A/35/PV.13 General Assembly

Mr. President, allow me at the outset to extend to you mywarm congratulations on your election to conduct the proceedings of the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly, a difficult task that you willundoubtedly perform with the skill and brilliance that have characterized your long diplomatic career. I should also like to express our gratitude and warm appreciation to your predecessor, Mr. Salim Ahmed Salim, for the splendid way in which he conducted the debates of the Assembly during his term of office. 41. We cannot fail to point out with great satisfaction that this is the first session of the General Assembly in which the independent State of Zimbabwe, which we welcome most warmly, is participating. As the delegations of my country have stated in every forum, we hope that after so many sacrifices and expectations, that new Republic will build "Document A/CONF.62/WP.IO/Rev.3 and Corr.1 and 3 and Rev.2/Add, I. 42. Similarly, we express our satisfaction at the admission of the new independent State of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, also a member ofour regional group, to whom we extend a warm welcome. 44. In the first place, I should like to point out that for my Government, a careful examination of current world prob- lems allows us to perceive three fundamental points clearly. 45. First, the world is facing a general crisis, in which all social, political, economic and cultural factors are involved. That is the case whether or not we wish it to be so. 46. Secondly, embroiled in this overall crisis,the world has tried to correct some of its aspects piecemeal, by attacking them singly, as if they were unrelated and independent phenomena. That approach conceals and minimizes prob- lems and leads to the failure of the solutions that are sought. 47. Thirdly, today it is possible clearly to perceive the true character of the enemy that we must face and the means to combat it. If the crisis is a general one, a general strategy is required to overcome it. The measures to be adopted in the various sectors must be integrated and co-ordinated. 48. As a logical consequence of this, we must admit that without an extensive imaginative effort in which the collec- tive conscience of mankind finds the means sincerely and freely to motivate the constructive and collective political will of every State, contemporary problems will not be overcome without a cataclysm in which perhaps a great part of mankind will perish, but from whichall the peoples ofthe earth will certainly suffer. 49. We are encouraged in our optimism by an unyielding faith in God, in the first place, and, secondly, in the fate of mankind, and by the many voices that have been raised to say as much, and in the simple fact that we are assembled here to have a dialogue. That optimism, however., does not dispel our concern. We are worried by the lack of political decisions by the developed industrial powers to take the decisive steps required to implement the many projects and resolutions that have been drawn up in recent decades, in the knowledge that they were of vital importance, as well as to heed the outcry of weak peoples who knock at their doors. SO. The recent report entitled The Global 2000 Report to thePresident? in the preparation of which the entire scien- tific, technical, research and information potential of the ~ Washington. D.e.. Government Printing Office, 1980. SI. We should like to single out among the various fields of action some of the main subjects concerning which it seems to us that the necessary measures and steps to imple- ment them must be taken forthwith, or which are crucial points that deserve special attention. 52. The political evolution of the world during the year that has elapsed since we first came to this rostrum at the thirty-fourth session of the General Assembly" has given us more than sufficient reason to reassert what we said then about the impossibility of isolating peoples, on the need to strengthen the necessary bonds that unite the international community and the role ofuniversal solidarity asan impera- tive for world survival. 53. Peace is more than ever the primary goal of interna- tional law, because we now know that it is also the basic condition for survival. And peace will not be attained or maintained unless the vital and pressing problems ofall the members of the. international community, even the hum- blest, are solved and unless the riches on our planet are distributed fairly, unhampered by boundaries. There can be no peace without justice. There can be no justice without law. And the supremacy of law is the result of a balance in which there isgreat respect for certain fundamental spiritual values of coexistence, as well as the adaptation of the legal system to contemporary world realities. 54. On the long road to peace, general and complete dis- armament is an ideal goal that is not only a means but also an end. The steps taken towards disarmament, how- ever small, will make a powerful contribution to the strengthening of peace. That goal clearly presupposes an earlier spiritual disarmament, understanding and tolerance among all peoples, and the satisfaction of the legitimate aspirations ofall. Whether an end or a means, the economic and environmental connotations of disarmament are such that my Government believes it to be incumbent on all peoples to fight tirelessly to achieve progress in that area. My country's meagre military potential does not inhibit it from placing all the moral weight that it possesses as a State and as a law-abiding nation at the serviceof that ideal, even denouncing the folly of squandering fantastic sums on death, while. denying even minimal amounts for the environ- ment and for development, which represent life. ,SS. We know perfectly well that it will be very difficult to achieve spectacular overall solutions in matters related to the blindest and deepest passions of men. We are ready to agree realistically to a partial and gradual approach to positive solutions, but we emphatically reaffirm the need to "See OfficialRecords ofthe General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Plenary Meetings, 8th meeting, paras. 279-346. 56. In that sense, the extension of the achievements of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco) through the creation of nuclear-free zones in other parts of the world such as the Middle East, southern Asia and Africa seems to us an effective means by which to move further ahead in that area. 57. Since the partition of Palestine, which the United Nations doubtless conceived as a means of bringing a solo- monic peace to that region, the Middle East has gradually become a powderkeg charged with threats to world peace which increase as the years go by. 58. The attitude offriendship towards the people of Israel that my Government has traditionally shown iswellknown. It has been manifested throughout the years, in constant support of what could be considered the legitimate aspira- tions of the Jewish people. We do not hesitate today to reaffirm that friendship and our conviction that the State of Israel must secure just and lasting peace with its neighbours and respect for its existence within secure and recognized borders. 59. But the irreversible reality of Israel cannot blur another reality which is also irreversible and not incompati- ble with the first one-the existence of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, which was once asked to sacrifice its national identity, in open defiance of the principle of self-determination, which is one of the fundamental pillars of the United Nations system. Thus, faithful to the tradi- tional principles of our international policy, we support unreservedly the recognition of the right of the Palestinian people to settle in its own land and establish a free and independent State according to the decision adopted in the exercise of its sovereign will. 60. My country is convinced that the solution to this long- standing and painful problem can be found only by means of dialogue and negotiation, in which the Palestinian people have their own spokesmen. We therefore condemn violence and the adoption of unilateral measures which hinder the peaceful and lawful solution of the problem. 61. With regard to Lebanon, last year we reiterated the appeal which we had made for concrete anddefinitive solu.. tions which would guarantee to this people whose culture and tradition are admirable its integrity and its. right to live in peace.' At that time we thought that that appeal, sup- ported by all peace-loving peoples, would be answereddur- ing the course of that year. It is a matter of profound regret that the tragedy of the Middle East has engulfed as one ofits victims that small and gracious nation, which is linked to our own in so many ways. 62. Once again we make the same appeal, and weearnestly hope that Lebanon will recover its peace and stability. 63. Uruguay, which is tenacious and firm in defending the right to self-determination of peoples, has consistently sup- ported the right of the people of Namibia to attain its 64. With respect to human rights, it is inevitable that, in view of the strong influence of law in my country, in the history of which regard for law is a constant which has brought us through every difficult phase and juncture, we consider real and deep respect for what are called human rights as a world-wide political phenomenon and a substan- tial step towards the implementation ofa new international law, in which mankind is recognized as a valid subject of law. We believe, however, that, if we wish human rights to pass beyond the state of rhetoric and become tangible and active values in international life, they must not be used as an instrument for political struggle among States or groups with different social and economic philosophies. 65. It is very difficult for the supremacy of law to be safeguarded and to see the possibility of the consistent implementation of human rights as long as we continue to witness the paradox ofcountries and doctrines that in prac- tice deny freedom, ignore the most elementary rights inher- ent in the dignity of man and violate all the principles that constitute the achievements of the modern world, and that also attempt to judge the behaviour of other States and social groups which have had to defend themselves from insidious and criminal subversive movements, very often inspired and financed by those same countries. Whether we like it or not, in the struggle against anarchy and organized crime there are, as a consequence ofhuman fallibility, unfor- tunate but inevitable breaches of those sacred rights. 66. My country is making every possible effort to ensure the maintenance of those rights, despite the resolute internal struggle which it has been forced to undertake, and we are advancing daily towards the full normalization of demo- cratic institutions. Unfortunately, in the domestic sphere of many States contempt for human rights has become normal practice, officially imposed by totalitarian systems, which condemn millions of men to live in spiritual and material conditions which are profoundly harmful to their natural dignity. 67. While this is taking place on the domestic level,at the international level we witness with profound concern the notorious increase of terrorism. Violence and crime have taken the place of dialogue and discussion as a means of political expression and seem to have become one of the characteristics of our time. Once again I wish to state on behalfof my Government that weshall support every collec- tive measure which is submitted and adopted to fight the scourge of terrorism, which is not only in itself disgusting and shameful but also liable to encourage violence and the inevitable hardening of the attitude of institutional machin- ery and the social groups attacked, with inevitable damage to the respect for human rights which weall wish to secure. 68. Hy Government wishes to reiterate its fundamental opposition to the policy of apartheidand all forms ?frac~sm. This position is based on political and moral considerations which are part of a clear philosophy derived from our 70. Nevertheless, we must bear in mind the danger that certain aspects of that modern technique may entail for freedom, institutional stability and the cultural identity of peoples. The availability of powerful modern means of spreading culture must be secured for every country and the community of nations must prevent their use to interfere in the internal affairs of States. It must also try to preserve the wealth of national diversity. 71. With regard to the law of the sea, the ninth sessionof the Third United Nations Conferenceon the Lawofthe Sea, which was held this year, achieved meaningful progress in the unprecedented efforts on the part of the international community to work out a new legal order for the sea based on recognition of the sovereign rights and the jurisdiction of coastal States in seas adjacent to their coasts up to a limit of 200 miles and on the Continental Shelf, respect for jus communicationis, the orderly and peaceful use of maritime spaces, the rational exploitation of its resources, the protec- tion and preservation of the marine environment, co- operation in the development of scientific research and the administration of the sea-bed and ocean floor beyond na- tional jurisdiction by an international authority endowed with the appropriate power to organize and control all activities in the exploration and exploitation ofthe resources and to establish a production policy in that area, which is the common heritage of mankind, the resources of which can only be used under the protection of an international sys- tem, that is, a system established with the consent of the international community as representative of mankind. 72. The present stage of the negotiations enables us to predict that once generally accepted formulas on some still pending matters have been found and final adjustments to the texts have been made, the work of the Conference is to culminate in the. adoption of a convention at Caracas in 1981. The peoples' expectations can no longer be delayed. The last stretch demands a final effort of good will, espe- cially on the part of the industrialized Powers, in order to reach the goal whose attainment will be, without any doubt, a most important factor for the stability of international relations and the consolidation of world peace. 