJiQie~()tm!ID-.4eJ1illll~,~beil prices of.PQfQ¥y ','cOJlUllodities ri~, ",bllt hap'pe..i!~? 11t~ prices ofmapufllcturesrise oncemo1'l1,anllfUUyretl.ectany dl~cu$Sions. ¥et; we,are"tho,;QIJeS whqse territory,&easlpld air ,space.are,. invol¥e.4.• Where is .,the '·consideJiltJonand respect for the rights andinterestsof~l. nlltions, big or SI11all? ". . . . .'.. .. (is.••••There·isan.urgent••Jleed.to••aCtto.nlake'the'ilitdilUt Oce8.P~9ne. ofpellcellfe~f.yllpllMtlet. ~t reirlai.nmereiY 1IR.dmiJo~bleco~cePU~Whicbto paylip·seJ:ViCti.· .' ,. '. 71~'flo"V'caittllis .be·.,~?i'I'helilis",eriStltafthereiS one ~1~,.fot .•~evel?pj!W: (:()wit~es~4:aJiti~e,~fQ{devel~pe~ countries.;lnd'Hlonotne:eato teUthe'ASsenibly who is the (~:•.',f nbW\Yis~'tolld~ett·.·t()·s()lne ••·,ot"tJie.isl~eSh1'the ~p~g,tr.fqr ·'the•· ~ew·lntetriat~9~~.·)3,c9~~JP~~Order, l~r.Ir!h~ f~~ qia.rket i~ sot'f~cie~h>~elt'JDl''tVl1ytlte ~~llt~rnlP'i$S~esmll)' ·~~U.be·,.~,'·fllr,reachPi~.'~poUtJe14 .9M~~ ,But,fi~f'}Sh~rm~eapl)i11tllb:ou.t •the ,New ElirOpllap.'E~H~olllic.C0riun~tY:b~.lIev:el()~(loit$coJilnlon ~Pll~,~~r~·'.gol!ct~lte-epin~'Price~'Of.f'?9~-~iQffs,hi8,l(btit 67., With this simple th/;'ught inmind, let me turn to a few issues of major importance, and let us first consider progress on the mlCTAD Integrated Programnte for Com- modities and its common fund. This 'is,an issue that we in Seychelles can examine froman unbiased viewpoint as we are not a major exporter ofprimarY commodities. In 1976, at the fourth session ofUNCTAD. in Nairobi, agreement was rellched and a firm commitmentwas made to negotiate lI8reements or arrangements on 18 primary commodities and to establish a common,fund to. fmance •.those agree- ments. We,. the developing nations,believedihis to be a major.step forward and a decision that would bring benefit, not only to developing countries,' but also to developed countries, in the form of greater stability in the, world's markets. 68.., What has, happened since' then?. Nex(tonothing has happened, an~ . the developing. nations are faced, with increasing frustration atthe intransigence of the developed countries when. it ,comes to the negoti/.\tion of actual arrangements, Whyis tltisso? My delegation believes that it is simply a case of misguidedpolic:y on the part 'ofthe developed co~ntries.ioPresel'\'e 'what they believe tobe th~ir econornic.self7interest Let, \iSJook at some of the isSues and ~xaritinethe8i'gurnentS.wecontinually bear from some of t}le developed co~ntries. ~9.First, we ·are.told that the rnllrket systllmis the 'best method' offiXing,t>rices,s()th~t llitycomlIlodity:asreement we .reach muitfitUito that system lIRdp.qtSllekOt,,(:hange it. And yet, what. actually happens to the prices ofgoods? ~ttimes of "low, 4em~4"tl].e~rices Jorpi.iJnlifY.coJJl- i1l9111tiesfall dram.atjC;il1y, often-by hllif ,orm0I't'~CPnsider tlle.plightofourbrothersjn Zambialpld'ZlUfe'an~~ow~ theyarellffectll.dby the~ps lIR-d d9wns of the price of ~pper. .' '. ' ..,' .... 7(),~\1t\YbathapIieDsfpthe. price~of rnaJlufacttlfedg~64s ~hllR-8,esinf~w ,~ate!illlprice~.' '. ';, ~~> ' ,.: 13. But the simplest issues can be made complicated when one side merely wishes to prolong the discussion in order to avoid making a real commitment. So I appeal to all the developed countries here' today to stop the time-wasting. We have waited too long. Let us see concrete results before we go to the fifth session of UNCTAD next year. It is really not so difficult once one makes up one's mind. 74. Let me turn now to another area of major importance, and of plltticular relevl\!lce to a small country such as mine, one that is geogrllphically remote and has recently emerged into independence. 'this is the issue of aid and development assistance. There are three areas of particular concern to me: volume, terms, and conditions; Performance on volume by the aid donors we know about all too well. How many countries are anywhere near the 0;7 per cent target? They can be counted (In the fmgers of one hand-excluding the thumb. And some of those countries,albeit with a more enlightened attitude to development assistance, are (i)la- lively small compared with the major developed countries. 15. But look. at the performance ofthe biggest countries.. One wUl find that the biggestand richest countries have ma,de the .least progreSS,•and they still spend far more ~o\lI;ces()n llrms and defence thlll\ they do on helping the poor nations. It is time this,stopped. It 'is my delegation's belief that development assistance· has a major role to play in cl()Sjng thegapbe~Ween rich lll\d poor (:ountries, and that tPe. ~lqsjng ofth.is gllP willmilke a far greater contribution to ~()rld' ~;l~e., security and stability than any amount Qf ~£Iln4iture onarIllS.. ' 76. There,has. ~en SQmf; itnprovelll~ntinthe tenns of aid. .~~:;l.re~graptled to se,e_ that ntOSl donors now give grants instea,!!.of ·lolU!S .to the P09rest CQuntri"s,. and that s.ome coulltries. have realized that the logical conclusion ofthis is that previQus 10lll\stl)'those, S;lll\e countries should now·be G~llverte4t() ~ts,lM whatabo.!Jt those countries,such ~d:9Y own~ thlltdo,w~t,ql,lite fap: into this category~ c~untrl,e,$,f()rwhichthe.; g~lU!tingQf .de,velopment.;l$Sistance il\",<:~I\ij,aljf th(:y~,tl)maketeal progress, but which at the,~!l tigle,jfthey "'IlYet6 a.ccept i9;ll\S, race major d~l>t7~J'Vij)ingpr9.bJem~? 77; .'I:~l,~ve.,l!rll4!~jn~c;~~p.t 1.9.lIDs for. all.develoPlDellt ~~15.~,w.Q~!lIlQt ,CllJI$Ilhar4ship tq tile ai4donors, but \Y.9l,\~~.help;tQ'erJlW.clltehaJ'd~hipf9r.thlt@.cip,ie,pts.This.isa sigll?~e.··aml,PllWJe~.~f9Jl1l,.tlul~,-.v:QuJltl>ringl1l11jOl'.Qenefils~. . "'. ,', --,' ,.',' '7~~;B.,:,:~eyel1fj)~tI!;Q~.c9tm.ries..dtatl\j).w· re~ivegr:tlltS tI!!l~~:isfa'~$ll.eLrir()~.elll"They .ha.~etQ .bu¥ gp9ds;aJI~ ... se,~iet:~ fJ'om,.!fAA~~f;d.j)npr.ltap~Il~:.o ~:·assispq.8}hem irt apaWcpl;i!' .prl)j{~ct:3!1d they are not permitted to.buy . .. . . \ 79. In some areas, progress has been made on the terms of aid. We now receive considerable assistancc from multi- lateral aid institutions on near-grant terms and virtually untied with regard to procurement. Arc those institutions entirely satisfactory? In my delegntion's opinion they arc not, for both the bilateral donors and the multilateral llgencies continue to impose conditions on their develop- ment assistance and to interfere exccssively with our internal policies. We understand, of coursc, that donors have a public to answer to for their expenditure, but how far need this go? Essentially, it comes down to this: they do not trust us and they seem to believe that· We are incompetent. 80. Development assistance ought to be financial aid to developing countries to help them to implement their own development plans and strategies in the way they believe is right for them. Do the aid donors really believe that anyone can know a country better than the people who live and work there? Yet the mesSage seems continually to be that the developed countries know better than we do. We want to develop our countries in our own way, according to our own beliefs, and in a fashion suited to our own particular circumstances. We ask for assistance in achieVing this aim, not for interference with it. 81. I have spoken of two areas where there is little progress so far in iInplementing the New International Economic Order. Let me finally turn to one aspect of the New International Economic Order that we in Seychelles believe to be ofthe utmosUmportartce and where progress has been made. I speak of technical co-operation among developing countries. At the United Nations Conference on Technical Co-operatioll among developing Countries in Buenos Aires'in September this year, a Plan of ActionWas adopt~dthat could oversee the implell\entatiori of this most vital development in world economic relations. Technical co-operation among developing countries can make a trllly significant contribution to theecollomic development of the poor nations-and it will strengthen the individual and collecti",e .self-reliance of developing countries; ltshows thatwe indevelopillgco~lltries'arert;a~y t.ohelp o~uselves and <:ach other, anc! are no.t simply sittfug back expecting presents: We are:illre-adyt\:'workto bring about a:better future for our pe.oples; and for aI~ our brothers land sisters in. ether courttries. ~...:.. 87•. Bu-pet it.be clear what we are talking about,Itis not thecasethatwehav~sPnplyfuv~l\teil.thephrase "tecpnical c.o·()periiQen'.artioilg ~e.v!iIQPillg ..c().IlI}tri~s;' ~am~JWmgless slQganlio£ that it is a flash. of inspiration on the part of sorn~'e~Qnpmi9sprofessot~bouthowto. improv~ things. NO,}l!d\l::ii(;;ijc~·opeiatiQn.am(>l1g4eveloping couDtrieshas beell~j1l(:!,. on::l>r9-:\Utesom~titne no~_ Fp~jnst;m~! i~ S!:ychf'tie£ wli t~lJi\mtllearly h~f Ci).f o.ur recent aidc0I1'lW~~· Illents :h$" tl;~)mw:ll ..cp,operatioll' amQng develo1J~lig,cQuil· tries. And if ~w.dookat the way in wl1ich we have spent our 83. No, the point about technical co-operation among developing countries is that we have all tried it and we all knoW that it works. The significance of the Buenos Aires Conference and of its Plan of Action is that they attempt to establish the means of increasing this co-operation, and of ensuring that whenever a developing country needs assist- ance of some sort it will be available from the most appropriate source, whether this be a developed or a developing country. 84. Therefore there are two major points my delegation wants to make here today about technical co-operation among developing countries. Firsf, if it is to'succeed, then there has to be a central co-ordinating agency where requests, resources .. and available expertise can all be matched together. To achieve this, we believe th.at it is essential that the special unit within UNDP for technical co-operation among developing countries be strengthened, and that adequate resources be made available to the United Nations system as a whole for the implementation of this policy. 8S. Secondly, this policy of technical co-operation among developing countries is not a rejection of the developed countries, nor is it in any way a substitute for other foms of assistance. Technical co-operation among developing countries is complementary to other forms of assistance, and developed couIltries have a significant role to play in its implementation.. We look to the developed countries to co-operate with us in this strategy, and we express the hope that they will make sufficient resources available to ensure Its success. 86. This brings me to the common strand in the three subjects I have been discussing in the context of the New International Economic Order. 87.. 'We in the develop,ingcountries are teady to workhard to' develop our. cOl.lI1tries and. to .improve the lot of our' peoples, but we stand in apositi()n of disadvantage. We fmd the economic .system biased against. us; we have. scant .economicpower; and we arllPoorin fman~~resources.We are.reagyJohlllpourselyes..andeachothei to dev~lop,and all.we ask'is thiifthe developedc()untries assist us in qoing so: to .assist us by paying fai~prices. f()r our products,by accepting our products in their IDarlcl!ts whe!1 they are cheaper than their own progucts, by not burd~ninglIS with excessive debt se.rvice problems, by letting us determiJle our own national policies, and finally by co-operating with us in .helping.develQping countries' t() share their: common expe- rienceand eXPllftise for *ebe!wfit ()f all. 88. .Itise\'ident that the application of presentcrite"ato smaIl island. developing·. CQuntrillS when detenninittg. aid produCllsunreal lUld distorted results. Such States should be recognized~ being ma speciaJ categorybecause oftheir 89. If we can see real progress in these areas we can look forward to a better, fairer, more secure future, not just for the developing countries but for all mankind.

9 During the past year the struggle of the non·aligned peoples and countries, the third-world States and the nations taat love independence and justice has made ever-greater strides. The cause of -defending national independence, State sovereigntY,territorial integrity and the right of peoples to decide for themselves their. own destiny has made great progress. The imperialist and expansionist'big Powers ~d their followers have been engulfed'in greater difficulties in the face of the successive waves of revolutionarY movements, movements for ,national liberation and movements for the defence of the national independence'of peoples the world over. 91. In South-East Asia and in Asia the will for iridepen" dence among peoples has defeated the interference, interventions and plan of expansion of tlie expansionist big Power and its followers. The latter have made an about-face and have~riven to change their attitude towards the South-East ASilitl countries. Before, there was nothing but criticisms,insults and'invective; now' there' is nothing but diplomatic smiles, affability and amiability. But, in face of all these efforts and manoeuvres, the peoples and countries of South-East Asia have remained constantly vigilant. The Sino-Japanese peace and .friendship Treaty,I 0 with its article . against hegemonism,is anew event which .has strengthened the course of history. This clause' against hegeIl1()nism has greatly encouraged and strengthened the struggle in defence,of the iridependenceand peace of the peoples and countries•the world over, and especially those in Asia and the. Pacific_.·The just cause ofthe independent and peaCllftil reunmcation of,the 'Korean niofuerlandand the reas0nable measures pr()po~t:ld'by the Govemmentof the Democratic People'sRepublicl?f Korea inorder to ~olve the Korllan pr()"lem h.ave been a9tively supported' by peoplesthe w\lrld over. The struggle of the coastal countries of theI~dianOcean~d the Red Seaagllinstthe militarypre~I1Ctl ~dth~thf~!l.t~of the imperialist and expansionist hig Powers has also.bt:len strengtheIled. In this Sit!!.llti()I1, when th~ m()vemeIltforin.dependen~is inftill development,Solomo~)Slandsltas.at~Wted independen~ and become a Member. ofo~r ()~~lltion.Wesliou1d1ike to e:x:,press hllre our warm greetings and welcome.. . _,._ . - ',._.. ". .. ......,.,:' .. '.' "'. - .