A/39/PV.67 General Assembly

I draw the attention of mem- bers of the General Assembly to resolution 38/129, whereby the Assembly decided "to appoint thirteen Member States as members ofthe Advisory Commit- tee on the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law". After due con- sultations with the chairmen of regional groups, I propose that the Assembly appoint Barbados, Cy- prus, France, the Netherlands, Romania, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Venezuela as mem- bers of the above-mentioned Advisory Committee. May I take it that the Assembly wishes to adopt this proposal? It was so decided (decision 39/308). 2. The PRESIDENT: The remaining three vacan- cies will be filled at the eari~est possible opportunity.

Human society has come a long way since the dawn of civilization. Through the rise and fall of empires and the blossoming and atrophy of cultures, man has consistently conquered new horizons of knowledge and achievement in virtually every field of human activity. There have also been those in history who have chosen to defy the process of change and thus to try and reverse the tide of history. 4. That the policy of apartheid should persist in this day and age is-to most people-quite unthinkable. NEW YORK Notions ofracial or ethnic superiority, however false, have prevailed in various societies over the ages. Individuals and groups have sometimes sought to promote such obscurantist ideas. Usually, the same societies, or the Governments that administer them, have exposed the fallacies inherent in such arguments and discouraged their propagation. In that context, it is indeed incredible that a Government should continue, in spite ofalmost universal condemnation, to persist with the institutionalized practice of apart- heid. 5. The first Prime Minister ofIndia, Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru, stated in the Indian Parliament in 1958: "In South Africa, it is the deliberate, acknow- ledged and loudly proclaimed policy of the Gov- ernment itself to maintain this segregation and racial discrimination. This makes South Africa's case unique in the world. It is a policy with which obviously no person and no country which believes in the Charter of the United Nations can ever compromise, because it uproots almost everything the modern world stands for and considers worth- while, whether it is our ideas of democracy or human dignity. It is not a question ofpolicy only. I say it is the greatest international immorality for a nation to carry on in that way." 6. Thirty years ago in 1952 the General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring that "harmony and respect for human rights and freedom and the peaceful development of a unified community, are best assured when patterns oflegislation and practice are directed towards ensuring equality before the law ofall persons regardless of race, creed or colour, and when economic, social, cultural and political partici- pation of all social groups is on a basis of equality''' [see resolution 616 B (VII)]. Eight years later, in 1960, the Security Council first recognIzed that the situa- tion in South Africa had led to international friction and constituted a threat to international peace and security. Since then, the United Nations has adopted innumerable resolutions in an attempt to make South Africa see reason and abandon its racist policy. All those have been of no avail. South Africa has disregarded all pleas, defied all appeals. 7. To consolidate and perpetrate the policy of apartheid, the racist r~ime's attempt to impose throu~ fraudulent electIons an unjust and illegal constItution on the people of South Africa and thereby seek to dispossess the majority African population of their citizenship rights IS undoubtedly a monstrous violation of human rights. The illegal constitutional changes are an insult to the conscience of mankind. They are an outrage against the op- pressed people of South Africa, against the continent of Africa and against the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Some Western countries which proclaim their support for the cause of human rights, intensifyin~ their armed struggle. But the peop~e of 27. The response of the racist regime to the mass South Afnca must-and we are confident ~Ill- demonstrations was more arrests, more imprison- moye ~head and go b.eyond the sporadic exercise of ments, more torture and more terror. On 23 October their ngh~ to struggle In defence of freedom to crea~e a small black township, Seboken~, was subjected to and sustam a mass movement, a mov.ement that Will house-to-house search by a combmed force of 7,000 ~ncompass b~acks and no~-blacks ahke and. all.en- police and army troops. At least 358 people were hghtened whites who chensh freedom and Justice. arrested and detained during that unprecedented 20. The Special Committee against Apartheid, un- action. During the past three to four months we have der the dynamic chairmanship of Mr. Joseph N. received news about the intimidation, arrest, torture Garba, has done excellent work. We would also like and murder of opponents of the racist regime in to place on record our sincere appreciation of the different walks of life. This is clear evidence that the outstanding work done by the Centre against Apart- racist regime of South Africa has taken the course of heid and its Assistant Secretary-General, Mr. E. S. the total militarization of apartheid. Reddy. 28. According to the report of the Special Commit- 21. The brave and courageous people of South tee against Apartheid, the defence spending of South Africa are on the march. It is only a matter of time Africa went up by 21.4 per cent last year. The budget before they finally achieve their objective of elimi- for the police forces rose by 44 per cent. The South nating the evil of apartheid and also recovering their African Defence Forces have acquired more ad- inalienable rights, including their right ofestablishing vanced combat equipment and more dangerous majority rule. The people of India will continue to weapon systems as a result of closer co-operation identify themselves fully with the people of South with corporations in certain Western countries. The Africa in their hopes and aspirations, in their sacri- mass media revealed numerous clandestine arms fice and suffering, and in their desire for freedom and deals with Western corporations. ~quality. It is. a desire which gener~tions of ~hildren 29. In recent years South Africa has made attempts In South Afnca .have grown up With, a des.lre they to secure its place in the international arms trade. have kno,:\,n theu mothers and fathers to dIe for, a The racist regime thus participated in the interna- desire whIch has been .strengthened by the blood of tional Air Show Fida 1984, held in Santiago, Chile, thousands of m~rtyrs In~o a force so powerful and from 2 to 17 March 1984, where it displayed missiles strong that It.wdl sustaIn as many generations as and sophisticated electronic equipment. necessary fo~ Its fulfilment. 30. If the international community does not act 22. Mr. ZADOR (Hungary): The report of the decisively, the racist regime of South Africa will Special Committee against Apartheid [A/39/22] has continue its policy of total militarization of apart- drawn our attention to serious new developments in heid. It will continue the oppression and persecution South Africa. During the past year the racist regime of all opponents of the apartheid system. It will has made further attempts to perpetuate its policy of continue the policy of bantustanization-the forced racial discrimination with the introduction of the so- removal of millions of people from their land, called c01?