A/43/PV.19 General Assembly

I have great pleasure in iIIelooming the Prime Minister of Denocratic Kampucbea, Mr. Son San~, and inviting him to address the General Assembly. it is a pleasant duty fex _ to addres8 to you, en behalf of the Ih••r people and the Coalition Goveraent of De~cratic laapudlea and en IIf own behalf, our sincere congratulations Cln your el.cUm to the pEesUlIOCY of the General A8seaj)ly at the forty-third session. Your po1L.ical and diplc.atic experience and )"Our perscr.al abilities constitute pledges foe the successful outCOJle of our work. I also wish to pay a tr ibute to your ~edeces8Cll', Hr. Peter Plotin, for the skilful _nner in which he carried out his iaportant <lIties in presiding ewer the General Assallbly at the forty-second session. Lastly, I take special pleasure in paying a warlll tribute to our very distinguished Secret:4ry-General, Mr. Pere: de'(:uellar, WhOll1I1Y people and Go'Iernment continue to hold in the highest eateell. I 811 pleased to have this opportunity to pay a tribute to the tireless and Deritorious efforts he has unceasingly made for peace throu~out the wcxld, which have helped 'to strength~n the confidence we have always hal! in hill. Bia faith in the Charter anCl his dedicaUClIl to the fulfilment of his lUI'lcJate, tihich is CIOI\\plex, arduous and often thankless, have done much to strengthen the rele of the war ld Or9anization in the mintenance of interneltional peace and security. Some 10 years ago, on 25 DeceJ1i)~r 1978, the Vietnamese troops of aggress~on occupied by country, Can'bodia. Since 1982, the date of the for_tion of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, Princa Norodom Sihanouk, as President of DellOcratic Kanlpuchea, has emphatieally denounced the acts of cuerciCll'l COilIllitted by the Vietnamese occupation troops against the unfortunate Khmer people. There can be no poll tioal 801utiCln for the Calbodian si tuation unlest) Viet Ham sincerely wishes to reach a negotiated settle_nt with the Coalition Government of DeIlDQratic Kamp.lcbea end desistsfrCIII delaying tactics. In order to block the process ~f ~ polltical setuement of the Cantlodian situation, Viet Ham has sought to link the withdrawal of its troops from Cambodia to the non-return of the Khmers 1t)Uges to powe.. md the. CeSB&ticn of all aid to the armed forces of the Coalition Government of Democratic ICampudtea. The present si tuation in CanJ)()dia !tas btou9nt about by the invasion and occupation of that country by Vietnamese trooP,B, who are still there today. ou~ top priority, which is also that of the United Nations resolutions on Kamplchea, continues to be the withdrawal of all VietnaJ!!eee troops from Cambodia, whether their presence is officially acknowledged or disguised. As for the other problems, they aX08 internal matters which will have to be resolved amng the Cambodian parties. The solution has already been implicitly mentioned in the resolutions adopted annu311y since 1979 at the United Nations\ self-determination of the Canbod!an people, through the organization of free general elections wi thout pressure or coercion. A genuine peaceful solution can be art ived at only in the following caadi tions; first, wi thdrawa1 of all Vietnamese occupatiaa forces from Csrdx>dian territory, which must be carried out not unilaterally but within the framework of a general neC)Otiated agreement, under internatialal supervision and in keeping wi th Cl precise time-table~ secondly, the dismantling of the Phnom Penh regime installed by Viet NUl and the State of DelIDeratic Kampuchea J thirdly, the forma tion 0 f a Quadripartite Prcwisional Government of National Reconciliation, fourthly, the establishment of achinery. f()[ international supervision in the form of Cl uni ted Nations oomm~ssion or any other internationcl commission or Whatever other measure may be necessary, such as an international force for the maintenance of peace and secur ity~ and, fifthly, the organization of authentically free general elections under international superv-ision. Peace 1n Call1lbodia doPGi'da on g_ulne national recCIlcll1ation baed on equality aJIOftg all the politleal ~rt!.s of tlla coalition an4 on r_pect for hUllan rights and fundalMntal frudo_~ within the fr.....oe:k of a lib••l deMOcratic regim. Tha, it i. not a quuUon of trying to i.o1ac::e, etill 1•• elillinate, an!One. we u. talking about • lIOlIelHftt of national recon-:U:Lation, that i8" the Quaddparti te Praviaianal Gov"Mlnt of National Raoonc11:1atiCH'i, vhc.. Qat it would bG to prapue and «I)anise geruKal ~il free eloctions wder :lntlKnatianal super~iaicn. After the ganeret agree_nt en the total withdrawal of Vietna.s. forces frOll Callbodia, an int.n.tiC!n~l cCftfe:-ence will be convened with the participation of all the oounules mnOlrMd, the f1~e pel'aaftlnt _libell of the sewrit.y COUncil and th~ ~itod Nations SQ~etary-Gen.al. That conferenoo will acbpt all necesaary il6asures to guerantee the .gr....t, as ..11 a. the independence and neutrality of Ccllbodiap and pr_ant any pouiJ)l. ~eturn of Vi.tn.... ferces and the illegal Md violent .ehurlit of power by one of the CabGClian parti.s. The Jakarta Infc'81 Muting, _tell v_ held at 8ogor froll 25 to 28 July 1988, w.a the first of iu kind to bring togother the thrH CUlbocUan parties of the Coalition GcwCl'ilHftt ef DelDcratic IaPlc:be&, that of Pbno. Penb and Vlet ~, &nd also the othor p&rti•• in the region o;mC8~ne4 w1th the CaabocUan conflict, wbo were abl. to exchange vieWII. If. hope thflt the 1f«klng GrOtJp, 9Ibich is to ..t soon in JMU'ta, tIlll pcQV'a able to acbi.". ao;:a concrate r.ulto. The Rh.er people 'la. dHp1.y JlCWeu! by the wordB of caspaa.lon towards tb,.. spoken by tha Pr.lc1ent of tb~ ~ited Staqg, Mr. Jonald Reagan, and a180 the ~rc18 of solicitude speken by Mr. Qian Qlche, Pcxelgn Minister of tho People's RrtpubUc of Chine, and other bade of cJelegatimlJ of frlen41y countries. To return to a norMl situation end r.t«. peace, security And jutlca in .y country, the total wlthdr"tml ef the Vi.tn..._ ocx:upation troops has becoM an ilIperative n~cess1ty.. RoweYer, for gr.t~r credibUity, I have proposed that this witbCka.l be negotiated and internationDlly lIOnitored. National reconciliation will bave to take the foe. of tb4t .tablilbMent of a quaddpart1te provisional CJOver~nt. Tbi8 Quadripartite Provisional Goveruent of National Reconciliation Must be for_d on a new bu1s, because the COL\Ution Gcwernment of DellOcratic KalllPUcbea cannot agreo to take as a basis the pco-Vietftuese co_unist reginle of Phno. Penh. In order to facilitate the for_tion of the Qu.."dripertite PrO'lisional Gcwernae'lt of National Reccnclliation I have propoeed to the two other parties in ay Goveraent the <:banging of the naM of D&tllOCratic Kallpue'hea and its flag and national &nth.. Ris It)yal Highness SDdech NCC'odclll SihanoL)uk has already given his agree1l8nt in principle to these changes. I believe that these changes - or rather this return to the nat:lonal naileB and ayllllbols adopted by the mole Canbodian people ~ cre going to be a pcelode to national reconciliation, a prelUde to the new naticnal unity that is needed for the rMtoration of peace in CaJllbodia and for the establillh_nt of a zcne of peace" freedom and neutrtiity in South-East Asia, in keeping "i th the wishea of the _libel' countries of the Assooiation of SOUth-East Asian Nations aneJ"in partic:ul.lr, to the ending of the BUfferings of our people. I take this opportunity to reiterllu, on bcalf of the Ibaer people, ay hall Ibown our refugee cc.patriota, and to Ri. MljestyI. GovernMnt for the reepectful gr&titude to His Maje.ty tbe lC.'