• ., .. ' '.',' ;_ • - ,-.' . . c. ,. ~ .':" •..-.. _ '.',:. 9Z. III .theMidcPeJ;asrthestriJggl~;()(the<p:uestinian ptlopte'an4.lIll the A'nibptl'()ples,toll'xerci~e theitllati~lll¥ , .'. 9 Mr.. Icilg, SarYspokej~ !Iqlm~~.Thc; 'E:n~i~hi ...el~i~l1i~rhis state11lcntWassui?pliep by 'iliedcl~gati~n. '•••.. '., '. '. ..•.• •...••.•" .••. " l0l'Icaty .ofl,'ellceandFric~~s)lip ~t)vcellJap3l1.and the People's R.,cpublic of01ina,sighM at Peking on 1~August1918, . , ,. ',. • .' c- • ," .;" . ~.. . . .' . -, r ,.. ~'. ..'. '. . .'.. -.' .'" ~ti.nl,l~ to l.i&h.t '.be way or their stru8ile. 93. '{he Q.t\'j As",mbly held in Khartoum last July ",Oe'ited the 1;0mRlOn wUl of the 400 mUlion Africans to p",vent all intC!(VenUon ap~ interference on the part of the ~~llionist and.imp'rialist big. Powe~ and their followers. and to be ri}sp4;)nsi~le for their own destiny. The ~oples of Zim~~we, Azania and Namibia. using revolutionll!Y viQ- ~~..~..~~ s~ale. for· in4llpenclenqe 8lld fOr the riaht to ~Q~ck. ~ir own. <le.stiny ~wnst. colonialism. racism and ~thei4, 8!e o.n ",e,ir w.ay tow~ds victory. despite .~" o~a~~$. qre,.tC!4. bY the rivalries of ~ imperialistand ~~si~i~t big Pqwers.. !M. 1'he, S:tru~~t or the co.mltries of I,.atin America to e~er~i~ their. national.rigllts !las ~so ma.de progress. The victo.ry w.~ bY'~a#.IlI..· in ~overing its sovereign right ov.er~ <;:anal is the result of the stu1)bonl struggle waged b¥the ~~iap pctople" It is also the re.sult of the ~4~ty am9n~ 'be PCQplesof ytin America. 95. The peoples of E~ope have had toundergo great s.",f.ferillp,;<J~i.twQ sucqe,ssj,ve world wau kindled by imperi~~. Atp~nt tbeyhave,~ D)ade aware of the ~r, q,f:a ~,)V: W~ffI.S~~ fromtbe.rivalrybelween the ex..~siRnist ~d...irpp;.rill.lj$J bi~ po.wel$ with the aim .of ~. Po..,.~n'Qf· ~~pe; an4 ~fflby d911lina.ting the w.~14:, '(haJ iswhy <luringtbe pas~ ye~the upswing, in the S\ru&&1~:Q.t the.pe~ples, cif E~ope agai.nst,the policy of \le~rii9,nismb~~Q~e.more and.~Qre:dYn~i~, 96. ~ananti.~.loc.; fO{~> fflpre~ntative. of'tbewillfcn m,4Cl~~4inc~"of1lle:st!\!~ID&.peQple~ofthe tbitd wor~~> the· nQn-al.i8ttc:4,II\R~~n~ ."~,always developed. WIth 4Y~~~. In ~lg~!l9~ at. tile. end: of; I~t· J~y the <;~J'ffl~!\~QI ~c;~~~e,~' .for Fo~~ Aff~.~f' Non, ~~e~t<io~mes..c~ed ::tbemiQlo~wyres.o(·mterfe~n~ an,rdivisioll; Qn tile. ;Mf:~ o.fJh~jn)PO.~~~andexp:ansIORlst .~J:lo~e~. aJl4~ tl!e!~ follc)wers.;· .~!L~iUtic\llat.}h!.. Co~. f~rell;~,&.ef!jl~e,dv .tl!~~ atte,~Rts of' .tI1!telC:PaJlSl,o~~t big . ~W!tt, lInd~' i~> foIl9:.ve~, ~ll! wan.ted. to inOflitYthe Princ.•*~ c>f.. non~nt.in.;o!de{tO'fo~th~t nO,I1" ~4::D1Qyeffi'lll;tto:a£~p~.its.i4eg.c>&Y: an~·to ..se~e.lts a~~i.~'~f o.f~~()n.: .~9"~elC:p~.S!on,T.henon~ed c()\ll!~~~;lt:li~Je~~.t.~: ... j:tiye~strUU!~ to prev!nt fu.,~;e~p,~~Q!ii:~t:big:.rC). ...:.j~;J~llowllrsfto~ ~&: aqy~~,0,€~~f~"fu~9~~S~~~9Iiferen(1t}offJeacls:of' :•.~i~~::o~A,Qye!Rm~~~_o.f;~9.n.-~~dJ:gPn.jrj.eli. to·.drJt&.~s ~~~!1!~@t::i~t~J~b!~~,I~!ont~~!~~~':t:~~-:r'=en~i =~~:::~~ .'lQi,,1'!t!l"J?!m!~~nt)~~!!f1,lJl~~ , ••••• ' ••• 0, '.liat:b:=. ·~nieiJt.c.re5ides~inthe 97. Parallel with their struggle to defend and safeguard their independence. sov"reignty and territorial integrity. the peoples all over the world have fought to demand that the imperialist and expansionist big Powers proceed to nuclear and conventional disarmament. They have not been misled by the propaganda of those big Powers because they know full well that it is precisely those big Powers which are over-arming themselves. are carrying out a policy of aggression. expansion and rivalry. are threatening world peal» and security and are preparing for war. The relative peace which prevails in the world at present has been achieved because of the stubborn struggle of peoples all over the world and is not due to the imperialist and expansionist big Powers. 98. The victories won successively by the peoples of the non·aligned cOWltries. the third~world countries and the cOWltries.that love independence and'justice have thrown into· confusion the imperialist and expansionist big Powers. the colonialists. the neo-colonWists1those who believe in aptII'theid. the racists. the~ionists and all the forces of aggression. exploitation and domination. The wUl of the peoples to be further Wlited in solidarity in their struggle has cnished all manoeuvres to sow dissension. The peoples which wage their revolutionary struggle. the struggle for nationalUberation and.the struggle to defend their national indi:pendence have on the basis of equality and mutual respect•.expressed their political and moral encouragement and support of each other and this has strengthened their de.termination to struggle. SuCh reciprocal encouragement and support are powerful material. forces which have routed.all the. criminal activities of the demoniac forces~ 99. This. excellent situation.. is ver:y favo~able for the pursuit of the. struggle ot'thepe.flples of the world•.But itis normal that there should. still be complex problems caused by the' development of the str.uggle.which: briJlgs the revolutionary forces and the forces that favour indepen" <lence. peace and democracy into. opposition to the imperi~ts.expansionists. colonialists.neo-colonialists and countQr-revolutionary forces and'alsocaused most specif. ically by the'C()ntradictions. whiCh arebecomiJIgmore an!! ~orec bit~erbetween the. imperiltUst and expansionist big p..owersthat~a.ve conftonted'eachotherin the .different regions: ofthe. wQrld. At pre~nt.regional wars ai'e still continUin8:h'Lmanyplaces<m~e:world~ T:he~possibility oh .world'Warnlmams2Eated with:suc:1l asitQatiQn the peoples 9tf"tlie:wQrld'bav~;co~stantly increlt$C.d·the~. revolutionary '~lUlce an.d.readiedthemselvesfor alleventualities so1hat the;cause6f~revolution. independence and. democracy may td~~o: .' .' . . ..... ...~~v~oudi.epeQl~rnpl~:h.~ eYeryc oppo~ .. ,', ..tJjrigth~n·the'capseofgen~e ~de~n!leJi~~~d·;P,e~~;~y!.~!\~liuJin.~!~tb!l~liminaUqn o~ ."... Qn~,~:.ve!l·bYme;~)tp~si9i)~~~!lim~,glWst "1)i$:. ... '. '" ..'..t,:t~,e:ett~IlP9SiP9n..lIn!lGQ~cel>ts• 111!c:Ij;;lt$ot6e:,-'~, ". '.' .:,~~.e.~to"4I!PO~4,q!1lt "igPower,the ~pjri~of;;M~~,tl\~:f~c.~llQlelJtm~lt$ures.~d.~ 102. The situation in our country is excellent. 103. The people of Kampuchea,. who were exploited, poor, oppressed, despised and downtrodden for a very long time, have put an end to that dark period forever. Through the glorious victory of 17 April 1975, which marked the total and definitve liberation of Kampuchea, our people, as masters of their country,have taken into their own hands the right to decide themselves their own destiny and that of their country. A new society where equality, justice and genuine democracy prevail, with neither rich nor poor, with neither<an exploiting class nor an exploited class, has been, definitively established in Kampuchea. In their 9!lPilcity as masters of this society our people have enthusiastically waged a struggle to fulfil-their tasks in the new stage of their revolution by establishing an immense and dyn~ic revolutionary mass movementthroughout the whole country. 104. During the past year in the field of national construction, the people ofKarnpucheahave achieved new results. This year the:'total area of1and~ irrigated in'all seasons has reached 700,000he.ctares. Modern agriculture is beginning to develop. The new countryside. has been changing from year to year. Cottage industl'ies, industry in general, mass technology .ancisciencehave begun to take fom.t.progresSIvelyon ,the.basis ofagriculture. The objectfve of the people ofKampuchea is tofulfil the plan ofbtiilding up modern agriculture within 10 to 15 years and industry within 15 to 20 years_ According to the first results achieved this plan will be entirely fulfilled within the framework of a collectivist, sC!cialist .• society which is 90mpletelynewin the history ofmankind. 105. The living' conditions of our people have changed greattyln a.n fields..Corruption, depravity and debauchery have been tota.nyeliminated and have given way to a new, heldthy .'~ciety which is in .keeping with the genuine national traditions of our people. In addition,90 per .cent or the pQpulation,-.iilcluding the poorest. peasants, peasants y,rhoatenotquite so poor, peasants at'anintemlediatestage ofpov.erty and other workerswho formerly lived a life of extreme po~erty, now enjoy livery much improved standard of living, which.is fully guaranteed. All enjoy to 1fiesame ,extenHhe advantages of the revolution and the new'society;all c eat their fIll; all have decent clothing and Shelttir; 'ali have medicines,' medical care and hospitals in each . ~o·operativeand trade union.· All also· have every ()pportunity to i.mprove their culturalleveI. The peoeleare satisfied with the revolution and resolutely defend 'their new regime. . - ' . :lQfi, :rhel'~for!l,is ~uch aregimc.'l good or not?Do~s.social 101. As for those who had an ea.sylife in the old societY__that is, nearly 10 per cent ot:the population__tl1e~~ material living conditionsnaye been cut 40wn more-9rless to the level of eyeryoneintbecotmtry. They I.l8I1therefo.re live like everyone Illse;They participated in the •revolutiol1 for·,they,too; are patriots.,They are,beComing increasingly more aware that it is only under ~ new sQcialregime.that the nation ofKamp!lcheac3!lIiveas, it does today in genuine independence,nation3.lhonouranddignity.M9Jeover"they see that justice and equity prevail and that t1?-e exploitation of man by man does not exist any,moil?Jn,,@S society. They are _increasingly aware that this regime is genuinely democratic, .in accordl!Jlce,with ,their wisl1eSand guarantees'. the .democrati<; ~ghts .•of the p,oor,.,who.·<:on-. stitute the .overwhelmingmajori~"as ,wellaso.f.'llllthe other strata ofsociety. IOS.What i.s the bllsis .of denioc~atic rights? What ,r1~ts hadthepoor~·· the .,old semi"coloniaLaml, semHetidal society. of Kampuchea1" IntheimperiaJist, e~pansionis~3Ild Vietnilme.sesocieties,, where ,the system <{ exploifati~n prevails, what rights have the ,iJPmellse m~jo!ity o( the population, such as the poor'and the w()rkers, iftliey'hilve 110mellJls ,of prod)Jction;1tall? Indee.d"tbeyhave ()I1Ly·the ,right to be exploite4and toseUJhemselves~dtheir labour.. i'hisbeingso, w,here ar~ the ,4eqtQcra~cf,eedoms? They .existollly in"form. and (>fr .• paper..·.AsJor the reactionary.,. exploiting .felJd~~d capitlllist.classes,they have the:right' tQ,exploit,to oppress, tQs~i:~JheDlo.iid of the people, tokilUhelll jnbldirectand cai:n~lJflageclwllYs. They live jnopulence~d ~ffllJ:n~pllidfor br}h§ s~~~t and blood of thepe()ple.Severllllllillionpoorpe:()ple~v~~ misery llnd sufferlllg;theyhav<: I)owo*, they.llie.(orceci,to sell themselves; their sons and their!laught~rs,' andtbeY have no future .at' aIi.. Aridthose .'.whociare'to>struwein order to overthrow ,the regirn~ of exploitationarerepres~d in th~ most atrocious Fascist manner. ' '. ,'l' , 109. In Democratic Kampuchea,wherethereis~~d1­ lectivist regilJIe, the peoplell~emastersQfanthe'Jl1eans'of prQ(iuctiqn. Everypeasitpt isniasterof~e ~cefi~l~~~~ the land.. The. workers are •masters .of . the factori~s.Th~ they. exercisetheri'gb.t of d~cisi~i;l;.J)1ati;l~eIIlen(j8l!d admi9jS!!'oa.tioJl"JPis~.ll!"~~g~!!!!!!l4~!D~Oqrlltic(r:c:e:aQnls"tliCc-., .- genuineguarantee~ of ~-IIt:e as-rearnl~t~rS-~rtJ1~ir;.9,)\fn destil!Y. The 91d,relations ofpro~uctlon' ;md ~xplO,it~tjon and oppression hliVebeen totaIlyabo.lishe~LUllde.r'tlj.~:i1e\\, regime, .the newlndependtmt;,>equ;ll,\.s~cialis1:and\C?l~ lectivist relatiqps andp(oductlonhllve, jleendevelop,eA:,md' strengthened.• The prociuctionbbtainedas.aJ;esurt,o~-:tfi.e sweat and the bl()oci oftbe peopl~j~'ell~irely-w.<tIj~',h.ll,I:l4s ofthe.people,.· . ,, "t1. '\;,;:: . GQ'V~ml.\\'lot.' of'Qomqclatlc Kllm(!uchea, which is to defen.d lW4. bU,il4: u~th.e. COu,otQ' an<h~w'SQCiety and constantly to igUUov~tb~ P',o~t's llvingstandaJds. The Government QfDill)\~{,tw. ~rmlPuQ.~a is constantlycoQj;tlrned to eQ@u,I~. the.·,ln9rlllIl\.cl'mate.rial happiness ofall the people of .~l!IDPu,9.M.a: l\Jl<t i~ WQtking to tttill end. Lt c.onsidelS'. this awbltl., 4.u,.ty tol»a: re\,olu,.UQnaQ' vittl1e and is. mobilizing all ~ n.lU10l.l.\\lfQrces lll\d. the: people to fmOl it. As for the' e~ltitl&. C9l.l,traQi.QUQn!!. we a.rt resolvill&' them ftmdll-· tl)tl\tlUY .tl!rQ\lgb e.d.\l.catiQn: by relying Qn the.'fowes ofthe (;~kGijvis.l~pJA. be.ca~oU(' mQUva.tiQns are reasonable, I~tt~jtl.. l'llla1ilti~· and: known' to e,ve[yon~, for our mo.~~l.ll·Q( nJUQu-'. d~(enl»an~ col1struc.tion and. ofth~ it.!'P(o~e~Dk of't~, p'opl~$ standa{flof livingis powerful. ~,fQr ·tAA.·.e~my·s,agent~wllo ale, o.bstinately fighting .j!!$!t1!~(~~ol1J.u"«m'llli4: tb~{leople ofKampuchea.there ~~a:mt~'t h@l!dJw: o~m: and;~y are isolated.from the ~tion;_tl\!·:PtQP~i!My a{ontmly lUlder th,econ.ttol of' o~~pe.~Ple:.i.who"~'amte,d:with, an· awakened'p<>litical cQO.~i9'!to.e.~ tt'bQl1ong,~~ IllOte.'tbau three' yeaus:oUl')ll:ople..have s\J_q~~tMly, dlt[~1}d~dr·'U!d: s,afe~lU.ded tb.e: in.dependenl», sQVe~~~JYa,l!~t teJJ'itQltallintegtity. o(;o\1tCQuntry; They ~,X~. su,~~~'!Uy·· sQ1\!e.4:· tn.l~,' weigb.ty.andlimPQrtant PQst~ W@tP{oQ!!t~ sl!Gb:~~ thaj;of'foQd.. With.Qlltbegg!ng. from: ~,o~J a§:Vie!:Nlml:"l!$;dj;m~., They'!'!aye-successfully built u~ im.q:d~\!ta.•().Rej;, tlt~jr' CQlmtry ill' fuU~ in4ependence, SQVelej&9~Y'lill..4·~.lf-relim.~lto·Thll.t: hl!J;.~n~achie,ved.thanks: ~~~-tQ: PNpeJ~lejgj;,tslP..p>. b~k tlJ.e: fl1n.damental: and d!.~Ve.,. fllgor",ha.t: ~l.l: thei')ll:opl~. .If' reyoLu:tionlUY ~~!::. h~$t(e.3.Wt tblt U:rnt~d: &.tate:s: imperialist _M9.~it!",t@:I1l9J!ttq!ID:·fi~-ye~lQn~Wllf,'fo(·nationat llQii~~ it;ci$;. b«I~!m~; ~,.enti.@: peOPlei'tQQkpatt in:the ~:v~~!.iP.lli:;M~ p.r~j!mttifKl\QlR.'