-stitutional ref~rm. Western frien~s of depriving them of citizenship in their own country. S.outh ~fnc~ welcome th!s ~eform as a step m the 31. In the absence of strong international pressure, nght dIrectIOn. f'he ~aj<?nty of Me~ber Stat~s, the racist regime of South Africa will continue its howev~r, have ~ejected It, In harmony WIth Secunty illegal occupation of Namibia and its policy ofarmed Councd resolutIOn 554 (1984). aggression against the front-line States. 2.3. , I ta~e. thi~ opportunity to reitera~e my delega- 32. Therefore my delegation supports all actions by ~lon s pOSItIon m .full support 9f the VIew ~xpressed the United Nations aimed at the total elimination of In the aforementioned resolJ!tIon. We .bel~ev~, al~o apartheid. In view of recent developments, we be- that the enforcement of the new cons~ltutI<?n ':VdI lieve that strict observance of the mandatory arms furth~r. ag~rayate the al!eady explo~lve SituatIOn embargo against South Africa is of first priority. It is preval1mg mSlde aparthezd South Afnca. of vital importance that the flow of modem weapons 24. In South Africa 73 per cent of the total popula- to South Africa be stopped. The Member States of tion is excluded from the political institutions and the United Nations must take action against individ- ====~-~~=~~=~:~~.~~~~- f~ring. on the majority of the S~!1th African popul~- 45. Freedom of political expression is, in the view tIon . m .order to ~ns~re PO~ItIcal and economIC of the Ten, vital to the democratic process. Yet the dommatIon by a mIno~Ity. T~IS c~ncept of separate recurrence of political trials and the number of development on a raCIal baSIS VIolates one of.the political prisoners in South African gaols testify to fun~amenta.1 purposes of the Charter of tp.e .UnIted the systematic and ruthless repression that is im- NatIo.ns. It Is.a c~ncept co~trary to the prmcIples of posed on those who are striving to ensure an end to equalIty anq Ju.stIce to whIch the Te!1 fif!llly adh~re the economic and political domination in South and to the dIgnIty of every human bemg, IrrespectIve Africa by the ruling white minority. The Ten reject as of race or colour. intolerable the practice of imprisoning people only 40. The Ten unreservedly condemn the practice of because they have worked to bring an end to e~dangers the situation in CeI!tral America, tht:eatens 86. Mr. EL-FATTAL (Syrian Arab Repu~lic) (inter- NIcaragua and prevents a Just settlement In the pretationjrom Arabic): I am not exaggeratIng when I Middle East. say that the thirty-ninth session of the General 80. Nor should it be forgotten that this policy is AsseIl!bly .is indeed ~he session of Africa. World based on strategic interests. Domination of southern atte!1tlon .IS fo~used In an unp~ecedeJ?ted manner Africa has long since been regarded by the \Vestern dur~ng thIS s~ssIon on the .t~agedles WhICh beset .the military alliance as a key to control over the interna- Afncan contInent-calamItIes, .suc~ as the wlde- tional sea route around the Cape of Good Hope sI?read drough~, o~ catastrophes mflI~ted. by man on linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean. It hIS brother wIth mtent and premedItatIOn. i~ also rel~vant that imperial!st States. and c0!p0ra- 87. At a time when the grim reaper is harvesting the tIOJ?S obtam fr~m South; Af~Ica .a major portIon of lives of tens of thousands of the children of Africa as theIr raw maten~lsand, In VIOlatIOn of Decree No. 1 a result of famine and malnutrition and the over- for t.h~ frotectlon of the. Natura! Resource~ of whelming majority of African countries suffer the Nam!b!a, enacted by the UnIted NatIons C?1.!ncI1 ~or adverse effects of inequitable economic relations NamIbIa on 27 September 1974, rob NamIbIa of ItS inherited from colonialism and intensified with each natural resources. passing day, we are witnessing a heightening crisis in 81. The list compiled by Mr. Khalifa contains the southern Africa in the wake of escalating policies names of over 3,000 imperialist firms and banks which dispossess the people of South Africa of their collaborating with Pretoria. The capital invested by inalienable rights and entrench foreign occupation of foreign monopolies in the South African economy Namibia and a racist regime in Pretoria which yields profits unparalleled in the world. Therefore continues to thwart the aspirations of the masses and there can be no doubt that the blocking of sanctions practises a policy of aggression against neighbouring against South Africa and the dollar flow from South front-line States. Africa and occupied Namibia into the safes of . . . . Co • • Western corporations are two sides of the same 88. ~t IS ~lear that the sItuatIon m southe~ Alnca ~s matter d~ten~r~tmgas a result of Westet:D! Amencan P?l!- . . " .. . . Cles wlnch run counter to recogmtlon of the mlnI- 82. The Impena~Ist col~aboratton m the .mIlltary mum level of rights demanded by the peoples of and nuclear fields IS especIally da~gero~s. ThIS aspect southern Africa. These policies attempt to deprive was .brought to the fore alarmI~gly In the. report the peoples of southern Africa of freedom, equality, publtshe.d recently by the Carnegle FoundatIOn .f~r justice and peace, as if the enjoyment by these In~~rnatIonal P~ace. Th~ mere fact that Pretona s peoples of their. rights would shake the balance of mIlItary expendIture was lI~cre~sed by 20 p.er cent for power at the International level. Therefore, the t~e current fiscal year belles ItS demagogIc declara- struggle and demands for freedom, equality and tIOns about peace. independence are portrayed by world imperialtsm as 83. It should also be recalled that South Africa's a subversiv~ and terrorist act which must be resisted military doctrine, conceived in the late 1970s, is by all poSSIble means. b~se.d ~n nuclear aut~rky,. throu~ which it seeks. to 89. Nevertheless, we are all aware that the heroic dlscIpltne not only Its dIrect nelgh~~ur countne~. resistance put up by the peoples ~f southern Africa, The great d.anger .to world peace ansmg f~om th~s those who languish under the yoke of white colonial- becomes eVIdent If we remen;tbe~ t.he faSCIst, antI- ism embodied in apartheid whether in South Africa human nature of the apartheid regIme. or in Namibia, stems from self-defence against local, 84. The German Democratic Republic highly com- international and imperialist terrorism, directly or mends the independent States in southern Africa indirectly supported by imperialism in defence ofthe which, in the conditions of the South African racist white racist minority. The unity forged among the regime's persistent aggressive policy of destabiliza- nationalist sectors in South Africa, to which workers, tion, have made $feat efforts towards peace and students, women, intellectuals and peasants rally, is security in the regIon. It supports all moves by the now demonstrated in the raging popular revolution African States aimed at ensuring peaceful develop- against apartheid, the division of the country and the ment in the region, independence, territorial integrity attempts to strip the people of their citizenship and and sovereignty, and further intensifying joint action crowd them into bantustans. Furthermore, there is a by States and national liberation movements. It racist constitution which tries to entrench the situa- believes that resolute action by the United Nations tion in :~h t~ black Afri~~S ~~:::h~~r_ , Affl~a, these ar~ descrIb~d In the