\ng of Thailand for the kind co•••ion he haspit;ality aocorded to thell in bcxder C&JIPII. we are grabtful a180 to all th. friendly countries that have given constant, Valuable .upport in all spheres to the Coalition Goveruent of DellOcratic lCaapuchea and all the Ibaer people in their natiClllal liberation l'tru9g1e against the Vietn....e invader. and occupying forces. W& are grateful to the Gecretary-General for the personal interest he ha taken 1n the Cubodian question, and for his tireless quest, in the fruew«k of hi. aandate and assisted by his Special Representative, Hr. RafeeUddin Am-d, for a just and lasting .olutian to the prcblem of X-puchea in ccnforllity vi th the Charter and relevant resolutions of the united Nations. I IIUSt eay again how gratefltl we are for the iJlportant role being played by the united Nations and the Geeretary-Ganeral, and extend our gratitude also to his Special Re~eaentative, Mr. SeA-M.S. Kibl'ia and the DirectCl:' of the O'lited Nations Bor.der Relief OperatiOn (tJNBR), Mr. Y. Y. Kill, and all the UNBRO staff, who have pccwed so able in helping those of our unfortunate COIIpetrlots wu are considered to be displaced persons. If CUlbodian society io to be trUly demeratimed, if hUIIBn and individual rights are to be respected, it Is essential to promte the ecllcation of Khmer children at all l_els, both in border C&JIPS and vithin the oountry. The t~ust of sustained, comaon efforts by the entire international conulunity, with the Q1ited Nations as catalyst, to prev..t a nuclear holocaust has led to 1'ooognition of the fact that a nuclear war can nwer be von and aust nwer be fought. The world has velcoMd the ratification by the two super-Power. of the (Mr. SOn &ann, DltlDOcratic Ka!p1dlea) Treaty on the elt.lllnadon of their int._cUa~-ranpMd 1h000ter-rMge lcd-bued .i••U ... and the iJlP1'cwe..nt in ...t....t rel.tion.. ~he withdra.l of Soviet fcxc. !re:. Af9\_i8tan \IIlder Dlitea Maticna superv18ion Md within the fr.....ock of a .igned .91'....nt" the cea.e-fir. b.tween Inn and IrAII .ft.r eight years of "ar, the withdr.WAl of South AtriCM face. fre:. Ingol. and the pccep&ct of the illplHllntatlon of security COUncil r.olutlon .35 el.78), on ..tibia" .nd the .CceptMC. by the parti. to tM ••tHn sahara cmflict of a peace plan 8ubllitted by the Dlited Nations hav. led to .a. relaxation of regional tenllion and .trengthened the hopea that wex14 tenslm w111 gradually ..... BOIIevel', the genuin., per8ia~nt political w11l of all arod the constant vigilance of all coWltri. and peopla _tell cb.iab peace and justice are necell8ary if further pcogr._ towara. the ..lntlnlRee of international pe~oe and Hcudty ill to be _de. Internatlonll1 peaca aftd aacurity continue to b. thr..btned by nUMr0U8 local and r.gimel cmnicte genEabtcl by poliei. of power, c1o_1nation and expansion that tr~e und8r foot the purpo•• and pr incipl.. of the Charter, including the ~incipl.1I of non-intervention in the intwnal affair. of other Stoat.. , respect for the right of peoples to .elfaodetlrll1n.tion, and the ~caOl!ul .ettl••nt of dlapst.. ~tll th•• cmflicts are raolved an the b_is of r_pect fee the pr inc1plea of the Unitlltd Nations Charter, it i. 111..«y tlo hope !or a cUaate of tnt..natimal trust con41clveto th. lillitatlon ac reaaction of ar_ents. In AfghMiatan, the her~)j.~ .truggle of the Afgh. people and ita aUjabidin, collbined with lnternaticnal pr••ure _" tb.tir.l....ffoctll of Pakietan and the Qlited Nations and ita secretary-General, finally co.llcad fbvlet force8 to vi tbdra" frell that country. aat that cJo~ DiCt ••an th. war ia filler. By oontinuing, through ita 1I11itary ...i8tanot and advlller., to keep Dlive the 1'4g1_ it ha. installed in Kabul, the SOIiet ttllm persists in it. tnterfer_ce in the internal affairs of Afghanistan, provenb the Afghan people frOll e.rc1sing ita right of self-deterllinaticn, and oClfttinue. to fuel tension in that region of aouthern Asia. The Afghan people and ita _jahidin are being coIIP811ed to pursue their just struggle to ratCX'e Afgheniat. '8 indePlOd_ce, acwerelsnty, non-aligned status and territorial integrity. The international co_unity Iluet continue its assistance and support in that atrugg1e. We who are fighting for the s.. eauae reaffirm our oollPlete solidarity with and strong support for the the Af~M people and ita _:l_idln in their valiut struggle until the attain_nt of their noble objectives. we wish also to pay a heartfelt tribute to the Govermaent and people of Pakistan for their great 00.8s1on for: and generous assistance to the Afghan refugeee, and for their iaportant contribution to the efforts that led to the withdrawal of SoI7iet f«ces froll Afghanistan. In Asia, the mounting tension in Ibrea lIakes clear the increasing urgency of adopting pr:actical measures that will llake possible the indepcndent, peaceful reunification of the country. In this oonnection, it Is important to IXwent a military cClllfrontation and recllce the tension betWeen the two parte of the country by the adoption of a declaration of non-aggrGIIs1on. we weloo_d the negotf.ations last August at PanllUl'ijoll between perli_entary delegation. froll the North and the South, and are pleased that these vill be resumed soon. Still in Asia, we assure our clOlle neighbours to the north, our Lao brothefs and eisters, who for years havfi endured and struggled a~in.t repfeall"ion and coercion under: the VietnUlea. yoke" of our unswerving .support and fr.aternal . 8011darity• (Mr. Son Bann, Demcratic lta!!£Udl.!!!) In the Middle But, the situation ha dlIteri«ablld everY'il\ere. In the occupied Arab territorlea, the viol.nc. and high pI••ione th~t have been grcwing for aanths ue cl.ar pEoof that it la vitally Mceuary f« a negotiated settlQaent of the entire MicMle "at &nd PalMtlnlan prcbl_ to be purllue4 within the fr...ack of an tnternational confer.c., wader Qlite4 Nations auapices, and with the participation of the rape_.tativ. of the Palnt:inlan people, the Palestine Liberation organisaUon (PLO). P.ca can be r.tored only through the exercise by the 1'a1..t1nian people of ita iMJ,l.nlble national rights, with strict reepect for the principle of the 1na4.1uibUlty of the acquiaition of foreign terdtOl:Y by forCle and for the right of all Statea of the r~lon to live and coexist in peace and security. In Lebancm, despite the ~.enCle of united Nations forCles, foreign ar_d intervention ccntinu•• to fan the f1.... of diacocd. It ia of the highest iaportanoa that all foreign troops be withdrawn froe IItbanon and that the Leb&nese people finally regain the cdleaiOft _d national unity that will enable it to defend the BO'Iarei9l'lty and terl:itod.a1 integrity of ita aountry, reator. peaOtt, IInd rebuUd the ecancay. The cease-fire between Iran and 'I:" hM per.it~tac! a relaxation of tension in the region. Without \Zdercsti_ting the can_iderIlb1. and nu••ous proble.. that re.in unresolved, it My be aald that the eaas.-fire, wbleb was achieved th-.ka to the pcaillworthy, dedicated efforts of the security Council and the SecretarY-General, opctna th. way for th. iapleMntation of security COUncil r:eeo1utlon 598 (1987). We hope that ,,1tb pOlitical will 01\ all sidee 1t ,,111 be pos.ib1e to 1IOV8 tmrardD a Ilettle..tof that painful fratricidal conflict. (Hr. SOn Sann, De.acratic Ka!f9chea) In Africa, the ecenoMic situation re..ins a source of great c:cncern. we reaffirm to all brother African counuies and p:eopl.. our oollPl.ett solidarity and usur. theM of our war.est cangratulaticns -.\d deep adairatiClft f« tbelr courageous and nabl. eflora to lapl-.nt Africa'. Priority Pr.... for Bconoaic Rlcovery 1986-l9SO. 81t thCSIi efforts are h_pered by the [KGble. of external debt and the e1llCe.sive debt-Hrvicing burden. aol'ecwer, SUdan" in pa~ticular Ibartou., ha been stricken by unpr:ec:edentlad floods, 'tihich hlll1. cauu4 w:ldupread devataticn, ad sam-Saharan CXtuntl'ie. oontinue to face drought, floodll, plagu_ of locumts and CClnflicta, with the consequent II11Ucnll of refUge., ••1nutriticn _d fuine. We call upon the international co_unity, .special.ly developed creditor countries, to aupport and adopt the ae_ures adlrocated Iby the Organization of African Unity to 1'..o1v8 Africa's external-debt crisis, including tho conv.,ing of an internaticnal conference en thill (JI'Clbl_. we "Quld -llbub. that the eCQ'lOlllc and IIOcial orbi. of the African oounut.. has been further aggravated by the ri.ing tension in southe:n Africa lihich ho. had baraful COIl881uencM throughout the cantinent. 