73. The Government of Uruguay cannot but pomt out once again that the principle of the common heritage of mankind is an imperative rule of international law which does not admit, consequently, of limited agreements or unilateral decisions that contravene it, such as the laws which some States have passed or intend to pass to authorize their nationals to carry out the exploitation of the resources of the international area. Such laws violate that principle and have no validity in the international community. Uru- guay deplores such conduct and rejects any attempt to exert pressure on the Conference that such conduct might entail. 75. Very soon we will compromise the tenth anniversary of the United Nations Conference on the Environment, held at Stockholm in 1972, which symbolized the awakening of the world's attention to this very serious problem of the accelerated destruction ofthe environment. The importance and seriousness of the problem, instead ofdecreasing during these eight years, has only grown. Just as in the economic sphere, the words of warning uttered by wise men and experts have not been heeded and the seeds they have sown have yielded only rhetorical fruit. The measures which have been recommended and even decided upon inmany interna- tional forums are not being implemented and the expecta- tions for the future, unless destructive trends are stopped and the process is reversed, cannot be favourable. 76. Nevertheless, there are certain grounds for optimism because the problem is coming to its climax and the persist- ent and efficient efforts of specialized international organi- zations and of the thinking elite in the preparation of projects and plans to correct the deterioration in all its complex aspects are gradually convincing Governments and those responsible for the leadership ofpeoples ofthe need to take radical and imaginative measures. On the other hand, the environmental problem has had a positive influence by revealing the essential oneness among men and among all the elements of nature. 77. The report of the Governing Council of UNEP on its eighth session [A/35/25] shows that work has been done and is being done well. It is now up to the Governments to implement the recommendations. 78. We should like to point out two of the subjects dis- cussed in Nairobi which we find particularly important. 79. The first one deals with the World Conservation Strat- egy, the result of three years of work by a select group of scientists of universal renown under the guidance of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natu- ral Resources and with the endorsement oflJNESCO, FAO and UNEP. 80. This remarkable document effectively reconciles con- servation and development, presents a clear and sensible definition of priorities and convincingly indicates the urgent need to preserve the living resources of the planet on which, ultimately, the survival of mankind depends. All this comes together with adequate and pragmatic machinery which places at the disposal ofGovernments the necessary techni- 81. The second point we wish to emphasize is also related to the effective application of environmental policy, the need for which seems not to have been fully grasped. We are referring to the world meeting on environmental law prepar- atory to the tenth session of the Governing Council of UNEP, which all States Members of the United Nations will attend. At this solemn meeting the tenth anniversary of the Stockholm Conference will be commemorated and an assessment will be made of all that has been achieved up to now and what remains to be done in such a delicate matter. With regard to those achievements, the elaboration and consolidation of an appropriate legal framework is funda- mental for the effective finalization of a policy in which so far theoretical statements have not been lackng, but for which the adequate institutional and legal instruments to put it into practice do not yet exist. Uruguay is proud of the fact that it is planned to hold this important preparatory meeting in Montevideo, whose legal tradition is thus honoured bythe holding of such a transcendental event in the field of law. 82. We have no reason to feel free from the worries which have been expressed in this forum for several consecutive years concerning the world economic situation. On the con- trary, it eo .inues to deteriorate and that deterioration is accelerating and becoming more acute, This is dangerous because the peoples' frustration is a seed-bed of violence. We emphatically stated the same concern a short time ago at the eleventh special session of the General Assembly." The persistence of recession and inflation, the increase in unem- ployment, exchange instability, maladjustments in the bal- ance of payments in industrialized countries, protectionist pressures and, to sum up, the whole negative syndrome in which the inability of those countries to adopt political decisions in keeping with the magnitude of the global crisis hinders the economic progress of developing countries. 83. The essential characteristic of the contemporary world economic system is the growing interdependence of all the peoples of the world, an interdependence which is in the process of accelerated intensification. It is obvious that we cannot find solutions in a policy of isolated blocs. Without the overall world economic approach that also calls for a long-term overall economic policy, it will be very difficult to overcome the serious problems of the present situation that overwhelm the peoples of the developing world, as well as those in developed countries. That collective and efficient approach requires an optimization of the allocation of pro- ductive resources. This also implies a redistribution and relocation of industries in accordance with the competitive capacity of each country, a general opening of the econo- mies to secure an effective role for competition, and a strat- egy that will cover all the areas of development without excluding any key sector. Hlbid., Eleventh Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 12th meeting. 85. This situation has an adverse effect on countries which, like mine, face the typical problems ofa small market economy. After many years of trying a development system based on a domestic market, which proved inadequate because it did not permit an optimum allocation of resour- ces, we decided to base our development process on open economy principles as part of a more dynamic and competi- tive market, the international market. 86. Another point we wish to make relates to development of food and agricultural production. Consideration of this question. cannot be separated from that of trade, in viewof the detrimental effects of protectionist barriers on efficient food production in the developing countries. The world situation, in this respect, is frankly alarming; hence we endorse all measures that the international community may adopt in favour of a new world food order, which, in our view, is a pre-condition for any new international economic order. 87. In confronting this gigantic task, we feci legitimate concern over the growing trend towards protectionism on the part of the industrialized countries, which seriously limits and can cancel out the benefits of the option. The detrimental effects of this phenomenon cannot be underesti- mated. Where the developing countries prepare themselves to c?mpete in international markets according to the laws.of a market economy and their efforts arc artificially rendered ineffective by protectionist measures-which often take the form of non-tariff barriers imposed on specious grounds- the access of those countries to international markets is made impossible, and all the mechanisms which regulate those markets are largely distorted. All this is aggravated by the policies of subsidies and "dumping", which offset all comoarative advantages enjoyed by the developing coun- tries, especially in food production. Obviously, this policy runs counter to all the proposed incentives for food produc- tion in the world, and to recognition of the need to provide facilities to those countries so that they can achieve sus- tained development and thus alleviate dangerous interna- tional tensions. 88. Developing countries are still suffering acutely from the problems derived from the energy crisis ever since the marked increase in oil prices in 1973. Uruguay, which totally lacks this resource, is onc of the Latin American countries that have suffered the most as a result of the serious impact of the oil price increase on its overall imports and on its industrialization process. Our deepest concern relates to the need to create machinery to ensure minirnv-n supplies at 93. There is no doubt that the developing countries have ample means to establish new and valuable forms of hori- zontal co-operation, and when their vast resources begin to be mobilized there will ensue great transformations for the well-being of our countries and the world economy as a whole. 89. rye have observed with satisfaction the favourable attitude among developing countries towards energy co- operation that is being carried out at various levels. The members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries [OPEC] have established an ambitious pro- gramme toguarantee oil supplies to the developing world and have come up with a preferential system of prices and financing indexed to each country's degree ofdevelopment. The same trend has been noticed at the regional level, too, a result of which is the historic agreement between Venezuela and Mexico to co-operate in this field with the Central American and Caribbean countries, as well as the proposal of the President of Mexico at the thirty-fourth session ofthe General Assembly-a proposal warmly supported by my country. 94. All of the measures relating to the various subjects we are considering must, we repeat, be included within the framework of a vigorous policy of international redistribu- tion of labour, ensuring the transfer of technology to devel- oping countries and consequently their industrialization. In that policy, attention to short-term problems that are imme- diately vital is as important and inescapable as complemen- tary attention to long-term problems, because without solutions of that nature all the rest will be nothing but an ineffective palliative for permanent needs and will jeopard- ize the future of peoples. 95. We do not wish to end this statement without express- ingour discouragement at the inabilityto achieve during the eleventh special session ofthe General Assembly the consen- sus necessary to approve all the proposals submitted for its consideration. Unfortunately for all the countries of the world, that session has passed into history as a setback on the long, hard road the developing countries have set out upon towards the establishment of a new international eco- nomic order. Once againwe have missed an excellent oppor- tunity to show our peoples the important results that can be achieved through international co-operation. Even so, it is an important historic duty for the General Assembly at this session to continue with decisiveness the efforts that have been begun to initiate global negotiations planned for 12 January next, and to adopt the International Development Strategy for the I980s. 90. It is vital to ensure the transition of the present-day economy, which is based on h~ drocarbons, to an economy based essentially on new and renewable energy sources. 91. Uruguay attaches particular importance to the prob- lems of science and technology, because the attainment of development on a sound basis is impossible without the establishment of an endogenous capacity in this Held. To thatend, we hope that the resolutions ofthe United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development, held at Vienna last year," will be implemented. 92. My country has participated actively in discussions of the subject of economic and technical co-operation among developing countries, a fundamental component of the new international economic order inspired by the principles enshrined in the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States [resolution 328/ (XXIX)]. We note with satisfaction the various efforts being made to implement the Arusha Programme for Collective Self-Reliance, adopted by the Group of 77,10 and especially the first short-term and medium-term plan of action on global priorities for eco- nomic co-operation among developing countries. It has. 96. Before closing I wish to express my Government's appreciation and recognition of the efforts of the Secretary- General, assisted by his staff, in carrying out his important task by paying efficient and untiring attention to the many complex problems-some of them particularly delicate- that he has had to face within the area ofcompetence of the Organization. 97. I wish to reiterate our unwavering adherence to the purposes and principles of the Charter, with which the international policy of my country fully concurs, our faith in its permanent and ever contemporary applicability, and our hope that the serious threats to international peace and security which hover over the horizon like dark clouds and the various obstacles to the full development ofharmonious and mutually respectful relations among all nations based YSeeReportofthe UnitedNations Conference onScienceandTechnol- ogyfor Development. Vienna. 20-31 August 1979(United Nations publi- cation. Sales No. E.79.1.21 and corrigendum). chap. VI. sect. A. 1/1 Proceedings ofthe UnitedNations Conference onTrade andDevelop- ment. Fifth Session, vol.l, Report andAnnexes(United Nations publica-