spe<:tal report oft~e European and United States support in all fields and SpeCIal CommIttee. ag~Inst Aparth~ld. R~ference ~s the circumvention of the boycott provisions and the made ~o. collaboratIOn In all fields, .mclud.lI~g Isra~l.s arms embargo against South Africa imposed in recogmtIon of the bantus!ans and ItS ,PolItI,cal, mllI- Security Council resolution 418 (1977), which is t~ry, cultural and economIc collaboratIOn WIth Preto- binding on all countries and directed essentially to r~a, as well as the most ~d~ngerous forms of.c~llabora- the industrialized Western countries which have the tIon between the t~o reglmes-na!11ely, mIlItary a~d means to strengthen apartheid. nuclear c0.Haboratlon. The followmg was quoted ID 103. If we wish to put an end to and dismantle the the report. . . . racist apartheid regime, which fosters genocidal con- "Sou~h Afnca's mIlItary st~ategy has been devel- ditions in South Africa, we must do everything oped WIth the .help of IsraelI officers. !ier armed possible to encourage the Security Council to impose forces are equ~pped by Israel and theIr .counter- mandatory sanctions against the regime under Chap- Insurgency tactICS have evolved alm~st.entlr~ly as a ter VII of the Charter, in addition to the voluntary resl!lt of lessons lea~ed by.the Is~aelIs m the~r fi~ht sanctions imposed by certain countries because of agamst the Palestme LIberatIOn ~rgamzatlon their abhorrence of racism and their compliance with . . . . Israel has been used as a condUIt to smuggle United Nations resolutions. arms to South Africa,. and reI~tions ~etween both 104. The upsurge that we are witnessing today in Governments ~,nd theIr arms mdustrIes were very South Africa is the forerunner of a sweeping, popular close . . .. [See A/39/22/Add.l. para. 10.] revolution against the domination of the white lOO. Arab-African solidarity in the struggle for minority. Sanctions against South Africa are the only liberation in southern Africa was given practical thing that will stop the bloodshed. The South African expression in the Conference of Arab Solidarity with tyrants must realize that they have sown the wind the Struggle for Liberation in Southern Africa, held and must reap the whirlwind of revolution. The at Tunis-trom 7 to 9 August 1984, and was organized failure of members of the Security Council to impose by the Special Committee against Apartheid in co- punishment and deterrents on those that persist in operation with the League of Arab States. As we the policy of apartheid, which is indeed a crime review the declaration and resolutions adopted on against humanity in accordance with the provisions that occasion [.4/39/450, annex], the dimensions and of the International Convention on the Suppression nature of the collaboration between the two aggres- and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid {resolu- sive regimes become clear. The Conference expressed tion 3068 (XXVIII). annex]. has encouraged, sUPPort- sta~l~ peace and .se~unty m the regIOn unjcs:~ apart- so-called new constitution is to shatter the unity of helq IS totally ehmmated and the p~ople of Sou.th the South African people and pit the national groups Afnca as ~ whole are enabled to estabhsh a non-racIal against each other, particularly the Coloured popula- democratIc State" [see A/39/22, para. 293]. tion of Asian origin against the black majority. We 108. Kuwait subscribes fully to the Special Com- are confident that the people of South Africa, despite mittee's concb.isions and recommendations. We call their groups and divisions, will stand valiantly in upon all States of the world to consider seriously the opposition to those racist attempts. impleme~tation <;If those co~clusions: w~ich consti- 116. The international community shares with the tut~ a baSIS for a Just and lastmg solutIOn m southern people of South Africa its worries and sufferings. In Afnca. its resolution 554 (1984), the Security Council 109. The problem of apartheid is a flagrant viola- ~tr~ngly rejec~ed the so-called new constitution; and tion of the Charter of the United Nations and a m Its resolutIOn 39/2, the General Assembly also serious threat to international peace and security. r~iterated its rejecti.on of the so-called new c~mstitu- The General Assembly has condemned apartheid in tIOn and declared It absolutely null and VOId. several.resolutions and has declared it.a cri~e ~gainst 117. The current wave of terrorist acts, large-scale human~ty. The~efore, one of the baSIC <?bJ~ctI~es of repressive.arrests and shooting down of demonstra- the Um~ed NatIons shoul'! b.e the ear!y ehmmatIOn of tors. of which hundreds of persons have been victims apqrtheld and. all those regimes WhICh adopt apart- dunng the past two months. clearly indicates the held as a pohcy and credo. extent of the dangerous situation in South Africa. 110. There is a constant danger to peace in south- 118. The exacerbation of the situation in southern ern.Africa and to th~ aspir~tionsof the. I?eople of that Afri~a can ~e attributed only to the Pretoria regime~s regIOn for economIC, SOCial and pohtIcal develop- persistence m challenging United Nations resolutions me~t. That menace comes from South Africa's racist and its disregard of the principles of the Charter of pohcy, namely, apartheid. The practices ensuing the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of from that policy have led to repression and suppres- Human Rights. That persistence has resulted from sion i~side. and aggressi.o!1 outs~de and rel?res.ent the pr<?tection provi~ed to it at all levels by Western gross VIO~atI.ons. of the legltu1!ate fights of the mdlge- countfl.es. The SpecIal. ~ommittee against Apartheid ~I~"~~~_~.~~p~~:~' n~:rand~onomk ~usness of the collaborat~on ~~tween the two regimes 127. The Security Council has wide powers to m Pretona and Tel AVIV [Ibid., para. 3]. impose mandatory and comprehensive sanctions. 122. Kuwait condemns that unholy alliance be- !here . is no e:Joubt that without. those sa~ctio.ns, tween Israel and South Africa. We call upon the mcludmg an oIl embargo, there WIll be no dIrection international community to take the necessary meas- and no serious collective action to confront the ures to put an end to it. apartheid regime in South Africa in order to oblige it 123. Kuwait is. an Islamic State. Since its emer- to give up its racist policies. gence, Islam has called for the renunciation of hatred 128. Bishop Desmo~d ~ut~) who .recently won the and racial discrimination. Islam has also emphasized !984 Nobel Peace. Pnze, mdlcated In a statement to the necessity of brotherhood, forgiveness and the The New York T:lmes on 28 October 1984 that .he equality of man and his fellow man, regardless of mtended to ~ontmue to pr~ss the We~t~rn countnes race, nationality, colour or creed. In pursuance of the and compames .for econom~c and polItIcal pressures principles and values of divine Islam, and out of its upon. South Afnca. ~hen BISh~p Tutu add~essedthe commitment to United Nations resolutions Kuwait meetmg of the Secunty CouncIl, held to dISCUSS the has adopted a series of national measures'and has question of South. Africa and the deteriorating situa- participated in the adoption of international meas- tIon there, he saId: ures to guarantee the implementation of a compre- "I appeal to this body to act. I appeal in the hensive boycott of the apartheid regime in South name of the ordinary, the little people of South Africa in all the political, economic and social fields. Africa. I appeal in the name of the squatters in the With the co-operation of its sister Arab States, the Crossroads and in the KTC camp. I appeal on members of the Gulf Co-operation Council, Kuwait behalf of the father who has to live in a single-sex peo.pl~s o~ Sout~ Afnca under the lead~rs~Ip of th.elr price? We have all witnessed the ordeal ofthe Second natIOnal lIberatIOn movements. KuwaIt WIll prOVIde World War. Millions ofhuman beings paid with their ~1?