'rhe aggravation of tensions 18 ell. to the policy of aertheid and the Ulec)al egoupation ef Rall1bla by the Prfitexla r'g1., ..a.lob, utterly diu89ud1n9 \miver.al cancJe.atlon of ita actions, hu not enly refu.ed to re1...~ Nel.on Mlndela and other political pc'isc:nera, but is also wen f.urther intensifying ita bloody repc'esllian, pc'olonglng the 8tate of e.rgency, oondeaning to death and threatening to e.cu~ anti-apartbei~blade. In SOUth Afdca - in particular the lIulrpwille Six - aistreating religious figor. and banning all the political activity of anti-apartheid organiaatian., hwing repr._tative. of South African anti-&f!rtheid aove.nta abroad ..su.inatld, and c:o_ittlng an increasing nUllber of acta of aggr..sion and a.tabillaaUon against frent-line countries. sauthorn Africa "'ill know peace and .tability anly when aprtheid i. eradicated •• that vUl Make pouiblo the eetlbllliulent of a non-racial, demcratic gcw.ernaent in SOUth Afr lea and the adv_t of the lndependllnoe of Nallibia ",ithin ita territorial integrity. In this rHpect we believe that the developaent of the anti-aprtheid struggle has _ply c:'IeaautratAd the n..d fex global undatexy'aMctions agall111t the Pretoria r4g1.. accoapanled by a plM of a••i8t1lnoe to the frent-line State.. we ardently trust that the quadripartite negotiations to r.tore peaCllt in Angola and to eUainate ob.tacl. to the decolonl.ation and indepen4enOl of Naalbia will .uoceed in ccapelling South Africa to give effect to security CO\mcll r.olutlon 435 (1978). raa.t1,.., ve vhole-hHl'badly welOC)_ the 8Uoce••••CIOre4 by the Goverm.nt and people of Chad wader the guldlftGe of Pr.ident Bia.in lIabt:. in their ata-pta to consolldabI the incJepan4ence:; and • .,.,••191'ty of Chad, to r.tlol'e ~eir terrltlOrtal • (Kr. SOn Bann« o.aoa:.tic '-pseb") integrity and to ellbark UpcIrI the reconstructiOil of that COWlU" in peaoe, stlbillty and har1D\Y with all ita neighbours. .. r • .., our frat81:aal solidarity to the•• In Central AIIedo. the situaticn ccntinu. to be 91'.e notwithstanding the progress achieved in the field of verification of the obligations arleing frOll thllt Bequip.1la. 11 agreelHnu. This progres15 highU.ghta the real pouibl.\iU.s of establishing peace anC§ demcracy in the region through dialogue and negoti=tlon. we wilb to pay a tribute to the five pr_i4entD of the Central AII.dcan State. _0 declared In san JOIIe their political will1ngnws to pr.s ah..d with dialogue and negotiations in order to fulfil the GuatAtula ea-itlHftta and 'I. welOOM the w«k done by the CCIltadora Group and the SLlpport Group, whldl decided to continue to co-operate in this Pl'oce.s of peace Md cJemClC'acy in this regicn. Thle Is the only road to peace and stability and the only w.y to pr••rve the lnter..ta of the region 4S a _ole. Now that the <kganiaation :la ~ePlring to celebrate at the end of this ,.ar the fortioth anniv.euy of the ttliv.sal Dlcl.at1on of HUUR Rights, now that the hope of better ti... i. burgeoning .,ith the approach of the n_ ,.ar and the dawn of a new cantUff, and vi th the • .,ard of the Habel P"ce Pri.. to the tI'li ted RItion. peace-keeping fCl'cee, an a.r4 that was very well ..rited, let us hope that the Jll11ions of our huun bcotbera ttho are s•• ing change _d r_.al In their liv•• wUl ... their dr.._ co_ true theks to tho .ffortll of the tt1itJId Hationl!l andiu secretary-General i ... "'at the Gitlft;tali, the lyrical offer ing of ehe Beftgali poet, de.cr!bed .0 aptly in the f!ollowing wordn WIn thl.par.db. of frftdcxl, ay b ther, let .y ho_land .wake.· The tJRlSmBlft' (interpretation frOll Spanuh) , on behalf of the General A88ellbly, I wim to thank the Pd. tUnleter of ~meratic ..puch... ~. Son Sann, P1'1IIe Minlatar of De80Cfatic waec:h., .,.s eSC»l'e:.d froa the (Ik. Ion sann, 1Da8DC!!t1c ICMpudlea) Mr. 't'AL!B IBRABIMI (Algeria) (interpcetation fro. Arabic): On behalf of the Algerian delegation I Mould like to ccmgratulate you, Sir, upClft your election to the post of PresicSlnt of t.". forty-tbird .....lon of the United Ration. General ArIa.llbly. 11'1.0 doing 1 extend to you lIlY perscmal beat willb.. for succeS8 in the onerous but lofty task ahead of YOa!. Your election ill justified by the range of talents we bave =- to appreciate, it i. alao a well-dellerveit uibua: paid to the friendl.y nation of Argentina GncS a recognition of the great contribution _de by Latin AIlerica to our joint endeavour for peace and co-operation a1lClllg our peoples and nations. The Presit'ent of the General Assellbly at its fortY-hcone: session, Mr. Peter Florin, alsoeerned the appreciation of the Olited Nations. De fulfilled his office skilfully, with devotion, ability and fara:J..9ltedneas. The Algerian delegation would like to join in the unani~&s tribute paid to h1lll. The United Nations collectiv61y, and our own nations indivicllally, will re_lIDer Mr. Jader Pere. de Cuellar u the invaluable crafts_n responsible for rHtoring the standing of the Organization and for winning it bade its rightful place in ccnteapor:ary int.national relations. I 1Jh0uld like to express to hi. Al~ria's oonggatulations and encourage_nt and .s.ure hill of its continuing and 1Iihole-hearted co-operation in any place and at any ti_ that be .y be engaged in the quest for peace, justice and co-operation, ",hich "he is pursuing in the na.. of and for the better well-being of Unkind. The Ot:ganuation 18 ••rgln9 fro. a. grave period of crisis) it· bu gone through a time of doubt:, lJuspiclcn and cJere1icticn) it ha been affilcted by inuOIpection and by the abanClon_nt of lIultilabtralisa. However, in the darkest hours my country never ceased to believe, and to SIlY, that the United Nations is the manifestation of an act of hope - and a strong, ritjhteous hope never dies. The thited Nations e11bodies this hope, which, in tUi:i1, represftnta the sustenance, the very well-spring, of the Organization. Are our joint endeavours geared now to the tr iumph of the values and ideale. we set for ourselves when the organization waa founded? we see the begiMllng of an :lrIprOU'lllment In lntarnaticnal relations. Is this due to the dawning lI:KOgnition that mankind is a whole and can have no future or destiny without Wldll!rstanding, co-operation and peace? Have we finally faced thr! fact that it 13 better to build together than to develop the tools for destruction - that lIistrust and the thirst for domination are not inevitable, but rather that _nkind has a collective genius in which are to be found the resources that can ensure well-being and happiness for all? Are we ready at last to use our ingenuity and ardour to construct a world of security for ell, and to wage the r~al struggle, the s trug91e for: d8l1elopment? These are the challenges, and they must be met. There are already so_ portents of a better morrow for all. However lillited they lIily be, these signs and developuents are enoouraging, and we hope that they will be matched by others of eV'en greater scope and impUc:&tion. In this respect Algeria once again haUs the concluuion of the Treaty on the elimination of inter_diate-range nuclear: wftapons. In so doing we hope, that this firs~ act of nUclear disu._nt will be consolicJated and expanded, and that negotiations on strategic nuclear veapans will follow the sute path of wisdom and lead to a sillllarly welco_ conclusion. (Hr. Taleb 1brab=1, Alger ia) Dlaar-.nt i. an ••••tial factoc In the PMceful world order that we hope to bUild, and all of u. h•• a OI)ntJ:1bution m ..k.. cen.equently, ay counuy hu a1va1'8 CCXlsid••d that bilaterel Maur.. in the diear_lIGftt field, .easures we weloo_ and co_nd, .hould not rul~ out aultllateral action, let alene be con.idK.cl .s a replactllet for .",ch action. The regrettable failure of th. third .pecial ...liion of the United Nations (;:woted to cl18ar....t vu an Ul often in thi. r..peet. 110 trust that this was .isply an unfortunate incident en our route, a pervarH 4evelopaent tb.at will 8!lortly be corr.ctle4. 