A/39/PV.22 General Assembly

A few days ago, we had the legitimate satisfaction of learning that the international com- munity had elected to the presidency of the thirty- ninth session of the General Assembly a remarkable African diplomat and worthy representative Qf Zam- bia. Mr. President, while this choice testifies to the recognition ofyour merits and is a just reward for the untiring efforts you have made, in particular in defence of the right of peoples to liberty and indepen- dence, it also constitutes a tribute to your country, which is known for its commitment to noble ideals and causes and with which the People's Republic of Angola has excellent relations of friendship, solidari- ty and co-operation. Hence, on behalfof the Govern- ment of the People's Republic of Angola, we are very pleased to join in the warm congratulations ad· dressed to you, Sir, and to wish you the greatest success in carrying out such lofty responsibilities. 2. Allow us to take this opportunity to express to your predecessor, Mr. Jorge Illueca, our deep appre- ciation and admiration for the worthy and far-sighted way in which he carried out his mandate and our best wishes for success in his presidential functions and for the prosperity of the Panamanian people. 3. We should also like to repeat to the Secretary- General our deepest gratitude for his clarity and exemplary seriousness in the defence of the funda- mental principles of the United Nations, as well as the laudable action he has undertaken for lessening tensions and settling numerous conflicts, in spite of the glaring lack of resources made available to him. 4. The United Nations famiJY has just admitted a new Member, Brunei Dar~'salam. The Angolan Government joins ail those who have welcomed that country and wished it a prosperous future. 5. In the hope that sooner or later a growing number of States Members of the United Nations, within the United Nations truly to meet their respon- sibilities and firmly take the most effective meas- ures-which, by the way, are available to them- with regard to those whv violate the fundamental principles of the Charter; carry out colonial wars and foment aggression of every kind, directly or indirect- ly, against States which take independent and pro- gressive positions; practise economic plundering in the underdeveloped countries and persIst in prevent- ing the gradual bridging of the gap between the wealthy or developed countries and the poor or underdeveloped countries; deliberately hinder the serious efforts made by the socialist countries and the progressive and democratic forces to achieve detente, general and complete disarmament, a comprehensive ban on the manufacture and use of weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons; encourage the arms race, thus assurin~ fantastic profits for their military consortia and leadmg to growing increase!: in military budgets and expenditures; multiply the carrying out ofhuge military manoeuvres intended to intimidate or even to commit aggression against certain peoples or States; do not respect the relevant resolutions or decisions of the General Assemblr and the Security Council, the Movement of Non-AlIgned Countries and the Organization of African Unity [OA U]; undermine the authority and the efforts of an~ not just some, will equally and c'uly be taken serIously when they address the General Assembly, we are obliged to repeat what we have already said, to the extent that no significant or positive change has taken place which would counteract the progressive deterioration in the international situatIOn during these last four years. 6. At each session of the General Assembly, all of us come to reaffirm our adherence to the noble purposes NEW YORK af~alf~ of other States and by not respectmg the Angola, the joint declaration of 4 February [1982] prmclple of non-recourse to force and of the settle- remains in full force and constitutes a basis of ment of disputes by negotiations? principle for any negotiated situation that will 11. All these aspects, but especially the unbridled elim~nate the current tension a~d ensure I?eace ~md arms race with its spectre of a nuclear war, involve a full mdependence for the natIons of thIS regIOn. phenomenal increase in expenditures, which in turn "Having strict regard to what is laid down in the increases inflation, causing huge budgetary deficits above-mentioned joint declaration, the Govern- and further reducing the ~lready shrinking volume of m~n.t~ of Cuba a~d Angola. r~iterate ~hat ther will economic assistance provIded to the underdeveloped rel~ltlate, by. theIr own deCISIon and m exercIse of countries, a factor which in itself has greatly contrib- th.elf sovereIgnty, the ex~cution.of t~e g~a.dual uted to the present economic crisis, one which can be wlth?rawal of the Cuban mterna~lOnahst.mlhtary solved only by taking measures to establish a new contmgent as soon as the followmg requIrements international economic order, a measure already are met: advocated several years ago by the Movement of "I. Unilateral withdrawal of the racist troops of Non-Aligned Countries. South Africa from Angolan territory; 12. Given this alarming situation, which clearly "2. Strict implement~tion of ~esolution. 435 endangers the future of peoples, and faced with the (1978). of the Um!e~ NatIons.SecurIty CouncIl, the growing tragedy that is being experienced by millions accessl~n of NamibIa to true mdependence and ~he of human beings who are still deprived of their total. wIthdrawal of t.he South AfrIcan troops whIch freedom and their right to choose their own destiny are Illegally occupymg that country; and who do not possess the ways and means to "3. Cessation of any act of direct aggression or counteract slavery and humiliation, tyranny and threat of aggression against the People's Republic poverty, famine, ignorance and disease, It is impera- of Angola on the part of South Africa, the United tive that at this session the General Assembly States of America and their allies." commit itself to the search for. effecti~e ways ~nd "4. Cessation of all aid to the counter-revolu- means to solve the problems whIch afflIct mankmd. tionary organization UNITA and any other puppet 13. In looking at the problems that face the African group. from Sout.h A~rica, the UnHed States of continent, we feel once again that the current situa- AmerIca and theIr allIes tion in southern Africa must be given very special "Satisfaction of these demands would mean attention at this session of the General Assembly, respect for the rules of international law and of the since we are confronted by a type of deadlock in the Charter of the United Nations and observance of development of the independence process for Na- the many resolutions of the Security Council and mibia. No one is unaware that the Namibian ques- the General Assembly of the United Nations, the tion was broadly discussed last year in the Movement Movement of Non-Aligned Countries and the of Non-Aligned Countries, in the Security Council Organization of African Unity." [See A/39/138. and in the General Assembly and that, subsequently, annex.] diplomatic efforts were undertaken by the interested 16. It is therefore clear that the Angolan and Cuban parties in order to secure, in accordance with the Governments have never questioned the principle, as Lusaka understanding of 16 February 1984, the such, of the withdrawal of the Cuban internationalist unilateral disengagement of South African troops forces. It is also clear that the Angolan Government from Angolan territory