-at~ver is in. its capacity .in order to end that lives for the sinister plans of nazism. Why then do we InIqUIty ~ervadmg South Afr~ca. We also call upon hesitate today to block the advance of apartheid- all countn~s o~ t~e w?rld to tI~hten the stranglehold although its proposed actions are far less grave than on the racIst regIme ~n Pretona.. We also appeal for those carried out by nazism-when the only sacri- the hand ofco-operatIon and aSSIstance to be extend- fices demanded if we have to make sacrifices are ed to.the native majority in South.Africa in order to more t.. ...onomic ~nd political than military in nature? free It from the fires of despotIsm, tyranny and Are we to believe that the condemnation ofthe evil is apartheid. enough and that the steps that would give it concrete 131. Mr. CHEIKH (Tunisia) (interpretation from form ~ould take into particular ac~ount t~e colour of French): The question of apartheid is one that has the skm o~those who suffer t~e evIl? NaZIsm plung~d been discussed in the United Nations at all levels. It the. world mto the most atrocIous of wars. Aparthe.ld, has been on the agenda of the Assembly for more WhICh adopts the self-same. m~t~ods and WhICh than a quarter of a century. This means that every- borrows t~e same m~thods ~s Its slmster cour:terp~rt, thing that might be said on the subject has been said runs the nsk of leadmg us mto a conflagratIon WIth many times over, that the relevant decisions and unforeseeable consequences. resolutions have now reached voluminous propor- 136. Are not segregation, racism and territorial tions without having been followed up or given expansion the common denominator of these two effective implementation, and without having scourges? The illegal occupation of Namibia, the brought about the siightest positive change in the incursions and the subversive plots which the racist status ofthe overwhelming majority ofSouth African regime of South Africa continues to undertake in citizens. To speak once again of the situation in neighbouring countries, sooner or later will give rise South Africa, to recall the facts, to point out the to serious regional conflicts, local to be sur~, but serious events occurring there, to denounce the which could degenerate into nuclear war. We do not Pretoria regime, to summarize everything that should think that we are exaggerating the danger that might have been done and that should be done for the final engulf southern Africa and all of Africa and probably elimination of the scourge of apartheid, is to pile up all of mankind. The Pretoria racist regime, which for words that might seem tedious because they have a long time has openly defi·...d the entire international already been said, and often more exhaustively. community, has nuclear weaponry. This danger is 32 B .. .. even greater today because the use of nuclear weap- 1 .' ut reslgnm& ourselves to makmg thIS obser- ons, thus far prevented by the balance of pm,ver, by vatI~n all:d pretendmg to turn the. page would fi.le~n deterrents and by the extremelv serious consequences to gIve m to the ravages of tIme and to Jom, . I d fl 11 f k' d ., . ht b t". '1' d' unwittingly, with those who have committed one of Invo ve ?r a 0 man m , mlg e laCI Itate m the most serious crimes against humanity, and who South Afnc? . . are counting, among other things, on having this 13 ~. The IrresponSIble Governm.ent of PretorIa, question fade into oblivion. In including in the w~lch has ~efied.all huma!1 values, IS concerne.d 0!11y agenda of various bodies the question Qf apartheid WIth matenal gaI.ns from ItS o~tr~geous ~xpIOlt~t~on every year, and in adopting decisions and resolutions of t~e ~outh Afn~an black maJo~ty. It IS practlsmg which might bring about a final solution; the interna- terrItonal exp.anslOn as a doctrme of defence and tional community has in fact become aware of the would .not ~esltate for a moment.to use that weapo!1. situation and has expressed, most often unanimously, In subJ':lgatmg. the bla.ck populat.lOn at homt?, and m its stem condemnation of it, as well as taking steps weakemng n~Ighbounng.countrIes, the raCIst Gov- that might have favourably altered the direction of ernment belIeves that It can freeze forever .the events, even if they had not eliminated the evil developm~n~ of the pt:0pl~s of southern ~frIca. Actually, It IS only delaymg It, for no tr.ranny In the -Quoted in English by the speaker. world has succeeded in opposing the wIll of peoples. people~ wIthm the. count~ and the ~ubJ~ctlon of Its gance of the Pretoria Government by adopting own wIll on the neIghbounng countnes, In the name appropriate enforcement measures as provided for of self-defence. We say "Yes" to dialogue, but "No" by the Charter. ' to submission. What is being advocated is nothing . . . . . but submission. This strengthens our belief that 146. M~ delegatIOn wo.uld lIke to avaIl Itself of thIS instead of being subjected to the pressure of the ~pportUnIty to co~vey Its m~..t earnest congratul~- comprehensive mandatory sanctions which should hons to the S1?\;;~Ial Co~m' ~.e. cl;:. _~nst Apartheid have been applied and which would have compelled and, more specIfically, to ~ts Lhalfrn~n, Mr. Garb!!, it to undertake dialogue, the Pretoria racist regime on the consId~rable w~rk It has. cont}n.ued.to do In would itself seem to be applying pressure to its order to.keel? Int~rnatIOnal pubh~ OpInIOn Informed political and economic partners through the 3,000 of the SItuatIon In southern Afnca. transnational corporations which are operating in the 147. Mr. FISCHER (Austria): The question of territories under its control. The compliance of those apartheid has been discussed by the United Nations same partners and their refusal to apply the provi- for more than 30 years. In condemning this institu- sions of Chapter VII of the Charter encourage tionalized negation of human rights, the internation- ~ ~toria to persist in its massive repression and to al community has achieved a higher degree of refine yet further the instruments ofthat repression. I unanimity than on any other issue on the agenda. need only mention by way of evidence the recent Yet, ironically, the question of apartheid has also events reported in The New York Times of 8 Novem- turned out to be one of the most intractable items. In ber of this year concerning the 3,000 arrests and 152 spite of this universal condemnation expressed in an deaths resulting from the repressive activities of the unending progression of resolutions, declarations, police since the beginning of the year. appeals and protests, the apartheid system remains in 142. To give an even clearer idea of the wanton, place and there is little hope for its early elimination. stubborn repression by the South African racist 148. I cannot but express the deep frustration of authorities, I refer members to the irrefutable testi- Austria at this state of affairs. Austria has always mony of a South African whose faith in the dignity of rejected the racist policies of South Africa as a man, profound belief in peace and hope that South particularly grave violation of human rights. It is Africa will one day offer the same opportunity to all true, as is frequently