1Cutft the uf.ty MdJ peace of all Unkind ia at stake, unity in action and r_olution 18 the order of the day. Th. first di.ar.......t ...ur. to "dch I hwe juat referred, as tlell as the other _asur.. of whieb it i. the forerunn., and to whic:h we look forward, were poulbl. c:nly beca•• of _jor cbang. that have taken place in the doctrines, polici.s and .uategi.s unctlrlying ao4ern international relations. Heretofore th... b•• b.en founded .olely upen the free ex.rcise of the balance of forces and CIl?lIlJetition in pursuit of a ~cis!Y. po.ition in an arM race - to sml up, a view of the warld and • lCH)ie both bae4 cm ccmfrmtation. '!'be IbVeMnt of the Non-Aligned Countries was founded at tho time wben this vision and thi. logic pt'waUed. It ha conatafttly warned of the dangers and perils of such an approach for world peace. In the change. cosing about today it cannot but fJ.n4 canflr_tion of the rightn.s. of lu argu••ts and of the positions it hae tak. at la ti_ when th.re .....41 to be no other alternative to the policy of strong-ar. pol1tic:a en.hrined with the ....9.08 of the two op~ing alllances. Wo have not yet ...n the end of pow.r-bloc polltiCfJ. to vhic::b the MDve...t of the Non-Aligned Countd.. vu fowaded u an alt.native 40 years ago, nor have we (Mr .. Taleb IbrabiJIi, Algeria) se... the end of great strategic rivalry" But we do see the fu. 13ifT-\8 of change, and thie suggests. possible alternative, an alternative of dialogue, t~U8t and r..pect for the interests of oth..s that offers th8 poesibility of founding a n'1lW 1«>rld babnce upon a safer, stableI' and fairer Ht of relations. r.tt UII find the wherewithal for this alternal:~ive option. Let U8 hwe faith in it anc! find the politiCflll will-power that is required. Let us avoid the errcxe and .iscaloulaUons of the put, .aiob suggested that a lillited re8huffling of Ifa.t-Weat relatieRs would be SUfficient for the establlsh_nt of a peaceful order. '!hat faith did not stand up to the test. It waa not enough to bring about Cl lasting relaxation of tensions between the two opposing lIilitary alliances. Rather, regional and local hotbeds of tension proliferated and grew wccse. Mankind 111 a single speclea, and peace must therefore also be indivisible. Int.natianal relation8 will not be strengthened in terM of security, stability or duration Unlell8 all the CIOuntries in the world join in the ta8k of building a peace that is unrastdcted and has 1'001I for all. It 18 gratifying that today there ie grOllflng rooognitlon of this vital need and that efforts are being IUde to iaprove But-west relation8 and to resol\'. regional and local conflicts, criseSl and tension8 .. That is the right appcoach, the CQly me to be follcw~, Wlswerv!ngly, whatever the obstacles and what!e\·er a.er ifiQ88 have to be aade. The road to peace will be 1009 and difficult, wether we Be ~eQling with \.l. ·arllament, the establiBh_nt of truat and understanding bebret:lI:l East and _et or putting an end to the tragedies of the Middle East, the GUlf, southern Africa, Central America, Afgh.mistan, KalllPUche, Cyprus or Neastern Sshara, but there is no alternative to peace, it is the only optima As I told the &eBe_ly last year, the contribution we intend to make to this collective enterpa:iee for pMca ccnsiets of the ccnatruction of b'le Great Arab Ibgtu:eb. Since I apoka let yeAr this enterpc ia~ in which we are engaged with our partners in the region has been laamc:bed, and I think I can tl&y that it has been well launched. The holding of the Maghrflb su_it in Algiars laQt June was the starting-point for the ltlnterprise upon _ioo we are .etting out together p ,,1 th blagination, deterllineticm, and whatever else it tak.. OUr peoples and OUt cowatrie hue waited too lcmg, and therefore our first acmeern now !lust be to make up for lQllt tilM. we are d~terllined to do mo, and we bave the wherewithal. we are now WOl'king to ec;ruip the Mlghreb entity we are eatabllehing wi th the institutions, trained manpower and machinery wbich will thM pendt political co~rdination and eccmwc 1nte9r~tion cm a ratiaurl, progressive buiB, without thereby losing any oppormnity t9 lIake further Pl'ogress. A. dy.':_ic and united etlghreb is therefore on the lIarch 0 we are keeping the maentum going, thanks to A polltical resolve maffected by ul ter!CX' mtivos CX' reservations. !br the first time in its lmg history the greater Maghreb enjoys all the necessary cc:mditions fa: mity. Rowever, we ara aware of the obstacles on the way ohead. we shall ov~oo_ them, because we have no other choice at a time _en intiKnational events are calling fex' a pooling of efforts and resources. There can be no doubt that th. r.olutlon of the conflict in "..tern Babaro will help speed up the construction of ii \it"llteci Hagbrllb. The aoc::eptanoe in PI' Uaciple by Mo,rocoo and the lOLISMlO l'tmt of tile pcopollals put to the. by tho current Chair_n of the Organi.ation of African unity (OAD) and the Becret&ry- General of the t'l\itlad Nation~ acnc.ning the ccndition8 for the holding of a referendum on self-deterll1nation 1..., ..stern khat. i. a good ollen in this respect. lit is only JUGt that a people that hu lIbecS la blood for freedo• ..mould have the right to choose ita own future, it i. right that thl! people of:' Western sahara shou1~ det&rmine ita own deetiny. The international co_unity ba und5rstood that, and a oonseI\sUIl has e_rged within the organization of African ~~ty, the Hon-Ali9Red Movement and this ABsal1lbly clearly spelling out the oondU:!ons for a reeolution of the Wlstern Sahara conflict. That consensus tOok the fOl:. of r4ll801ution 104 ad:)pbad i.n 1963 by the Ccnfer-.oe of Beads of State or Governae9t of the. OlD in Mdis Ababa.. Subsequently endCX'sed by the Ql! ted 9IItions, it is the b~1. of the joint Ihited Nationa..().NJ good offices. Direct negotilltions to eonclude a caase-fire and to organize a referendum on self-eJete=!Illnation, free fr.. adilinialtrative Ol' mUitary constraints, are the two leey requirements for a just and lasting .elution to the conflict in the western sahara. Those who are fighting each other to&ly need to be able to talk together tomorrow, and it ls a good thing foe the Moroccans and BabEaoule to go to the referendum hand in hand rather than back to back. Praternal di~lOCJUe will lead to brotherly reconcUiation, and thus th~ MaC)breb will ga1n in stability, security and unity. In the NidcU.e But there lu still no end to the tragedy of the Palestinian people, which ha IIlscad out on the wave of peace affecting other cris.s, conflicts and BourceM of tensicn. The tragedy of the Palestinian peopll.e continues to be the tragedy of this century. The upt'illing in occupied PmlftStina re.inde UB that the Palestinian's national identity is still alive. It mows that the Palestini&n, p80ple has not abdicated its national rights and that ita claill to its own state 00 the land of \o1hich it was rabbad will not be defeted. The uprising serves to identify the requirements for a just and lasting peace in the Middle East. The Blctraordinary Arab SUmit Conference held in Algiers in June defined the COCDIICIft Arab position on the naturp., competence and aias of the international peaca conference on the Middle East, and on who should participate. Because the question of Palestine lies at the heart of the conflict in the region, the international peace conference would fail if it did not consider it as such, and face up to the subject 8tJuarely. To seek to reduce the Arab-Zionist conflict to a succession of bilateral territorial or security disputes, and hence to obscure the central Palestinian element in the conflict, Would be to doom the conference to failure. Because the Palestinian people has chosen those whom it wishes to speak on its behalf and to express its aspirations, the Palestine Liberation Organization (Poo), its sole and legitimate representative, cannot be deprived of its place at the international peace conference. Attempts to find other representatives will be unsuccessful.