!che.a;:cllQ:~;self,:s1.lfm:ient .iI!: f~;. de..l!el9.lt., ~t.qugb; H$:Qwn~m~~atlll: and. stru8$le' s~~Y: ~ins,k11!e:; in:!~LVel)tiRll;?alu.l;agg~5Si.Qlt of i;ts: ~M,_Q~.tlQ!\4J>;llJ!-d.:ce~.~iall.SI·a~Ulst;·tJie;'Yietnamese; 'wltiJlD:;; iSi~~!LtlQJ)i$.t:: atld', a: swal}bwet'·of ..•. '. •.....; .eol!;is.:: alWn:tl1~;to.: t~:acnye;c1>ai,tiQipat.ion~in~ ~~< re!~Yl.i9ft. o:t;:'tlle.: Re.QR~a~. a.whE!I~..t~anks:·to:the. fi~Y:~Qi@'::'P!!9P,~ok'~pu,Qhe_ai:d~ply deyote.d:anji· f~JQ~!rCQj1ecjj!isJzre~~.lIDJ,i~~it'SU,l;Cl:.ssfutan~: . . ·:st!!igghtJ~"defC'ihq;.an.d.:bIDl!tll~·the.·CQ.lUltry'in '. .-!l§fY,Jl~£,I1l1'~2re.v.oblti9nll(y movem~nk .~tl!~SQ~~~!.aJ.ij]ltKiiP.DPJlcheit.ciUl::be'nQ le!iSrthan: brilliant,,' .,. . .,.,,~~-~~.. 113'. But the' problem' that our. General Assembly must take· into consideration is: that of detennining whether" Gr not we'have· to le.t the imperialists, expansionists' and their followenc(jn.tinue'to attack, despise and shmder" the'other cOlUltries, interfere' in' the' internal. affairsand violate; the soverefgn.ty of' independent cOlUltries~ MUst we let· them continue; to use' thll' United Natillns' fomm to propagate their' logic: of exploiters, of brigandS. and murderen'-in complete contravention' ofthll' United Nations Chmer'-or not?· 114. Inorder'successfitlly tu buila upa new society and improve. their'standard: of:'liVing, the' }!eople ofKampuchea ha.~8' to: w.' a: stunbomand:.bitterstmggfe' to defend the gains of' the revolution and' of D.'emocratic Kampuchea. Since' 1rAprilI9:TS:; the' date.'whiCli marks' thll'complete and: finallitieEation: ofthat couiltry,. enemies: of all kinds have no.t only slandered and: disparaged' Democratic KlU1111uche~ an<l' its' re.volution: hut they have; also iinplac. ahly. SOI1@1t.to thwart· and' destroy the peaceful efforts of the people oFKimlpucnea}and; the' resmts: that tfieyhave ' achieved.;· us:~ TIle: United: 8.tates, imperialists; who' have' never digeste<Uheir,defeatrhave.,'c.orttinue.dito'foster··the ambition of:re.taking:Kjamp,ucheacand transfonnfug:it on<:e;again: futo a:n.eo:.ColoRY: oCtheiIsi"Their all.tivitie.s: de$i&ne.d·to destl:Qy the.~~~!!"ofthe. re..volption, QffK.ampuchea: have:.all, been' . d~f~ated;: by: tb.~' pe.Qple.: an(il r.eY.Qljlti.onlUY army Qf K;amp~ch~ai.S.in~,tne~midQle.;Qf: 1977: tneit·str.a.~c:(Qrces> Pr*nJ;b!l~, inside;, and) Q"tside.'K.arnpqcnea; t9:foment CQI1~S ~~tQ~ap,d..1overtbr!'lw, ~9l::r.ati!;: Kam.PJlchea UI co!oidinJlt1.9JlnwiUtthe~ atta~~li~"nch~d; fr.Qm outSi!l~,.h~ve colllip,s!;d;: The::-l\QpessoJ:th~ United' ~~te.~. iJnpe.QaAists:to t~e:~ssiO!l~of:~~uche.ajQnl;,e:ag!lin bll.vjt<lieA. a.w:ay. 1:L6~ WOll<jQgbin, a,;p,ar;ill~i diJe.c.tiop with the ~c.tivitiesi of the~U.nit~d.jS.~atessi~w.Qa:Ust~ the,'(iet,llI~:aggre~Qr ami swaU9Yt\eJ:~of;territ9Qe.s,hi,l$;.,carrie9; Qut fey,erishi im4~m~t b'31,bar9~;.;a"t~vit~3,t9.4e§trQ}'I.Qe.m~riltiG:K~p,q~he.~, ~J.jeraflQ,(fI.o..l~~ia.l,r.~s"AJn~ith~··Ch!l.ir. 117:- Tt.Ukretls.9.n,\i~,th~Jl \{ie.!; N!Wl~ haso (Qr ~.IQng~ time. h144 we~t,llndthe Mekong River.delta.Is the VietNam of today any ·different from the Viet Nam of feudal times or.pf the time when it wa'S under the colonililist or imperialist yoke? Is there any change in its ambition withrf;lgard to Kampuchea? The only difference is that the Viet NaIll of today has hidden itself .behindthe so-ealledbanner ·of revolution in order to attack and try to 'take possession of Kampuchea. .In 1930 Viet.Nam founded a par~ to which it .gave the name '''lndo-Chinese ·CommunistParty". Its aim was to create :3 Vietnamese '3ndo·China Fede~ation" ,to re-place the .French "Indo-China Federation", that is, .,to gather lhethreecountr~f;ls in that federation to be .ruled with .a rod of iron by Viet Nam. In that way Viet Nam. would swallow up Kampuchea within a ·giv~n period of time. :But as the .label "Indo-China Pt;deratil,>n" could not achieve the .anticipated results, in 1975 V~et Nam renamed its plan "special friendship and~pecialsolidarity", while maintaining the same objective, that )s,.to m~e Kampuchea.a .puppetofVietNam.The Vietnamese plan is, first of :all, totakilpossession of .Kampuchea .and isub· sequently to extend its. expansion ,over the other countries inSouth£ast Asia. U8. Viet Nam's ambition for ,regional hegemoni~ squares with.the:expansionist'plan in·South~Easl.Asiao( the expansionistb~g Power, which has an .ambition,forwo.dd hegemonism.The principal aim of that expansionist.btg :Power is to dominate Europe, which is the key for itsworld domination.'To that end iLhasstrivento,mobilize all its :main:' strategic forces to .take·possessionof Europe; ,stranglingit from·;the 'Ilorth andthesouth.'Inparalle1·with that, if hasintervene.d in many'countriesin Africa and in the Middle 'East. However, 'as it ,haS wotldambitions, it has ,already trled:severliltimes to dominate Asia through whatit calls ihe"ASianColiective 'Security System".' Within ,that framework:South.;East ASia 'is .the zone thllt it -wants to -dominate .politically, 1Ililitarilyandec6nomically..:MO$t specifically, ·it ~wants to control the sea lanes ,passing through iheMlIlacca.'Straits,which link the' countries .of 'Asia, Europe·and·Africa. In ordf;lf to carty·.out that:l!trategic ,plan, ·the.expansionist big.Powerhasused.;Viet.Nam as its pawninSouth·EastAsia.Niet'Nani ~i.t'l,'"~f,has'. procl~~d (that ,in: 'South~East ASia i1'1S 1:hef'~~;.\\.?' .t"ofthebIQc ,which·it calls i'!sQcialist" ,.,that is,the-;bil'c'.oelongingto·the -expansionistbig,Powef.rThe,madpl;lrsecutionscarried,out . by'Viel1N'am,lIgainst'ChineSf;lnationals,andj,tsfrf;lnzied.and ~iritpertinent·piov.o~tiQns,l)fChina~ongitl!,PPtders,;;iS ,w,~ll .as·the.,ef,foFts .of;the.,ex:pan,§ioni$t,.l>ig,RQ,werto;st~enlrtAen its"naval~age;;aJld"mi&sile;basesin VietNam,,-,all.thQSf;l·.ll!'e ,part.·Df:thecP!a!lt9~en$:j.rcl~~~n<l.,<I'!t1,A~FJnate.:S()ilthii""'Slt .Asia. 'The·,,·nlJIllerous ,Viemamesf;l·divisions,statiQned..i.Qn foreignterritorif;ls .~e ·~!JPpliedpyith~·;,exp.misiQIlist,J:dg Power;.in4~lld,:theY,.Qc.c,ullY.~lItcpuntry,and :~ll jlself,to in'tervemiinothers....", '" ':'. '.",' 120. From 1970 to 1975 the Vietnamese plan to. ,take possession of Kampuchea was defeated ona number of ocpasions,' although. dUring that period the people of Kampuchea had .to deal'with the war of aggresslon of the lJnited States Jmpl;lrialists. After the liberation of Kanipuchea, the Vietnaniesearmy .unceasingly provo~ed incidents along the borders. At the ,beginningof.rurie 1975 Vif;ltNamattackedandoccupied the Koh Way islands belonging to Kampuchea. The world was then beginningto understand the true annexationfstriature of Viet Nam. However, more important tha,nthese border attacks was the fact that Viet Nam and the expansionist big·Power relied on their agents who had been inmtrated into the army and State administration ofKampuchea tofomerit coups,d'etat, overthrow Democratic Kampucheaand .set up a pUppl;lt regime in'Phnom Perih;Theattacks launched Jromoutside by 'the Vietnamese army along the borders were desiglle!lto encourage those accomplices inside and lIlso to sabo.tagethe efforts ·of the 'GovemmentofDemocratic'Kl!1Dpllcheaand to prevent it, fromsQlving itsgreat.post-war.problems and .from.att.ending to the 'national "defen~,althoughthose attacks did not leave aside the,possibility ofenc[oac~g,(jn one.·01' twokilometresofterritoJY .inside'Kampuchea~~ borders. However,that Vietnamese plan hasbeen~feated on :;1 number of occasions, th!lhksto the revolution;ny vigilance of,the people.and· the Revolutic;>nluy Army ,.Qf Kampuphea.· We did notinform thepeopleofthe,wQrld,io.f 'this .at that time becaUSe:we sought tosolv:e thepre>bleIJl pI;lacerully ,in,~ spiritofsolidarity.\VithY,ietNam;butYiet Namtoolc .advanta,geofthistocarry out a ca:npaignpf :odious slander against Democrati.c Kampuch!l.at1irl)~8hl,>ut tlieworld. . 121. In 'the middle 'of 1977\,iet Nam·,exertlldgre,!lt pressure.0riKampuchea Jp. accept the' "special{rienpsmp and,special solidarity" ·thatYlefNa,lIlh;iS,be.en,sll,~s.sfl,1lfu. selling in othf;lrpla:ces.Itlaurtchloidattacksalong:thllgrpl,il)l;l andsf;la borders. ItsaircraftclllTied outsava,ge bombin~ of 1he'~QlI,th"Wf;lst zoneof,~am..p,uch.lla.,Attlie~~eumr'it wa.s;pr~p;uin,g)ts·s~ra~~~~ . for~s ,~p )~~~.fl._iJ~lP,p§~ ;~l!JllPHchea Jightning,attacks'9f,t!,l1l,kiti4t~~ehlli!:6y,the e~~ansio~t·.great,rOWer,in,I~~8In '~1l,ral~~~9?~;:.{\t··~~ ~~dof),,9772 '14Y.:ietJ:1am.lls,~Ai~o~,J.ncJM4:U:~ ::?,e#:~ diyjsipl}s~l~~~~ec,l.l~~e~scalf;li£lcts~f.·.¥\r~i~··iW~:~~~~­ ;!l.iQIl,~$l!i}).~t'~Il1~rllMc,K!ij}J,puc~f;lA. .·.'J;'h.~·.e,J.l'J'~J.:8i$ ,J!pwllf, ,)Vm9}.l::.y~~em~w!pfYiet;'~~:;ip..,9k :PlU;t ;W.~~p'r~p;~J'ati9,1J, Qf~~..P~lUh~C?;I?'e!l tP.1 0/' ir1yltJ~"W~X i~q~ti?""~~9.9kJ~~t~, " ..' l!t -o~tlPJ~~·~~~,~,·~;~~t;ri~~J~~~l~-J~l~_U~~~,'-~~-' ;~~:~~:~:~.;(,~'~~:~~;: J~2.1:Il,>\V_eve~"t.hll .h~tgic·Jie,;gJ~#e>n.~: .A:gpy.' 0.( Kampucheambst judiciously followed ·.the...,line'o'of;the ~?'pI~:~~41r ~r'the ,Com~u.i)~i"~",·/ ':pu'6y w~gev~ry»,hereanesselifial1y. '. 'liiid" . '.~Qh~€nti9113J :w,!li:i~:~e$~roY;~.1te,,·'~i "..... iti'~flnt~ Commi*tee w~iCl1led to their .p:rSonl1ly or~~,withdieirrem~nin~ ,~ents in Kampuchea~ a coupd'6..taimedo~ce~at overthrowing Democratic lCImp,.ch~a,Thiswu towards the "ndofMay 1978. 1Io,""t,· Viet NIIIlWu.once· apin•most . i8nominiously ~feated~ ,Sbi~th~ IftiCldle of 1978 Yiet ;~arilhisbcien d#ventC) thesfiategy of thepr~tractedpeople:swaragilinst Kampuchea. a.striltegy whichwnt eXhaust more Vietnamese forcU lIIiIitarily,JIC)liticllly and economical~y;.!iS well as intolnation~y. 1U)til such time as. it is annihifated,if it perus.. in itllg(lSslon against Kampuchea. .. . . .' . ' - -, -- '''" ~23. 'lathe rtabt qlUnsttheVietnameM ICtsof.essiQ~ md.annexation the people and the Revolutionary Army of Kampucheahave overcome 111 obStacles~ they have firmly aclheredto'theposition .ofindependence,:,soverei8nty, .If~relilnceand ,coptroloftheir own destinyintJielt country. Tbeyhave; endured 111 difficulties and.accepted InanY·sacrifices. This is a noble national task. that 1hey have to. 'carry,out. Our. Pf!ople and Qur RevolutionarY Anny of KIIIlPuchea:ha~ qlade allC)fthe.sulcrifices in the sacre4 mte"stlC)four~untry; for the mdependence•.s()ve~ipty aDciterritorill ;integrityof'J)emOcraticKampucheaand thei~<rishtt()collttohtheit .0wndestinY.ThlltJ$unquestiollable:lfth'pe()pl~,ofKampuchea. had not heldhigb,tile bIilnerof:indf!JICndencei nationalhonou[ and .dipity. if ~eY:(had'llotstruBB1.dwiih·determination to tear,downtlle ~~r ~)fL'a~on ~d~JlIlnex.ationF the ,.bannerof --lndOoChin, .F~eration"and"the;banner.,ofhe&el110nism, Whai"ou'd'lla~ :~n;the, siJuatil)n,inSo,uth.East·Asi.8,anci lnAsia •.a-.vllo1e? •the.·expaI'lsi()l)ist,.big'power;and .the annexation~~ 'llftd)erritoQ'~l1Iciwing Viet .. Nam would ....~.~neVen·moJe,;~giji.lJld'PresumptuousIlMth.y ''''QlIIdlllve.~nfillued •.·theiiexjlllnsi()nin· South-~ti\tAsia .. ;~c)nseq1JlIltlytJl~.'·inte~stof'mali)'.''';~()Untries'ofAsiB. :Afrt~~,~Ut'~ ...d'~ricawould bave~uffered.,; '. . -" '-'-'~';~"E <;,i:(:; ',-;~.,.' th~ Vietnamese administration. Insei:unty isgrowirigm SC?,.th Yi.~ ,N~' arid is reaching the norihern.part' of the coun.trY~ In the' ihtemitionlll'ir.a tbepeoples ofthe wodd hllve clearlydiscemed the perfidious and hYpoqrltical 'face of the aBSrealibl', Vie" Naril;which is an llIignedcountry and an iflStrumeri.t,~f theex:pailsio!;'ist'big:p~wer. .' ,i" . ' , ", ; , ~, 126•.'Foreign and .. United;.Nationiaid has ·beeil .uSed directly orindirectlr bY,VietNam tamaintainand develop itsforcessC) as',tocany on ;ituggression against Kamp~chea and thereaftertocontinueitsexpiriSion in South-EutAsia. An increasingnumber'~f. 'cOuntries liren~waskingthem.: ~Ivesthe. folIoWingguestions:WllI not the cO'operitian and themoral, politic,al,diplorilatic,'econoinicand rmancial assistance they give. to •Vie!·Narri help' VietNam totalee posSession. 'of South-~astAsia?'..\y'iII ..they not serVe 'the strategy'oftl:te ~xPllll~oniStbigPowei"inSQuth-East ASia and in Asia afawbole? Viet' Naniis receivingiid'froin various sources; but ~s' dQe~riotmean that it is mdependent}ts master, tlje e~parisi()nist big Power, has told it to receive such:'iid. for'thatPow~rhasnor!l~ougtl'bie"d for iuelfand 'tIierefo~ is not'llbleto.givt'Viet Nam enoup aSsistance:'The :cauntiies'and 'iiitematioii8l'organizttions which have .given ai~L~o Viet Nam ~"becoming'Riore cautiousanda.rereConSide~ringthe, question oftlleiraid. At p~~nt'VietNami"'~ing t()'J1lislead yarious countries by begging' tJieql foi<aid on its krieescwhichitusesto slrengthen'its,'forces aild'continu~ itsll88resSion against !'liJnP~l:hea; , "', '<i..r; ••' .' ... ..~ ,tn.lkfore .itiw~deCeat~d in its aF~i~1l ~~t I<lmp~.~1l.ell. Vief1ll8l)1 cwas }/ery. arr()gaJlt'.. an(l ;pr!ls~p. ·tuo~~It1Jl'8.88e<laboutlli.eJlC)\y~l' ofits a,myllOd. ~~8ased . in: threats .andinswtsag~!tl!t.th~countri~s ·ofSo)lth~t;:ut :t\$ill;;But since medefe.atsthe)' lIyCfere4Qn.6Janu~; ~~!7~ .. an~duijn~theentirerl1'SJ half Qf J97~. Ui!l,e~Plll\sio~tJlig P,C)wer,~c1 Viet llJ~•. ~1l~,b!!Cln'f()l'~c1i1)to;,a 1OO~l'c.en~ ,,~g~iJttlij!ir ~t.sY;[ d,le~ ,taa..i.<:s~4,tIi~1tat~tpcie ~watd~itht!! 401Ultriel!Q(S()g~~~8$t Asia.,~f()re. ,f()r, them. ,lI1Iw~.b.Mn()w. 111 is g()04.. TbeY·llietryigg.t():~. gut diplomllti~,mlll\~~vresQl;SO,ut,h·East:Asia,an4.litce;a.cat ·':~t:pulb.itl its ,cl~ws; .dteY.are'llltsllli1~s~ i.'i'b~iro~je~tive~ torid~t1lernselves ofijle.guilt forth.eil'~r!J~on;llpins~ ~puchea'an!lJor ·itteinslij~"they hay;e,:Il~d~d,g~t1lt!l·. SQJi~~E!l5tAs~co~tl'ie~,an4theYaiJn~SCJ at; ~11lti118 ~P9~~~'frO,JIl'the~9theJ~~tn!l$:·iJl::So1Jth·~~i·,@iI. sytr9UJl<lin~"itJ~omibe.~(tSCJ'thaf:whellthe.situ.tion·is ;f.,,()~ble·to}~eRl.~~¥'~lIR'Ja~ch.newj~e;sCjl~'lit~~ jpi,._, ;K~puclie!i;)'Fh~'diploJJiatic...·mllDoeJivtes,:of yiet ~.m..llIl4.pan~Clnist'big?Po~e(·:llr.e;,lllJ,toaobYio)g '1bey,hav~, '. ..~tJefo,~>!theY'{~ba.ve{beeJl <#i~4>,c)Qt; ,. ...c.e~pf;~8'peQplesQfSouth.~ ..t~~. ".., ..... . ....•,.... ~\.Va!e!~f:tIiei.