Allow me, Sir, to congratulate you sincerely on your unanimous election to the lofty post of Presidentof the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly. I am sure that your many talents and rich experiencewill helpyou to make a valuable contribution to the work of this session. 99. I would also join previous speakers in paying a tribute to Mr. Salim Ahmed Salim for the work he did as President of the thirty-fourth sessionand of the specialsessionsof the General Assembly. 100. Our delegation would like to take this opportunity heartily to congratulate Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on its admission to membership of the United Nations. 10I. The present sessionof the General Assemblyis being held at the juncture of two decades, in the year of the thirty-fifth anniversary of the victory of the forces of peace and socialism over fascism and militarism. In our view, that fact will help us properly to concentrate on the main issues of the present world political situation in terms of drawing the necessary lessons from the past and correctly defining the tasks of the international community in implementing the aims and purposes of the Charter and strengthening peace and international co-operation. 102. During the last three and a half decades sincethe end of the Second World War, positive profound changes have taken place in world development. This isprimarily related to the creation of the world socialist system and the steady growth of its might,and to the historicsuccesses achievedby the forces of national and social liberation. In this connec- tion our delegation wishes specifically to underline the his- toric importance l military and strategic parity that has been attained by the socialist world with the West with the purpose of ensuring a peaceful future for mankind. 103. The 1970s are significantinthat the"cold war" policy was overcome, relaxation of international tension ensued and the principle of peaceful coexistence of States having different social systems was further confirmed. 104. On the other hand, recent events provide clear evi- dence that the forces of imperialism and reaction refuse to put up with the strengthening of the positions of socialism and the progressive changes occurring in the world. They are desperately trying byeverymeansto hinder theobjective course of history, and they have set for themselves the adventurist goal of obtaining military superiority over the socialist world, which is the main bulwark of the forces of peace, national independence, democracy and progress. They have embarked upon a course of unprecedented esca- lation of the arms race and of undermining the veryfounda- tions of international detente. by the United States of the so-called rapid deployment forcesdesigned to commit acts ofaggressioninvarious parts of the world. A long-term programme of increasing the military expenditure of the NATO countries has been adopted. 106. Moreover, the United States recently adopted what is called Presidential Directive 59, which in essence advocates the. concept of so-called limited nuclear warfare, and the possibility of using nuclear weapons and the permissibility of waging nuclear war have begun to be discussed with dangerous frivolity at high official levels in that country. 107. The reactionary forces are carrying out their actions against peace, security, freedom and the independence of peoples under the false pretext of fighting against a bogus "Soviet military threat", and they are thus grosslydistorting the peace-loving nature of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union and the socialistcommunity, whichfully conforms to the vital interests of all mankind. 108. The particular danger of the present situation lies in the activecollusionof the forcesof imperialismand hegemo- nism based on anti-Sovietism-in other words, based on hostility to the cause of the national and social liberation of peoples. Beijing's anti-socialist, anti-Soviet course encour- ages the most reactionary forces of imperialism and abets the new outburst of aggressiveness and adventuristic trends in their actions. 109. Nevertheless, imperialism and reaction are today being countered by the forces of peace, democracy and socialism, which are able appropriately to rebuff their intrigues. There exist objective conditions which will not permit a return to the "cold war" and would forestall the danger of a nuclear conflict. The growing economic and defence potential of true socialism and its ever-increasing international influence serve as a reliable bulwark in the struggle of peoples to strengthen peace and international co-operation. The World Parliament of the Peoples for Peace now being held in Sofia, the capital of the People's Republic of .nrlgaria, is a particular casedemonstrating the immense scope of this struggle. Representatives of more than 130States and 100 public organizations are discussing there such vital issues as strengthening peace, developing international co-operation and disarmament, and so on. 110. Detente has become more deeply rooted in interna- tional relations and real conditions exist for it to remain as the prevailing tendency. This isdemonstrated, in particular, by the results of the meetings and talks held by Leonid I. Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, with President Giscard d'Estaing, of France, last Mayand subse- quently by the leaders of the Soviet Union with those of the Federal Republicof Germany. The Mongoliandelegation is of the view that, in the light of the adventuristic actions of the ultra-reactionary forces of imperialism and hege- monism, the outcome of these meetingsacquires particular importance. 112. The first material condition for strengthening detente and peace is to halt the arms race and move towards genuine disarmament. These objectives should be achieved by pre- serving the existing military and strategic parity on the basis ofsteadily declining arsenals ofweapons and on that basis of strict observance of the principles of equal security for all sides. 113. The numerous constructive initiatives of the socialist countries are aimed at the achievement ofthese goals. These initiatives as a whole have been reaffirmed and further developed in the declaration and the statement of the Politi- cal Consultative Committee of the States Parties to the Warsaw Treaty of 15 May 1980 [see A/35/237-S/13948]. 114. The States parties to the Warsaw Treaty have pro- posed to begin practical negotiations immediately and, where negotiations have commenced, to complete them effectively in order to reach agreements on concrete meas- ures on a wide range of problems, starting with the reduc- tion of the military budgets of the big Powers and coming to such important measures as full and comprehensive prohibi- tion of nuclear weapons testing, halting the production of nuclear weapons and the gradual reduction ofnuclear stock- piles until their complete elimination, prohibition of the creation of new types and systems of mass destruction, banning of chemical weapons and eliminating existing stockpiles and prohibition of radiological weapons and others. 115. In the field of political measures, the States parties to the Warsaw Treaty have proposed the convening of a con- ferenceon military detente and disarmament in Europe and the holding in the near future of a summit meeting of the leaders of States of all the regions of the world for the purpose of considering the problems of eliminating the hot beds of international tension and preventing war. They have also put forward concrete proposals aimed at making the forthcoming meeting at Madrid a success, so that its outcome will confirm and articulate in practice the provi- sions of the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference. 116. In its statement of 20 May this year the Government of the Mongolian People's Republic fully supported these initiatives as a new constructive contribution by the Warsaw Treaty Organization to the cause ofstrengthening peace and security and developing international co-operation in Europe and throughout the world. 117. These constructive steps of the socialist countries have recently been effectively supplemented by a new excep- tionally important initiative of the Soviet Union that talks be started forthwith on the question of medium-range nuclear weapons, organically connecting it with that of American forward-based nuclear weapons. The Mongolian delegation is of the view that the other side should display a constructive approach to this vitally important issue. 119. The good will _and determination of the socialist States effectively to promote military detente are being sup- ported by practical measures. The Government ofthe Mon- golian People's Republic, like other peace-loving forces, considers that the unilateral withdrawal by the Soviet Union from the territory of the German Democratic Republic of 20,000 troops, 1,000 tanks and other military equipment is of paramount importance for the creation ofan atmosphere of mutual trust, which is so vital to the realization of meas- ures to reduce military confrontation in Europe. Similarly, the Mongolian People's Republic commends the new pro- posals ofthe socialist countries parties to the Vienna Talks on Mutual Reduction of Forces, Armaments and Asso- ciated Measures in Central Europe. As the main measure in the first stage, it is being proposed that the armed forces of the United States and the USSR stationed in Central Europe be reduced by 13,000 and 20,000 troops respectively. 120. The conclusion of a world treaty on the non-use of force in international relations is of great importance for strengthening detente, the security ofStates and the creation of favourable conditions for halting the arms race and for disarmament. 121. It is in the same spirit that the Mongolian People's Republic supports the proposal ofthenon-aligned countries to draft a declaration on non-interference in the internal affairs of States. 11 The activation of expansionist and hegemonistic forces is making this issue particularly pressmg, 122. Turning to regional measures for strengthening the security of States, my delegation would like to emphasize that the struggle for turning the Indian Ocean into a zone of peace-Where the United States of America continues to step up its military presence-is acquiring particular urgency. The Conference on the Indian Ocean to be held in 1981 should pronounce itselfwith utmost clarity on the key issue, name;" the elimination of military bases in that region. 123. On the specific problemsof halting the arms race and disarmament, the Mongolian delegation would like to emphasize the enormous military and political ~;_:gnificance 124. We support the prohibition of radiological weapons and express the hope that the Committee on Disarmament will be able at its next session to complete the elaboration of an appropriate draft convention. 125. The problem of banning chemical weapons is becom- ing more urgent in view of the continuing reports of the intentions of certain Western countries, under various false pretexts, to improve this weapon of mass destruction and increase its production. We hope that the firm intention expressed by the Soviet Union and the United States in the Committee on Disarmament to continue their persistent efforts in the search for mutually acceptable solutions to the problem of prohibiting chemical weapons will help to clear the way towards attaining this vital goal. 126. The armsrace not only has enormous negativesocio- economic consequences, it also results in devastating effects on the environment as well. Today, when the testing of different types of weapons, including nuclear weapons, is still being carried out in ,the world, when the means of annihilation of every livingbeingon earth are beingaccumu- lated in ever greater quantities, the question of protecting nature from the dangerous consequences brought about by the unchecked arms race becomes an urgent issueof the day. 127. It is precisely in this light that the Government of the Mongolian People's Republic sees the primary importance of the new agenda item entitled "Historical responsibility of States for the,preservation of nature for present and future generations" [item 120], proposed by the Soviet Union, and fully supports this initiative. The adoption by the General Assembly of a resolution, the draft of which was proposed by the Soviet delegation [see A1351194],would bean impor- tant step in the development of international co-operation, in protecting nature on our planet, and in limiting and eliminating the pernicious consequences of the arms raceon nature. 128. The Mongolian People's Republic, as before, sup- ports the early convening of the World Disarmament COIl- ference and favours the extension of the mandate and the 130. Socialist and revolutionary democratic gains are being further consolidated in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Demo- cratic Republic of Afghanistan and the People's Republic of Kampuchea. Fraternal co-operation and interaction by the Soviet Union and other socialist States of Asia have a most favourable effect on the political situation on the continent. A positive role is played by the peace-loving policy and realistic positions of many other countries of Asia, above all the Republic of India. 131. On the other hand, the forces of imperialism, hege- monism and militarism arc intensifying their dangerous activities on that continent. The rulingcircles of the United States are working towards formalizing a kind of triple alliance directed against the socialist countries, the forces of national and social liberation, against all that isprogressive, just and reasonable. 132. The Mongolian People's Republic, which 35 years ago made its contribution to the restoration ofpeace in Asia and the Far East, calls upon the peoples of Asia to draw a lesson from the past, to be vigilant and wary of the various designs of the reactionary forces. It is a fact that while preparing for the Second World War, Fascist and militarist circles concealed their criminal actions under the false pre- text of fighting against the "communist threat". It isclear to everyone that the same trick is being used today when the enemies of peace and international co-operation trumpet the non-existent "Soviet military threat" or the "threat from the North". 133. These very forces cause the further deterioration of the long-standing Middle Eastern crisis, organize the unde- clared war against the Democratic Republic ofAfghanistan, exert open armed and other pressures on the nations of Indo-China and flagrantly interfere in the internal affairs of the States members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations. Regrettably, there are certain circles in Asia which, to say the least, connive at such aggressive attempts to the detriment of the vital interests of peace and security of the peoples of the continent, including their own peoples. 