and to create adequate condi- has always taken a flexible attitude as long as doing tions for negotiations between the South West Africa so does not call into question the guiding principles People's Organization [SWAPO] and the Pretoria of its foreign policy and its national interests. Angola regime, under the auspices of the United Nations, in has put forward constructive proposals on several order to implement Security Council resolution 435 occasions. We therefore reject any responsibility for (1978). the present deadlock which we find in the indepen- ., . . dence process for Namibia. Such responsibility lies 14. In sl?lte 01 the serIOus commltme~t by ~h.e fully with South Africa and the United States Angolan SIde and SWAPO, the South Afncan mlh- . . . tary disengagement, which was planned to take place 17. It see.m.s u~eful for us to t:mphaslze once a~am within 30 days, has not been completed. A series of that. NamIbIa IS a trust terntory of the Umted pretexts have systematically been presented by the Na~lOns and has been one for more than 30 ye~rs. Pretoria regime during the seven months that have Thl~ means t~at every Sta~e. ~~mbt:r of the Umted already passed. It is becoming clear that there is a ~atlOns has dIrect responslblhtles. WIth regard to the lack of seriousness on the part of South Africa, which md.ependence process of that Terntory. Unfortunate- is deliberately trying to delay or prevent the indepen- ly, It se~ms tha~ a large number of States Membe.rs. ~f dence process of Namibia by attempting now to t~e UnIted NatIons have forg.otten those responslblh- establish a double linkage, that is to say, to subordi- tIes, for when they leave thIS heavy burden on the nate the completion of the withdrawal of its troops to sho,,!lders of the An~olan Government they do not the results of the negotiations under way with act Ut accordance WIth the mandate. SWAPO, on the one hand, and to make the imple- 18. Furthermore, in 1967 the General Assembly mentation of resolution 435 (1978) conditional upon adopted a resolution by which it decided to establish the withdrawal of the Cuban internationalist forces or constitute the United Nations Council for Namib- from the People's Republic of Angola, on the other. ia and to define its mandate [resolution 2248 (S- J1]. t~e. cease-fire .between ~W~PO and the PretorIa implementation of resolution AHG/Res. 104 (XIX)2 regIme~ and thIS makes It d}fficult to preserve the on Western Sahara, adopted by the Assembly of presenl. atmosphere of det~~te on.the border Heads of State and Government of the Organization betwe~n An.gola and NamIbIa. It .IS ther~fore of African Unity at its nineteenth ordinary session, esse~tIal t~ ~ncrease the pressu~e of mternatIo~al held at Addis Ababa from 6 to 12 June 198", It is to publIc. opmlOn on ~outh AfrIca to respect ItS be regretted that the Kingdom of Mcrocco oostinate- c,?mmItments, establIsh a cease-fire agreement ly refuses to embark upon direct negotiations, which ~Ith SWAP9 and ann0l!nce the date f,or ~he indicates insolent disdain for the sovereign decision ImplementatIon of resolutIOn 435 (1978). of the Heads of State and Government of indepen- Nevertheless, as also stated by President Jose Eduar- dent Africa. We reaffirm our militant solidarity with do dos Santos, the heroic people of the Saharan Arab Democratic "In the southern part of our continent, the Republic and particularly with the valiant fighters of People's Republic of Angola continues to be the the Frellte POLISARIO. main target of the global strategy of the imperialist 26. We reaffirm our unshakeable solidarity with the Powers, which are tryin~ to destabilize and para- heroic Palestinian people and their legitimate repre- lyse the legitimate natIOnalist Governments of sentative, the Palestine Liberation Organization African countries which are fighting to affirm their [PLO], in their continuing struggle to regain their identity, independence and national sovereignty." homeland, usurped by the Zionist entity, and to 21. On the other hand, everyone is aware of the establish an ind~pe~dent State. Furthermore, .we progressive deterioration of the internal situation in reaffirm ,?ur dedIcatIon to the Geneva l?eclaratIon South Africa, as the contradictions within the hateful on ~alestme and the ~r,?gram~e of ActIon for the apartheid regime increase. The valiant fighters of the AchIeve~ent of PalestmIan RIghts, ad~pted by the African National Congress of South Africa [ANC] I~ternat!onal Conference on the QuestIOn of Pales- persist heroically in their political and military tme, WhICh was held at Geneva from 2? August to 7 actions, the fundamental rights of the overwhelming S~l?tembe~ 1983.3 We demand once agam th~ uncon- majority of the South African people continue to be dItl~na! wIt~draw~1 of Israel from the occupIed Arab trampled upon and the brutality and arbitrary deten- terntones, mcludmg Jerusalem, and we sa~ute ~he tions escalate. All this could be seen just before and eff<?rts of th;e Lebanes~ I?eople. to .en~ure t~eIr umt¥, after the adoption of the so-called constitutional theu sovereIgnty ~nd theIr terntona! mtegnty. In thIS reforms context, we are m favour of a MIddle East peace . .. . . conference under the auspices of the United Nations, 22. Thus, the tIm~ IS now.propItIOus fo.r each Stat.e with the participation, on a basis of equality, of all ~~~ber of !he Umte~ NatIons. to fulf1IIts re.sponsI- the parties concerned or interested. bIlItles and ItS comnutments-If only m the mterest. . of the credibility of this international body-and 27. WIth regard to .the tragedy whIch has befal~en consequently for each State Member that is able to the people ~f East TImor becaus.e o.f th~ occupatIon do so to give assistance of various kinds to SWAPO ~y Ind<?neslan armed. force~, It IS tIme for .the and the ANC; to provide, individually or collectively, mternatIonal co~~umty senously and unambI~u- as a matter of urgency, all possible material and ously. to commIt Itself to. a search for a ~astmg financial assistance to the People's Republic of SolutI~n to the problem, whIch has been draggmg on Angola; to begin, at the international and national for nme years. levels, an intensive, permanent campaign demanding 28. Thousands of patriots have been and continue the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of to be imprisoned and tortured. Others have died in South African troops from Angolan territory; and to armed confrontations or been summarily shot. Yet exert every form of pressure on the Pretoria regime others die of hunger. The International Committee of and also on its "friends and allies", including com- the Red Cross is forbidden from entering East Timor prehensive mandatory sanctions-so often advocat- in spite of its purely humanitarian mission. As part of ed but so far prevented by certain Western Powers the framework of the solution of the conflict through from being applied-with the object of bringing to an negotia:~ons and in keeping with General Assembly end the illegal occupation of Namibia and ensuring resolutions 1514 (XV) and 1541 (XV), the leaders of the implementation of Security Council resolution the Democratic Republic of East TImor have pro- provi~ion~ for the stationing of bel!igerent for~es, the 37. We reiterate our solidarity with the just cause of orgamzatIon of free and democr~tIc consultatIons of the people of the Democratic People's Republic of the Maubere peop!e and the settmg of a date for the Korea to achieve t.he peaceful reunification of their transfer of sovereIgnty. countly without any foreign interference and with the 29. It is regrettable that the Portuguese Govern- call for the withdrawal of the American troops from ment is not clearly and firmly meeting its historical, the southern part of Korean territory. To this end, we political and legal responsibilIties for East Timor and support the proposal concerning the holding of that the Indonesian Government is turning a deaf ear tripartite negotiations and the adoption of a peace to the peace proposals already presented by FRETI- agreement as a substitute for the Armistice Agree- LIN, which deserve the unreserved support of the ment. international commu~ity:. 