· ...' . g$'Jla~;C)£:Y'~t.N8in i~do (' e:~~piilsioiiis!..~igJ~o r,. . ~."L"';\,;." .. 'l)8.·.·rtikia1fQttii~~Ssii>n~~;th~,vitthl'J1i~~()~ willJlexe~ ~~Y.·Thllti~th~}e~onOf~tQIy .:': ....." ...•<..•....,- J~~l::'~~:, ;.lfpl~o·'· ··;Ycbe~'i\?~t'iJ~YtS·uieib'Pe~ .m 6riltr,~td .,. ", 6i1lieiJ}:theii"1une'iand':(orceS1o - - . ,';?' ., -, - -,- :- .--- ','. - '. - :, " i ~ith it. Such are the coilditons ofViet Nam, which, on the one hand, wants to force Kampuchea to capitulate and come under its yoke and, on. the other, wants to hide its face of an agg(Cssor and swallower of territories, to mislead "orld public opinion and to legalize its acts of aggression and annexation in the wOrld's eyeil. If tt.e problem created by the Vietnamese aggression against Kampuchea has not been solved, it is not because there has been no negotiation or intermediary. From 1970 to 1977, before as well as after liberation, negotiations between Kampuchea andViet Nam took place almost lOO times, at the summit as well as at the level of the Central Committee, in the revolutionary uases of Kampuchea, in Hanoi and in Phnom Penh. Moreover, many negotiations were held along the borders at the level of the .zone,regional and 'district committees. But the problem could not be solved. Solving the problem would require eliminating the root~that is, eliminating the Vietnamese ambition to swallow up Kampucheaand the VietnameSC"strategy ofan "Indo-China Federation". 134. In such a situation, the people and the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea are maintaining their vigilance ata high pitch. They are closely united with theC0mJ1lunist Party of Kampucllea, led byCQmrade Secretary Pol Pot, in their resolute struggle to defend Democratic Kampuchea and ensure that it wiUlive forever. 135. ,The present struggle of the people of Kampuchea cannot be separated from the, struggle. of the peoples the world OVllr. ,The people and Government .of [)emocratic Xampuchea continue to mobilize all their physical' and Jloral .force, to express .their .solidarity with and their support for the revolutionary struggles, ,the struggles for national lioorationandthe struggle~ for <the defen~ of nationalindepetldence that are being waged bythepe()ples the world over, thenon·aligned countries, the thirdtwodd countries; and, ,-1·.the countries that ,loV,e indepen!lence, peace and justice. Al()ng' sideoureff()rtsto defendl!Jld buildup our country so that itcan be rapi41ystreng!hened and developeil, dUring ,the ,new stage of the revolution. we cO:lsider,this solidarity andsupport to be a noble duty.()I}r country is small,.()ur people are still'poor; they havejllSt 'c()me outofadevastating war~dstillhaVetofacethe war of aggression byVietNam.tlQwever; thil~ may be,weshllll \!so, all our 'possibiliti~s andcap&b.ilitiestodernonstrat~oUI' support,especially in the moraifieldan!l inthedetermination to'struggleagainstimperialism.expansionisn,l;Olonialism,neo-eolonialism,racisR!,.apqrthfid.andzionjsm•. 131. If Viet Namwere immediately to cease its aggression agP.;lll:t Kampuchea. the War would automatically stop. If Viet .Nam were to respect the independence, sovereignty an~ territorial integrity of Kampuchea and abandon its strategy 'ofan"lndooChinaFederation" and the annexation ofKarnpuchea, if itwere to do that .by means of concrete acts, in' conf()rmity with the principles ,of non.alignment, the Pancha Silaanci the United Nations €harter, then friendship between the two cQuntries; Kampuchea and Viet Nam, and between the. two peoples,. would be. born automatically' and would be developerl and strengthened .. progressively.'The Govemmellt of Democratic Kampuchea has .already .put' fcrward this position. on ,a number'of occasions. 132; In June 1975, during thevi~it of~e top dele,gatioll of :the Communist Party of Kampu,qllea to Hanoi,the Kampucheanside officjallyproposed to the Vie,tmpnese side that-a treaty ()ffriendship and npn·aggression be signed between-tile twocountries,ButtheVietnames~.$ided,id,not 'take this pr()posal into CQn~'de,ratipn. and.!lid notr~sp()nd to this gesture 'of goociwilLonJhepart ()f i{arnpuchea. Despite that,if' today,Viet~llDl\Vereta ~8$e its.,awession against Kampucheaandt()agreetp respecttlleind,ependence, sove,reignty ·andterritprialintegri~y:ofK.ampuche,a, and ,if it. weret() do that by.means.ofCQnqreteact~"the Qovernrnent oCDemoqraticKampuchea would. propose 'once'agairi Jo _~Viet·Nam.that·. atrelltyoNrielldshi~,and 136. Thep~obl~lIl\Vhichi~bllfort'thisse.~iQn~fthe Generat·.•·Assernbly,as. ,it.ljas~n.PefC)re.ot1lersc:ssiC)ns, is the f()1l0wing.Mustaltthese,9,ellloniac forceS be alI()we!i to cast asl~1' _()nl!Jl4c!e,~~roy~ei.'4~pe9~l!ce" soyerei~ty, territotial~tllgriWand ,unjly9fvlttiouscoUt!tries,in .the \V()rltl, .t1J~o_wc:ljssensi()n ~c;l Jo,tl'l'lllple underJ()()Lthe inalienab'e,right.Qfthe• IJI'Ppl~s:to 4ec;ilietheiro\Vn destiny?, ,'. , :. ,',.' -. . .' '.'·.c ;~, ·137. '.Tak~,(()r'l,{~ple,the, K.Q~ari.Pl1)blel1l,l}1j~i~.~e GenIRl!l A$selllbly:ad,()pt~4"~~luJio!l.~~9c(),Bi~)~.'l'he (:;Qvemmen.t .~fllteQemoql'~ti.cP~.Qple,'s~eiPubUC:Qf,K.()~~, ., un!lerthele!l4e,rship,.()fcfre~ide,l!i K.irn.H~tmg,pl'()p()~d .-~l'tainreas()nable"neasure~t()',s()lvet1leJ(()re~,PI'~~lem n.!;)D';llggre~il)ri \)e' '.signed·i·The ·high.rank,ing\l~a4ei'll'_of DernQcraticJ{arnpuchea,will Srign this tl'C"aty.e,itlilll'tn .. Rhnom:p~nhor.iri, Han()l;.brelsewhere;ifVi~t Nam.shows 138. Another example is.that of WalvisBay. which is an integral part ofNamibia. There should be no ambiguity that would make it possible for the colonialistsand racists of South Africa to continue to control that port. Namibia has to be independent ,in the enjoymentof its territorial integrity. We have always resolutely supported the struggles of the peoples of Zimbabwe. Namibia and Azania for independence and the right of those peoples to decide their own destiny. 139. The independence, unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of each couiltry and the right of each people to decide its own destiny are sacred and inalienable. 140. We think that our General Assembly can carry out its task only if it stands firmly on the side ef the peoples Which are struggling and resolutely opposes all acts of expansion or disSension directed against a country and all acts that cast a s!ur on its iridependence. ., 141. We have always firmly supported the struggle of the Palestinian people and of all the Arab peoples. We underst;mdperfectlywellthe struggle against Israeli zionism. for, at present·our people are shedding their blood topreventViet Nam· from annexing and swallowing ,Kampuchea'sterritoryand exterminating the Kampuchean .rilce&S the Israeli Zionists have acted against the Palestinian people and· annexed Arab territories. The· true nature of Viei Namisidentical to that of zionism. The Pales1inian peoplemust.be.allowed.to exercise their national rights, in particUlar-the rlgliftilreturn·tolive in their,motherland, the right to decide their'own destiny and the right to create an . iJillependentState'on Palestinian land. The Arab territories 'mustbe returnedto·the Arab countries. '142. We have alwaysresoltltely supported the struggles of ,the.,.peoples ·ofASia; Africa,and Latin Americafor,independence, sovereigno/, territ90"ip.tegrity, ,for their right to ilecltietheir! own>destiny, for themselves, and for· the "establishmenfOfa.new,intemationaleconQmic ordf.lr. 143." In. asitulltioll where UleIorces'ofthe imperialistand ~xJ)ansioni$tbirjPoWf.lrshave1>eenevernvher~attackedand ~ysed!bt~~~QpleS thewC)~I~.over.. t~stl'uggletc) > defendand's~fegua~(Lindepenl'ierice,s,Qvereigntyandtf.lrri. , .•~torialinte~ty aJl~.the right .'to •decitie .onf.l'sown destiny ,,. ".. )l~cQlltin\1e(t tC)deve~()p pr,?gres~vely.The •people of ','{(am.~Y'cJtea." ·~hoare~edIiJ~g.·thf.lir,bloOd.sothaf the ':b~!1ltrs'Qf'nati(jIla1'Ut(\e~m!encernationallionourand ,'(ljgIliiY 'itl~Y81w~Y$'Qylifgh~ver-tlil,lsoil!lf Democratic ,..:Kjgipuc~e'a,are .•r~9IuteWiJiS9liijllritywithtltestruggleof, th,,'pe'()Pkl$ the Vic9rl(\'overfor the triurnJlh ofthe cause of . . .. -",,,.. - .'.. " ",' ",- ,', ," '-' . '. ,'- - . . -

Mr. President, it is especially gratifying to my country to greet and to congratulate you upon your election as President ofthe General Assembly of the United Nations at its thirty-third session. Mr. Indalecio Lievano Aguirre, whom I have had the honour to succeed as Minister for Foreign Affairs, is a distinguished Colombian singularly well endowed by his training and character for the conduct of diplomatic affaits. His election to the presidency of the highest international forum is a recognition of his praiseworthy activity in that field. With his election, the people and Government of Colombia feel honoured. 146. My country has consistently given its support to those international organizations which seek to preserve peace and security and to develop co-operation in all spheres. It may be said that our countty emerged into independent life calling for the united efforts of its Uberators to protect the recently won independence of our hemisphere. Then, as now, we reaffirmed our sincere conviction that the best guarantee of self-determination of peoples is to be found in s1~engthening of an international regulatory order so as to defeat the new and refined forms of domination which today subjugate medium-sized and small nations. 147. Since the creation of the United Nations and the Organization of American States, successive Colombian Governments have expressed their unequivocal will to turn all endeavours for peace into a-common taSk and duly to shoulder their share of the ,esponsibilities that each new sit~atioli has imposed. 148. The Government of the neW Ptesidentof the Republic, JUlio Cesar Turbay Ayala, notes with concern the attempts that have been made to transfer to other forums than those established for the purpose the consideration of many of the conflicts that threaten s.ecupfY amongnati(;ms. 'Fhe desire, particularly in the case of the United Nations, to take control again over situations that'have been slipping away from it should become a driving force for all Members of·theOrganization. In me light of thesf.l considerations, Coloml>iahas always sympathetically viewed the ideas put forWard in this body al1'dwillseekto strengthen the role of :,the United Nations, either:by changing the structure ·ofthe Charte'ror by developing its precepts through specific but parallel instruments. The problems that have come to the fore'in our time, and which combine political, economic \an(\ sOc1al factors, compel us to think that dIe legalor.det ' eJaboratedin 1945 has been overtaken by eventS. No "regulat()ryr6gime, if it purports .tobethe expression-of 'ex.istillgsocial reality,can rf.lmaill static or it will!ose its effectiveness. Thus, it would be desir~ble to speed up the ISO. There would be more promising prospects of solving the Middle East problem, so fraught with anguishing forbodmgs, if we reverted to the spirit and letter of resolution 242 (1967), adopted by the Security Council on 22 November.I967, which condenses what is still, 10 years .after its adoption, a good point of departure for ensuring peace in the region. 151. Since the creation of the United Nations, Colombia has maintained a balanced and equitable p08ition with respect to the Middle East problem. The elements embodied in the resolution that I have just mentioned imply recognition of the inalienable rightof the Palestinian people to self-determination; the inadmissibility ofthe acquisition of territory by force; the withdrawal of Israeli troops from all the occupied territories; the terminll;tion of all states of belligerency; and respect for and recognition of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and its right to live in peace within secure",and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force~ln this context, and as a first step towards the implemelltation of those elements, my Government has noted as a constructive achievement the Camp David agreements between the Presidents of the United States an!! Egypt and the Prime Minister of IsraeLI I The recent Security Council resolution on Lebanon, resolution 436 (1978) is another important,step forward. . 152. New Security Council decisions and new General Assembly resolutions that might be adopted or formulated this year would be _received by internationalpublic opinion as the best response to the vigilance we demand of the United Nations in the exe.rcise of all the functionsJhat fall within its institutional framework. 153. Similarly, the Colombian Government attaches partic1,1larimportanceto all attempts to. ex:pediteagreements on disarmament and the limitation. of means of mass destructipn. There is nQ doubt that thepolicyof detente put into effect by the great Powers slowed down .the arms race. The sophisticated nature of certaiii types of missiles and new scientific discoveries to'improve them counsel us not' only to contribute •to detente among.the ,great ~owers but to strive'to ensure that it extends to other areas of the world whichthat detente has not yet reached. 154. The proliferation ofweapons not only could result in a nuclear holocaust but affects the development process of 11 A Framework for. Peace in the. Middle Ea~t,Agreed at Camp David,' and Fram.~work .for_thc Conclusion. of'a Peace Treaty betwcen Egypt and Israel, signed at 'V!lshijigtonorti7 Sejlt~inhcr 1978. ' . 155. In his inaugural address President Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala emphasiz~d how important it was for Colomb.ia to play an active part in the preparation of the ,new .international economic order.. This implies, .first,. that we strengthen diplomatic and trade relations with the countries of the third world and that in the various international forums we help to reinforce their positions while creating new ties with nations that are necessarily engaged in the task of overcoming the external factors that condition their progress. Perhaps the first and most important aspect is the technological one, which has become the new dividingline between the very poor and the very rich. The changes that have occurred as a result of the displacement of fmancial resources in the past·decade have shown clearly that the acquisition of technology has become in our time the most costly and dominant element diViding nations,and is tJle key to the liberation of the developing world.