134. The Mongolian People's Republic, as before, consis- tently strives for the safeguarding and consolidating of peace and security in Asia through the collective efforts of all States of the continent. The Bandung Conference con- vened a quarter of a century ago on the initiative of a number of Asian countries, demonstrated the objective necessity and the possibility of uniting all the interested forces on the basis of a common struggle for peace and international co-operation, for national independence and social progress. The spirit of Bandung is gaining particular 136. The Government of the Mongolian People's Repub- lic favours an immediate political settlement ofthe situation concerning Afghanistan which emerged as a result of inter- vention against that sovereign State organized by Washing- ton and Beijing through their accomplices. The basis for such a settlement is contained in the proposals put forward by the Government of the Democratic RepublicofAfghani- stan on 14May of this year [see AI35123B-SI13951]. Cessa- tion of the counterrevo'utionary intervention is the basic prerequisite for achieving that goal. The question of the withdrawal from the territory of Afghanistan of the limited contingent of Soviettroops could besolved in the course ofa political settlement if the aggression against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is discontinued and such discon- tinuance is properly guaranteed. In the General Committee, our delegation categorically opposed the discussion in the General Assembly of the so-called question regarding the situation in Afghanistan. Such a discussionwould bea gross violation of the spirit and letter of the Charter of the United Nations and constitute flagrant interference in the internal affairs of the Afghan people. No one can change the revolu- tionary reality irreversibly established in Afghanistan. The United Nations should not allow itself to be embroiled in such an illegal and hopeless affair. 137. As a result of the so-called parallel action of Beijing and Washington, a serious hotbed of tension has been created in South-East Asia. The frontier between Thailand and Kampuchea has been turned in reality into the border- line of yet another "undeclared war". In the light of the prevailing situation, my Government readily subscribed to the proposal of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Viet Narn to in'dude in the agenda of the current session of the General Assembly a vital item entitled "Question of peace, stability and co-operation in South-East Asia" [item 1/9]. It is exactly in this spirit that we fully endorse the constructive programme for the improvement of the politi- cal climate in South-East Asia put forward by the Confer- ence of Ministers for Foreign AffairsofLaos, VietNam and Karnpuchea held in July this year in Vientiane [see A1351347]. 138. We consider that only the People's Revolutionary Council of Kampuchea, which enjoys the support of the entire Kampuchean people, should occupy its rightful seat in the United Nations and in other international organiza- tions. The very fact that Kampuchea's seat in the United Nations isoccupied by people who do not represent anyone J2/bid. Seventh Emergency Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 6th meeting. 140. Our people resolutely condemn the persecution and repression being committed by the military regimeofSeoul against the democratic forces in South Korea. The situation prevailing in that part of the country demands the speediest implementation ofthe provisionsofGeneral Assembly reso- lution 3390 B (XXX) which envisages dissolution of the "United Nations Command" and withdrawal from South Korea offoreign troops. The Mongolian People's Republic, as before, endorses the constructive proposals bythe Demo- cratic People's Republic of Korea directed at the reunifica- tionof Korea by peaceful means without any outside interference. 141. I cannot but express the deep concern of my delega- tion .at the worsening armed conflict between Iranand Iraq. The interests of peace and tranquillity in that sensitive region and the well-being. of the two peoples demand re- straint and statesmanship on the part of the leaders of these countries to prevent a further deterioration of the situation. 142. The date of 14 December this year will mark the twentieth anniversary of the adoption by the General Assembly of the historic. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples [resolution 1514 (XV)]. Today we welcome the emergence of the sover- eign State of Zimbabwe as the most significant event of this jubilee year in the realization of the ideals of the Declara- tion. The initiative of the Soviet Government, which pro- posed to the General Assembly the adoption of that Declaration, involved the United Nations in one of the revolutionary events of the post-war period, namely, the elimination of the colonial system of imperialism. 143. The disintegration of the colonial system gave a fresh impetus to the broadening of the movement of non-aligned countries, which today plays an important role in the strug- gle against imperialism and colonialism. and for peace and international security. 144. We consider that the question of full implementation of the 'provisions of the Declaration on decolonization has not lost any of its urgency. This is particularly true. in relation to the elimination of the colonial heritage in the political, economic, social and other spheres. 145. The vestiges of colonialism and the neo-colonialist manoeuvres of the imperialist Powers continue to poison the international atmosphere. The recent turn of events in southern Africa demonstrates that the imperialist forces 146. The Mongolian People's Republic resolutely sup- ports the national liberation struggle of the people of Namibia, carried on under the leadership of its legitimate representative, the South West Africa People's Organiza- tion [SWAPO]. Likewise we stand for the strengthening of the economic embargo against the racist regime in South Africa and we support the struggle of the people of the Republic of South Africa for their political and social rights and freedoms. 147. At present the national liberation movement of the peoples is extending to new spheres ofsocial development. It is in this light that my delegation sees the struggle of the developing countries for the establishmentof a new interim- tional economic order. We share the disappointment of the developing countries that the recently held eleventh special session of the General Assembly was unable to carry oufthe tasks entrusted to it. The main reason for the fruitless out- come of the session was, in our view, the lack ofpolitical will on the part of certain Western countries to participate in the cause of restructuring international economic relations on a just and democratic basis. The leading Western Powers not only are unwilling to give up their privileged position in the economic relations of the capitalist system but are also trying to use it as a means of blackmail and pressure and of destabilizing the established international relations in their own selfish political interests. 148. My delegation would like toemphasize that the adop- tion by developing countries of progressive socio-economic reforms and the mobilization of their internal resources and potential constitute the most important prerequisite to the creation and development of independent national econo- mies. In this we see also an important means of strengthen- ing the position of every individual country in the struggle for the establishment of just and democratic world eco- nomic ties. 149. The Mongolian People's Republic has always at- tached and continues to attach great importance to the activities of the United Nations as an instrument for strengthening peace and international security and develop- ing peaceful co-operation among nations. In the present situation of growing tension in the world that role of the Organization is still further growing. This makes it indispen- sable to enhance the effectiveness ofits activities on the basis of strict observance of the provisions of the Charter. Con- scious of this, my delegation will do its utmost to facilitate the successful completion of the work of the current session in order that it may make an important contribution to the cause of strengthening international detente and fostering an atmosphere of trust, mutual understanding and co- operation.

My delegation brings greetings to the Assembly from the Government and people of Liberia under the leadership of the People's Redemption Council. chaired by Master Sergeant Samuel Kanyon Doe. 158. The goal of our people's strivings and the resultant revolution is not the elimination of any ethnic grouping of our society or the replacement ofone group ofexploiters by 151. We congratulate Ambassador von Wechmar on his election to preside over the thirty-fifth session ofthe General 152. His predecessor, Ambassador Salim A. Salirn, has earned the deep appreciation of us all for the outstanding manner in which he conducted the affairs of the thirty- fourth session and three special sessions of the General Assembly. We, as Africans, are all proud of him for the honour he has brought to his country, the United Republic of Tanzania. and to our continent. 153. We extend sincere thanks and appreciation to the Secretary-General for his untiring efforts dedicated to the cause of peace. 154. Liberia is pleased at this time to welcome Saint Vin- cent and the Grenadines into the United Nations. We are happy also that our sister State, Zimbabwe-which we wel- comed to membership at the eleventh special session, on economic development-is actively participating with us in the work of this session. The admission of those new States brings us closer to the Organization's much-cherished goal of universality. 155. The presence of our delegation here today is confir- mation enough that the days arc ending when Governments can come to this forum and advocate liberty, peace, security and social justice on the international level without attach- ing any significance to those principles and objectives in their own countries. International peace and security must be built upon domestic harmony and tranquillity. At times, however, domestic peace can be assured only by recourse to radical changes. This the Liberian people found it necessary to do. 156. Our people could no longer endure a political system which maintained a property qualification for voting or for seeking elective office. We could no longer accept a situation in which 70 per cent of the population derived an annual per capita income of $74 while 4 per cent earned $3,500. We were tired of 90 percent illiteracy and one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world. We found unacceptable an existence in which thousands of people in our country had never seen a hospital ora school, despite the consistent and very punctual visits of the tax collector. 157. Thus it was that on 12April1980the men and women of the armed forces of Liberia, acting for the Liberian people, removed from power the True Whig Party Govern- ment because of rampant corruption, misuse ofpublic office and gross violation of the constitutional rights of the Liber- ian people. The events of 12 April were the climax ofa long struggle by the Liberian people to inaugurate a new society in our country. It was a struggle of the broad masses of our people: students and teachers, workers and civil servants, the urban and rural public, and, decisively, our men and women in arms. It was a struggle to secure freedom, justice, equality, human dignity, equal opportunity and full partici- pation by all citizens in the determination of their destiny. 159. Although Liberia has changed its Government, it has not changed the essential foundations of its foreign policy. Liberia's national interests, international obligations and friendships have not changed. What has changed, however, is our perception and interpretation of those interests, obli- gations and friendships. Our faith in the ideals and goals of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity [OAU] is unshakeable. 160. Our confidence in the principles of the movement of non-aligned countries is steadfast. However, Liberia will be genuinely non-aligned. We shall vigorously resist becoming trapped in the web of super-Power rivalry. We shall not permit our country to be used as a surrogate acting for external interests. Never shall we permit our friends to determine who our enemies ought to be. 161. We adhere to the principle of self-determination and the right of every people to determine its own political, economic and social systems without outside interference of any kind. Our commitment to the total liberation of Africa from colonialism, apartheid and other forms ofdiscrimina- tion and exploitation remains firm. We shall encourage greater emphasis on inter-African co-operation, while the safeguarding of our national interests shall remain paramount. 162. The free enterprise system, based on the private investment of domestic and foreign capital, will be main- tained, while investors will be encouraged to show a greater sense of social responsibility. We shall continue to promote genuine partnership between domestic capital, public as well as private, and foreign investment through our open-door policy. We condemn the exploitation and the diversion of the resources of our people to uses other than for their advancement. 163. Having said that much about the Liberian revolution, I should like to make a few comments on some of the items on the agenda of this session. 164. South Africa remains an implacable enemy of Afri- can freedom and independence. Byoutright defiance and by one subterfuge after another it continues to pit its will against the international community over Namibia's transi- tion to independence. Worse, South Africa continues unlawfully to use Namibia for committing incessant and unprovoked acts of aggression against neighbouring Afri- can States, while, on the home front, itsapartheidpolicy has become even more vicious, strengthened by massive assist- ance in military aid and technologyfrom its friends abroad. 166. The situation in Afghanistan and Kampuchea sug- gests that the small States are exposed to dangerous threats to their independence and sovereignty ifthe principles ofthe Charter that offer them protection can be flouted with impunity at any time a major power chooses. If the credibil- ity of the Organization is to be maintained, it must condemn any violation of the Charter, regardless of which State is responsible for the breach, and despite the pretext that State may advance. 167. The situation in the Middle East remains one of the greatest threats to international peace and security in our time. Liberia has consistently followed, and continues to follow, a policy based on the following: first, that a just and lasting peace cannot prevail in the Middle East without due recognition of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to a State of theirown; secondly, Israel must completely withdraw from all occu- pied Arab lands; and, thirdly, all States in the region, includ- ing Israel, have a right to live freely within secured and internationally recognized boundaries, with the fullest respect for their territorial integrity and sovereignty. 