38. We also reaffirm our support for the position 30. None the less, It IS ~omfortmg to note the and efforts made by the Democratic Republic of concerns expressed by Umted States congressmen Afghanistan in the search for the normalization, and s~nators and also by Pope John Paul 11 over the through negotiations, ofthe s'tuation in that country. genOCIde of the Maubere people, as well as the. . . . positions taken by the workers' parties of Australia 39. We reIterate also our full solIdanty wIth t~e and New Zealand. people and G~ve~men,t ~f Cyprus and support. theIr . . efforts to mamtam theIr mdependence, sovereIgnty, 31. We urge the S~~retary-G:eneralto, c0!1tm~e h!s territorial integrity unity and non-alignment. efforts untIl a defimtIve solutIOn to thIS sItuatIOn IS . ' found, and we appeal to the member States of the 40. Once agam we make an urgent appeal to the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries to identify Governments of Irag and Iran. to put an ~nd to the themselves with and support the struggle of the war and find a negotIated solutIOn to the dIspute that valiant people of East Timor, separates them. 32. Central America has been undergoing extremely 41. It is unpleasan~ to no~e that the Angolan alarming developments as a result of the threats and Government once ~gam finds Itself forc~d to devote military intervention of the United States Adminis- the greatest part of Its, human and matenal.resources tration, notably in Nicaragua and El Salvador, What to the <;tefe!1ce of Its mdependence, sovereIgnty and is needed in this region is a search for peace through ~ec '~lal mtegrIty. The undec.lared war ~hat has a negotiated political solution. For this purpose, we :.',', 'TIp~s~d upon us by the raCIst and FaSCIst South support the courageous positions taken by the Gov- Arn"" ''\ regIme must stop. ernment of Nicaragua as we~l as the efforts of the 42. 11..' Angolan people dearly wish for peace. They Co~tadora <!roup, reflected m the contents of the have never committed aggression nor do they wish to reVIsed ve,rsl0!1 of the Contad~ra Act on Peace and commit aggression against anyone. They want only to Co-operatIOn m Central AmerIca [A/39/562, annex]. live in peace and work to build a future of progress 33. In order for peace to prevail in Central Ameri- and happiness in a just society that they have freely ca, there must be peace in El Salvador and an end to chosen. the aggression committed agai.n~t Nicar~gu~ and.El 43. The struggle continues! Victory is certain! Salvador. We reaffirm our mIlItant solIdanty WIth . the Frente Farabundo Mart! para la Liberaci6n 44. T~e PRESID~NT: I. ~ave great p"e~sure m Nacional and the Frente Democnitico Revolucionar- welc<?mmg t~e Pnme MInIster and MIm~ter for io, which are the only legitimate representatives of Forel~n AffaIr~ of t~e ~~bane.se RepublIc, Mr. the Salvadorian people. RachId Karame, and mVItmg hIm to address the . , General Assembly. 34. We renew our unfaIlmg support for the Cuban . . revolution and denounce the aggressions and threats 45. .Mr. KARAME (Lebanon) (mterpretatiOn from against the Cuban people. We reiterate our feelings of ArabiC): On behalf of Leban,?n and oD; my own solidarity with the peoples of Panama, Grenada, b~half, allow me at ~he outset, SIr, to assocIate mys~lf Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia and Puerto Rico in their just WIth those. delegatIons that h~ve preceded ~lle m struggles for their national interests, their indepen- congratu~atmg.you on rour electIon to the preSIdency dence and their national sovereignty and territorial of the thIrty-nmth seSSIOn of the General Assembly. I integrity am confident that your wisdom, wide experience and 35. We' reaffirm our support for the efforts to have abil~ty wiV enable you to conduct the work of this the dispute over the borderlines between Guyana and seSSIOn WIth success. Venezuela resolved throu~h bilateral negotiations. 46. I wish also to express appreciation to your On the other hand, and III keeping with General prede~essor, Mr. Jorge Illueca, for the able manner in Assembly resolutions, we register our hope that there which he conducted the work of the thirty-eighth be, in the immediate future, a start of negotiations session. My own appreciation and that of my country between the United Kingdom and Argentina with a also go to the Secretary-General for his laudable view to restoring to Argentina the Malvinas Islands, efforts and for his report on the work of the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Organization [A/39/1]. 36. We also reaffirm our support for the efforts of 47. I welcome to the United Nations the newest the Indo-Chinese countries to ensure peace and Member, Brunei Darussalam; we wish its delegation stability in South-East Asia without any foreign all success in representing its country and defending intervention, and for a constructive dialogue among its rights. destruct~on that has struck the whole country have occupation forces condescend to open every now and made of this invasion a very serious and violent then. The process of destroying the economy of the phenomenon that has to be tackled separately and south is in full swing and includes the well-known brought to an end as soon as possible. projects for exploiting the waters and other resources 6 . . of that part of the country. All these inhuman 1. The contmued IsraelI occupation of parts of my practices are a flagrant violatIOn of the provisions of countl):' threatens its existence and jeopardizes the the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of possibIlity of restoring its unity and cohesion in the Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949.6 foreseeable future, because Israel is occupying one Lebanon, while awaiting the total withdrawal, calls third of Lebanon and directly controlling one fourth once again upon all States members of the Security of its population. Council to review its complaint in this context in a 62. The question, then, is not one of borders that spirit of justice and right and to make it possible for have to be drawn or posts that have to be controlled. the Council to take effective measures aimed at If that were the case, it would be easier to reach an putting an ~nd to all those practices. understandin~, because the legal background is clear and the principles and texts that confirm the rights of 66. It was natural that these excesses should lead to Lebanon in all these fields are available. What is at the formation of a national movement of armed stake now is the future and existence of an indepen- resistance against the occupation. That resistance is dent State that is a Member of the United Nations, irrefutable proof of the vitality and dignity of the indeed, one of its founders. A country threatened by Lebanese people. It is an expression of their determi- division and the fragmentation of one of its parts nation to regain their rights, sovereignty and free- remains under occupation. Therefore, and in order to dom. Lebanon is proud of this resistance; it sees in it find the means to eliminate the consequences of the a pure, shining reflection of the faith of the Lebanese occupation in my country-an occupation that has people in their homeland, and the exercise of a claimed thousands of lives and caused enormous legitimate right recognized and achieved by all States damage, displacement and agony-I find it necessary and peoples throughout history that have been to put before the Organization the basic principles of subjected to occupRtion and invasion. my Government's policy on this vital matter. 