pointed out by South African its inhabitants without distinction as to race, colour spokesmen, that human rights violations happen in or religion are beyond any shadow ofa doubt. I mean many corners of our world. And, in fact, Austria Bishop Tutu, the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. In condemns any infringement of human rights wherev- a statement made on 23 October 1984 before the er it occurs. Institutionalized discrimination on the Security Council, Bishop Tutu made a heart-rending basis of rac~ or colour constitutes a particularly appeal to the international community for the estab- serious offence, since it violates the very foundation i 50. Austria is convinced that the majority of the South African population cannot be permanently denied their right to participate in the political process. We fear, however, that if the South African leadership does not change its present course apart- heid will lead to a circle of violent protest, repression and renewed violence which would devastate the lives of all South Africans. Hence the urgency of determined steps towards far-reaching changes in the political system of South Africa, towards the estab- lishment of a free, democratic and multiracial soci- ety, and hence the need to end the repression of the democratic black organizations and to enter into a genuine dialogue with their leaders. 151. Austria does not believe that the recent consti- tutional changes in South Africa, which continue to deny basic civil rights to the majority of the popula- tion, constitute real progress. The results of the elections this summer and the repeated outbreaks of violence during past months confirm, in our view, that the apartheid system cannot be reformed but must be dismantled. It was for this reason that, at the present session of the General Assembly, Austria joined the overwhelming majority of Member States in the firm rejection of the new constitution. 152. Austria also opposes the practice of assigning black tribal groups to so-called homelands undf~r the bantustan system. We consider this policy as a ploy to perpetuate the economic deprivation and political disfranchisement of the black population. We will continue to refuse to recognize the legitimacy ofthese homelands. 153. It is not sufficient to condemn apartheid as a violation ofhuman rights. It must also be considered in its regional implications. There can be no doubt that the policy of apartheid is the root cause of the crisis situation in southern Africa. It is a major obstacle to the efforts ofthe international community to realize at last the independence of Namibia. It poses a severe threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the neighbouring States and endangers international security. Austria welcomes, of course, any relaxation of tension in the area and any equitable security arrangements between the coun- tries concerned. We fear, however, that any improve- ment ofthe situation must be temporary in nature as long as the underlying cause of the violence remains intact. Only the eradication of the system of apart- heid will bring genuine peace and lasting stability to southern Africa. 154. Turning now briefly to the humanitarian as- pects of the problem, I would like to reaffirm our support for the United Nations organizations helping the victims of apartheid. Austria will continue to contribute financially to the trust funds for southern Africa. 155. I would also reiterate our appeal for the release ofNelson Mandela and the other imprisoned majori- ty leaders. Their liberation would be a clear sign of genuine willingness for change in South Africa and f~xistence of the abhorrent system of apartheid in South Africa. The racist regime in Pretoria continues to defy the demands of the entire international community and a long list of decisions and resolu- tions of the United Nations. It continues to perpetu- ate the policy ofdiscrimination, repression and terror against the black majority of its population. It exploits its population and it keeps it in shackles and rides roughshod over it. 158. There are great c.!ifferences in views on many subjects nowadays. However, the condemnation of apartheid and the demand fo: its eradication are unanimous. It is equally unanimously held that it constitutes a threat to international peace and securi- ty. 159. Apartheid directly contravenes the principles ofthe Charter ofthe United Nations, decisions ofthe United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Hu- man Rights and the basic norms ofinternational law. 160. Apartheid, it should be recalled, has been explicitly prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimi- nation [resolution 2106 A (XX), annex]. The Interna- tional Conventiun on the Suppression and Punish- ment of the Crime of Apartheid Jresolution 3068 (XXVIII), annex] declared aparthei a crime against humanity. 161. An these measures and efforts of the interna- tional community have, however, not been imple- mented. The Government of South Africa continues with an oppressive internal policy and with aggres- sive actions against its neighbours. 162. The encroachment on fundamental human rights and the most ruthless exploitation of the deprived majority in South Africa continue. Repres- sion, terror, persecution and discrimination are the essence of the racist regime's policy towards its majority Coloured population. 163. Not long ago the racist regime in South Africa posed anew, brazen challenge to the international community by introducing a so-called new constitu- tion and by carrying out so-called parliamentary elections. The true meaning of these measures is further to entrench the system based on racial discrimination against the majority ofthe indigenous population, on apartheid and on bantustanization which has begun to waver under massive internal resistance and strong international pressure. It is yet another attempt to prolong the exploitation of the deprived black population and divide the oppressed of South Africa to incite mutual conflicts. It is another and unsuccessful attempt to strengthen white minority rule and to debilitate the will of the oppressed to resist. This is another attempt to lock freedom out ofSouth Africa and to keep the majority ~~ectIOns based o~ r.acIal dIscnmmatIOn and segrega- moral, material and political support to the persistent tIOn have no valIdIty whatsoever. and courageous struggle of the peoples in southern 168. The apartheid regime ruthlessly exploits the Africa against apartheid, racism, colonialism and human and natural resources of Namibia. It is discrimination and for freedom, equality and human committing aggression against the neighbouring dignity. front-l~ne ~tates..It is developing enormous m~l!tary 177. Fina!ly, I should like to express our full potentIal, mcludmg. n~cle~r technology for mIlItary support for the work of the Special Committee purposes, and all thIS IS bemg done at an accelerated against Apartheid, which has an extremely important pace. role to play in our common efforts to eradicate 169. It is clear that the policy of apartheid generates apartheid from international life. We pay a special threats to peace and security in the region and well tribute to its Chairman, Mr. Garba, under whose beyond. It is threatening to transform the region of dynamic and vigorous leadership and able guidance southern Africa into an integral part of the global the Committee has once again produced a valuable b~oc co~frontation and great-Po~errivalry for str~te- report on its important activities. g.IC pOSItIons and for spheres of