168. Acceptance of those principles by many States has not produced peace while, for many others, the attainment of peace is a pre-condition for the acceptance of those principles. Thus, deadlock and stalemate persist in the Mid- dle East, where grave threats to the peace of the world have already broken into open hostilities. 169. Against that background those who have advanced or supported agreements, even though partial ones, that are aimed at breaking the deadlock do serve the cause ofpeace. For us one thing is certain: that problem cannot be resolved peacefully unless communication and dialogue between and among all those desirous of effecting peaceful change can occur. For that reason, my Government believes that the time has come for all States that have severed diplomatic links with Israel to begin a re-examination of their policy with a view to the establishment of some links, however limited, that would facilitate communication. For us, that re-examination seems all the more appropriate since our sister African State, Egypt, in whose support ourdiplomatic ties with Israel were severed, has now established formal ties with that country. 170. The outstanding success ofthe country of the current President of the General Assembly in the years since the United Nations was founded demonstrates what can happen when nations devote their energies to peace. The lessons of that example ought to be marked by all of us during this year when the Federal Republic of Germany presides over the General Assembly. 172. I should like also to pay a special tribute to the outgoing President, Mr. Salirn Ahmed Salim, who dis- charged his duties with such mastery in a very delicate international situation. Throughout his term of office, he embodied with remarkable distinction the truly African meaning of dynamic compromise and the will for peace of our continent. 173. I could not pass over in silence the constant efforts extended by the Secretary-General for the cause of peace and the achievement of the primary mission of the United Nations. 174. The birth of a new State is always an occasion for rejoicing; its free accession to membership of the United Nations gives us reason to hope, because it brings us ever closer to the goal of universality that we pursue. Hence I should liketoday to welcome the arrival in the international arena of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, which in acced- ing to independence has swelled the ranks of free nations. May it find in this environment the peace and security necessary to consolidate its freedom and to implement its development programmes. 175. The thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly has opened in an international context marked by tension and conflicts which breed disquiet, insecurity, anguish and dis- trust in international relations. 176. The resultsof the eleventh specialsessionof the Gen- ral Assembly, which has just ended, have not denied or invalidated that fact. The failure of that special session, in which we had placed great hopes, is ascribable only to the developed and industrialized countries, which did not dem- onstrate a real political will for change. That attitude is pregnant with threats to international peace and security. 177. Indeed. peace and the survivalof the world necessar- ily entail sharing world prosperity. compensating for the natural inequalities and redressing the structural incquali- ties, and the union of all in a new ethic of solidarity. If the eleventh specialsession now appears to some as an abortive rendezvous with history, it is because that truth was not understood by some of our major partners. 178. My delegation considers that some institutions and international organizations should be more understanding and open-minded towards problems connected with third- world development because it is to be feared that in the long run countries which produce raw materials other than oil will themselves also be prompted to take steps which can only worsen the present crisis that is afflicting us so sorely. 180. The accession to power of the black majonty in Zimbabwe was heralded by the international community as a great victory for democracy and an inestimable contribu- tion to international peace and security in that sorely tried region. Alas, deaf to the insistent clamour of reason and of history, the white minority racists of Pretoria continue to practise the criminal policyof apartheidand to disregard the rights of the black majority in South Africa itself and in Namibia, in contempt for the relevant resolutions of the United Nations. 181. Apartheid has been condemned by the United Nations and the international community as a crimeagainst humanity. The authority, the leadersand the public institu- tions which continue to practise or implement a policy which has been declared criminal according to international laware criminal themselves and deserveno support at all by any member of the international community. Allthe acts by the white racist minority regime of Pretoria within the framework of the policyofapartheidare tainted with illegal- ity and criminality. This issomething which all Members of the United Nations must understand in order further to emphasize the political, diplomatic, economic and military isolation of the citadel of racism and apartheid. 182. The Republic of Zaire unequivocally condemns the policy of apartheidand the savage repression which is being visitedupon the oppressedmassesofSouth Africawhich are in revolt, for nothing will stop the irreversible march of history. Our country, in solidarity with the independent African States of the region, which have accepted heavy sacrifices for the cause of the liberation of the peoples of South Africa and Namibia, condemn most vehemently acts of aggression perpetrated unceasingly by South Africa against Angola, Zambia and Mozambique and urgently appeals to all countries which have dealings with South Africa to halt all commercial, economic, financial, military and nuclear co-operation with that nation. 183. With regard to Namibia, the Republic of Zaire notes the illegality of the occupation of that Territory by South Africa since the end of the mandate regime and considers that the basic question here is one not so much of negotiat- ing Namibia's independence with South Africa as of imple- menting the relevant resolutions of the United Nations and the plan for settling the Narnibian question approved by the General Assembly and the Security Council and relating to South Africa's withdrawal from that Territory. 184. The Republic of Zaire reaffirms its support for SWAPO as the sole legitimate representative of the. people of Namibia and supports the efforts made by the United Nations Council for Namibia as the sole legal authority, with a view, on the one hand, to ensuring the independence of that Territory while respectingitsterritorial integrityand, on the other hand, to stopping the shameless pillage of Namibia's resources which is being indulged in by certain transnational corporations. 185. My country rejects South Africa's manoeuvres which would create through the so-called Turnhalle negotiations 186. The tension which persists in North Africa with regard tu Western Sahara is ofconcern to international and African opinion. My delegation welcomes the decision taken by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the OAU, which met at Freetown from I t04 July 1980, requesting the OA U Ad Hoc Committee of Heads of State on Western Sahara to continue to make the necessary efforts to reconcile the parties to the conflict and to find a peaceful, lasting solution to that thorny question [see A/35/463 and Corr.l, annex If]. My delegation isespecially pleased by the obvious readiness and will shown by all parties concerned to embark upon negotiations and to take a full part in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee. 187. We voice the hope that the heads ofState orGovern- ment of the OAU, when they have before them the report and the recommendations of the AdHoc Committee, which has just met in Freetown and which had an opportunity to hear all the parties concerned in the conflict, will be able to find a political, peaceful and lasting solution consistent with the legendary wisdom of Africa. We consider that interna- tional bodies should refrain from compromising the process initiated by the OAU in July of seeking a peaceful solution to this dispute. All nations of the world and all peace-loving forces should encourage and support the OAU in its efforts towards peace. 188. No one denies today that the situation that obtains in the Middle East is a serious and abiding threat to interna- tional peace and security. The question of Palestine is at the very core of the Middle East conflict. 189.' The seventh emergency special session ofthe General Assembly on the question of Palestine gave us an opportu- nity to see thatthe Arab States, which 32 years ago had not accepted the terms of resolution 181 (11) of 29 November 1947on the partition of Palestine, and the Palestine libera- tion Organization [PLO] now accept the creation of an independent Arab State of Palestine and the terms of this resolution as guaranteeing their interests and constituting the basis for a final solution. 190. A universal consensus seems already to exist on the following points: first, the legitimacy of the struggle of the Palestinian people for the recovery of its rights, particularly the right to political and economic self-determination, the right to create an independent sovereign State and the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their lands; secondly, the central role of the Palestinian question in the Middle East dispute; thirdly, the representative characterofthe PL~ and its right to participate in all efforts being made and m all deliberations and negotiations to determine the future ofthe Palestinian people on an equal footing with t~e other, par- ties; fourthly, the need for respect for the international regime of the City of Jerusalem, the Holy Place of th~ th...ee great monotheistic religions of the world, and t~e reJectl~n of any unilateral actions and measures to annex It ~r,alter Its geographic, demographic and cultural characteristics; and 192. The Republic of Zaire vehemently condemns the pol- icy of annexation of territories by force, the implantation of Jewish settlements in the Arab lands of Palestine, the denial of the right of return of the Palestinians and the unilateral measures for the annexation of the Holy City ofJerusalem recently adopted by the Israeli Government in violation of the relevant resolutions of the United Nations. 193. The Zaire delegation considers that the new approach which places the question of Palestine at the centre of the Middle East conflict and which advocates recognition ofthe right to self-determination and independence of the Arab people of Palestine supplements Security Council resolution 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, which remains an impor- tant basis of the quest for a just, lasting and comprehensive settlement of the Middle East conflict. )94. The Republic of Zaire supports respect for the princi- ples of the Charter and the rules ofthe law ofthe people. We have therefore said unequivocally to the authorities in Iran that the taking as hostages of persons whose inviolability is covered by diplomatic immunity, guaranteed and protected by the internationally recognized instruments which exist in this field, bears the seeds ofserious threats with incalculable consequences for the future of relations of trust between nations and for the peace and security of all. 195. We have reminded the Iranian authorities that we, the peoples of the third world, who are continuing to wage a tireless struggle for the democratization of international relations, for the establishment of a more just and more equitable international order, protected from fear, arbitrary action and the rule of force, must accord great importance to respect for the rights of others and for internationally recognized and established principles governing relations and co-operation between peoples and modern States, bear- ing in mind the modest means that we have at our disposal, because we believe that we would be the great losers in a world without principles and without law. 196. That iswhy we have asked them and continue to ask them today to free the American hostages, safe and sound and without prior conditions. The Iranian revolution would emerge strengthened from such action. In saying this, the Republic of Zaire remains fully in favour of the indepen- dence of Iran, its sovereignty and the right of its people freely to determine its future. 197. The deterioration of relations between Iran and Iraq is ofextreme concern to us, not only because it involves two brother members of the non-aligned movement, but also and in particular because this conflict is taking place in one of the most sensitive regions ofthe world, where any conflict can degenerate into disaster because of the rival interests of the great Powers. 200. The situations in Afghanistan and Kampuchea con- stitute a threat to international peace and security. The invasion of Afghanistan by foreign troops has created a new situation in that part of the world. This region is today in a period of effervescence. The fear of the danger of destabili- zation has caused an intensification ofthe arms race and has aggravated tension between States. It is understood, moreover, that.the occupation forces are reluctant to evacu- ate that country for fear of creating an imbalance to their disadvantage. 201. It is in this way that the vicious circle of violence begins, the consequences of which cannot be calculated, because although we know how to get into it, we do not know how to get out of it. It is precisely therein that the threat to international peace and security lies, particularly when the main protagonist is a great Power, a permanent member of the Security Council, with special responsibility under the Charter for maintaining international peace and security. 202. We ask the Soviet Union to abide by the terms of General Assembly resolution ES-6/2 of 14 January 1980 and to evacuate its troops from Afghanistan without prior conditions. 203. In resolution 34/22 the Assembly calls forthe imme- diate withdrawal of all foreign forces from Karnpuchea and implicitly supports the continued representation of Demo- cratic Kampuchea at the United Nations. 