* Hr. Rana (Nepal), Vice-President, took the Chair. Lut1y, ve knov of the fate that has befallen the s.arch for an alternative ho. for the PalHtinlan people. we have to reoognlae that the destiny of the Pal.stinian people le Mly going to ba falhioned on the sol1 of its own historic land, Palntine. in the s.. region, Lebanon ha aufferod s.tback after setback. OCcupIltion vaa followed by fratricidal divisions, and today its very institutions are under threat. We are firaly devoted to the inc:1epencSllnce, unity, territorial integrity and sovereignty of that brother country.. Lebanon has other battles to fight. It cannot all~ itself to be divldoc1 against itaelf. National reconciliation is vital, and it is the first battle thllt "ill deterlline its victory in the other fights abead. It must win it And win it with our usistance. It can rely upon lIlY country's aid in this respect. In the Qllf the noise of battle hp died down, giving way to dialogUe and negotiaticn. NIt congratulate Iraq ~ Iran in a brotherly fashion. Bight yeU's of conflict have left too aucb Guffering, ai.understanding and distrust for: us to iugine that the path to peace 'fill be an e..y one to follow, but we do trust that courage, a sen.e of responllibility. and wisdo. will finally prevail. The apartheid systell li•• at the heart of all the tragedies in southern Mr ioa. Ita full and co.ete dl._ntling "'ill be the only way to bring peace back to that long-lIuffering region. The independence of NaMibia, the restoration of i1l1 the rights of the SOuth African people and a guarantee for the security, stability and territorial integrity of the front-lln& States are & ~llective r~8pon~fbility which we .at all fully live up to. My country, for: ita pert, wishes to aasure the SOUth Weat AfdclI People 's organi.ation, the "fdean National Congress and the front-line States of ita 801idarlty and support until the triuaph of the causes of justice and freedom which they defe'l4. In Central AJledca the hopes uoused by the Ari.. plan and the Bequipulas and SOp:)a agree.nte are proving sadly slOtl m bear fruit. The Contadora and Lt_ Glt'oupe are uking a valuable ccntribution to the cause of peace in the region. They deserve our full support. The peoples and the States in the region Est be able m live in understanding, co-operation and _tual respect, free from outside interference and with respect for ech other's political, economic and ~.......lal In the Group ~f 77 a few c2ys ago I explt'eBsed a few thoughts on the subject of internaticnal ecCllol'ftic relations, thoughts which I should like to share with the Assellbly todayo I observed that the real path to genuine peace must be one whereby all the peoples of the WOl'ld enjoy not only their right to equal security but also their right to developaent. I observed that the genuine peaceful order we aspire to should not simply spare mankind from destructioru. it must ensure his fit and proper survival once and for all. I observed that humanity would one day have had enough of qall'bling with death and would build for: its future, that development would become the new name for peace and be, its key ingredient. In the light of those comments I made a numer of observations and drew some <:onc!usions• First of all, underdevelopnent is the WOll:'Bt of the wars which mankind is currently waging against itself. Are not mace people dying of famine, malnutr ition, epidemics and the lack of a l1edi~l infrastructurer,than as a result . .. \ of open, er_Cl conflict? Clearly, m«e people ate dying from underdevelopment than frOll war c secondly, underdevelopaent: is - and i,f no sol~tion Is found it will ccntinue to rePl.'esent - a threat to internattcmal peace and security just 8S moh as open armed conflict. Surely the international co_unity has a du'ty to put an ena to a proce•• which i. 80 Mn&cing to unkind's future. ThirdlYr the international oolalnity m.t: !IObilb:. for the triumph of houn right.. we .at lIClbiliae to eMuro that no citillen of the planet 111 deprived of hi. civil rights, hia right to e...s an opinion, his right of a•••mly, his right to be heas:d and hi. right to defend hi.elf in the na. of all the rights which he legally enjoY8. Yes, we ...t lICbilise .0 th&t no citizen of our planet di•• frOll the denial of hi. rights. I .1ght add, however, thmt besides these rights we have a duty, and it is ane which ha not yet been fulfllled& the duty to ensure that no cl ti~en diea or .~ffer. frOll negleet of hia vital needs. We have acted together so that davelopaent ic conaider,ed in ter. of right. for our peoples. I flight .6Y today d that the right to the ci'eveloPIMnt of peoples is la key ele..nt in hu.n rights, because when one talks of underdevelopaent one is talking of matter. of llfe and death. This calls for collective solidarity, and a collective sense of responsibility. Lastly, at a tille whlln we are welcoming the fact that unkind ha begun to tread th& path of d18arulI8nt, lot us not forget that, wbile _ch re_ina to be done under: thi8 heading, the hardest task &hllad of us is the challenge of underdeveloPMnt, and everything that that'illpliea.' My conc.lusions, therefore, would be as f.ollows. First, a crisis in international economic relation. does exist and is a reality. The developed world felt that it hac1 found its own short-tar. r••IUes, but theee r••di•• are the product of short-sightedne.s, Real interdependence prCN.a dally that developaent and underdevelopsent are ~~terretated in any aspects and that the pan.cealS advocated hei:etofore are no longer effectives ~ .eparate dw.lopllent fr~ .mderdwelopaent, to portray the fir.t a8 a result of the ability of one group of countries and the .econd a. a result of th~ feckle••neIl8 of others, i8 not accept8ble. 'rherela a .yatea operating today which .erves to nurture the daveloped countries at the co.t of the under&tveloped nations. secondly, changee are taking place, and an alternative is being pur8ued 80 that the .mderdevelopment of our coWltriea doe. not .erVG to foster the devoloplent of nations which established the prevailing .yatea and which led thalli to act in pursuance of the Clbjectivea they .et for the.elYe. in the put. That was short- 8ighted. The North-South 8plit is intolerable and will beoolle IIOre so. All East: and West are brought together, it will beco_ increuingly clear that a peac::..eul future depends upon di!velopaent. Thirdly, underdevelop1lent co•• with an econOilic pr iee, but still lIOre with a political and social price, and it i. en. we have to pay. ast how long can this go on? Thie is a matter that Jlust be of concern bo all. Aa _llb81'S of the lntKnational COII.unity we bave aesu_cS the 1'.poIUIibility to put our houses in order. we recognize this and it is prOlPing beneficial, but it is not enou~J far frCll it. Structural adjustmente tlhicb have b..... advised cc iapcsod upon our countries are not the remedy for unc!erdavelqaent$ far frOll it. Fourthly, in the ·for.Uon of underdevelos-ent, teetcxs beyond the control of our countries wsre at play. The inbtrnat10nal environMnt wall - and still is - a handicap for us. Internal structural adjUlltMnta '1111 only work if thQ aa_ structural adjustllents are made at thqa globlll level. Whether with reference to the budgetary healtb of our countries, a fair price foe our coalDdity exports, acceDS to internmtional trade, ~rrencie8 and fin_c.. or btchnology, the pce8ent system of internadonal econollic relations fruauat. all our hard efforts. The -pta IIWIt change. Qlch a cbange ••t be part of an (WK.ll change 1n CJ1Clbal and regional relation.. Glcbal peace can no lcnger ocntil'ilu. with a bfo-tiar .yat_ in tlbldl the qu.tlon of lntKnatianal .ecurity hu priodty and dwelopunt ie relegated to a .econdary pl.CIII. An overall approach 18 required and we au.t .e. to correct all the ex18tlng 1IIbelane... Do th... encouraging note. "hiem we are h_ring frOll 80 aany direction. nCM h.ald a ne. age of re.en? fte,.y, if unkind can finaUy .et the overriding Mr. CDlBOBURIN (Mongolia) (intersret4ltlon frOll Ru••ianh I ehould Uka to aaociate ayeelf with the greeting. Md c;ongratulation. extended to Hr. Dante Caputlo of Argentina on hia election to his high office. Tha Ibngolian delegatian willhe. hia great auccess in di8chuglng hia re.ponsible duties. we tllke this opportunity to _.... our gratitude to h1ll pcedeoe.sar, co.ade Peter Plorin, for hla Rilful 1I..41iftg of the frock of the forty-a&cand ae••ion of the ~U:.d Nation. General ~8ellbly ana that of ita thf-rd .pc4.al session devoted to dUl••llICIftt. The pc..