· The best programme for the developing world is the transfer of scientific knowledge, the exchange of information, so far as possible, and the conception of the new order notasa mere system of financial mechanisms but rather as a concrete opportunity for the acquisition of science and technological resources. 156. The ~ndertaking of the third world,-with which the Colombian Government wishes to'identify itself further, is not only to act to protect raw materials and to prom.ote the expansion of trade and new sources of finance but to participate in making the big decisions on,monetl'.ry policy that so decisively affects the domestic situation in. all countries. 157. The new international economic order shQuld prevent spectacular falls in the prices of primary commodities, on whose stability peace among nations depends to a large degree. The unquestionable. relationship between security, both internal and extemal"and the equitaJ>le price Qf primary'commodities has been slfown .Ql),numerouso;:casions. A people condemned to live in squalor and. poverty cannot prevent the spread.ofdiscontentam.ong thepopulation, discontentthaVcaneasily explode into a conflict ~th international·repercussions. The paralle1between:,adequate terms of trade and world security<isthe new dimension in relations between :the industrialized •countries and .the producers ofprimary commodities,and tlienec~ssarypoint Qf departure for the economic claims that the third ,,!orld so justly makes. " '. . '.< . k:~; .'158. tlteresulrtption ofthe North-South dill1ogue,desp;te 'the set-backs it suffered in'.the l~t atte.mptsto.continue"it, 'is anotlrergoal 'in the. achievement'·of-wliicnwe Should unreservedly co-operate,although we would prefetinal'Us b.ase be exte,ndedand that itbepla~qsquarelywithinthe " framework oftne UmtedI'iiltlOns.>: . i.,'. . . ., . . 159. Colombia. co-operatedinthe.WQ~k.pftheTfi1f<;l United Nations Conference ,',on .... the Lllwof.the Sea;, the. fflfJl.t~n 2749 (kXY), .,...11; Despite the interest of i!'ifty' Governments in speeding up the! completion of the Corifei'!nce,we ~OW' hear with alirnttheilirtouncemellt by li6mt Poweri'.of theil' posSible' unnatenl exploitatiort of whit' i., telltded is an itea reserved for the bellefit of all peoPIM. i wiih not only to insIst hete Ofi the need to proteot the mOI'i(orlum thit we achieved OIl the exploitatlOnof the sei-bed ilid ocean noot but to warn or the risks et' eltceiSivedelay in the negotiationiWithin the Confelfrice,WhiCh miy well thwut oUl' attempts to create i new COde of thtIsea, iIi.instrument that would prevent a new COlonization of the seas ilid oceanS. 160, As ColoJribiatias stated ~fote the Unitod Nations, ~~. iiitemitl«!nil communitY should delay no longer a legal defiliitlon of . outer space .andofgeo-statlonary space comm~iCations, because the eXJlOriments We have seen, i1ftdfOiiMibledevelopmelltll m the Ilext few years, hilhliiht·.li"'ifiCiRt lacunie.,n the .existing agreements for thtifexploi~ation ilidpeaceful utilization. Indeed, u you itited, Mt, Pteiident; dUMg the thirtieth sesSion of this Aiilmbly inyout· cipicityiS Foreign Mirtister ofColombia, th6Wqletments do not take into account the exploitation ~ the jeo-itatioriiiY orbit fot pront, or the juridically and phyiiCilly .immut,able .existencleof the .gments of that ~ttiit: pefiilifieiltly t«lCited within the space of the equat6tiilStitesj (6 which yoU added later: i't0l6riiti{i does not objeot to free orbital transit or to C6mmu~icitibils •t, is ton. is thOse devices ply the tetfl~~tiit ikt ill a8.!'aVitatlonil fti8ht, from any practical h.'IIh' t6 iiifmi(Y,Butacleit exception is to be made in tfte.• of deviceswtuch ate to be Rxed on asegment of thtiintitiooiwyorbit; ,"',u t6hTheOowmment of Prci..derit JUllo C6"r Turbay Ayit~ liUtlWii(UU suPliOtt to thitposition so 11 to protect I ftitutil. relOU* wtdchitlocat.dowr the temtory of eqij~~6tfil'd4lve(opltil co1irtti'ie' j !n keeping with the spirit 6fGiMM' Aliletnbty·. tesolutlor. •..• 2692 (XXV), entitled ~lftfiliiiientlOvereljl'ltY(jYet ilatuti1 i'eiOuttelofdeveloplfiIcaUfitfles ifid,eltplris~ otdomestlc sout<le.of ac- ;c~UI.ti6i!for etononUe -development" mdwith the ~ef _6f< BConoml~ Rights and Dutiet of:State.proc1ibMdbYthe Allemb1y in its i'esolutlQfi 3281(XXIX). 16~~.Thifik8 to .~.i~ppottot a largemajQrilyof d.tl."cmi.ili .th'-lJilttejJ.~itions;..th'lileillbedllip .of\he -,tt-9ft J1iei fut Uses~f()uterS~a~;"u ,'¥i,ulI!Jn.' 9~Bl:III otcler,JQgiyeadequate '" ._ _. .~·4o:the a~~jnteteiQ· Of theequatotial ~ '.«'.' ". '. ; •• ;..'., '.. J6):'W.··.·~nlidtlt,Ui.f,d\.c.;j~.e~.ip~~O,f ..$i)'ce ~ot!itY~alte~itI\teratiYethepr()BtelSive 4evelopment 165. The protection of human rights is one of the objectives of the United Nation. moll often repeated in the Charter and in various resolutions ·of United Natlollll bodies and specialized agencies. There is, no doubt, " close link between peace and the protection of human freedom. Disregard for the most elementary guarantees of the right. of the invidivual unleashes conflicts transcending national boundaries and weakening harmony among States. The philosophy conclensed in the United Nation. Charter concerning the duty to preserve and protect the fundamental rights of the individual, must be lOgarded as an obligation on each of the Members of the Organization, and as a concomitant raised to the status of an imperative rule in the law of peoples. Respect for human rights, which are regarded IS part of the Jus cogens, has become compulsory for all Governments and peoples on earth. 166. Those who drafted the San Francisco Charter and subscribed to it as founding Members, as weil as those States which have subsequently joined the Orgauization, are convinced that, without the obllgatioll to protect life and the dignity and well-being of peoples, thellnited Nations would lack stature and a very raison d'lStre. '. 167. For that reuon, the 1948 UniverSal Declaration of Human Rights has been supplemented by many instruments in order. to endow it with the means to make it binding. Among them, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its Optional Protoc()1 represent perhaps the most daring and advanced effort to date. The diversity of circumstances and the imperative need to draw a .distinction between pr~dures for the safeguarding ofcivil and political rights and .those for economic, social and cUltu.raI rights have led to· the concbision that in this .area we cannot have, one single procedure;tather, we must establish multiple and parallel means of recourse. 168. The International Convention Oil the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Disr.rimination, {resoluton2i06 A (XXJ, annul; as well •.as the special pr.ocedures d~veJoped in the. s~cial~d a~ncies,such as uNEsco andthe,lLO, clearly shows' that the. protection'.ofhuman'rlptsis incurllbentupon all United Nations bodies, without.di$tiltctlOIl. " 169. -AsimilarphenomenonoccursinregionaL~es, where the procedures evolved,in the case of,tbei::urqp.an Conununily,forexample,haveledto favoutable1results. Within·. the OlllJliz-atlon.of·American .states',w.e ;baveako 'notejls()mep~, especial1ysince.~Pact ,0f,San'~, Cos-'Rica,u e~teredinto force. . . .1~~..t~IICpJ1PeIltioIl~II#"IIIIIIIR!lhil{.··'PtI~t'Pf~1I . ~ gnr.Ri4:lr",~ty SerielNo.36<W~nil).~.,.O!IaIlu.- tIDilor~Statei,1970)_ . ' . .., .. "I':n denouncing the tragic and dramatic situation ofvast segments oftbe population of Nicaragua, whose essential rights are being violated, we respect the principle of non-intervention, which is by no means incompatible withthe.task ofinternationally safeguarding human rights which the United Nations is required to perform ....' (leeA/33/275,li1Inex.] - , In this appeal to the world's conscience they soug.ltt to put before the 'United Nations clear information on the serious events taking place in Nicaragua so that the various institutionalizedmechallisms for the tru~ protection of human rights could immediately be put into operation and greater]ossoflifebe prevented. 172. 'TheComnUssionon Human Rights,as an organ of the Economic and Social Council, will also provide oadequate mcasures,although that wouldnot exclude the possibility of the United Nations ,promoting concerted humanitarian action at llll other .levels; nor does it preclude the participation ofregional mechanisms. ]'73. Withrespectto\the'protection ofhuman rights, there cannot be any principle of exclusion.Tllerefore, in,various Siniilar ways, the Colombian Government will lay stress on 'thiS-matter,in orderto mobilize world public opinion to the 'full~t'insUppor:t',of the victims ofthe Nicaragu,antragedy. 174. The work of international bodies in the field, of human rights cannot be regarded as an activity which 'Violates the principle ofnon-intervention, because whatever 'work they ,do ,is carried out in compliilJlce'with their treaty obli~ations. 1'7S.'ColQrIlbili,as it observes the serioiisproblems threaten~g 'peaCe'and the security of peoples, and convmced as it is that o~ya strong Organization can preserve us from the scoUrge of war, voices its sincerest wisltestbatthepresent 'session of ,the'General Assembly may help to strengthen the institutionalpo\Ver ofthe United Nations and the effective- 'ness, of its contribution to -thll 'protection of life and 'the 'dign'ity ofhunian beings everywhere on earth. r76.Mr. rUENI(Lebanon) (interpretation from Arabic): 'Mr.~siclent,as wecQme to~heconclusion ',of our general 'debatetooay 'I 'am pleased to follo", the example of DlY cOU~agl1es' 'by~ngratulating y()uon.yourelection>tothe -p~sidency"though!Imay'digress from ,'the 'conventional ~Phiases ,.whichyoumay have heard too often, to say 177. Now the nations which you represent are, in this session as, iJlprevious sessions, testifying for Lebanon in tetum for Lebanon's testimony to mankind. One after the other your voices hal(e rung out loud and clear speaking in the name of the, ties that bind us together, demanding that we have peace, security, freedom and stability. 178. Yet Lebanon has been not only a country,Jrom which people emigrate, but also a haven for strllngers ,seeking knowledge, freeciom and. beauty. The Roman philospher, Pliny the Younger,once Sllid of Lebanon; ''0 Strange!', remember that the country you. now visit is the country beloved by the gods." We do ,not believe that the gods have forsaken our country ;orever will. ' 179. Our faith inthe land and in man remains unshakable, as does our faith in G.od and ourfaith in human rights. This year in fact> we are celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration ~f Human Rights. Lebanon played a big role in the drafting of that Declaration. We Will not forget that role and, similarly, we cannot imagine that the international Organ;'tation will forget that, role or, indeed, forget us. ' 180. These are . not words emanating from a bleeding country which feels alone among the tormented, fortbe agenda of this session of the•General Assembly, is full, of issues that reflect tragedies that havtibelln,and Continue to be,' experienc:ed througboutthe world ever since the inception of this Organization. 'Indeed,-some of, these tragedies continue to ha!1Jlt us year ai"ter, year as we continue to se,ek a just solution for them, and yet m~t omy withmusions.1'oday~ from across heapS or ruins, the voiCllofmy countIY is trying to be heard above the noise of bll1lets, cannons and roc~ets; trying to say, on beh81fofthe widowed and the orpbaned,'the wounded. the disfigured and the homeless: ,"Enough. ~ough of bloodsl1ed ,and tears; enough of destruction and anguish; eno\lgh of ruips and wars}' ' 181. Such was the passion&teappeal which the President of LebanQnmadllon Z3 Septem~r 1978 {seeA/J3/266- S/12863.~.e;cJ' the, secon~amUveI'S81)'Ofhis,~ption oftllat inostonerous offiCllinthat most compleX,yetmOSt an!:ient,aridbeilutiful rep\lbIiC. ' . 182. I am echoing that ap~al a:tthis high rostrum from which the President ofthe Lebanese RepublicwouJd,have wanted 'to address you, 'as 'have" QtherHeads,QfS~te, bllcause>wein Lebanon beUeveiwitb President Sadti$,that theiilternationll1 community,was responsible for our wars. 183. May I now cluify som~·of· the realities of the Lebanese'question as it concel'!'s us today_ The first factis th.tthe war in Lebanon· has .been both Arab'and ifttemittOllal.:Peace in Lebanon. therefore. should be ~eved through Arab .action and with intemational BUarintees~ This fact has been stated very often by many of us and w.ag~reiterated by·.thecPresidentofl.ebanon in his'mast recent m~ssageto theoLebanese people.,circulated here'lS an official document'{ibid./ and on' file in' the SeCretariat. ": 184: Evidence of this fact is' quite abundant attd COmes from many 'sOurces and appears ilfmany forms. However.'I ~a11 content myself'with saying that the geographical 'POSitiOllofLebanon at the cross-roads of the worldhss mde it the otiject of intemational ambitions attd an arena for intemationalconflicts-so~etimesthrough pacts and aIIiances.'andsoinetimes despite them. Acuisorylook it our're:ClInt successi~and interdependent crisesis sufficient toSb,()wthat violenCe i1ways erupted whenever the,Middle East 'was going to warorpieparing for peace-peace to whiCJlthe road 'WIS oftellpaved wi*" WU- 'or pseudo-wars. Our freellld'o~nsyStem'ofgovemment and o~rpluraIistic lOCietyhave.p1'oVidechpreteXt·aiwcinaslnop~rtWiitYfor starting conflicts. wars and revolutions which have tom our socie'tyuunder and caUSl')d our Govemmentto clisintegrite. Tha(hu' beenocc~ eve{s1;1';~'the'United Nitions lcl()p~its·reSQlutiollspartitiOrUiiI·P.itineiJ( 1947, and tJuo. suciceSsivewm 01» toUte Oc'toberWar of 1973,not t()spe-uofall that has been,.