mtere~it and domma- 178. Mr. IBRAHIM (Indonesia): For nearly four hone decades the United Nations has taken decisions 170.. Non-aligned countries have consisFent.ly un- condemning the policies and practices of apartheid of derlIned the urgent need for the eradIcatIOn of the Government of South Africa. The General As- col.on.ialism, racism, ~acial discrimi!l~tion and aPCfrt- sembly, the Security Council and the Movement of hezd In southern Afnca. In the PolItIcal DeclaratIOn Non-Aligned Countries have adopted literally hun- adopted at the Seventh Con.ference of He~ds of State dreds of re30lutions expressing the revulsion of the or GoveI11:ment of Non-AlIgned Countnes, held at international community at the perpetuation of this New DelhI from 7 to 12 ~arch 1983, ~he Heads of odious system. Apartheid has been declared contrary ~tate ?r P?vernmen~ pomted out theIr resolve to to the Charter of the United Nations, a crime against mtenslfy Jomt efforts m .support of the struggle of the humanity and a threat to international peace and p~oples of so~thern.Afnca.6 Strong .support was als? security. We have collectively committed ourselves gIven to the lIberatIOn movements m southern Afn- to the task of eradicating this scourge, in any and all ca. of its manifestations, from the earth. For more than 171. Yugoslavia fully supports all decisions adopt- two decades the Special Committee against Apartheid ed at that Conference, as well as those adopted by the has led the international campaign to fulfil this General Assembly and Security Council. The support commitment by making it a fundamental goal of all for the liberation struggle in southern Africa and for dvilized nations and of all bodies, agencies and the liberation movements-that is, ANC and PAC in organizations affiliated with the United Nations. South Africa and SWAPO in NamIbia-is the most Indeed the total mobilization of the resources of the efficient way for the elimination of apartheid, coloni- international community to eliminate institutional- alism and racial discrimination and for the establish- ized racism is truly unprecedented. Yet South Africa ment of the freedom, equality and dignity of the has consistently defied with impunity the concerted peoples of southern Africa. efforts of this Organization. ~mgle front agaIns~ apartheld-t~e most shameful 193. That first action was intended to lull world msult to the conscI~nce of mankmd. . public opinion into the belief that self-determination 189. One ofthe major events that has taken place m for South African blacks in their "independent South Africa since the thirty-eighth session of the States" was a reality. And, to that end, the Kwa General Assembly is, without doubt, the entry into Ndebele homeland would be declared "independent" force on 3 September 1984 of a so-called new in December 1984 and would raise to five the constitution. Adopted one year earlier by the South number of pseudo-independent States in South Afri- African P~rliament, that "new constitution:' was ca. appr~ved m a referen~um reserved to the whItes..It 194. The second action, carried out in parallel with prOVIdes for the creatIon of three houses o~ parha- the first by the apartheid regime was to intensify its ment: ~h.e House ofAssembly, reserved to whItes and undecla~ed war against its neighbours. All means c~mpnsmg 178 members; the House of Representa- were employed: military aggression pure and simple, t1\:e~, reserved to the so-called Coloureds and com- threats, blackmail, economic pressure and large-scale pn~Ing 85 members; and anoth.er House of~epre~e~- use of subversive elements and terrorists. Under the tatIves, res~r~ed to South AfrIcans of IndI~n OrIgm pretext of the "right of pursuif'-impossible to and .compnsmg 45 members. An Execut~ve State justify under internati~nal law-or. self-~efence, PresIden~, elected for a five-y~ar term, pr~sIdes o~er when its acts of aggressIOn were mamly aImed at !~e <;abme.t. Each ~0!Js~ ~Ill. co.nc~rn" itself WIth civilians and refugees, the apartheid regime is trying a.ffaI~s WhICh are wIthm I~S Jur~sd.ICtIon , the deter- to extend its hegemony over the whole region and to mmatIon of draft laws falhng ~Ithm the competence impose its colonial dr~a~ of. "a constellation ~f of one or the ot~er house, wlthou.t !here b.emg any States". In this context, It IS farCIcal to speak ofa WIll reso~ to the Pres~dent. ~oreover, It IS prOVIded that to dialogue being shown by a regime that has P~rhament can. ~It even :f one ~r two houses sh~uld institutionalized violence. WIthdraw. AddItIonally, It prOVIdes for the estabhsh- . £': • h d ment of a Council of the President, a consultative 1~5. A pseudo ~Ill lor domestIc c ange, a pseu 0 body composed of 60 members of which 35 are WIll for external dlalo~ue-the pretext was neverthe- elected by the three houses and 25 nominated by the less enough f,?r certam .Weste~. European Gove~- State President. l1!e~ts to receIve. t~e Pnme Mlmster of the ..P~etona . regIme, thus asslstmg the efforts of that reg:me to 190. In t~e ~ourse of the process ofsettmg.up ..t~ose emerge from its isolation, and to cancel out 25 years flew. constItutIOnal arraJ.lg~l)1ent§ the Pretona regm~e of the international community's support for the carned ou~ para!lel actIv.ltIes: Ol~e, on the do.me~tIc cause of freedom in South Africa. level, conSIsted m speedmg up ItS bantustamzatlon 1 h h .d d policy in the course of which almost 8 million 196: . In truth, al t ese c ~nges are conSI ere Africans were deprived of their citizenship since the pOSItIve ~nly by tho.se that WIsh ~o all~ t~emselves creation in 1976 of the so-called "independent" openly WIth the raCIst ~oU~h ~fnc~n regIme. . homelands and almost 3.5 million were deported 197. The system of mstItutIonalIzed segregatlo~ from their places of residence. This mass and en- and racial discrimination extends to the South A.fn- forced population displacem~nt was.accompanied.by c~n Parliament. The.true purpose of these c~nst~tu- extortion and other acts of VIolence mtended to stIfle tIOnal arrangements IS to strengthen the domma~IOn ::;re~~~n O~a~eSb~~~~ce~~~~IS~U~~:;~I.~~~e~~t~~ ~h~~:t~~~~O;~k~~~~tt~~~~~~~~:~~~~: __: rac~, colo,ur,. sex.or creed. ~hat ~s the only J1;1st and apn.rtheid and to grant to all citizens of the Republic lastmg SOlUtIon, m c0!1formlt~ WIth the pnnclples of of South Africa equal and full political and other the Cha~er of the Umted. NatIOn~ a!1d the UnI,:ersal rights, including the possibility of freely taking part DeclaratIOn of Human RIghts. If It IS to b~ achI~ved in the determination of their own fate. On 17 August the mt:asures advocated for many years m vano.us 1984, the Security Council adopted resolution 554 resolut.IOns of the qeneral Assembly a~d the S~cunty (1984) in which it is again stated that apartheid is CouncIl must be Implemented.. It wIll req!