204. The only question that really arises here is whether the United Nations has a choice between endorsing the invasion of Kampuchea by foreign troops by seating the Government installed in Phnom Penh by the invading and occupying troops, and refusing to endorse that invasion and allowing the legitimate Government overthrown by the invading and occupying troops to retain its seat in the United Nations. 205. The de:' on of Zaire considers that the United Nations has nu ",.oice but to continue to recognize the Government of Democratic Kampuchea if it does not wish to weaken the very foundations of the Charter. Many States which defend this thesis have not necessarily supported the actions of the Pol Pot Government in Kampuchea, nor have they maintained special relations with it. Some Member States.have attempted to approach this problem on the basis of the defence of human rights, accusing the Pol Pot regime of genocide. 206. The position of Zaire is unequivocal with regard to human rights. The sacred principle of human rights must be 207. Legitimacy is a matter for the peoples. The United Nations cannot confer any legitimacy whatsoever upon a Government against the wish of the people concerned. 208. According to some statistics, in 1980$500 billion will be spent on weapons-inother words, 10per cent more than in 1979. Precisely 10years ago, in 1970,the figure was nearly $370 billion. Year by year, despite the declarations of intent to stop the arms race, military expenditures increase, thereby decreasing the sums made available for develop- ment and to improve livingstandards throughout the world, particularly the third world. 209. At a time when there is talk of launching the Second Disarmament Decade, we must denounce the hypocrisy of the great Powers-particularly the nuclear Powers-whose acts are not always in keeping with their declarations of intent. 210. The aims of resolution 2602 E (XXIV) of 16Decem- ber 1969, in which the Assembly proclaimed the First Dis- armament Decade, are far from having been achieved. The arms race-s-particularly the nuclear arms race-is still being pursued; military expenditures, as can be seen, have grown at an alarming rate; hotbeds of tension have been increasing and flaring up, posing additional threats to international peace and security; the cold war is with us again and, unfortunately, the third world region has become its theatre of operations. 211. The great Powers are eyeing one another like porce- lain dogs, and their desire for a balance of power constantly prevents them from abiding by their obligations concerning disarmament. One may thus wonder whether they have truly decided to heed the appeal of the former Secretary- General, U Thant, who declared in 1970 that any compre- hensive disarmament programme must begin with a halt, immobilization or restriction of the nuclear arms race, fol- lowed by measures to reverse the process by reducing and ultimately eliminating nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. 212. Here as elsewhere, we expect the great Powers-and, above all, the nuclear Powers-fully to demonstrate their attachment to the common ideal of peace; because, although disarmament is of concern to all nations of the world, it is only the armed who can be disarmed; indeed, the very possession of weapons can pose a problem to the immediate area or threaten it directly. 213. The Republic of Zaire pursues a policy of peace, good-neighbourliness and co-operation, and will spare no effort to contribute, to the extent of its modest means, to promoting disarmament. It supports the establishment of denuclearized zones as an important step towards general and complete disarmament. Those are the tenets of the Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa. 14 215. My country has sheltered thousands ofpeople fleeing from neighbouring countries during their struggle for inde- pendence. Our action was in consonance with a noble cause-that of freeing long-enslaved peoples from the colonial yoke. Unfortunately, a new category of refugees seems to have emerged: refugees guilty of common-law crimes but who, by fleeing from justice in their countries of origin.' are enjoying protection and refugeestatus thanks to the unavowed desire of the host countries to destabilize young States eager to consolidate their independence. 216. Civilization is rooted in nature, and nature has moulded human culture and influencedall artistic and scien- tific works. Lifein closecontact with nature offers mankind the best chances of developing its creativity and of protect- ing and enjoying its moments of leisure. 217. The destruction of natural systemswhich results both from excessive consumption and the abuse of resources will surely cause life on our planet to perish. The preservation and protection of the environment thus become an ethical obligation of all members of the international community for the sake of present and future generations. 218. As the President of the Republic of Zaire, General Mobutu, declared at the twelfth session of the General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, at Kinshasa, in September 1975: "We for our part are aware that we cannot do what- ever we please with our forests, because they have an influence that goes beyond the limits of national terri- tory. The seas, the oceans, the upper atmosphere are the property of the human community that cannot be con- sidered as belonging to anyone or in which one can do as one pleases." 219. With that in mind, Zaire has submitted to the Gen- eral Assembly a draft World Charter for Nature [AI351141, annex If]. This document, which is essentiallytechnical, has ecological objectives. We call on all Member States to study it carefully and lend it their support, for what is at stake is the survival ofall mankind. 220. I should like to refer to another subject, the lawofthe sea, a new law, the effectiveness of which depends upon its acceptance by the majority of the members of the interna- tional community. Despite the progress made as a result of the resumed ninth session of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, the new version of the informal composite negotiating text has a number ofshort- 221. Moreover, it is inconceivable that at a time when all the nations of the world are studying global measures to ensure an equitable distribution of what is commonly called the "common heritage of mankind", some States are abus- ing their power and, by means of unilateral legislation, are starting to exploit the sea-bed for their exclusive benefit, thereby trampling underfoot the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly. 222. In any case, the tendency to replace one unjust order with another is unacceptable to us, to say the very least.Tn this regard, weconsider that everyState must make an effort to safeguard the goals sought by the future convention- goals which can only complement those enshrined in the Charter. 223. Daily, facts demonstrate that the Charter of the United Nations can be improved by being adapted to the new requirements of evolution, We particularly have in mind those provisions that are related to the maintenance of international peace and security, which concentrate all powers in the hands of a small number of States. The Charter should reflect the new situation that has resulted from an increased democratization of international rela- tions, since it is a fact that the interdependence of States is inconceivable without a sharing of responsibilities. 224. If the initial enthusiasm of the Organization has somewhat diminished because of serious and varied situa- tions that have arisen, that should be no causefor surprise in an Organization that includes States having such diverse economic and social systems and that legitimatelyaspires to ensuring co-operation among all the States that compose it, great or small, rich or poor, in a world that isdominated by fear, mistrust and inequalities of all kinds. 225. The United Nations constitutes the last bulwark in which peace-loving and justice-loving States mayplace their trust-I am referring in particular to the States of the third world-and it should be able to accommodate the emer- gence of young States on the international scene and the consequences thereof. 226. The Republic of Zaire wishes to avail itself of this opportunity once again to proclaim itsfaith inthe principles of the Charter and its devotion to the aims and objectivesof the United Nations.

On behalf of my delega- tion and on myown behalf'! should liketo extend to Mr. von Wechmar warmest congratulations on his unanimous elec- tion to the high officeof President of the thirty-fifth session of the General Assembly. We are fully confident in his personal ability to guide us in the tasks that will confront the General Assembly during his term ofoffice. Hiselection isa 228. My delegation was highly appreciative of the con- structive results achieved under the stewardship of Mr. von Wechmar's predecessor, Mr. Salim Ahmed Salim of the United Republic of Tanzania. We owe him deep gratitude, and we wish him the very best in all his future endeavours. 234. The Asian situation is still one of crisis and turmoil. We cannot ignore or condone the situations resulting from interference in the internal affairs of sovereign States and from great-Power rivalries, as such developments go against the Charter and could very easily assume serious propor- tions. The peace and tranquillity conducive to the carrying out of tasks for economic and social betterment can come about only when foreign military presence is removed and the countries of the region agree genuinely to .livewithin the framework of the undiluted principles of the Charter. 229. I shouldIike to take this opportunity to commend the Secretary-General for his unrelenting efforts in trying to maintain international peace and security. He has been able to face the tremendous challenges of his high office with timely and appropriate action, courage and consistency. 230. My delegation is very happy to join in warmly wel- coming Saint Vincent and the Grenadines as the one hundred and fifty-fourth Member of the United Nations. We are certain that the Organization will benefit from its experience ~nd participation in our work. Its membership brings us still closer to our goal ofuniversality for the United Nations, a goal to which we attach high priority. 235. The question of turning the Indian Ocean into a zone of peace, according to the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace [resolution 2832 (XXVI)], which could beneficially influence the establishment of permanent uni- versal peace, has again been made more difficult because of the rivalries of the super-Powers and other vested interests. During Hie Meeting of the Littoral and Hinterland States of the Indian Ocean in July 1979, the Bhutanese delegation very clearly outlined the position of my Government. In brief, our position was, first, that the further escalation and expansion of the military presence of all Powers in the Indian Ocean should be halted; secondly, that all military bases and other military installations should be removed from the area; and, lastly, that there should bework towards realization of the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace. My delegation continues to maintain that position. 231. The Government and people of Bhutan are firmly committed to the ideals and principles of the Charter and to those of the non-aligned movement. We therefore seek as free people to live in peace and friendship with all nations and to develop our country in every sector of human endeavour in a manner weourselves deem fitand proper. At the same time we willjoin with other peace-loving nations in an effort to build a world order based on respect for the s~:)Vereign equality of all nations, peaceful coexistence, jus- tice and mutually beneficial co-operation. We willspare no effort in the quest for the maintenance ofinternational peace and security, to which all peace-loving nations should be wholly committed. We firmly believe that, as is stated in the Declaration of the Sixth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries," the quintessence ofthe policy of non-alignment is the rejection ofall forms of subjugation, interference or intervention, direct or indirect, and of all pressures, whether political, economic, military or cultural, in international relations. In keeping with the true principles of non-alignment, we will continue to refuse to join any form of military alliance or power bloc. 236. The ravaged war-torn region of the Middle East has so far been an area where all attempts towards achieving a lasting peace have failed. The problems seem to defy solu- tions. However, most of us believe that the vital element in achieving peace in the Middle East is the withdrawal by Israel from occupied Arab territories and the establishment of the sovereign independent State of Palestine. At the same time, we fully recognize the right ofall States in the region to live within internationally recognized and secure boundar- ies. These are the only steps that will lead to a lasting peace and provide a true guarantee of the right of all States in the area to exist peacefully. At the seventh emergency special session called in July this year the General Assembly ana- lysed the situation and the problems in the Middle East. We supported resolution ES-7/2 which emerged from that ses- sion. The international community, and especially those Governments in a position to do so, should continue their efforts to resolve the Middle East crisis peacefully within the framework of that resolution. 232. The arms race is definitely the greatest folly that mankind has embarked upon, and concrete steps to halt and reverse the trend are long overdue. A study has determined that at p.resent there exist more than 50,000 nuclear weap- ons, which have a destructive capacity a million times greater than that of the Hiroshima bomb. The number of people held hostage to the threat of nuclear catastrophe has reached 4.5 billion. In the 1980s, if present trends continue military outlays are expected to exceed $600 billion a year: even given the assumption that inflation will be checked. In every area of disarmament we continue to witness hindran- ces and a lack of progress. Since the tenth special session of the General Assembly, devoted to disarmament, three years have passed and little headway has been made in implement- ing the programme of action adopted at that session [see resolution S-lO/2]. 