67. The attempt to depict Lebanon as a centre of 63. First, Lebanon is determined to re~ain control terrorism is a distortion of the facts; it is a way of over all its occupied territories within a lImited time. maintaining the occupation, domination, and inter- It considers that total Israeli withdrawal beyond ference. Such reasoning is rejected both in form and internationally recognized boundaries is urgently in content. necessary and has absolute priority. 68. Lebanon is suffering from acts of atrocity as 64. Secondly, the people and the leadership of widespread as the atrocity of occupation, which leads Lebanon fully realize that the continuance of the to oppression and the denial of rights. Israel's occupation of a large part of their country by Israel occupation of the south, western Bekaa and Rachaya jeopardizes their very existence. They agree on the and the continuous inhuman practices accompanying need for the State to use all the means available and that occupation carry with them the seeds of instabil- make every possible effort to end that occupation. ity and violence. We undoubtedly have to differenti- Those that focus on certain alleged differences and ate between the le~itimate, heroic resistance in the on the failure ofsome people to contribute to the task south and the individual actions of those who, as of liberation that must be carried out by them show a individuals, resort to violence as an expression of tragic ignorance of the realities of the present politi- their despair. Surely, resistance is the noblest means cal ~ituation in Lebanon and of the unswerving of opposing occupation. As for the retaliatory meas- determination of the whole Lebanes~ nation, of all ures, they are but private, suicidal actions taken for factions, to regain its rights and reunify its homeland. personal reasons; they happen in every society, 65. Thirdly, the Israeli practices in southern Leba- including that of Israel itself. non constitute a daily violation of most of the 69. The whole world should know that independent principles of the United Nations and the provisions Lebanon is the master of its decisions. Those who of international conventions which Israel claims to challenge this fact are also those who attack its respect. The population of the occupied territories is sovereignty and whose aim is to compromise its being subjected to every form of oppression and unity. persecution. This has been verified by several impar- 70. Sovereign Lebanon's relatl'ons wl'th l'tS Arab tial bodies and dealt with in detail in clear and precise reports of organizations whose credibility brothers have always been and will continue to be the cannot be questioned. Those practices have also been central point on the wider spectrum of its relations h b' f I ' b' d b with the world as a whole. These relations, besides t e su ~ect 0 numerm.1S comp amts su mltte y being historical, cultural and tradl'tl'onal, are also Lebanon as official do~uments of the General Assem- bly. The latest of these complaints was that submit- connected with our destiny-to the extent that that ted to the Security Councils-a complaint whose fate word has any meaning. is only too well known to all. The suffering is still 71. If these relations are the distinctive mark of our continuing in p~hysical, moral, economic and military relations with all the Arabs, what would one expect forms that affect the daily lives of our citizens. our relations to be like with a sister country and a Hundreds of innocent people are still in detention neighbour, Syria; with whom we have distinctive ties camps, held without charge, endlessly awaiting trial. uniting us in all fields? ~tice .Agreem~nt ~asl pe~a~en! c~aracter. and that 80. Ninthly, any secu~ity arrange~en~s must re- It ~tl! remam iD ..orce t:ntIl ~t IS ~fficlally and spect Lebanon's sovereignty and ItS fights. They exphcI!I~ amended by ~he two ~Ignatones under the should confirm its solid constituent elements as a superVISion of the Umted Nations. sovereign State with inviolable rights and frontiers. 74. Fifthly, Lebanon considers that Security Coun- Proceeding from this premise, Lebanon will not cH resolutions 508 (1982) and 509 (1982) constitute ,""ccept the presence of any military force on the the sound legal basis for the process of Israeli h~rritory of south Lebanon except the forces of the withdrawal from Lebanese territories. It is note- Lebanese army under the legitimate Lebanese au- worthy that those two resolutions provide for imme- thority. Israel's pretext that it does not trust the diate and unconditional withdrawal. Israel, as a legitimate Lebanese army and its reliance on iIIegiti- Member of the United Nations, must implement mate forces for the maintenance of security there are those two resolutions and must cease to ignore them. refutable. If those small groups have proved ineffec- The international community-especially the Securi- tual even under the Israeli occupation, what would ty COlJncil and its members-assumes a heavy the situation be if they remained alone to confront responsibility towards the people of Lebanon and the the genuine national wrath that is on the increase? inhabitants of the south, western ~ekaa and Rachaya 81. Loyalty to Lebanon must take the form of and must take th~ necessary practIcal step~ to put an loyalty to the State of Lebanon. The Lebanese leaders end to Israel's dIsregard of those resolutIons. and people alike will not recognize any other alle- 75. Sixthly, the Lebanese Government is willing to giance. Lebanon considers that the only military take all the military and administrative measures force that is entitled to join it in the maintenance of necessary to ensure the safety of the population in security at the border areas is the international force southern Lebanon. It has prepared an integrated plan whose role, activity and deployment are governed by for the deployment of the army at the border areas in clear and detailed international a~reements and the wake of the withdrawal of Israeli forces. Lebanon resolutions that have a time-limit, wIth the explicit welcomes any mediation effort or assistance, whatev- agreement of Lebanon. er the sourc~, with a view to reachi~g an agreeme~t 82. On the whole, Lebanon considers that any on the secunty arrangements to be Implemented m security agreement to be concluded must of necessity the south. confirm the principle of respect for Lebanon's sover- 76. Seventhly, Lebanon regards the role of the e~gnty. and fr~ntiers. If Israel can~ot. tolt:rate ~he international forces in the south as central and of vIolatIon of ItS borders and terfltorlal mtegflty, paramount importance in supporting the Lebanese Leban,?n, wh.ich has suffered from the viol~ti<?n of .i~s army upon the withdrawal of the Israeli forces. Their sovere~gnty, I~ equally c<?ncerned <?ver the lDVIQlablh- contribution in this respect is indispensable during ty of Its terrItory and Its sovereIgnty. the first phases of the Lebanese army's deployment. 