~nt ...ston of the united Rations General AB•••ly :1.8 taking place at a propitious tl_ In history, a ti__.. the 91'owln9 trend in w«ld politics is the reoogr!lltion of the ClO.-on ••tiny of peopl.. , the interdependence cf countries ..d'the nee<! to r..01ge urgent Cl.!luent prClble. in the 8pidt of the Charter of the Uni~d _ttona end on the basis of constructive co-operatlO' '\Dd .ublal respect for the leglti_telnt...te of the parties caneerned. Th18 i. boi'ne out by a generaJ,lypo.itlve 4ove1opa....t of reOlnt events in the world., 'DIe t.lp:oveaent in tliep011tical ell_te and the .trengthening of ..tutal :',.... . ' ,'. .';.' '. . ,w.derstandlng and cc~fldenee betw_n Blast and ......t Ill'ti incr~.ln9ly felt. As Q result, the threat of a nuclear wat is c.ualnilhing.:fbe, f~.t steps ,tOwarde genuine dlaar_ent have been takM. There are proai.ing sign. of an end to reglmal conflict. on the buis of a national reconciliation policy and a realistic The role of the United Nations in rMolving international pr:oble. is increasing consldeubly. The tangible recaultB of the puce-ukmg activities of tbe 114ite4 -.tiona and the purposeful offorta of ita 8eCEetaryuGeneral are wldent.. '1'be recent award of the Nobel Pace Prlle to the QlltecS Nations peace- keeping forces is further wiCbnce of the support which the world co_unity is now lending to· the organbatim. The SOviet-Allerican 4ialogue is a••ulling new aspects) it Is becoaing IiIOre dynaMic and atable. 'the exceptional i.port....~ of this dialogue er18es frOll the role pla,.d by these wo Powers In world politics. It .igbt be aaid that the So'l1et-Aaerican tnterfiction ha generated any pceitive changes of ~lobal di_natons. In this context, the I!b~cov s.-it .eting deserves special The Move_nt of Non-Aligned Countries, as an independent and influential in today IS wadd, is playing ill peei tiv~ role in the aolution of pressing international issues. This is evidenced by the outCOIl8 of the Havana and Ricosia IIHt1ngo of f«ei91' ..inisters of non-aligned countries. Public dellWld ie uk ing an increasing contr Abution to the Btr uggle for =.s.at!on of the ara. rfiC81 the eliMination of the threat of a nuclear war, and atrengthening of autual understanding, trust and co-operation amng peoples. WhUe duly acknowledging the positive changes that are 'taking place in the world, we eannot OIFerlook the fact that the situation still re_ins QOmplex and aany rnpecta contradictory. 'lbe 5.er91ng plana for "oaapenntion 8 throu_ the md.nlllation of various types of w.apon., both nuelea,.. _d conventional, al.'. & sign cf the reluctance to give up an obaolete concept of "nuel•• deterrence". This lIeane that th.policy of acting "froa a po.ition of .trength" atill re.in. the ..in po.tulate of those who are (ll'eparing auch plana. One can hardly egree with those who cla. that the poliCy of acting "frOll a pesition of • uength It hu brought ~t the pc_ent pclII!tive lib!fts in the w«1d, when it ta pc_.ely that pallcy that at en. ti.. gave d ..e to an unbridled nuclear .a. race, holding the w«14 ha-tage to nucle.. inti.iClation. It la not the policy of acting "frOll a po.ition of strength" but the policy of r..acm, of realism and of a rMponalble attitude, towards Wliv••al huaan v81u. that i. now needed to guide aank:lnd anto the path tDvardla a ••cure and non-viol-.t futurQ. '!be inherent d_g. of ecmtinu1ng VOl'k en the "Star w••- ~ogr__ is that it could thwrt the SOvl.t.....rican negotiations on deep cub in .trategic offeneive ar......ta and of fruatrating the eff~tIi to pc_ent the .Uitarisation of apace. The c1ep'LoyIaent of weapon. in apaCl wuld not only .ignifJ' a qUlllitatively nev stage In the _lID race, but wouleS In Itself peae a grave threat _d ccntradlct the logic of disar__nt that h. already ~..n .et in aotion by the realisation of the INP Treaty. Space weapenlS would hang like the RCI'd of DaDOel.. over ..,.ry countrY, 1'.rcJl•• of ita location, .inea such w_PM. woul~ be an o_ipceaent thr4tat. CUter "pace lIbould .erv.peaceful purpoll" .only. Specific guarantees are needed to ensure that lUe Oft Barth ill not threatened frOll apace. In oUr view, the realisation of the pzopoaal to ••t up an internatlenal CX9.i~~tion en the peaceful us_ of outerss-oe would greatly help to pco.-te the attainMnt of tilt. objective. uniVE..al security mould b. :Eully guaranteed on Barth u well. As we see it, the notion of aacurity is _de up of a nWllber of interrelated factors - above all, aUitary, political, ecanOMi~, hu.anitadan and ecological. In other wor~s, the prClblea calle for • CIOlIpreheneive approach to collective security, as envisaged by the Charter of the United Nations. This is the min thrust of the proposal by the socialist COlmtl'ies regarding the establishment of a comprehensive system of internati~al peace and security. Disar__nt is one of the main roads to • secure world. The MOst difficult but the IICIfit e.sential step en that road vas IIlllde by the conclusion of the SOviet-Aaer iean 1Nl" Treaty and the ooJa1lencement of its implellentation. This should be followe4 by other lDCXe significant steps in ,recl1cing strategic arms, steps that should not be 4tpleocUc h-ut that would rl!l8ul'lc in an irreversible and continuous peocesa. In this regard we lock fCf:ward to the e~ly attainment ()f an agreement on the 50 percent reduction on auategic offensive armaments. ' It is pertinent in this regard to _ph_be the importance of preventing a situation in which disafllament in one field would lead to an arms race in another. This questicn is important from both the pal! tical and the milttary technological point of vi_. The most important task has been and continues to be a c::ompleteban on, nuclear tests, the further strengthening of the non-proliferation regime of nuclear w~pons and the establishment of nuclear-free zCII1"es and zones of peace in vat'ious par ts of the world" The need for a ban on chemical weapOns i$.ofparticular urgen~~t'the prestllnt . time. The ~ernment of the Mongolian people'sRaPUbUcac~ivelY'supports" ~e early collpl,tion of the work on the elabOl'ation of an iri'ternatlon'al cxmvention on,' the complete prClhibiticn arid elimination of these weapons of mass destruction. We "'all continue to 8UPP!X't ••aura ei_d at the atrict oMervMoe of the Gen..,a Protocol of 1925. conventional ar.....u .ad ••4 forcH. In tili. rupect the ongoing act~v•••uch for -YD of recllcing the .UU:ary confrClfttatlon in "rope ia a utter of satisfaction.. fte coutzuctive pr:opocale of the stat.. _1Ib.a of the warcav Treaty Organisation to this .ffect a.r", In our view, as IS aaund bu1e for the amiev...nt of tually acceptable agr...ents. 'lhe Gover nt of the Ibngolian peoploro Republic sher.. the "iew that the sale and supply of conventimal ._pen_ .•t be placed \SlIder international oootr010 Although the thud .peelal ....ion of the united Ratione Gener~ Aasellbly devoted to dieu_MIlt wu unable to adopt a ftnal clc)CUll.fiftt, It hu nevertheless provided an lllPttus to the pcaetical consideration of waya and _ans of atu1ning the goals of 4iear..ent. The poU.tlcal .ett1e.nt of conflicts 10 the world eonstltutee one of the crucial prer:equisiteo foe the building of III Bolid foundaticn f« ...1"..sal peace and securiq. Tangible pl'ogr88& h. been _cia in r..o1ving some of the conflicts. lIoIIever, . a lcng and difficult rOl!ld still li...ead. The oonclulion of the Geneva 14ree_nte Oft the settl...nt of the prcbleu relating to Afghanistan ha beoo. an extrelHly iraportllRt i81108. Tbe ll1ipleuntaticm of th... ~r.._nts c)elWXlctrates how iaportilnt it 1. for all the partiee strietly to oblIerve their Clbligatloos. '" deleqatlon 8uppt8 the prC)p)sal8 to ClOnsider the iaple-.ntation of the Oaneva Ilgr...nts and the question. cancerning ·tbe cessation of their violation• Aa in the pa5t, the Mangolian People Os RDpubUc ia in f_our of turning South-East Asia into a zcne of peace, ~tabi1ity and co-operation. we ".100_ the intensification of dialogue betwoen the countri.sof Indo...china and the _libel's of the Association of SOuth-sastA&llan Nations (ASl!Wt) with