·and still is-iiappenmgin the "~_,ofie,.ce· negotiati6rts;:when Le\)anonliisagainbeen the vic.tiQi: .'r ". '; .. 185- .SiI1tple~~eticshows.~learly.~.t what;has ~en inVested, .in(.,))anj)n 911 .tertorism·llJlddestructioii far ~.ds ',the'rmiDclalcapici~oftheCetian.ese, ~urtJter­ JPO.,~;th.tpr,i~·woUld hi,~~n!,x9r&i'tan( fo.r ,~~~~r t!ley,w~,er.p~f9r.' if 'ii·.~e,retrlle that :th.J..ebuiese ';Ve~ i}1!l~.~~f,fsh~q~e'.rt~th~~<:·. ..' '.. :'.,",' ,-~; . _.. _.'~~ : :~-~ ,'; ':,~i<' ,.,. . .- ,;'-::~::._<::- :- "', <i::-,. -, ", -, .,r::"- .186, ·At"this juncture. from this lofty' rostruin.IshoUld J!ke,~ ;s~~~.~(positi9nijf;ti:p~oP o~'~ere~nt~aCe ~•.."On.; ~q ,~p~_r J978the:U,*,~·C.~t ~x~4~p CQDQern .•t ~.Im~Cltio"i:'U1ltth~se ~~;,;~.y··1laveOI1.'Ant) SQli~aiitY~'aswell,.·their :~Ie~ot,d1eJegl~teri8hiSofther8J~tinilUlpeopte:'" ;tIie,.'dSht:,to)luiirown'laiul; ,their.homeland•.and .tiielr futUre'i.The 'C.billet'~sO·' expresseil"itS'sPeCtaj'cgricern tilatthe$O accords may be conducive to the settleinentof ·~'~,2~~;~~~ts~de.~e;i,r,:~.~~~d":.' . .';';;"~'" \ "t~1;,; .~).lj~!~ ,~J),th~,:fipI9D!at!9~ms,AA :N~yary d9Z8;·m9~~!;Ieijtofl,Al1:Japo».~4abead)i;wamed·~t aRy.ttemptlo settle thePal~tjpil!Jls~,:~J)~9!l'-,~~:jD .~ address of·23 September 1978. he cirew attention to :'!?t~ i~1!_~·~_:"'~7;.,:."_:~1ij.:;,:." ~_-,,,,:,_ ",.:,'-':." ,"-, ,"'- .,.:,~.;: ""'" ..,.... :e. -'>',:" ;"',....'."o!,,:,;"JIle·~~Jenc;e,:it'1'illPpr~Chaftd,attit1l~~ .~tWeen .<;ildJ,t··a4~pe"e«ectS:,iof,tbelnl!ed"Palestmip,p~n:~.jn " 189. While ,the SecuritY", Council, in itsresolu.tions 425(19.78) and 426(1978) of Marcb 1978, made av!lliant effort to' assist Lebanon by dispatc~gpeace f9rl:eS which have,made great sacrifices. the intematio~a1 cpmmunit}'~as been unable ,to·help'the country extend its authority over .its entire t~rritoryor to.defend its intemationally recognizedbounclaries;,Quite the contrary. we· fincUsr~el, as weD as >·otherparties.still utilizing the Lebanese .arena ,to imple~ent its diversifie.~.political and military strategies. 190.,The'~cond;factisthatthe role'ofthe Arab ,4~te~nt forces has ,to be !'Casse~d,and, red.er~ed..;.'l'bis fllC~;,which emerges from the events taking place in Lel:l!UiOn is ·what prompte!l the President of the Lebattese Republic to go to ~cJlsand,the"Clllpita1s, of, the Mab States directly ·concemed. We aD hope :that. his visit will culnJinate ina C9nterenceofForeign Minlsters,to be .Co~~n~.4 .di;Leb;.",o~ next Sunday. that will seek tc:):fmda,satjsfactory sOJUUC;lD. '~" ,.' '~ - .". ~;-~, t:'~:'':-~ 191. Such a solution has been. the subject ofanurnbeq)f dramatic speeches made from this rostrum and in other important bodies. M~y; ofI:.ebanon'sfriends.h,avestu!Ued. inconsultati9nwith it; projects and·,initiatives wbic:lt.will, we. !iIlh()pe,lead to whatPresident;Sarkis h!lS cll11.eda:!'llew security .plan",.which healreadyout1ine4;in his messllgesto the Lebanese people on 23 September alid,.thell,~n 2 October. " ~92. That is why we requested the SeC\lrity.CounCil nQtto hold. a debate when it .;convenedits.20$~.tbmeeting,:o.n 6 October, 1978, ;to call,for an,immediate 'Cease~fire,The resolution proposed was ,adopted·,with \lnpre'j:eci~nt~d:!Uid unparaIlelled·unailimity. In. this,sllliie spirikwe ;nowres~ate that thisisnolthe time for the settlement of accounts or diseU,ssions:..'," . J93..,,$uJ'.fice;Jo~y. ·~~ane.,~to Jp~g;$.~cl~g'~~l}t{()­ ve~es,that .",emp~!l:'is·,mu.std)e,pla~d .. t9d~y 9!hJ~e necessity of allowing the Lebattese Army to ,peno.8nc!ts national role wherever .conditions.are such that'."deter- ,re~~"~~; :kFell~~sf,q~!l jnt9:U:Pte.~9n' ..,In,;the ~ords pf~~dent ~r~s.,wevie,~,this !lfmY~ J)~.~~:)." , ,,', . ,.>", ;-;::'"':,..~. , ""~6', ".. >:, ..~:~ . , •..• :'. ~.';.: •. ~. ...••'\ _.c;olpposedof·theelementsof.thc"hotiielaD,(bs a "'ll~l~jil~crf9,r 'theboJlle~~,~,a whoJ~~'~~: ~~P.~Y~ My'ac~on, :~h~~!~[. Qf~y; pretext f9[ ,~g, J1B;~S ,·mepll~ and enab1.iJlg.us-to, re~ve Arab attd iiltemational , :force!!> of '~e~r',~~~itll,~jljty. iQ,~~fe$'il\f4,~..~r~itaid security inour territory."llbid.l . ". ~: '. . '.- ..... :. ',' \'>'".' '''.:: .-',":, ':.;', •••... ;; .:-' :\':~;'I:T: ;ld; ...'>; ,,,194,,' ~ .t~g:9'is. !l,t.~~~~e~ w~·4.[8~;!!~.~g9t!tc?l}1. !ibe ·.·foll~;ll!!esYmJ1!it.c;QnfClren~:.con~ClJ!e4. ~;p~rQ.~y;,tbe ,~g\le;.:-og~ :Arll~:. \St~tell':j~~giQI!~ :9.~~t!9P'_.JYJJ..9§e 'res.~..siJ)iUti~r8l1dri8tt~'~~$1o~4;~yW!!~m~d ::Nati9DS ,Clt~!1e'7.,otl:,26 ·Qc;lober·1976.eiidorsed,.the,resolu- ;.ljQn$a1re,ady.·.l)4Qpjec:i· iJl.the:;s~ii, :cQnf~~n~ -P~Y!QY,Sjy 195. The President of the Lebanese Republic retlec~ed this f:act unequivocally and with the utmost frankness in his address to th~ Lebanese people, when he rescinded his decision to resign on 16July 1978. He said: ~i'ntemational conflicts and Arab paradoxes,have siJ;lce been retlected in the Lebanese arena, making)t impos· sible to pursue the implementation of the,res()lutionsof the ~yadh and Cairo Conferences. Those conflicts ,and disputes make it impossible to collect arms~r()m,the Palestinian ,organizations and to remove all, ~edpres· ence. Hence collecting arms from, tile Lebl,lllesc has become a thorny issue that does not lend itself to an immediate solution." o 196. If'Wc, With our Arab brethren and the 'whole Woild, have been eager to reach an immediate 'decision on' li cease·fire, it is because "the tragic issue; without-paraIlel in the whole world", of which Pregdent Sarkis,spoke, could not be ailowed' to' continue, and with it the'bloodshed, destniction and dispersal. Let us all tiy,' therefofe,iria •spiritotArab brotlierhood, to searchfol' anewconeeptof security that woutdensure, asth~ President 'himself expressed 'it~ "both the safety of the Citizens of Lebanon alid that of the Arabfcrces'\ ' 197. Before I proceed to the thirdfact of ~eLebl,lllese situatio#; allow me to say that oilrC'Oncern for the Arab deterrentJorce.ll, especially' fortheSyriari Amy/also has another dimension. We are, indeed,'eagertltllt'theseforces shouldre~ain'the heroic1mage:theyacqu~red m.the'October war .of 1973, which enabledthemsutiseq\lently to bec9me .a: positive factor cif stability in'the regiciidt is our concern thafthey ,should 'noFbe' led-into .'pitfallSand~uligriiir'es iulkitowil,to 'them, which, .nc;> doubt; they, too,wiSh·to avoid~ " ' ' ", . ~.' I.. " 198.",The third fa,ct 'is that J;.ebariorf 'eanonlYbe 'saved throughll national~ pOli.tieaI~olution;c' • <f':' ; : < ..... :! ":;,': " .. 199. This fact bas now been internat!gnally reco~d~ 'the appeal of "'the"SCcurity€ouncU: m its <ieso1U~on 436'(1978),' It'hasaIsoacquired.sufficient" force"'imd effebtivenesSi webci'pe,to break the vicious cirCle ·created :'bytli:e>projection-of iritemational anlb\rabeoJitlicts'into the Lebanese arena. " '200: The intemation'al community,'addressedanappeai'to us,whichPresidentSarkis,accepted':as:acIiallenge', ~~calling : on'the'tebanese,peopletocloSe theinllnks and;unite their voice in order te) preserVeI.ebanon'~'.Indeed, .thiirchll1lenge, for us;'is a question ofsurvival.,Lebanon'will either sUrvive 'or dissolve., We 'state this factuneqilivoClllly:...notout'of 'fear, nOf.'outofweakness'. <;: ':> ,,;,: ",,:;:,.:,,', 201. ,;However, we know of no other State"in,th!,<world, large,' or' small, '. that coutdhave faced what,wechave confronted throughout five years ofwar and 25 years of '.ccmffictand,epntinuedtoexist;by,itSown.sheerdetenriilia- 203. It may 'be considered futiledo: speak of ..a, parlia· mentary recoml1lendation at a time whert·Lebanon is in the throes of wat and the House, ofParlinmentcan,hardly,even meet. Nevertheless we are anxious to preserve our legiti· mate constitutional institutions and desire that OUl";political and national development be attained through tho~ institu· tions, rather than through two other courses-both ofwhich lUCobjectionable....revobition and'internationalization. , 204. Revolution, we accept, but only in' spirit,·for,we reject the ,terrollsmwhichit"inevitably 'breeds, arid the hatred we fear rel1lains,with,us as an offshootbf alltlie wars and all the n;volutions'that have saturated' US in bloodshed and tlestrocticin. .,': . 205~ Internationalizaticinwe. also reject; 'ulongai there is one responsible voice in Lebanon to proclaim itsconfidenee that the Lebanese people, once left to themselves, •are .capable of settling their disputes,3s they h'ave;always done irithe' past, ,even' dunng w8rso:when., they"were ati~e,to coexistc'and" survive 'iiluftity: 'Fiom'internationaIiZation, however, we will accept what ithas given us at its best on previo\lsoccasions,suchllS',in 1943; ~afeguarding ou~rigq~, ; guaranteeing ourinde'perideJ;lce and'confirJnins' 0Uis!>ver- "eignty} for:'ifSJt1all nations':cajlil0t,reeeive-from: the intem!ltionafOtgiiriization ,such protection aridguai'iultees, What: tlJ,en, can they expect~- ',• , ,. " ,,'>: .... '-,' ... ,- ',206.• My statement hasperhaps'beeri)op~,bunheotdeaIs :of my C0ti!1tni'8resuchthaf ~eyhavepreocCupie,d¥I1oftls here. This question is not'oitour :~genda,and'IhOpeit Will 'never be on tliij age~da'as: one Ofth~~items:that remain "therefor many years, se~io~:arter sesSion. " ,;';, ~;..-' -:7.>': ".,.' - . 207. Before concludingi Ifeel thafl must Cllllatte'ntion:to the annual report of th~ sc~retary-Generalon. the wo~k of •the Organization'fA/3311J and to his: i1~c;ial report~o:the 8ecurityCciUileil ofIJ Septel11ber1978 on: UNIFILolc4m both reports:the'Secretary-GeJleraJ deals with,the:I~banese 'crisis', itS-;relatiori'~to "peace 'in,the'regioniiind'to'the '.'peilCc.keeJ)in$ ',operatiol1s.' Mr:Kurt'Waltlheilniblow the ,;world's;fciremostsoldier'of"J;lCace,' be~<l!lS being a wiSe friend.• Rarely havei'rien<iship and: wisdombeenso,com- ,biried'in one man as they:mm..his uniq1iepersonl!lity. <> ' ':.' .-: c '. . •.~ '. ' ' :"t :.' "~ ::. "f: 2()8;MaylcandidlY'iltate thlifthe;Ubailesc,.peO~lfl;reject '"Categorically "the'ldeathat'pea~in'J;;eb8Jlon"is:COJ1tmgeitt \lpon the, achievement'~fpeacc"iJ1 theregioJ1.Ho",tlver"we tiJid ourselves in full agreement with the$ecretary..Geriei'al :', ~ncemiiig,th~ nece~~t ~f'ex~l~ring:fin1flC~rl~i5 ~aij6us ."optjoriSproVided by't)i~Unite'dNati61#'ChiltterS1iowd :",~Q~:~'!{1~ ";':" . ~':'i~~tj~l:i:" "UNIFm;:tlespiteitsexCellent~ifOmianCe',notlij,aUowed ·"'t9pro(e~t ouri land,~1eeohr rigJji$"apd liSSiSt;Jis;'iil rtti~ia,l ,J!~~~ ,ol;~~,~,~Cl!'!tl., Co.UfJB(l. TJJ.iI>t>5J"frd ement roY,;{uly.A.ugurt'aiid Septe.",ber191~,'docUliteilt 'f'; r:i:~-:;~~ >'. -,-:;.~\. ".~:-f~." '~;:'~t::~_:-"';.~::;'J-"-'-': _. :.~'::~;~~~~~. Tbatis the tremendous challenge the world comm\lllity is faced with. 210. I stand here before tiPs Assembly.,-on this last day of this very long general debate during which all the issues of war and peace in the world have been·discussed-to say on .behalf of our bleeding country .that thedjgnity of the United .Nations is atone with the dignity of our land. The future of the United Nations, to us, can only mean the future of our Uberty. We see no integrity guaranteed to the human. being outside the guarantees that the United .Nations. can offer to each and all orus, individuals and ,States alike. . .211. We must all reject a vision of a world community in whir.h Qur hom~lands can be bartered as negotiable paw.ns in the game ofllations, whether united or disunited. 212. Mr.BQUTEFUKA (Algeria) (interpretation from ,French): Mr.~sident, this year, according to tradition,it .is Latin America's turn to r~l. t1J.ep~sidential chair, and Cololn))ia ltasreceived the honour. Over and above: the tribute paid to your people ofalong-standiJig and.brilliant civilization and your friendly country, it is 'doubtless your eminent·qualities.as ,.~tl1teslDan. and enlightened diplomat tiJ.ltthe General Assembly wiShe4 torecC)gnize when it confi4edtoyou the leadershipofits workJor this session. I am very ple~d thes;efore to convey to you the very warm congratulations ofthe deJegation of Algeria and toexrress the conviction that you will dischai'geyour duties with the .Udent and.skill that we all know you. possess. 213. 'You have.c$1JCl;ee4ed in tltis·respon,si1>le post our old 'friendLaur MojsoY who, thrQughout a number ofsessions thiaye~,. won.the respect and estl'emof us all.Ishoul<llike .to Wee this opportunity:topay awell·deseryed tribute. to him and, throughhim,to Yug~avia.for its.continqiJ.1g contrib.ution to. the pro~ss of the; non-alignedmQvement. 214. To our .Secretary.e:;eneral;,Mr. Ku~ Waldheim, I should like simply to reaffum our sincere appreciation of his tireless efforts f()r~ace thf()\~ghoutthe -world ~d of Ius devotiQn totl1~ca~ ofjilstic» and the strengthellingof .. therolean!l p~tiF. of our Qrganizati.on. 215. Siitce tb-ve mentiope4 Our ()~i?ation,lC;ID~iot :b.Qtbe~cl~ned. b.y the~ngth it. has gained ft()m~e ~~jnourmidst of theclel~g.lionoftb,e.Republieof ,,~OI1lO,Jl .sl~c1s. l~oU1d.• ~..•• to. expre~ Qur ·.·w~ welcomemthatcountry,wish it evelyS\lccessimd e~teneJto it the best wiShes of Algeria for the well-being and prosperin' ofitspeople. '~i~;.At~tU1te.whe#:,~\lJDe,rousl1!~lIipts··m-e•••~iD8~J1de to call.into question the movement fol" the Ube~iion of 217. The manifestations of this strategy are particularly vi.siblein Africa and throughoutthe Arab world and openly betray ~e true purpose that certain countries are seeking .to achieve throughthe dialogue diat is now going on, . 