83. I have attempted here to explain the position of Therefore, Lebanon calls for measures to support the Lebanese Government vis-a-vis the issue of those forces by increasing their number, widening the Israel's occupation of a part of the territory of area of their deployment and reinforcing their effec- Lebanon and its refusal to withdraw despite its tiveness-in other words, to enable the Lebanese repeated declarations in this respect. I am confident State to re-establish its legitimate authority over that stressing the principles to be respected will those territories extending to the internationally render the negotiatin$ p~ocess easier and more recognized borders. effective. We are awaitmg the results of the ongoing 77. I wish to refer here to the relevant propOsals of endeavours, whether o.n the part of the Sec~etary- the Secretary-General, as contained in his report of 9 Gener~1 or of the Umted States or other frle~dly April 1984,8 since they form a solid basis for countrIes, and we call upon them to make all possI~le formulating an integrated programme to support efforts so that Lebanon may find a way out of Its those forces, which have played an effective and present ordeal. positive role. Those units have performed their task 84. I have already referred to the new spirit inspir- ID very difficult conditions and with limited capacity. ing the Lebanese people in their efforts to resolve Lebanon wishes to pay a tribute to UNIFIL, hoping their problems by themselves. In the mean time, we that it will persevere in the performance of its noble appreciate the assistance rendered by our numerous reconst~cti~n is not to be, aC?hieved after sec,urity ~as Assembly, I wish to thank the Prime Minister and been .mamtal~e~; rather, It IS a tool for mall~tammg Minister for Fon~ign Affairs of the Lebanese Repub- secunty. If It IS acknowled,ged that secunty ,has lic for the important statement he has just made. pr~cedence over reconstructIOn, then th~ ~urnmg- 94. Mr. FISCHER (German Democratic Repub- ~omt that now confronts Lebanon m~kes It Impera- lic):* Mr. President, I wish to congratulate you tIve for ~ebanon t.o regar~ reco~structlOn as ~ meat:ls warmly on your election to your responsible office. I for ensurmg secur~ty. To mvest m reconstructIon ~Ill am pleased to greet you as the representative of an create confiden.ce m the, future success !Jf t,he sec~flty African country with which the German Democratic scheme and Will len~ Impe~us and VItalIty to I~. Republic maintains friendly relations. 87. 1;'he reco~s~ructlOn polIcy th~t we p~rs~e al,ms 95. I wish you, Mr. President, and the Secretary- essentIall,y at.1l~tmg Lebanon/rom Its tragic slt~at~on General success in your activities. and turnmg It mto a dynamiC workshop of bUlldmg 96Th P 'd t f th th' . hth . f h and reconstruction. . e resl en 0 e Irty-elg session 0 t .e , , , , General Assembly, Mr. Illueca, deserves our grah- 88, T~ls IS m fact a I~rge-scale pro~ess ~hat req~llres tude for his work. the assistance of all fnendly countnes, mternatIonal ., organizations and specialized agencies that appreci- 97. The qerman Democra~lc ReP':lb~lc congratu- ate the difficulties facing Lebanon and are willing to lates ~runel Darus,salam o~ ItS admISSion to mem- help it overcome its ordeal so that reconstruction bershl1J of the Umt~d Nations. takes the place of destruction. While Lebanon ex- 98. I must note WIth concern that a change for a presses its thanks to those countries and organiza- healthier state of world affairs is not in sight. On the tions, it appeals to them to take part in the enormous contrary, the danger of nuclear holocaust is greater efforts required for this process in the near future. than ever before. The arms race is assuming dimen- Lebanon is quite confident that its Arab brethren will sions which exceed all previously known extremes. set an example for other countries. As recent developments show, the arms buildup is 89. We have so far attempted to give an outline of !ptended tC?, extend,even into outer space., Terms like the policies we pursue, as well as our national and star wars c,an give 1;1s only a vague Idea of the international commitments. We strive to ensure that threats to which mankmd and the planet earth are these commitments will conform to the provisions of exposed., , . , international legitimacy and to the resolutions and 99. ThiS ~ltuatlOn ,has com~ about nelthe,r sud~e~ly the Charter of the United Nations, Indeed Leba- nor unnoticed. It IS the dire result of Impenahst non's desire is to see that the United Nations ~emains politics seeking military superiority and domination the focus of serious attention and that its organs are regardless of the cost. Nuclear war and nuclear reinforced. This would be conducive to greater blackmail are part and parcel of those politics. objectivity and deeper understanding in relations 100. There was a straight line from the arms among States as well as to a stronger resolve to face buildup decision taken by the North Atlantic Treaty problems and overcome persistent or potential crises. Organization [NATO] in 1978 to the deployment of 90. Lebanon has always been a meeting-point of new nuclear first-strike weapons in Weste~ Europe. intellectual and cultural mteraction, Therefore, Leba- Tht: ,Peoples have ,not for$otten that thiS fat~ful non has always been at the forefront, playing an deCISion wa~ taken In Washmgton at the same tll1~e effective role throughout contemporary history; this when" here In New York,. the General A~sembly" In role should be resumed, especially in view of its the Fm~1 Document of ItS Tenth Special S~sslOn sufferings throu~hout the last decade, which make it [resolutIOn 5-1012], which was devoted to dl.sarm- recognize that VIOlence breeds violence and that man ament, expressed hopes fo~ peace and a cessatl<?n .of can ensure his rights through dialogue but wast~s the arms race, F,rom thiS rostrum, the sOC?lahst them through violence. The Lebanese people has States-and defimtely not they alone-cautIOned endured unt<?ld sufferings. As a result, it has become .Mr. Fischer spoke in German. The English version of his more determined today than ever before to overcome statement was supplied by the delegation. il~t countries superfluous; the way would be opened ft . the resumption of negotiations on ridding Europe of intermediate-range nuclear forces as well as opera- tional tactical nuclear weapons. 115. The recent Soviet proposals which Mr. Andrei A. Gromyko outlined last week before the Assembly [10th meeting] not only confirm the Soviet Union's readiness for serious negotiations, but also contain an urgent call for the holding of such negotiations. Those proposals are fully supported by the German Democratic Republic. We are similarly convinced of the necessity and usefulness of political dialogue, particularly in times of tension and danger. 