Cl view to finding a pollticsl solution to the Kaapucbeen Pl'cbl.. we welCOMe the outCOIIe of the infor..1 .eting held in Jakarta between the representatives of four KaJipucbean parties and the COunuiCl8 of SOUth-But Asia. In our view, the proposals put forward at the ••eting by the People's Rep.Jblle of Kampucbea and the Lao People's Demcratic Republic: would ••rve as a good basis for the settlement of the problem of KaapuC.'hea 4nd for stabilillation of the situation in the region. Another positive went i. the cesDaticn of the Iran-Iraq war. ~ Government sincerely weleo_s the beginning of tallul between the two parties and expresses the hope that they "Ul led to a final .ettleaent of thla conflict. A hotbed of ten.ion perslsta on the Korean peninSUla. The M:mgoU.an People's Republic conslatently supports the withdrawal of fCl'eign troops and nuclear weapons frOll South Ibrea and the conversion of the penmsu1a into a ZCXle of peace. we support the proposals by the Demcratic People's Republic of Korea wi th a view to laying the foundation for the peaceful reunification of Korea. The obstacles that prevent Korea frOll occupying its dghtful place in the United Nations as a full-fledged Mellber mould be elll1inated. status. we velCOl1e the present dialogue between the rep.:...tatlve. of the two co-unities of Cyprus under the auapico8 of the S8cretary-General of the United ttatione. The 8ituation in the MidcUe Ea8t has recently furttu)J.' deteriorated.. SUch a dwel{·~t _Ihatically underlines cnC8 !IO£e the urgefit need foe a COBprehensive 80lution to the crisis. The road to 8uch a solution lie8 through the convening of an int_national conferenee vi th till} participation of the parties cClftoerned ll including the Palestine Liberation Organization and the peranent a.llbers of the security Council. The right of the Palestinian people to 8elf-detera1nation should be en8ured. Israel mU8t relinquish the occupied Arab territories. The unresolved situation in Central America i8 a eauae of grave oCIRoern. The open interference of the United State8 of laerica 1n the internal affair8 of the ~publio of Nicaragua constitutes the main obstacle to the realisation of the QJateaala agreellent8 and of the national reconciliation policy ot the sandinista Gcwernaent. we exp,ress full support for, and solidarity vitb, the 8 truggle of the Nicaraguan people for the realization of their inalienable right to follCM the path they have chosen. No. one has a right to encroach upon the freedom of choice of any people. The current efforts with regard to the granting of independence to Nallibia kindle hopes for a speedy solution to this pcoblell. Ht Gcwern~t welcoaes the quadripartite negotiations of Angola, Coba, the United States of A&leric:a and SOuth Africa d_1gned to rellCWe the seat of tension in the s~th of Africa. we r..olutely ccnde_ the apartheid policy and pcactic.a of the south African r"clat r4gi_ and a'!vocate the iapo.ition ora it of co••henaive and uncJatory sancti€WI, .. prO'lided f:oc in Chapter VU of the Charter of the tl'lited Nations. The genval tendency towards mprO'l.-nt of the p:>litical eliJlllte did not fail to include the AlIian centinento At the aa_ tbe, aost of the abcwe-untioned regional eonflicta exiat there. _art frOll that, the Asla-Pcclfic region is beCOll1n9 the arena for the incre.ing aUitary build-up of the Olite4 states of Aaerica and its allie... Th_et and other factors teatify to the oollPledty of the aituaticn In the region. It ia th••for. in the int6r.ta of the peace and allCllrity of the Asia-Pacific region acti"~1"~ '~:o a.ek waya anci Rans of ooilbining th~ effora: of ell the statss situated here. AE our 1..481', eac.de J. Baillunkh, haa pointed out, the Ibngolian People It! Republic COI'UIIHtontly a~catos tha atreilgthen1ng ef ccafidsnC6 and the davelcp:tent of co-operation betwHn the Asian States and endeavoure, wi1:hin ita ..an., to ecntribute to the acbitwo1lGfit of the O'IeraU AGib aecurity cbjeotives. "hill desire ha led to the pcoposal _de by Gbngolia for the establimh_nt of a _dlaniom ruling out the use of force in the relations between the states of the ABia-Pacific region. The l~_nt&tlcn 0% this p£opi)8al would f08ter the =ncolidation of the univ••al principle of peliCleful oo....xiatenc:e in the relations between the Statea of tho regicm. The reClllnt propo.al. II&do by Coiirade MoS. Q)rbacbw ih Krunoyarak reflect thfl spirit of the new political thinking. They h.e further developed the VladivQBtok initiativ.. and are a~c.t.flcallydeeigiled to reduC18 the allitary confronta~ion in \ ...~.' the Asia-Pacific regiClft, tolxoaden gocd-nei9hbourly relaUone '11i"ag the countries and to OOftsolldate peace and atabUity in thla part of the world. we _lcx:ue the further inteneificatim and laprwennt of relatio;:w betwe. the SO'Ilet union (Nr. Gollbaeuren, Mongolia) and the People '8 Republic of China as a factor the 1JIportance of which cannot be c:werestimated, in strengthening confidence and co-opsration, peace, and security in Asia and throughout the world.. The Mongolian People's Republic stands for the restructuring of international ecmomic relations on a dellOcratic and eqUitable basis and for the establishment of a new international eoonOllic security. The seriousness of prdllema such as tha underdevelopment and external indebtedness of the developing countriea and the upsetting of the ecological balance as well as Othl. t issues calls fot' urgent actions designed to solve these problemS. In this context the implementation of effective measures in the field of disarmament and the transfer for developnent purposes of the resources thereby released would be of great significance. The specific ways and means of resolving ~e problems afflicting warld economic relations should be reflected in the United Nations international development si:ratogy fo!: the 1990s. The M;)ngolian People's Republic submits that international problems, inclUding human! tari~n issues, should be resolved in a spirit of co-operation on the basis of full respect for: the principles of the nstional sovereignty of states and non-interference in their internal affairs. Though 40 yearo have elapsed tlince the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we are still witnessing mass violations of those rights. The Declaration on the Right of Peoples to PtMce remains topical. Consideration, at this session, of the irap1eil8ntation of the i»claration on the Right of Peoples m Peace will once again draw the attefttion of \>he world caIIJIlunity to thi8 1lIportant (!r. GoIllbCll!Juren, f1bft5!2lb) Per.it ., in conclusion, to expce•• the hope that at the preaent session the General Assellbly will uke • specific contribution to the consolidation of positive mang.s and to the search foe way. and _ans to ell.inate negative phenoJHna froll t~daY'8 international llfe. (Mr. Cbllbc.uren, Mongolia) Ms. GRANT-WOODIM (Juaicah This forty-third session of the General Assenbly takes place against the backdrop of a numbt\r of important developraent8 in the international envircru.aant. The bipolarity of the world of aggressive confrontation and coapeting IIUitary alliances has begun to attentuate) old &SsUlllptions and attitudes have begun to crumble. What has emerged is a new phase of co~perative dialogue between the super-Powers and a new thinking about theJIISelves and their relation to each other. This has encouraged considerable lessening of internaticnal tensicn and a cCll'\certed effort to seek urgent negotiated solutions to pressing international problems and areas of regional conflict. The ~ited Nations as an instrument to manage the settlement· of disputes is back in fashicn. It is therefore our good fortune that Hr Cl Dante Caputo, Foreign Minister of Argentina, has been elected to CClI'\duct the affa its of the General AssenOly at this time. As Cl dbtinguiBhed repcesentative of our region of Latin ~erica and the Caribbean, he will be able to bring his undoubted skills to the affairs of this body at this important transitional per iod. We are also indebted to his pcedecessor" P'or:sign Minister Petar norin of the German De110eratic