237. The eruption of the Iraqi-Iranian conflict has added yet another adverse dimension to the problem of peace in that part of the world. My delegation appeals to both sides to exercise maximum restraint and to permit immediate mediation by mutually acceptable parties. Here the good offices of the Secretary-General should be fully utilized. Our deep concern for the speedy solution of problems resulting 238. The peace-keeping involvement of the United Nations has contributed immensely to containing conflicts and reducing tension. At the same time, the humanitarian efforts again made under the auspices ofthe United Nations have helped in alleviating the suffering of many displaced peoples from war-torn areas. Such activities ofthe United Nations must continue and expand. 239. The Government and the people of Bhutan rejoice at the emergence of a sovereign independent Zimbabwe. That was a true victory over colonialism, racism and apartheid. Africa has been able to discard yet another shackle. How- ever, the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa continues in total disregard of international law and opin- ion. The people of Africa have our complete support in their relentless struggle to do away with the vestiges of colonial- ism and the abhorred practice ofapartheid. We are certain that it will not be long before the continent of Africa is completely emancipated. 240. We can no longer continue to tolerate the injustices resulting from the prevailing international economic order. The specific areas where injustice exists and the corrective measures that are required have crystallized. Only the lack of political will on the part of some countries is preventing the international community from implementing the mea- sures for the creation of the ne" international economic order. It must also be realized that failure on our part to come to terms with, and consciously establish, a just and equal world economic order will give free play to several uncontrollable forces, which could upset the well-being of the developed societies themselves. Furthermore, we must also realize that the hungry and the poor may not remain for ever silent and docile. The key to the solution is in the hands of the developed and other countries rich in capital and technology, and we urge them to take positive steps in the correct direction. 241. The eleventh special session of the General Assembly did not reach the expectations of the developing countries. However, the final outcome has a fewpositive elements. The consensus reached in respect of the International Develop- ment Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade provides the international community with helpful guidelines, especially with regard to the nature, size and complexity of the tasks that need to be undertaken during the Decade. At the special session the Assembly also recog- nized the serious deficiencies in the economies of the least developed countries and called for immediate and increased assistance to that category ofcountries. Unless the structural weaknesses of the least developed countries are speedily removed, these countries will continue to register negative or negligible rates of growth. Special assistance has also been sought for the most seriously affected-the land- locked and the island developing countries. The Secretariat and the agencies concerned must now make every effort to fulfil the mandate given to them at the eleventh special session. Here bodies like UNCTAD can play a more posi- 242. In Bhutan, under the truly dynamic leadership ofHis Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuk, we are now in the process of launching our fifth Five-Year Plan. The twin objectives of our economic development continue to be the achievement of self-reliance and the raising of the living standards ofour people. However, in the formulation ofthe programmes under this Plan we have taken into considera- tion the experience of the past which, among other things, shows that we must ensure that the benefits ofdevelopment are more widespread and commensurate. with our input. In the gigantic task of trying to achieve a better economic life-style for our people, we have been provided with assist- ance by several friendly nations and international organiza- tio~s. Such assistance is essential toa country like ours, as assistance acts as a catalyst and leads to the ultimate achieve- mentof, the goal of self-reliance. With the availability of appropnate types of economic and technical aid Bhutan , . ' , With ItS comparatively rich heritage ofeconomically exploit- able resources, can within a short span of time develop a self-generating economy. For instance, Bhutan has a huge hydroelectric power potential, forest and mineral resources agricultural products and good possibilities in other fields: ~owever, in order to make those sectors productive, initial input of external capital and technology is required. 243. Bhutan has the added disadvantage of being a land- locked country. Such a geographic situation has definitely retarded economic growth. Several severe handicaps must be removed before a land-locked country can achieve sus- t.ai~~~ economic progress. For example, adequate transit facilities have to be provided and transportation systems within the. land-locked country and from the land-locked country to the ports of transit countries have to be made adequate and efficient. Most of the exports of land-locked countries become uncompetitive in international markets because of high transportation costs. My delegation hopes that all those countries in a position to do so will take steps to provide assistance to the least developed and the land- locked countries. 244. In conclusion, I should like to mention that one ofthe fa~tors of the deteriorating international situation coupled With an unprecedented arms build-up is suspicion and dis- trust i~ each ,ot~er's. intentions, especially among the bigger countnes. It IS m this context that my delegation welcomes moves for initiating confidence-building measures, particu- larly among the power blocs. Such confidence-building measures should, however, also be initiated in other areas of the glob~ and~specially among countries where potential for conflicts exists. Another factor is the failure at times to realize that the conduct of international relations between sovereign States has to be within the framework of interna- tionalla~. Besides, obstacles must not be put in the path of the attainment of the legitimate aspirations of self- determination by peoples. The community of nations, with the dawn of the realization of what is necessary for human s~rvival, along with the appropriate political will, can defi- nitely lead our peoples to a safer future and a happier and better world order. 24': Mr. SHAHI (Nepal): It is my privilege to convey to the President, Mr. vonWechmar,and through him to the 246. I wish also to take this opportunity to express our appreciation to Ambassador Salim of the United Republic of Tanzania for the firmness and impartiality with which he conducted the business of the thirty-fourth session of the General Assembly. 247. Our principal compliments are due to the Secretary- General for his devotion to the ideals of the United Nations and the exemplary manner in which he has been discharging the heavy responsibilities pertaining to his high office. 248. We welcome Saint Vincent and the Grenadines as the newest Member of the United Nations. Its admission is a further step towards the universality of membership of this world Organization. 249. The decade of the 1980s has opened on a note of uncertainty, tension and conflicts on all fronts in interna- tional affairs. The most important contributing factor .to this sad state of affairs has been the recent armed interven- tions. The process ofdetente has been seriously jeopardized, and there are increased military build-ups and renewed escalation of an already vicious arms race. Sharp divisions among the big Powers, armed conflicts in several areas and frustrations in our common search for a new international economic order continue to characterize current interna- tional relations. 250. Southern Africa continues to be one of the focal points of conflict in the relations between nations. In spite of the well-deserved achievement of independence by the people of Zimbabwe, the authoriues of South Africa have refused to see the writing on the wall and to recognize the legitimate rights of the oppressed people, led by their national liberation movements, to human dignity, equality, self-determination and majority rule. My delegation remains steadfast in its support for the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. We deplore the refusal of the South African authorities to co-operate with the United Nations in implementing the plan for free and fair elections in Namibia. We fully support the struggle of the people of Namibia for national liberation, under the leadership of SWAPO. 251. The situation in the Middle East not only continues to be tense but has, in fact, deteriorated in the past several months. In keeping with our well-known position on this question, we support the right of every State in the area, including Israel, to live in peace and security.within well- defined boundaries. However, a just and lasting settlement ea,mol be achieved unless the legitimate aspirations of the Palestinian people, their right to participate as equals in any peace negotiation and their right to a separate.State of their 252. The frequent armed attempts by Israel to undermine the territorial integrity and sovereignty ofLebanon continue to cause grave anxiety to all. As a contributor to UNIFIL, we once again urge Member States to co-operate with UNI- FIL in restoring full Lebanese authority in the troubled areas. My delegation joins the Secretary-General in his appeal to those Governments which have not paid their assessed contributions to the UNIFIL account to reconsider their position. There should be no question that the financ- in~ ofa duly authorized United Na.ions peace-keeping oper- ation is the collective responsibility of all States Members of the United Nations. 253. We have noted with concern the sudden painful deterioration of the relations between two neighbouring countries, 'Iran and Iraq. We sincerely appeal to both of them to exercise maximum restraint and seek a peaceful solution .of their problem. Escalation of violence between the two countries is bound to have a wider detrimental impact in the region. 254. On the question of Cyprus, a country torn apart as a result ~f extra-~erritorial interests of outside Powers, my delegation continues to favour the resumption ofintercom- munal negotiation under the auspices of the Secretary- General. We would support any political settlement based on strict respect for the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus. 255. With regard to the Korean question, my delegation continues to hold the view that the aspirations of the people of Korea to national reunification should be fulfilled peace- fully by their own efforts, without any outside interference. 25.6. The arms race has escalated with renewed vigour, and this has been a matter of universal concern. The twentieth century has already witnessed two world wars and several other wars in between and after. The most intensive search for peace took place during this period, and the United Nations is the culmination of those efforts. 257. The advances in science and technology have resulted in the unprecedented accumulation of most lethal and des- tructive arms ir national arsenals. It is ironical that the period that gave birth to the notion ofgeneral and com-Jete disarmament also has been a period of the most vicious armament race in history. We have forgotten the twin les- sons of history: one, that no nation ever enjoyed security in armament and, two, that arms accumulated have always been used at one point in time or another. The big Powers must take a major share ofthe blame forthe arms race in the world. They cannot escape responsibility for the lack of progress in the deliberating and negotiating forums of the 258. Nepal is a party to both the partial test ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty. It has always supported the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones and zones of peace in many parts of the world. We are of the view, however, that the non-proliferation regime cannot long be sustained if it attempts to impose a discriminatory condition between nations in regard to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and if, at the same time, the big Powers fail to fulfil their corresponding obligations under that Treaty. The relentless vertical proliferation of nuclear weapons is bound to have a disastrous effect on horizontal proliferation. It will be a sad development indeed if, as a result ofdefault by the big Powers, more and more threshold countries are encour- aged to opt for nuclear weaponry. 259. The world continues to be faced with an equally grim scenario on the .ront ofeconomic growth and stability. The economic. condition of more than half of mankind has remained static; in fact it has considerably worsened. At the eleventh special session, there was general agreement on the grim reality of the international economic situation. How- ever, negotiations on the new global round as well as on the International Development Strategy for the Third United Nations Development Decade once again brought home the fact that the long-term global outlook continues to be the victim of short-term domestic policies being pursued in developed countries. The nature and persistence ofthe pres- ent economic reality have reached a stage where the stagna- tion in the economic sector will entail wider and serious political repercussions. The Secretary-General has rightly observed in his report on the work of the Organization: "Peace is as much at stake in the discussions on economic questions as prosperity and a decent standard of living for all humanity" [see A/35/i. sect.VlIlj. 260. We deeply regret the failure to reach a consensus on procedure and a time-frame for the global round ofnegotia- tions. We earnestly hope that the developed countries will have the required political will to face the reality boldly and squarely and that the impasse faced at the eleventh special session will be overcome during this session, so that the global round of negotiations can be launched at the begin- ning of next year. We are confident that such negotiations will be instrumental in restructuring international economic relations. 