21~.. In addition; recent events have not failed to reveal that the ~e motive.of outside inte~ention in Afri~, and ofactions directed.against the Arab nation is obedience to a tena~ious determination to safeguard and consolidate. at all costs the. last bastions· of colonialism and racism and to weaken progressive positions and acquire control over those regions and their resources. ~19. Such c~>rlduct ,in fact is. aimed at jeopardizing Qur independence as well,as wiping out,the results obtained· in .the area of .d~colonization and co-operlltiQn. Even within the third wodcL~rtain countries are woridng out theories that are in absolute contradiction·with the principles and ethics. of the United .Nations.and thllt,becllu:se they are the ,aegation ofcoexistence between nations, can o~ly eXllcerbate, crises and sidetrack us from the: tm,e .course of development. Thus recently'colonized countries are. opposed to the process of decolonization and the peoples' right to ~elf·detennina,tion,and go ;sofar as to return to the divjsive policies prac.tised unsuccessfully in the past by others much more powerful than themselves. 220; ..Such ,ventu~s 1.1aturally foster the greed of powers who&!, c.onstlll),tobject,ive is to injure the mgvementof solidariW which. the sacrifices whic.hthl'. ~d7world ,peopleshavemadeJof the cause·of pc:.l1ee.~deconomicand social progress. ,2210 Thus the situation imposed upon Africa andthe.Arab world results from the imperialist aim·which.is at the least to m.;tilltain ~ch~.B~d d.J.erel~tions~f domination and ,.l'xplQitation.'rhe facnsthatim~rialism haschlll1ged ,.'neither. DJ, its:·naturenor-in -its:methods. It .persistsin ··i!lventjng many neW man~uvresaimed.at division.and diversion and does not hesitate to fabricate a situation that can give creden~ to the notion that our regions exist foruo '.othen.purpose than, to be private preserves for;external riValries. 222. It was therefore in a context. fraught..withuncertainty that the United Nations special seSsion on disarma- 223. ' Thus the determination to attenuate differences and to preserve the necessary cohesion was reaffirmed. 224. The'efforts made in 1!'1riOU5 parts of'the African contiilent to put an 'end to disputes' between brother countries or to seek out ways and means of completing decolonization attest, to the beginning of an awakening. These efforts at any, rate reflect the. determination of the third-world countJjes to ann .themselves, against foreign intervention and manipulation ami at the same time to make their full contribution to the search for solutions for the problems of our era, out of a conviction that peace anq cl6tente will contirtue to be precarious as long as their field of application does not encompass all the. tegionsof th~ world. Inasmuch as our concerns ate closely-linked,with the' problems that afflict Asia, Africa ahdLatin America I should like without any further delay to express our fraternal solidarity with the Democratic People's Republic ofKorea ini.ts legi~imate struggle for the peacefulreunification of the great Korean countrY.l~spired by the same ideal ofjustice and liberty I.should li1teto reiterate here the fult support of the Algerian people for the Puerto Rican people strugglmg for the free exercise of their ,right to self-determination. 225." General and definitive decolonization is thesinequa non condition for a return to peace and for the promotion of relations of trust that wilt be conducive to development and co·operation; The exercise of a people's right to self-determination and its righftoadopt the econumicand social system of its choice is an innc~tructible achiewment ofmaukind.. The 'United Nations, more thari any other body, must assume its responsibititiesin this area and cannot lay them aside without great.·detrirtlent to the integrity of peoples and the safeguarding ofintemational peace and security. 226. For obvious reasons the situatioh inAfricais ofgreat concern to us, To colonial -problems are added those of racial discrimination, apqrtheid 'and the intervention Qf foreign Powers which are seeking to re-establish themselves in our continent andreconquerlost'poSltions. 227. How, theri, can we fail to remainsceptical about the concern those same Powers sh6w--or s6 we are told-for the search for'solutionstllat Can fully satisfy the aspirations of Africanpe~plesill the southern part of their continent?' 228.Certa!rrWestem countries have in fact,never tried to make their proteges in power in Sou.th Atrica and in Rhodesia see reason nor taken 3Jly action tomod~ratetheir arrogance and aggressiveness vis-i-vis .th~ people they oppress9rtoprevent theircommittilig aggres$iilnag;linst independent neighbouring States; ,', ' .' .- 230;'ln Namibia it is no· longer for us to pass any judgement on the -pOSitions taken' by the" five' Western coiJntries that since last July have become the United Nations settlement plan. We should like t(r"npte that throughout the lengthy course oftbis process that today has .entered the phase of executionthe Secretary-General and the United Nations Council for Namibia Itllve always made clear the true 'dimensions of the Namibian problem. Therefore it is fortne people o€;Namibiaand SWAPO, its only authentic representative•. to thwart any attemp!sto despqil them of the. results of their' struggle anq their sacrifice.•The international .community,.for. its part,wm follow closely .the implementation of the modalities:tl!at are accepted by SWAPO in .the settlementplan, so that the objective remains fulL decolonizaticm which wO,uldsafeguard the national. ,unity and t~rritorial integrity ,of Namibia. 231. In Zimbabwe we have witnessed.·diplomatic !r:titi,ativesto proinote a'settlement of the problem· The change in'attitude cannet make us forg~ttheimdiffer~ncean() -the responsnbility of those who for alongtiJnewentaloltgwitit the rebellion.and>government.ofth,e white mjnQrity,'I'here again, a plan Joranegoiiated settlem~ntwaspropQ&ec:I,We hcpe, that itwill nothllve as its only merit tbatof revealing to the international community theriature<oftb~ liplcl!that exist between the situations prevailing in Namibia and in Rhodesia.. 232.. Here andthere'the. United"NatlQnscontinues<tri.be the gllarant()r, Qf trtle depoloJjizati~~, despitetheiit~.o~lU. vres oCIan $mith, whQ is tryi~g to legitimize abr()lI,da neo-coIQnilP, .!lolut.iQnwll,ich ~e~ople Qf ~hnbabwe, .~ well~.sthePatrio.~ic ,Frollt~ i~s's()!erepresentative,co)1~d IleverlI,<:cept..- ' ': , 233.. '&0 .th.at theprqceslb()f,decol~n~ationlll1d)h~ ,I'llstotatipn.of nationaLdigtljty, to thepeoplll~ofMricamay 1>e ..c~>n~llJdl?d. the. sit~atioJ:ltbatP~vlliIl!irl Soutq'{\fgca sh()ul()'not.,r~mainop.theperiphery'Qfevlmu.AIiSQllther:n' Africa:. Jt ..is~ ~ .al>errat,i()"t,4attli~m.~~rna~onal,.~om­ munity, which<has procl~~d. ~,¥ear~eJn.w~tiQ~ Anti-Apartheid. Year, Bb.oUIdnotbe consistent in:its .~pproaclt.to· theprolileptof ~QlIthAfricall,$;awholean(tjn ,die'~~<:lt;fQrtrue)~olitiCIl1SdlutiOns,tIt!l~.'",Qul!lsaf'esU-rd th~rtati()hal;Jj&htSoftheSouthAfti~3I1people~'fhe incompll,tibility.'ofthePretona r~gimewiththe'I#9motioll of-freedom .and ~ace'in Africa'.''is: attested to"§¥' jts systematic .' .identification withalj'oppressiv'e-nSgi.nes throllghout/the;vorld. J~would.be,futile to .continue to wish'toliriiita.condemnatiolr·'Qf thatsystenrto a ,mtlre ",refere,nce toviblatjonsof humantigbts, just as it wo~dbe iltuSOry;thus-toelude,·the· jrhpenitive5.0fnationaJ liberation 234. Any attempt against decolonization· and theprinciples ofthe United Nations with regard to th~ safeguarding of peace and security, any policy of fait accompli 3Jld military occ:upation, any annexation of territory by force, or any action based on the negation of a people's existence, or even its extermination, inevitably engenders conflicts, insecurity and instability. Becliuse'wehave departed from the path charted by the Organization for resolving the problems ofNon-Self-Governing Territories, certain regions, including "Timor,Belize and' the Western Sahara, have entered a dangerous phase. The' United Nations, which remains seized of these questions, has regularly indicated its concern at this state of affairs, b.oth from the standpointof respect for the· principles of the self-determination. of peoples and from that of the still unforeseeable consequences of violation of that principle. Drawing inspiration from the Charter and from its' 'resolutions, the OAUhas endeavoured to· make its contribution to·3'Solution·ofthe problem ofWestetn Sahara in accordance with the decisions of the United Nations; natarally. These.joinf efforts, however, have not made it possible to register any progress in this area, and the problem ofWestem Sahara continues to persistin itsentiretY... 235_ The invasion and spJitting up of the territory in con~i!ions well know~ to us, aside from thefactthat they constitute •. a strong i challenge·to:theentire'intetnatiollal communitY; have totally ·distorted the pr6cessofdecolonizatioli. Events have sho\Vnthalitheproponents of the Polio/.offaitaI;1l9IDplr-Mveprovokedan escalating'chain reaction, as well as the"determiiled resistance ofthe Saharan people, the intensification ofthewar, foreign mterfetence and Il deteri0ratio~in~elations among a number ofStates in the '!t'gion 'and •.the westem'plp't ofthe •Mediterranelill. This~ attest~ ttithe extelltntO'~which'our~'OtgaJiizati61l rem3ins responsible. for iIi).plementli,~ a soluti6rlthatwould enable the SallluM peopletullytd'exercisetheitinatlenable ri~~ which the G~miralA~seiiibly hasgu!lranteed to them as it has to all other colcinial:~oples~' < ",' i: ., , . . .''"''....~ ~6•."Or.,~oWer"ev,el,. Jtw~sh~fMg~fia·~. filti!<t~~rttie clunate i~:theMa~~,~". whi~~ iji t~k'p~r.\\'~ :.~nepf c:o.,Q~J8~o~.an~ ~nt~l1t\},h~\)e~9m~.a· su"j~ct~f ~o,,~~~rn notpnly. to ,the.pegp1i:s pftherflgignbilt to th~eIltire ·itt~,fl~\ltionlll}9m.m\l~iJY,/;"' ~ .".;, "." ... .237..·.·..it· .·i~ .be~ause·-Alg~ri~~.;,~~~g·~~ri9di~all)'·.iti~~1~~d andlplace<l.h.l. a..~itu~tIQnWAUclt all,its.actionswereintfln<ted t()~41~nt..'J:heSjtuati~D;j9.~YiS~tlC~:jh~.lpl,~\VlIi~lte~$of th~ wfl~·~~e~.tC!o~ip.tt}fe~t~}.lf •.~..J'eqtl~~~,~:<~nse,,~f 239.. That IS an undeniable fact. But, in all jlistict}, Who would have cast a stone at Angola, Mozlinibique·· and Guinea-Bissau fQr waging \beirstruggle for liberation inside what was then called the meiropolitancountry? 240. Changes did occur in Mauritania and aunilat!lral cease-tire Wa3gecided upon by the' frentePOLlSARIOindications, ~beitstillslight ones,:of a movement towards the· peaCl: that. allthepe9ples ofthe region.whole-hellltedly desire.,-,!>ut it became. clear to everyoqe that there 'would mevitably bf: tension and confrontation agllin, and in incre~i:d.,measl,lre, bl'ltweenthe.Royal armed forces.and the Saharan fighters. That situation.is all the'more d~plorable because, in c:ontrast to this, everyone seems to desire to pffeheach·in his own, way~hisgoodof6ces in the search fortb.e..estab.~shnu:ntofa justliJld lasting'peace, withill the frall1.~\Vork of.the·1)njted Nations and.the 01\U, Thos~, iD 0\lr.<?pinioni,Ilre'the elements. ofa poIicyworthyofthos~ who know thll.tself.<;riticism.is.;1.virtue, that.a.return to jlJstice .ca.n only make just men greater; that the· denial of ·theeJcistenCt} o~pe<>.p..le~j~ notnecessarnYSYJlOnY1.llouswith ptlace; .. tb.a! rel!1ism.!iIld •. e\!asionof,n,sponsibilityare Contr~di,c:t!'>ry:canc<:pts,lI{l~;.ab9v<:all,that nQone has)he right,..t~~a<;ri.~ce,the jQint Mw:e.·,of.,t\Wpe<lplfls,pf'our contm!lnt .tothe euphoria, of vain.momentary' glory. We 'lIlakellJl0t}}!lr .. fraternal.!fl<l ..sincere ~ppe~ .. f~.Pm .jhis rostmmJP·Mprpllco to"help.tl).e Sl!harll1l peopl€:.toexef!lJ$C .tJ}t}iril)alienable:rights. ,: '1,,'" . 24'h'G911'1in~~d th~t sll<;b.an !lPpr()~chis the'~nIyone Ukely to lead rapidly to p~act:,'llaJWQny, a.nQ.~tabmty in:tite •.....• lS;.FI'~nt!}P,9Pular para ·la Liberacion· de ...S8guia,. el· Hafura y Rio .deJ)r.o, .. - .. 242. It is obvious that the situation in the Middle East is continuing to deteriorate, despite diplomatic action which some seek to picture asa decisive contribution to the quest for ajust and lasting solution, while they stubbornly refuse to recognize the true nature of the problem and con· centrate on the consequences of the crisis rather than on its origins. Need I recall here that the origin of the Middle East crisis iS,above and beyond anything else, the denial of the right of the Palestinian peopleto its national existence, and that the constant aggravation of the crisis' is essentially the result of a deliberate will to ignore the core ofthe problem which. is the restoration, to the Palestinian people of its national rights. That is why all the recent initiatives taken outside the framework set by the United Nations can only lead to undermining the Arab solidarity that is so necessary, to promoting attempts at a separate peace, and to encouraging the Zionist occupier in his policy of aggression, expansion and defiance of the international community. 243. It is a stran~e plan-to say the least-to,create at the outset the conditions for a false solution, to overlook the basic fact of the problem by invoking so-called immediate political requirements, and to concelll the contradictions inher~nt in the very nature of the undertaking by claiming that the only possibility of achieving peace is to give in to ,the policy of abandonment. 244. But events will destroy all these illusions; one by one, the instruments forged in order to stifle the voice of Palestinian resistance will be broken. The Palestinian resistance will be able to free itselffrom the web of these manoeuvres and clearly affirm the right of thePalestihian people td its national existence. 