116. Political dialogue can create confidence and in th~t way produce results to the extent that the parties mutually respect each other's legitimate security interests. Mere declarations of willingness to negoti- ate cannot calm the international situation. The desire for peace and willingness to disarm can be measured by concrete deeds. What is essential in this context is the will to take practical steps for the prevention of nuclear war. 117. In this regard, an agreement on certain norms to govern relations between the nuclear-weapon States would be of particular importance. Such norms s' Juld include: first, a treaty obligation upon all nuclear-weapon States not to be the first to use nuclear weapons-a commitment the Soviet Union has been the first to undert<11ke-because that would reduce the nuclear threat and pave the way to disarmament; secondly, a general and complete pro- hibition of nuclear-weapon tests, because that would restrain the development of new types of nuclear weapons; thirdly, an end to the qualitative arms race in the nuclear field and, especially, the prohibition of the neutron weapon, because that would put a stop to the nuclear arms buildup; fourthly, agreement on a programme for nuclear disarmament and proscrip- tion of aggressive doctrines of "limited" or "winna- ble" nuclear war, because that would point the way for joint steps to reduce the nuclear threat; a:ld, fifthly, the conclusion finally, to complement these measures reducing the nuclear dangers, of a treaty on the mutual renunciation of the use of military force and on the maintenance of peaceful relations, which would be a true confidence-building measure. 118. The establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones or corridors would br of great importance. The German Democratic Republic reaffirms its offer to make its entire territory available for inclusion in &uch a zone, provided that the Federal Republic of Germany is prepared to do the same, in keeping with the principle of equality and equal security. The German Democratic Republic regards the Joint Declaration of six Heads of State or Government from four continents, issued on 22 May 1984 [see A/39/277j, as a constructive move, because it b aimed at preventing nuclear war. Its insistence on a nuclear-arms freeze as an initial step towards a further reduction of the nuclear forces IS dictated by reason. thou~h it also has to carry great economic and political burdens because of the imperialist policies of threat and extortion and the continuing impact of crisis developments in the capitalist part of the world. 124. Thanks to greater efforts by its working popu- lation, the German Democratic Republic even in- creased its assistance to developing countries by five per cent in 1983 alone. We strongly demand imple- mentation of the principles ~ontained in the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States [resolution 3281 (XXIX)] and in the Declaration and the Pro- gramme of Action for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order [resolutions 3201 (8- VI) and 3202 (8- VI)]. Though adopted 10 years ago, these documents are now more topical than ever. 125. There is no reasonable alternative to the peaceful coexistence and co-operation of States on an equal footing, irrespective of their system of society, geographical position and territorial size. The Ger- man Democratic Republic calls for prudent action to remove acute sources of conflict, scale down tensions and prevent the emergence of new conflicts. It rejects with the utmost firmness the imperialist policies consisting in direct and indirect interference and overt acts of aggression, such as are practised in particular against non-aligned nations in various regions. The German Democratic Republic strongly supports the proposal by the Soviet Union [A/39/244] for the General Assembly to consider the ~he fI~hts of t~e p~oples an~ States of that re~l~n, South Korea with a view to converting the Armistice mcludmg the I~ahena,ble fight of the PalestinIan Agreement of 1953 into a peace treaty between the people to establIsh an lI?-dependen.t State. Therefore, Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the the Ge~man Dem9cra~lc ~epubhc urges the early United. States and achievin~ a declaration of non- c0!1venmg of ~n mtelnat~o~al.conference on the aggressIon by the DemocratIc People's Republic of MIddle ~!!st, wIth the part~clpatlOn of the PLO, the Korea and South Korea. only legItImate representatIve of the Arab people of 139 B h h ,. . I ' , Palestine. . ot t e p~ecanou~ mterna!lona sItuatIon . ," and the forthcommg fortieth anniversary of the 1~O. The Ger~an Democratl~ R~publIcalIgns Itself victory over fascism should give all States Members ~Ith so~ely afflIcted Leb~non III ItS 9ue~t f~r so,,:er- of the United Nations cause for redoubling their elgnty, mdependence, unity and terntonal mtegnty. efforts to strengthen international security. 131: I~rael mus~ im~ediately withdraw fro,m 3;11 the 140. The people of the German Democratic Repub- terfl~on~s occupl,ed smce 1967. Hegemo,nIst .mter- lic, who live at the dividing line between the two ventlon m the reg.t0n must be ended. Only m thIS way biggest military coalitions and know the meaning of can peace, secunty and development be ensured. war from theu own painful historical experience, 132. We support Cyprus in its struggle for natio"~al have a vital interest in the achievement of that independence and for a peaceful, just and enduring objective. soh~tion to t~e Cyprus problem based on the relevant 141. Having risen from the ruins of the Second Umted Nations resolutions. World War, the German Democratic Republic has 133. The German Democratic Republic condemns grown sin~e its it:t~eption 3.5. years ago to become. a the continuing aggressive policy pursued by the St~te ?f high pohtlcal stabll~ty and great e~onoml~, South African racist regime with the backing of other sCientific and cul~ural achievements. Neither the imperialist circles. The German Democratic Repub- peaceful construction work of our own people nor lic is aligned on the side of all independent African that ofother peoples must be allowed to be destroyed States and of the ANC and SWAPO in the battle in a world-wide nuclear conflaSlation. Hence, the against racism, racial discrimination and apartheid preservatio~ <?f peace remains the ov~rridingconcern and to organil~ their own lives in peace security and of the soclahst German State. It IS therefore the independence. 'central. issue of our relationship with the Federal M ' It "d k h RepublIc of Germany. Over the past three and a half r, BenJe oun (Morocco), Vlce-Presl ent, too t e decades, it has been the socialist State's peace policy Chair, and stability that have proved to be an important 134. We demand the settlement of the question of factor in ensuring that movements towards detente in Na':ll!bia .strictly on. the .basis .of Unit~d Nation,S Europe and to living together in peace have origi- deCISions III theIr entirety, mcludmg Secunty C::ouncll nated on German soil. ~~s~~ution .135 (,~ 978). Thi~ resolution allows of no 142. It is only natural that we-and not only we- Ifs and buts and no lInkage whatsoever. are worried when those in certain quarters, in spite of 135. We sympathize with the efforts of the Demo- accepted obligations of international law, question cratic Republic of Afghanistan to find a political the results of the Second World War and, in the solution to the situation in the region, but such a upcurrent created by the deployment of United solution requires first of all an immediate end to the States first-strike weapons, harp increasingly on an policy of interference in Afghan affairs which imperi- allegedly open German question and talk of "reunifi- alist forces have been pursuing and to the warlike cation". ~nternational law and of peaceful coexistence. There "In these conditions-and we emphasize this- IS no peaceful alternatIve. the problem cannot be solved. Even if we recognize 144. This is why we fully understand those politi· tha! the work of reconstruction