262. The oil economy is now increasingly affecting the life of the peoples in developing and developed countries alike. We reaffirm the need for paying special attention to the growing requirements of the energy-importing developing countries. In this context, we earnestly hope that. the oil- exporting countries will co-operate, substantially and in concrete terms, with the other developing countries, in par- ticular the least developed among them. My delegation has always attached considerable significance to economic and technical co-operation among developing countries. In our considered view, the enormous potential latent in the devel- oping world could be utilized for mutual benefit. 263. High rates of inflation, the adverse effect of fluctua- tion in the prices of primary commodities on the export earning of developing countries and the instability of the international monetary system have badly shaken the already precarious economic situation of most developing countries. These have been reinforced by growing unem- ployment and a food deficit caused by, among other things, natural calamities. While there is no immediate hope of respite from these problems, which are themselves ofcolos- sal magnitude, the prices of vital imports like oil and con- struction and development materials continue to rise sharply. The net flow of resources to the developing coun- tries has further declined as a consequence of the failure of the major developed countries to fulfil their commitments to official development assistance in terms 01'0.7 percent ofthe gross national product. 264. The difficult situation facing the developing countries in general has further aggravated the problem of the least developed and land-locked countries. Most of the develop- ing land-locked countries are also among the least devel- oped, and their problems are of a basic structural nature. Therefore they should be given special attention, as a ma tter of priority, in any international assistance programme. Urgent additional measures should be undertaken to over- come the structural constraints impeding their growth. We appeal for the urgent implementation of the Immediate Action Programme for the Least Developed Countries adopted at the fifth session of UNCTAD.17 In resolution S-11/4, adopted unanimously at the eleventh special ses- sion, the General Assembly has also called for that step. The resources of the United Nations Special Fund for Land- P See Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Fiftt: Session. vol. I. Report and Annexes (United Nations publication. Sales No. E.79.1I. D.l4). part one. sect. A. resolution 122 (V). 265. At its recently concluded ninth session the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea has made some progress, although we feel that the negotiations have been painfully slow-moving. Agreement has been possible on several key elements ofa new regime on the sea. Nepal continues to believe that the new regime will be meaningful only if it is universally recognized that the entire resources of the seas belong to humanity as a whole and constitute a common heritage of mankind. That is the principal idea behind our proposal for the establishment of a common heritage fund. Recognition of the right of free access to and from the sea for land-locked countries will have to form an essential part of the new regime. 266. I should like to refer now to the events in the regions adjoining my own. I allude to the events of far-reaching consequence in Kampuchea and Afghanistan, events which I consider to be the most serious developments in the con- temporary world. Those developments at present constitute a serious threat to the peace and security ofthe world, not to mention the peace and security of the neighbouring areas. 267. As we all know, this grave situation has arisen as a result ofarmed intervention in those two non-aligned coun- tries. Non-interference in the internal affairs of another country is the most fundamental principle in relations between States. Observance of this principle alone implies respect for the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of another State and the right of its people to self-determination. Once that principle is violated, the basic norm of behaviour among States is broken, the sovereignty of another State and the inalienable right of its people are contemptuously disregarded; the trust which is reposed in a State as a responsible member of the international commu- nity is also lost. Therefore Nepal has always held that of all the principles which govern inter-State relationships and which are enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, the principle of non-interference. in the domestic matters of another State is the one which must not be violated in any situation or under any pretext. 268. The nature of a particular Government or its actions and policies, the conditions prevailing in another country, the suspected designs of foreign Powers in that country- none of those factors gives any State the right to interfere in the affairs of another. I must submit that even the plea of self-defence and security does not justify armed interven- tion, much less continued occupation by armed forces of other States. There are ways provided in the Charter and under international law for States to seek redress of grievances. 269. The United Nations would be failing in its duty if it did not continue to press for political settlements in both Kampuchea and Afghanistan on the basis of resolutions adopted by the Organization. There should be no giving in to the concept offait accompli. In such situations nothing 270. As a non-aligned country, Nepal has full faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter and the moral effi- cacy of the world Organization. For us, the principles and purposes of the Charter are represented in the principle of non-interference and the ideals of peaceful coexistence among countries with various political, economic and social systems, peaceful resolution of conflicts between nations and meaningful co-operation among States. These princi- ples and ideals are, for us, both moral and practical. 271. By the scrupulous application of those ideals we have endeavoured to establish friendly and co-operative relations with our neighbours and friends. This isour contribution to the climate of peace and good will in the region and the world at large. It isin this context that we have welcomed the idea of the President of Bangladesh for regional co- operation. The region is rich in vast manpower and inex- haustible natural resources. Nepal is prepared to join in any prudent and wise exploitation and development of these resources in the firm belief that it will serve the interests not only of Nepal but also of the whole region. 272. Good-neighbourliness in the region and good rela- tions among the countries of the region should be reflected in concrete co-operation and full understanding of each other's views, problems and aspirations. That was the rea- son for the recent visit of His Majesty King Birendra to the neighbouring countries and other countries of the region. His Majesty's visit has been followed by other visits which we have undertaken at the official level. 273. We have pursued a policy of always seeking and respecting the views of other countries so that a co- ordinated approach is developed in regard to bilateral, regionat and global issues. This is our way .of promoting better understanding, mutual co-operation and collective self-reliance, the traditional ideals motivating the policies of all our neighbours and friends. 274. The ultimate expression of Nepal's domestic and for- eign policy objective is reflected in our proposal that Nepal be declared a zone ofpeace. This proposal isconsistent with Nepal's traditional quest for peace and development and consistent also with the principles ofthe United Nations and the ideals ofnon-alignment. This isour way ofconsolidating relations and promoting co-operation with all our neigh- bours and friends.

Before giving the floor to the representative of Pakistan, who has asked to be allowed to speak in exercise ofthe right of reply, I should like to remind members that, in accord- ance with General Assembly decision 34/401, statements in exercise of the right of reply should be limited to 10minutes and should be made by representatives from their seats,

At the meeting held yesterday afternoon, certain unwarranted allegations were made 277. It was alleged that there had been "hostile activities emanating from the territories of the neighbouring coun- tries" of Afghanistan against the latter "with the connivance and even tacit support and encouragement ofthe authorities of these countries" [Jlth meeting, para. 140]. 278. Before I refute categorically this baseless allegation against my country, I wish to make it clear that it has been the consistent policy of Pakistan to seek cordial relations with Afghanistan, in keeping with the centuries-old ties of faith, culture and common traditions which exist between the peoples of the two countries. In seeking co-operation with Afghanistan, Pakistan has always been motivated by sentiments of good will, friendship and Islamic brother- hood, and has always scrupulously respected the principle of non-interference in internal affairs in its relations with that country. It was in the same spirit that Pakistan was the first Islamic country to recognize the Government of the late President Taraki following the changes in Afghanistan in April 1978.Soon after, the President ofthe Islamic Republic of Pakistan, General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq, on his own initiative undertook a visit to Kabul in order to reassure its new leadership of Pakistan's continuing desire for friendly relations with Afghanistan. 279. As a result of the internal political problems which followed the April 1978 changes in Afghanistan, the neigh- bouring countries of Afghanistan had been receiving a con- stant influx of Afghan refugees. This exodus assumed great proportions during the massive foreign armed intervention in Afghanistan last December. 280. Most of those refugees are poor and middle-class people who are victims ofrepression and a massive violation of human rights and. who have been forced to leave their homes to seek shelter in neighbouring Pakistan and Iran. Their number in Pakistan alone has exceeded I million. The influx of Afghan refugees has imposed a considerable burden on our already strained and scarce resources, but we in Pakistan cannot shirk from providing them with asylum and the basic necessities of life, because we regard it as our humanitarian, Islamic and international responsibility. 281. Our humanitarian concern for the Afghan refugees is in keeping with universally accepted values. principles and practices, as well as in accordance with the Universal Decla- ration of Human Rights. 282. The problem of Afghan refugees is not the creation of any action on the part of Pakistan. It is a direct result.of the sustained uprising and struggle ofthe people ofAfghanistan against alien domination and the imposition of values repugnant to their faith and traditions. This is an entirely internal phenomenon of Afghanistan, rooted in the Afghan people's devotion to their faith and their glorious tradition of preserving their freedom. 283. The gravity of the Afghan situation, which tran- scends any bilateral dimensions and is fraught with grave international consequences, has evoked the deep concern of the international community. 285. Accordingly, resolution ES-6/2, adopted at the sixth emergency special session of the General Assembly on 14 January, and the resolutions adopted at the two sessions of the Islamic Conference held in January and May last, have stressed humanitarian concern at the plight ofthose refugees and called for the creation of the right conditions for their return to their homeland in safety and honour. It isour hope that such conditions will soon be created and the Afghan refugees will be able to return to their homeland with com- plete assurances of their safety andfreedom. We also wish to express our gratitude to the United Nations High Commis- sioner for Refugees and to international humanitarian organizations and friendly countries who are assisting the efforts of the Government of Pakistan to alleviate the hard- ship faced by those unfortunate people. 286. The allegation that Pakistan is encouraging the Afghan refugees who have fled from persecutionand repres- sion to carry out acts ofsubversion in Afghanistan isentirely baseless. It is a myth that has time and again been refuted by the Government of Pakistan. While refuting those allega- tions in categorical terms, the Government of Pakistan had offered the stationing of United Nations or Islamic and non-aligned peace-keeping forces along the border. It had also declared that the Afghan refugee camps were open for international inspection. In fact, those camps are frequently visited by representatives of the United Nations High Com- missioner for Refugees, whose reports are available in the relevant United Nations records. 287. This offer alone should suffice to expose the fallacy of the allegation of "outside interference" against Pakistan. I may also mention that our frontier with Afghanistan.which is 1,400 miles long, passes through the most difficult terrain in the world and is inhabited by tribal people of the same ethnic composition on both sides of the border. Those people have for centuries enjoyed free movement across this mountainous frontier, which is crisscrossed by hundreds of mountain trails. It is a physical impossibility to seal that border completely to stop the movementofAfghan refugees who have sought shelter in Pakistan. 288. If the Kabul authorities think that Pakistan has not been able to seal that border, nothing prevents the Kabul authorities from doing so on their side of the frontier. 289. In conclusion, my delegation would like to emphasize Pakistan's commitment to co-operate with other peace- loving nations for a peaceful political settlement of the Afghanistan crisis. In this regard, it is our earnest hope that all parties concerned. especially the Kabul authorities, will respond to the most constructive and realistic initiatives taken by the General Assembly and by the Islamic Confer- ence. We feel that a positive response in that regard will demonstrate their respect for the verdict ofthe international community, especially for the opinion and desire of the Islamic countries.