245. The approach to which I have been referring was doomed to failure from the start because it falls squarely within the logic of the aggressor. Thus, the reply the Zionist State has given to these initiatives that everyone is trying so hard to present to us as steps towards peace has been an escl\lption of its policy of aggression ,and its, efforts' to 'liquidate the •Palestinian people and to destroy another Arab State, Lebanon. Proof of this is the frenzy with which the Tel Aviv regime is trying to make its territorial gains permanent,by implanting new settleml':nts on Palestinian soil and-as recently as yesterday-by oc~cupylng a,part of Lebilnese territory Thus we see Israel's true natu,re constantly revealed, its role as a relay point in a policy, of domination .that obviously is part of 'the imperhilist strategy. - ' 246. (~onfronted bythese,challenges, ttre,Palestinianresistance:,strengthe~ed by thesolidarityofliIl the peciplesof the -world, continues to embody-despite all the plots-the will of the Arab nation to free itself from thegra~p of imperialism. It constitutes a tangible fact, recognized'by the entire international community. It' is precisely because of its struggle and the irreplaceable instrumen,tin that.struggle with which' it has endowed itselfthroughthe..Palestine Liberation Organization, its sole"representative,tl1at>the Palestinian people has beeiiable ,to impose the fact oftheir 248. Algeria, for its part, is faithful to the decisi~ns taken by the Arab summit_meetings in' Algiers and Rabat and endorsed by the internatiol1al community, through the United Nations, in w!lichthe Palestine Liberation Organization has been a peooanent o~server since 1974. From ,this very rostrum we have repeatedlY.,expressed our. determina, tion to promote, by all the mea.ns at our disposal,asolution in conformity with the Charter and the relevant resolutions of oUr Organization. We greeted withsatil.faction' the United States-Soviet communique of lOctober 1977. Ail this me.ans that we intend" ,in the searchfor solutions,to abide by international legality:' And, in any~se, no deviations, no personal initiativ~s,no isolate4 act~, no separate .peace can shake our faith in the justneSl! of the cause of the Palestinian people ang in the inevitable victory of the Arab peoples, like that of other peoples of the world. 249. StilI en the subje.::t of the Mluliterranean region, where ageneralconflagratio~ could break out lit any'time, ,the absence. of progress in·the, search for a solution...to'the problen'l~ZOf Cyprus is, another, source of ,concem,-:The intercommunal talks being' held ~nder, tl)eaegis' of ~e Secretary-General have still reached no results..But these efforts must b.e ,pursued so that a ,satisfaetory,settIement may be reached that wilI guarantee the rights, of each community, while preserving the political unity and territorial integrity of an independent and rron,aligned Republic ofCypr!Js. , '".~. 250. For the rest, the ~persistence of these hotb~4s~f -tensiol) is not likely to promote the, extension pf th~ poiigy of detente beyond the rivers of'Ellrope ·to the Mediterranean: basin. ,Nevertheless, despj,tethe reIJJ~tancc; ,,'and resistance of some,' the idea is. today gaining ground that global considerations and systematic opposition must progressivelyyield to regionl!1 concel1lS and~o thereapprocl1e-' ment of the coastal States.rhe idea. isccl'tainly nottaking shape because of the vast obstacles !.nte[po~ed; but the:\!cry importance of the road to be traversed shoJlJd prorppJ,us to Q!liteoure(fortssothatunderstanding. andcIJ,operati()n may"replaCILS!!spicionsan<idivergent actipns, 1;hem,",hcll a climate of confidence is restored and peacean~~curi~are strengthened by the development of common and complementary ,'interests,each- ,coastal', 'collntry·w.iU, beabI.~. to assume, JnharmonYWith,its ,neighbours,its.naturalJQle. ,Thus,moving· from' ,pacification to stabilizationand from stabilizatjon to co,eperatipn; tJ1e'constantaspir~Jio~;'ot~ll ;peeples of.theregiollctolllllkepf.theMcditerranean~lake,of peace;,\Vill be<realized.'MycQuntry· here' reaftirD1$jts ,willingness'to make its contribution,~otha~this cross-roads 252. International peace and security also depend on the putions that are found for the problem of the profound crisis that affects the world economy. There seems to be a pat deal of emotlonevetywhere because of this crisis in 1heworld economy,· as though it Was of alien origin and impolledby .occult forces that·could be conjured.away by :inClllQtionS, the .privileged .site of which would be the General Assembly. But such powerlessness is by no means ,tile powerlessness oftheintemational community asa :whOle. It is the result of what can best be termed a lack of fomisht on the part of some of its members: This is in IiDgulIll' .contratto· the foresight shown in the resolutions 'adopted attl".e spl!cial sessions devoted to the new iintemational economic o:rder which, starting with a diag- 'n~is that'stillremains valid, advocated remedies that have )'Ctto be:applied: '253/F()r~eit part, the developing countries bear .no responsibility for that crisis. As proof I need only mention ··the failurt. ofthe$esthat were represented. to 'us ,as being . '.strictlY"~dsc:ienJ~ficill~·.Ill:~l1rate., and according to which tile',pnces 'of the exports'of third·world countries cllused 1hepreselltpricef1l1!:.t.U~J~onsbecause,it was alleged;.tlley were.either'too" hjgti':cir}no'low; ADd yetthe~ same 254. One cannot, however, find a permanent solution to a crisis that is exacerbated by excessive stimulation of consumption in the developed countries and by the unprecedented growth of international liquidity, on the initiative of the latter and for their benefit alone. Inflation, which used to be a national phenomenon, has b~come since the end of the last decade a permanent feature of the world economy. The mechanisms which transmii this inflation from the industrialized countries to the third world have proved more effective than the pseudo-mechanisms for the transmission of prosperity so dear to those who believe in the automatic fall·out of growth. 255. Equity as well as effectiveness require that we take into account in the equation of the global balance, as an autonomous factor, the rights of the third world because of its contribution to world economic activity. 256. Up to now the industrial Powers have deliberately attempted to manipulate the cycle of economic activity. This is based on the selfishness of the rich and, if experience is to be believed, is inevitably doomed to failure because everyone knows that the crisis is really the result of structural imbalances in the world economy, of which the third world, we musl repeat, is the principal victim. 257. Support for the new international economic order implies, of course, a recognition of the structural character of these ,imbalances, but this has rarely gone beyond the stage of rhetoric. While appetites for our natural resources grow and strategies are devised to recover our raw materials, and while our just claims to an equitable share in the resources of the world economy are challenged, it is difficult to believe that the widespread acceptance of the term "new order" has effectively dispelleq.,misunderstand- 'ings and ulterior motives. Otherwise, how can one explain the continued.deterioration of an economic environment that is already hostile to developing countries? 258. Thus the wave for protectionism has reduced almost to nothing the prospects for exports flQm the third world. Similarly, the constant decline in offiCIal resource'ti1il:!sfers from tlie· developed to ,the developing countries,,' the aggra\'ation of the latter's food deficit, the limitations imposed on their access 10 technology and the dela~sin lI.egotiations on the Integrat~d Programme forCommo.dities andill ' the.,conclusion of commodity .agreements 'have constttuted obstacles to tp.e restructuring of international econQn1ic relations. 259..No ne"Y structure can beviablejf iUs distorted by unilateral manipulation,of the principal reserve currency and .by failure to adapt the international monetary system that it supports, in particular in regard to the fundamental interests;'ljfthe developing ,countries. \.":: 261. True, very few have failed to acquiesce in the ritual of reaffirming the inevitable nature of interdependence, the recognition of which should be the point of departure of a true dialogue. But has it l.1ot too often been invoked simply to justify the application of the same procedures as made it possible to ensure post-war progress in the industrialized countries, whose present crisis shows the limits to growth? Has there not been an attempt, in the name of a certain interdependence and so-~alled shared responsibility, to bring the developing countries that challenge the established order back into line? Further, do not some seek under the cover of interdependence to thwart the objectives of the third world by setting as a global priority for all the developing countries solutions that would serve only to legitimize and systematize the external economic, financial and even political pressures to which they are subjected? 267. Such a strategy, in the name of I know not what "pragmatism", would renounce a global approach to international economic problems in favour of piecemeal and isolated measures. Further, in the guise of "good Samaritans", its advocates would attempt to blame under- 262. In such circumstances, ~e concept of interdevelopment on the internal system of distribution while dependence would only serve to perpetuate relations of ignoring its external causes, which are far more condomination. We are bound to recognize that in truth it is straining. futile to try to rediscover this interdependence while our 268. The better to overcome the resistance that this action task obviously consists, rather, in ascertaining its true might arouse, the resources of economic science would be implications. mobilized to cause the division of the developing countries 263. The present chaos in negotiations to establish a new into a grOWing number of autonomous categories, which framework for international economic relations raises the the developed countries would hope would even oppos:c bl f th f th d I Th one another. Thus they woUld pretend to ignore the fact pro em 0 e very purpose 0 e ia ogue. , e reverses that the unity of the third world is based on the common suffered in the dialogue in past years prompt scepticism. political will of its members to put an end to the relations Instead of serving as a catalyst for setting up the new of domination and exploitation from which all suffer and international economic order, the dialogue seems, paradoxically, to have served as a pretext for certain developed not on the !tffirmation of any similarity in their respective countries to erode the gains that constituted the premises levels of development. Such action woUld support a of the new order. Because those premises are part of this hazardous thesis designed to reduce the dialogue to a approach by the developed countries, their professions of. diversionary operation that woUld, at best, attenuate the faith in favour of a dialogue can only mask the absence of " erosion of positions already gained and polarize !ttention political will to take real action. Thus we witness att~mpts ", towards marginal problems. , \ to question the right to collective self-expression ofGeneral 269. How much longer will the peoples of the world agree Assembly bodies while elsewhere the developed countries to ~ lUlled by this illusion of a dialogue, which makes light proclaim the imperative need for democratization in the of problems that nevertheless condition their future? Is 'international decision-making process. there still time for the international community to make a 264. Having first challenged the value of any maiority fresh start so that the 1980 special session ofthe Assemblj' • will constitute a decisive phase on'the way towards restruec:kicision and then of decisions taken by 'Consensus, which turing international economic' relations, rather than a' are alleged to be less "authentic" than others, the deprelude to a ne)N era ofcrisis and confrontation? veloped countries do not hesitate over the idea of eliminating the very principle of adopting decisions in global 270. In a worlc:lhaunted by the limits to growth, whether economic bodies by alleging the risk of duplicating the th~y are in the nature of things or in the mind ofmen, this positjons taken up by specialized organs. The effect of this restructuring would make it possible to promote genuine attitude, ifnot its objective, is to remove any meaning from international co-operation, whichcertainIy constitutes a the dialogue by limiting it to a simple exchange of views, challenge but also contains generous promises. Indeed; the wit'l no commitment and no future, while the real decisions North-South dimension opens to the world economy this continue to be taken in forums where the industrialized "new frontier", capable of ensuring the real prosperity of countries predominate. all, a prosperity that consists mgreaterwell.beingas much as, if not more than, in simply~aVingrnore. 265. These are the thoughts that come to mind,.given the _ deadlock in the dialogue both outside the United Nations 27LInthe-troubledworld in whichwelive,l!nclgiv~n the and within it in the Committee of the Whole of our critical state of international relations, it is notsuperflUObs 266. What is at stake,and what is, ultimately being challenged, is the General Assembly's central role itt, any global negotiation about the establishment of the, new , order. In the liWtt of these considerations, should we not question the us~ that might be made of the dialogue in futnre negotiations? In particular, at a time when our Assembly is about to begin drafting a new international strategy for development, it is to be feared that in this dialogue the developed countries might try to replace the framework already drawn up in the Declaration on the Establishment of aNew International Economic Order {resolution 3201 (S-VI)J by a highly questionable substitute strategy. 272: Furthermore, the future of the Organization Is linked to its Ibllity' to Idlpt to the .realitiesand requlrementlof our era, tlkln'g intoiceou"t;in particular, the ever'folrowlng role thltthe thlrd~world.countries should play in seeking pelce and security and in promoting just and equitable , ....

In view of the latenell of the hour Ind the.likelihood that at least 12 delegltlons will with t03xercllt their right of reply; I sugest that we meet tomorrow morning to conch.de the ge"eral deblte. If there are no obJectionl it will be 10 decided. It W4f so decided. The meeti",rose at 7.30 p.m. i ". .~.