is a respo~sibility cians who orient themselves on facts established by fa~lmg on all the membe~s of the commun~ty wh~ treaties and are worried about and warn against wIsh. t9 m,ake, progress, It becomes esse~tlal that action to the contrary. credIt Institutions and developed countnes accept , .. their responsibilities, taking into account their own 145., True servIce to th~ ca~se of peac~ resIdes In capabilities and political and financial interests. helpmg ensure that the SItuatIOn tha.t eXIsted befo~e Their own growth and stability depend in the end the deployment ,of nuclear first-stnke ~eapons In on the economic and social well-being of our Western Europe IS restored; that the senes of Eure. countries " pean treaties-the Final Act of Helsinki, the treaties H' 't' d of Mo.sco~, Warsaw, Prague an~ Berlin, and the " e co~ mue : . . QuadnpartIte Agreement-are stflCtly observed and The time has come t9 abandon, stenle dIagnoses revitalized; and that post-war realities in Europe are, and to undertake co-ordmated action. The term~ of as a matter of course, made the basis for all action. payment ofou.r debt must be rescheduled, reducmg Merely to call into question the relevant agreements ' -~e~est rate~ In such a way that the debt may be would be to risk war. Ilced whIle we keep a level of revenue-produc- ., . ing exports that can safeguard the social conditions 146. T~e Umted NatIons has proclaImed 1986 the of our peoples. In order for Latin America to InternatIOn,al Year of Peace. Let us, the. ¥ember continue its development and generate wealth- Stat~s, b~g~n now to crea~e t~e best condItions for and this seems to be everyone's goal-we should be ma~mg It mdeed the begmnmg of a turn towards able to draw on sufficient external financing while !astmg pe~ce the worl~ over.. The German. De~ocrat- at the same time increasing our exports." IC RepublIc pledges ItS actIve co-operation m that 153 N rth I 't t b 'd th t . . endeavour. . eve..e. ess, 1 mus . e sal a "m ~ssummg , , the responsIbIlIty of meetmg our oblIgations and 147. ,Mr. MAESO, (Uruguay) (mterpretatlOn from carrying out the relevant negotiations in a sovereign Spamsh): I should,lIke firs~ to con~ratulate M~. Paul manner, the Latin American countries have found in Lusaka, of ZambIa, on hIS unammous election as their adverse situation a source 'of unity and co- President of. the Gene~al Assembly. I am ~onfi~ent operation. that,under, hIS leadershIp t~~ work of the t~lfty-nt~th 154. In meetings at Quito, Lima, Cartagena and sessl(~n wIll produce poslt~ve r~sults. HIS electIon Mar del Plata, we have produceu important docu- c~nstItutes, to our g~eat satIsfactIon, a further reflec- ments which clearly articulate our strong and respon- tIor~ of the out~tandmg r9le playe,d by the 9roup, of sible common position, on the basis of which we are Afnc~m ~tates In the, Umted, NatIOns and ~ts actIve ready for a constructive dialogue. We have firmly put contnbutIon to the mternatIOnal commumty. forward just and realistic guidelines for the repay- 148, At this session we have taken another step ment of the debt, takin~ into account the unavoid- towards the universality of the United Nations with able and equitable sacnfices that such adjustment the admission of the 159th Member, Brunei Darus- entails for all parties concerned. sa.1am, to which Uruguay exte~ds a most cordia.l and 155. In this context, we once again strongly support fnendly welcome and offers ItS full co-operation. the provisions of paragraph 23 of the Cartagena 149. In the annual consideration of our agenda, we C;onsensus, s!gn~d on 22 Jun~ 1984. 9n that oc~a- are faced with a full range of serious problems arising SIon, the maJ.onty <?f the"Latm Amenca.n co~ntnes as a consequence of the world economic crisis and expressed theIr re~dmess. ~o hold a m~etI~g wIth the the continued existence of a large number of situa- Gove~n~e~ts of mdustnalIzed countnes m order ,to tions brought about by political tension and even by examme Jomtly the many aspects, and the economIC, open conflict. social and political implIcatIons, of the indebtedness 150 I t Id h t b of Latin America" [A/39/331, annex, para. 23]. , n recen years, our wor as no ecome 156 Th '" 11' , safer more peaceful or more just: quite the contrary. . e present sItuapon, m a ItS gravIty, C9n- , , . firms once more the wIsdom of our long-standmg 15 t. , I should lIke to refe,r speclfic~lly to some of the position concernin~ the need to eliminate restrictions questlons that are partIcularly Important to my to trade which senously affect the developing coun- Government. tries. As exemplified by the present situation, one can 152. On the occasion of the opening of the twenty- claim the validity of the equation encompassing fifth annual meeting of the Board of Governors of the external debt and trade, but one mu~t als9 accept, as Inter-American Development Bank, at Punta del has always been the case, the relatIOnshIp between Este in March of this year, President Alvarez under- trade and development. lined the fact that the opening of the session coincid- 157. In this perspective, the protectionism of the ed with "the most painful crisis of the world econom- industrialized countries and their intervention in ic system". He said: international markets with subsidized products con- ~I mechamsms have not been able to deal With th~se be overcome It is necessary for us to enllage in joint Issues--as they have not been able to deal WIth ffi rt 'th" th f: k f' .,. 11 financial and monetary questions-in the depth that e 0 s, WI m e ramewor 0 IDternatlOna. aw, to h . . ~. . h h 'I ft~ , ensure that the peoples of Central Amenca are t e s.ltuatlon reqUIres or WIt t e practlca e I~Iency guaranteed the free exercise of self-determination as reqUIred. We have not made any progress In the . bl Cl h" d I'd " global negotiations, in the revision of the develop- a VIa e means or ac Iev10g an conso I atmg ment strategy or in the adoption of immediate peace.. . remedies. We are facing an acute crisis in interna- 167. With ~n Is.sue so momentous a.s the one bef~re tional co-operation to a degree which threatt;:ls not us, the contnbutl~J.1 <?f all the, countnes of the region only the vitality of the multilateral mechanisms affected by the cnsls.ls essential. We theref~re appeal themselves but their very existence. We are witness- to t.h~m to.exert thetr best efforts and to ~I~play the ing an acute crisis in international co-operation to polItical wIll ?ecessary to promote negotlatl9n~ and such an extent that we note that it has become at the s~me time we appeal to. them to refra10 from impossible to discuss and implement overaH long- any action contrary to that aim. term policies such as would encompass a comprehen- 168. The situation in the Middle East continues to sive solution to global probleI18, be a source of serious tension, not only for the region 162. We think it i8 necessary to initiate immediate but also for international security. and concerted practical action to find solutions to the 169. Ever since the founding ofthe United Nations, most pressing basic problems, such as those of trade, our country has supported the adoption of solutions finance and the establishment of appropriate condi- that equitably take into account the rights and tions of food security. That would improve the interests of all the parties in the region. Consequent- standard of living of the developing countries in the ly, Uruguay is in favour of the full implementation of immediate future, Security Council resolutions 2 t2 (1967) and 338 163. The delegation of Uruguay is ready to co- (197 3~ ~nd recognizes the inalie~able right of th.e operate actively in the search for multIlateral reme- Pal~stlman peopl~ to the full exe~clse of self-dete~ml- dies which could help to solve these problems. 