-llre the contrary to the principles of the Charter of the !lecessary a!l? unreserved matenal, fl?oral, ~Iplo~at- United Nations. IC and polItical support of the national lIberation , : .. movements recognized by the OAU in particular the 21 ~. However, t~e re.glme of PretOrIa, floutmg ANC ' unIversally recognIzed mternatIOnal standards and . ignoring decisions of the United Nations and the 202. Those Governments that have not yet done so appeals of the world community, is not only continu- should end all forms of military and nuclear collabo- ing but is intensifying its policy of apartheid in South ration with South Africa, respect and ensure respect Africa and is resorting to terror and repression for the embargo on oil products, accede to, or ratify, against the indigenous population of the country. the International Convention on the Suppression and The military occupation of Namibia and of part of Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid [resolution the territory of Angola is continuing. Independent 3068 (XXVIII), annex], break off diplomatic and African countries are subjected to growing pressure consular relations, prohibit tourism in connection and outright blackmail, aggressive incursions and with South Africa, or to its benefit, and encourage other subversive actions which have borrowed from !!1sId~.the country and ,!O cre~te .the ImpressI~n of against Apartheid under the chairmanship of the pOSItIve change and constItutIOnal reform . representative of Nigeria, Mr. Garba. The activities 214. However, the racist character of the "new of that Committee make it possible to unmask the constitution" is already clearly manifested in the fact racists of Pretoria and to mobilize the international that so far virtually three quarters of the indigenous community in support of the fighters against apart- inhabitants of the Republic of South Africa, people heic!. who haye a. blac~ ~kin, are exclud~d from I?olitical 223. It is entirely understandable that the racist and .socIal lIfe WIthIn the com~u:mty. Both In fo~m regime could not have indulged in its lawlessness or and In substa!1ce, the altered polItIcal system remaInS ignored the numerous decisions of the Organization blatantly raCISt. had it not been aided and abetted by certain coun- 215. In the course of the present session, the tries. General Assembly, in its resolution 39/2, which was 224. The world has long known that the United adopted by 133 States Members of the United States and some of its allies in the North Atlantic Nations, rejected the so-called new constitution as Treaty Organization [NATO], while paying lip service not having any force and condemned the racist to the struggle against the apartheid system, are in regime for failure to implement the corresponding fact protecting the racist regime of Pretoria and resolutions of the United Nations and for the contin- defending it from the application of international uing intensification of apartheid. sanctions. The present Administration of the United 216. These United Nations decisions and subse- S!ates. has almost .officially dubbed that regime .its quent events in South Africa unmasked the hyprocri- hIstOrIcal ally and In the course of the debates w~Ich sy of those who are trying to represent the constitu- took place .on 2~ Octob~r ~et~een the two Umted tional reforms as "positive changes". States PresIdentH~1 c,!ndIda_es It wa~ op~nly stated that southern AfrIca IS a sphere of vItal Interest for 217. Striving at all cost to repress the resistance of the United States. the oppressed people, the racists h~ve th,rown against 225. The following question naturally arises: the freedom ~ghters not only t~elr pohc~ for~e but against whom has this historical alliance been con- also army umts. Hun~reds of k!lIed and ImprI.soned cluded? The answer is entirely clear: first of all are ~?e results <?f t~e I,~troductIOn and operation of against the people of the Republic of South Africa the new constitutIOn . itself and the peoples of neighbouring African coun- 218. In spite of the protests of the international tries. The purpose of that historical alliance is to community, the apartheid regime continues a policy consolidate the joint colonial exploitation of the of cruel exploitation, of lawlessness and repression countries of southern Africa and their human and against the indigenous inhabitants of the country. natural resources, and also to utilize that region in The Africans are deprived of the possibility of joint military and strategic plans. obtaining anr educa.tion and the most elementary 226. In the report of the Special Committee against forms of SOCIal services. Apartheid it is pointed out that: 219. Through the rapacious exploitation of workers "The Special Committee, therefore, cannot but with a dark skin, huge profits are being made by express its utmost regret at the policies and actions imperialist monopolies. The pumping out of super- of the Governments which have found common profits, in the last analysis, governs the whole of the interests with the Pretoria regime and provided it State policy of the Republic of South Africa. This comfort and encouragement in the pursuit of its takes the form of so-called separate development of crimes against Africa and against humanity. It its racist system, by the establishment of bantustans. must make special mention of the Government of Those regions, representing 13 per cent of the the United States of America and the Govern- territory, are to receive 70 per cent of its population, ments ofcertain other Western Powers, notably the accvrding to the intentions of the Pretoria regime. United Kingdom. 21:. 'Veil as the regime of Israel. Bantustans are being c~n~'erted into huge reservoirs "The United States Government, in particular, ~f chea~ labou~, and ,mIllIons of persons are becom- has opposed and frustrated all international action Ing foreIgners In their own country. to deal effectively with the acts ofaggression by the 220. The only possible way for the racist system to Pretoria regime. It has welco.me~ €lnd encouraged continue its super-exploitation of the labour of the. manoeuvr~~ of the PretC?,na regime to entrench workers with dark skins has been by a decision to use racism as pOSItive changes. [A/39/22. paras. 329 force. That is why the apartheid regime is spending and 330.] increasing funds on police and the repressive military 227. The aggressive nature of the Pretoria regime is apparatus. increasing in proportion to the stepping up of ~olidar~ty ~ith the bl.ack maj~rity in Sout.h ~fric.a in 274. It is high time for this collaboration, which is Its aspIratIon to raCIal equahty and SOCIal JustIce. contrary to the United Nations resolutions to be . ' 265. The United Nations has by a host of resolu- reappraIsed. tions condemned this odious system. As recently as 275. It is incumbent upon the international com- 23 Oc~ober 1984 the ~ecu~ity C,?unci! adopt~d munity and each one of us to .tak~ ~ppropriateaction resolutIon ~56 (1984) whIch, cnt~r a!la~ ~elt~rates ItS a.s a matter of urgency, b?th mdlvldually and collec- condemnatIOn of the South Afncan regIme s apart- tlvely, to force South Afnca to abandon this discred- hf!id policy and demands its eradication.' the disman- ited policy. Ifthe international community genuinely thng of. the bantust~ns a~d the estabhshJ!leJ?t of a sha~es the aspirations of the black majority of South !l0n-racIaI democratIc socIety b~sed on majonty rule A~nca to democracy, equality and freedom and m an unfragmented South Afnca. rejects apartheid it should now be engaged collective- 266. Yet, despite the world-wide outcry, the racist ly and determinedly in a struggle for enforcement of regime in South Africa not only continues but the Security Council resolutions. !nte~sifies i~s repressio~, i!1 order to cr1;lsh the 276. The .n0!1-aligned countries are firmly commit- Inahenable nghts o~ the !ndlgenous populatlo~ and ted to achlevmg the total eradication of apartheid support ~he segregatIOn.pI!lars upon WhICh the mhu- and. the est~blishmentofa non-racist society in South man pohcy of apartheld IS based. Afnca. SO IS the United Nations. It is for the ~ rnited 267. The creation of bantustans and the recent so- Natio~s, therefore, and specifically the ~ecurity called constitutional reforms signify not a change in Co~nctl, to