'Ne ~at~on. and the rIght ~f all,th~ States In the. region, must, however, insist on our offer of honest co- l~clud1Og Israe~, to eXist wlt~m secure and 1Oterna- operation, even though this might elicit a response tIonally recogmzed boundaries. only in terms of an echo of the words themselves. 170. The path leading to tru(l and lasting peace Beyond rhetoric, it is necessary to enter into a requires solutions negotiated among all the parties genuine dialogue, to embark upon practical negotia- concerned, with no one excluded\ solutions that take tions to solve pressing questions, and we must show the various elements of the question into account in a the necessary political will. The paralysis pervading balanced and equitable manner and thus provide the international scene on questions so vital and assurances to all the States in the region. urgent fo~ the.daily life of pe~ples ~ould bec0t:ne the 171. The United; Nations ~an, when the time factor trIggermg greater evIls With unpredictable comes, play r ~lgmficant role m promoting negotia- consequences. tions, by prt .ding an appropriate framework or 164. For 20 years, Uru~uay has been advocating a supple~enting their fu~her d.evelopment or imple- legal and peaceful solutIOn to the questioJl of the mentation. We support m particular the efforts of the Malvinas Islands, through dialogue and negotiation Secl'etary·General and we encourage him to continue within the framework of the United Nations. That them. has become more necessary than ever in the light of 172. With deep emotion we e:Kpress our solidarity the tragi~ events <?f 198~ and .in view of the con~in- with Leba~~n, and, at the Game time, we make a very ued ~enslOn and fisk whIch thIS unresolved question strong pohtlcal statement of support for its sover- entaIls.. Our Goyernment welcOJ;nes the statements eignty, integrity and· independence. Our country express10g the Will to find a solutIOn. They should be hopes that the Lebanese Government, with the translated into the immediate resumption of negotia- support and resper.t of the international community, 180. Since those instruments constitute a system for the protection of human rights, in keeping with the principles of impartiality and non-selectivity, and since they cover equaHy the weak and the powerful and every ideology and regime, their adoption would ensure genuine protection of fundamental rights. If they are not adopted, in many instances it will continue to be only those who are more powerful that will benefit and only their political and economic interests will be protected, to the detriment of the interests of those who are weaker and the interests of certain parts of the world. It will indeed run counter to the aims for which these instruments were drafted and, what is worse, they will benefit those who energetically uphold particular philosophical posi- tions that claim to be universal and who will become apostles of discrimination. 181. The strengthening, through the Secretariat, of the procedures of the Centre for Human Right& and the establishment of a post of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights could contribute to ensuring the enJ'oyment of human rights without distortion and in a truly constructive manner. 182. The increasing number of conflicts and the various areas of tension arising from great-Power confrontation explain why ground has been lost in the international efforts aimed at disarmament. That is why Uruguay considers that the most important factor for the attainment of real progress in this area would be the creation of an environment of greater confidence through systematic respect for intcrna- tional law, the foundation of coexistence among States. 183. In particular, it is necessary that we abide strictly by the principles of non-intervention, self- determination and the peaceful settlement of dis- putes. We wish to emphasize most strongly the need for strict observance of the principle of non-interven- tion. In view of the present state of international relations, it is deplorable that intervention in the internal affairs ofother States not only has assumed a variety of more or less sophisticated forms but also occurs with such ~requency that it ~as become the hallma,rk of.our tImes, to the detn~ent of t~~5e ~ountnes whIch are m.ost; vulnerable, yvlth destablhz-. mg consequences of senous proportIons. l~rly m the more cntIcal cases. Peace-keepmg opera- to be carried out steadily and without respite. tlOns should be supported and strengthened. 198 Wh 'd' th t 't t' ., " . en consl enng e presen SI ua Ion ,190. The mternatIonCll commumty must mcrease throughout the world it is easy to grow disheartened, Its support for the S~c~etary-Gener~l an,d, f~r t~e but that situation makes it imperative for the Organi- developmen! of the dU!I~s that are ImplIcIt m hIS zation to overcome the crisis. For this there are office, and m the provIsIons of the Charter. precedents. 191., FinaV~, the General ,Assembly should adopt 199. The Charter of the United Nations enshrines a p~ecI~e d~clslons strengthenmg the role of the Org~- system of principles that constitute a new landmark mza!lOn m gen,eral ,and of the General Asse~bly m in international law, allowing us to make significant partIcular, takl~g mto account !he work m the strides in regulating important areas of human relevant CommIttees and the vIews of Member endeavour. The Organization has promoted vast States, decolonization enterprises and has formulated the 192. The report of the Secretary-General on the most modern concepts of economic, social and work of the Organization [A/39/1], as in previous political development. The Organization, indeed, has years, provides us with an objective assessment of become a forum for dialogue and discussion without steps that could be undertaken to increase the precedent and with a unique universal character. It effectiveness of the United Nations. has become the forum where all States, large and 193. The great Powers, particularly the nuclear sm~ll" participa!e in the s~3:rch for solutions. and Powers, have a responsibility to make a substantial polICIes: Increasmgly, all opmlOn~ caI,1 be heard m an contribution to disarmament and peace. Never~he- IrreversIble process of democratIzatIOn. less, the magnitude cf what is at stake-the princi- 200. On the main issues of concern to the interna- pies of international law, the legal structure of the tional community, the United Nations has made Or~anization and, in the final analysis, the indivisi- substantially correct decisions. One must admit this, bilIty of peace-give each and every one of the even if one disagrees in certain instances or is not Member States the right and the duty to act in this satisfied with the implementation in others. field. 20I, If we do not muster the necessary political will 194. It is fitting that we reaffirm, first, the validity to find solutions through dialogue, if we cannot of the objective of general and complete disarm- recover the sense of commitment to universal peace ament under international control. However, this that created the Organization, we shall have nothing NOTES 12See A1CN.10/64. 13E/CN.4/1984172, annex. 140fficial Records of the General Assembly. Twelfth Special Session, Annexes, agenda items 9 to 13, document A1S-12/32.