overcome the defiance of this racist dismantling the apartheid policy of the Pretoria regIme and finally achieve those lofty goals. regime but a .well-calcul.ated ~olicy o~ e~trt:nching 277. Mr. ZAI~ (Ma!aysia): It is sobering to realize an~ perpetu~tmg .the raCIst basIs and dlscnmmatory that t.he questIon of apartheid has occupied the pohcy of thIS odIOUS system. attentIOn of the United Nations for almost as long as 288 I h S . I C . . If M 1 . '11 292. Through ruthless police and pseudo-legal .. n t e . pe~Ia om~llttee Itse, a aysla WI means, the regime has continued to exploit black contmue to gIve Its .attentu:>D to ways and .me:;ns to labour. Retrenchments, dismissals, strike disrup- ensur~ ~ore .effectIve actIon. I.have saId more tions, intimidation ofIabour and harassment of black effectIve adVIsedly, ~ecause I belIeve that ~he Com- workers, including forced separation of families are ffilttee h~s been effectIve under th~ leade~shlpofve.ry common in South Africa, and the new Labour a~le chaIrmen .and,. may I say, In partI~ular of ItS Relations (Amendment) Act of June this year has VIgorous and Imagma~Ive curr.ent. ChaIrman, ¥r. imposed further hardships on black labour. The Garba, ~he represen.tatlve of Nlgena, .together ~Ith benefits ofSouth Africa's abundant resources and the the dedIcated and tIreless s~pport of Its secretanat, fruits of the sweat of its workers have served only to led ~y Mr. E. S. Re~dy, ASSIstant Sec~etary-General. enrich the small minority of whites and the majority I b~lIeve the.Commlttee has made ~ dIfference to !he have no opportunity for economic development antI-apartheId movement by continuously exposmg . ~. ... .. the evil and brutality of the apartheid regime, by 293. The apartheId regIme ~as mamtamed ItS gnp keeping us informed about developments in South on the people of. South Afnca through a ~thless Africa and elsewhere in relation to apartheid and by sy~t.em of represslo~ carned out by the p~hce and giving help and encouragement to the liberation mIl~tary force, s.urveIllance and other trappmgs of a movement and to all those who are opposed to p.?l~ce State. ~Issent has beeD: suppre~sed and the apartheid. We must continue to do all these in the regIme has wlthou~ compunction detamed, gaoled, face of the sophisticated propaganda machine of the ~ortured an?.even kIlled those who seek to overthro~ apartheid regime, the glittering economic carrots that It. The pohtIcal dragnet. has b~e~ spread to take .10 it holds out and its enormous security and intelli- church le~ders, t~ade unIOn actiVIsts, students, SOCIal gence apparatus. We must also continue to examine ~or~ers, Journa~~sts and fr~edom fighters. ~hro:ugh other actions and strategies so as to be more effec- Its Pass Law~ , the polIcy of bantus~amzat~on, tive. These may include even greater efforts to reach fot:ced deport~t!ons and othe~ demographIc J;I1ampu- the apathetic and the unconverted, particularly in latI~:ms.' .the re~Ime ~as.dep~Ive~ Sout.h Afncan~ of countries whose policies matter. They may even theIr CItIzenshIp, tb:elr ~Irthnght m theIr own natlOn. mean more concerted efforts to demonstrate that the ~wa Ndebele, whIch IS sc~eduled to be declared eradication of apartheid is not merely a moral Independent next month, wIll be the fifth such so- imperative-which is perhaps seldom an incentive to called separate State; non~ .of these sham "States" action by Governments-but is in their long-term has been accorded recognItIon by any State. national interest. It would also mean continuing the 294. Apart from the brutal exercise of force to Committee's work on such issues as breaches in the retain its control of South Africa largely for the Ua:~~C~ll::::ti~~~ S~~~el~~:~:~1v:p~~:n:~1 ~~~e[: p~~c~ ~;~~stTt~~fo~tll ~~~;!~~;h~a~g~~frc~ 316. But, alas, the equally intensified struggle in Namibia during the same period and the liberation process accelerated by the international diplomatic offensive for the independence of that Territory, were torpedoed by the Pretoria regime following the assumption of power by the Reagan Administration and its openly avowed alliance with Pretoria. The true position that the Western contact group had grudgingly come to accept-that the liberation strug- gle in southern Africa is an indigenous phenomenon that stems from the unbearable living conditions under colonial and apartheid domination-was abandoned. It was replaced by reference to South Africa as the "Persian Gulf' of vital strategic mineral resources, as controlling the long coastline through which 60 per cent of the oil destined for the Western countries passes, and as the bulwark in the fight against communist influence in Africa. 317. Then came constructive engagement, preceded by two important policy statements by leading spokesmen of the Reagan Administration. In its opposition to the campaign for the isolation of the Pretoria regime, the Administration told the world that its objectives were to remove the polecat status imposed on racist South Africa, as well as to reward the countries that befriended Pretoria while punish- ing and even toppling those that assisted ANC and SWAPO. 318. The subsequent developments are well known: the attempted repeal of the Clark Amendment pro- hibiting covert action in Angola; the policy of linkage and insistence on the withdrawal of the Cuban internationalist force from the People's Republic of Angola as a pre-condition to the independence of Namibia; increased United States investment in and trade with apartheid South Africa, now totalling over $14 billion; the violation of the arms embargo, as well as stepped-up nudear collaboration; and the changed voting pattern of the United States and its allies in the United Nations, which has taken the form of opposing virtually all resolutions against the apartheid regime and resorting to blackmail, aimed at forcing other Member States not to condemn con- structive engagement. 319. The Reagan Administration's policy of con- structive engagement, strongly condemned by the American people, as well as by scholars, legislators, community leaders, political personalities and major newspapers, as having further emboldened the apart- heid regime to increase its intransigence, repression and aggression, and the assured diplomatic protec- tion to apartheid. flowing from the same constructive engagement, have certainly encouraged racist South Africa to wage the undeclared war of aggression, destabilization and blackmail against the front-line States and Lesotho. Using armed bandits recruited from those countries as an extension of its fascist army, it has committed dastardly acts of terrorism and ravaged the economies in the region, as part of its gunboat diplomacy aimed at imposing unequal agreements designed to secure the neighbouring States' co-operation in its attempts to liquidate ANC and the liberation struggle. NOTES ·See Ofjicial Records oJthe Security Council, Thirty-ninth Year, 2560th meeting. 2See Al40/87, annex, Declaration AHG/Decl.l (XX). 30fjicial Records oJ the General Assembly, Thirty-fifih Session. Supplement No. 24, vol. I, annex 11. 4See AIAC.1l5/L.614. sSee AlAC.115/1983/CRP.10/Rev.I, para. 49. 6See Al38/132 and Corr. 1 and 2, annex, chap. I, para. 39. 7United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1125, Nos. 17512 and 17513. 8Frente Popular para la Liberaci6n de Saguia el-Hamra y de Rio de Oro. 9Frente Democnitico Revoluciomirio-Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberaci6n Nacional. IOFrente Revoluciomiria de Timor Leste Independente. "Frente Sandinista de Liberaci6n Nacional.