Republic, who $0 ably guided the forty-second sesslon of the General Assenbly as well as its several resumed sessions. Last week the Nobel Pesoe Prize 8S conferred on the peace-keeping forces of the Olited Nations, a fitting and worthy tribute. To all'of them, including those who have died in the service of peace, Jamaica pays homage, as it does to those Gov'ernments which have givftn such tangible support to the high ideals of the 0\1 ted , , Nations. Aa we recall the recent successes of the United Nations we cannot forget the direct irwolveaent, patlfJftce cnd perswtence of tb1a secretary-General and his Specia.l Representatives. we wish to ecna_nc! secretary-General : t1avier Pere. de Cuellar's dedication and unstintmg efforts in the cause of the Ja.ica, happ:U.y outside of regic::nal conflicts, 10 nff>1erthele8s ~one to the harsh and unpredictable vicissitudes of nature. OUr vulnerability was brutally displayed on the eve of this seBsian wen Hurricane Gilbert traversed the island from east to west, lH\'I'!ng in ita wake .assive destruction and so_ lOBS of life. As requested a separate i tea entitled -BIIergency assistance to Ja_ica- will co- up in the plenary ABl!Iellb11', but we wish at this stage to thank all theee countr ies, organizations, agencies and individuals 'lbo respcnded so generously and so rapidly to the tragec!y that befell our country. OUr syrapathy goes to the other 'IicUJlII of Gilbert - the cay.an Islands and Mtxico - u well as to the vieU_ of the floods in SUdan, Bangladesh and India. Natural disuters hWllble the rich and poor, the strong and weak ali!ce, and aeke U8 all me. Perhaps at no other ti_ in the post-war years has the cUJlate of internatianal relatlans been so fwourable.. As we reflect en the mango taking place, we have to acknowledge that they are testillOny to the capacity of States to act d9cisively and lIeaningfully in critical situations, J)rOV'!ded the necessary political will i8 applied. Aa Meumer states of the United Natione we have a collective responsibility to ensure that tb.-e acbiwe1lents are nurtured into sustained co-operation bued en _tual r_peot and realistic understanding of often ocnflicting inter.ta, fOft we I'IUlIIt be cognizant of the fragUe end ao_tilles tenoulI nature of the aoco-.odationa we seek. Initiatives by Mrnlber States bIN. contl: ibuted sigJlifioantly to the i.prO'led international .muCMent•. speci~,noiii,~. to be taken of the greater degree of ," :,I·~.:<.:..:~~~~~ ". - _..' accoWl104ationamng the perManent _~ers of the secUrity Counoil, whieb enhances i t8 effectiveneas. We bav~ ...tea-d the agr•••ent8 reached on Atgh.,aiataru the agr_ment between Iran and Irrq an the ces8ation of hOstiliti.lI~ ~e . re-eatabli1bment of diplo.tic'relations between Itblopia lUl480ulJ.aJ' the CftgOing . . ' .' .' (Mo. Grant-wooa..., Jamaica) " ' States, on issues in south-weetetn Africa, recent caatacta between the Coalition Government of Democratic lallpuc::hea and the VietnallelSe authOl: itiea, the IXoepective breakthr,t)Ugh al Westun S&hara, the r.ewal of talks between representativea of the Greek and '1\lrkisb co.unitie. on the situation in Cyprus. All these develq1DentB seem to signal a new era in re14tiona 811Cftg Hellber states of the Organization. We bave also noted that North Ior.. Ana SOuth Korea, currently CCservers tlithln the tbited NIltions, are seek1ng the support of Mellber states in the pronotlon of peace, reeonciliation and dialogue in the lforean paninsula. In several of these the role of the united Nations. baD been, and will cmtinue to be, significant. The United Natione is at ita b.t when States are willing to use it. This is especially true of the _jor Powers. SO it is for this very reuQ'l that the present feeling of euphor la .ust not be overdone. The multilateral system is still subject to dU:ulges of mood. Yet there Is _cb m the international agendA that requires our SUSltained collective effort. Bv~ if we put aside for a aollltnt regional confiicts, we still have befcre us the prcbleliS of the environaent and ecology, drug trafficking, refugees, bUllBftltarlan and economic: assistance, the array of economic PC'"~.:l~1Il!I and bullU rights. This year we w111 celebrate the fortieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but still the world bears witness to the continued and increasing violation of hu_n rights in different counu lee and regions. Su...r:y arr.ta, detentions, UIlI8 ••c:utions, torture and disappearances have all beco- depla:able feature of life. Wb.. the united Rations adopted the Unlvermal Declaration of Ruaan Rights, it pcovicSad intKnatlcnal standards for IMMuring the behaviour of States in their pcotectlon and promtion of human rights a8 a perlllU\ent abligation. Although legal force ha b_n give to the principles so elOtluently Md 80 baldly eXpC'e8sed in the Dlclaration, And 4.p1te it., re..kable influence en the Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Library (Ms. Grant-Wooc!UlII, J..l~.a) , further dWeloPHftt of innu.erable hulUft dghte inatruMnta, w. cannot but be .~ned by the fact that lnjuaUc». and pr.judiCl. founded on race, colour, political ideology and .ex continue to find .uet.mc. in lUny comtri. and region.. All we co_mrata thta ~ar .. the 6)rtieth anniy.reary of the .igning of the Qli"••al Declaration of Su.. Rights, it is our hope that Memu Stat•• will giy. full .upport to the 1IIOrk of the ~gani.ation in thls ar... Diaer.....t and era control i. another isaue that i. al_ye with us .. Notwithstanding the Truty between the two super-Powera on the eliJIination of their inter_dtata-range _d _orter-rmge aiuUe. - the INP Treaty - the third epecial .e••b of the GenerAl As••llbly devoted to dlsar...nt did not turn out aa well as vae expected. "at v. particularly diaappolntlng vu the IIHked reluctmc:e of the nucl_r-VHp)n stata. to contr lbuta to the efforu to enhance the .ultilateral prOcess and to .tr_gtben the role of the ~U.d Mitien. In tills regEd. Bow..,., It did at l••t underline the appropr:laten.s of the priorities atabllehed in the 1978 Progr.-e of Actlcn in favour: of nuclear dlsersa...t .d urgent stape for the ell.ination of other wapons of .... destruction, including chea1cal weap)~. and conventional v.peas. '!'here caattnu. to be a growing .en.e of urgency regarding the n_d to conclude a CDnventlon on che.eal WHsone, an agrHMnt on a v.tfiable eaaprtlbenaive teat-ban treaty and tho _tabliltulent of nuclear-weapon-fre••ene" in various parte of the world. (Ma. GrantooWooalu, Juaica) Tb. ar_ control proc."s aust b. !x~eten.d fro. nucl.ar d.livery vehicl•• to a total r••ources constraint Oft nuale&r _a1»ns througb lbaitationa on f18s10nable aterialll f« aUitary purpc»a. 1'01' we .ust _phui!!., bOth the IN!' Treaty and the ~QP)sed 50 per cent cu.t dQal with control of delivery vehlclo, not nuclear w.apons. The situation in south.rn Africa adll1ta of no r.laxation.. Th. pers!etlonoe of the ropugnMt aeartheid syet•• and the ayat••tlc caapalgn of violence unleallh.d by tbe racllSt 1'491_ against tbe oppr.s.ed aajority and also directed against the neighbouring stat•• 1n th. r.gicn, and the evolution of events that we hope ,,111 lead to the t.rllination of PretlOria's ill.gal occupation of Raaibia and the iap1..aentation of security Council resolution 435 (1978) call for ccntinued vigilance to ensure that international ~essure on South Africa i8 _intained to preclude the possibility of any violation on ita part of the ~ltlHRtD ..t\lcb it freely entered tntlO under the Accorc18. we atrexagly endor.e the proposal. of the front-11ne States for the early convening of the security COuncil to auth«1se the tt_table for the iIIple...tation of ita s.ttl_nt plans for Raaibi&, Ilnd for the ellp1aceMnt of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG). o.splte the renewea bopes for a s.ttle_nt of the Haaiblail prcbl••, the prenore of sMctions againat SOUth Africa ...t be .1ntalned and intensi fled 80 long as the Pretoria r4gi.. refus.. to rel.8e all p)11t-..;al ~isoners and engage in real dialogue with the _jority popUlation, with a view to terainating the obnoxious aprtheicJ systea. In this bellisphere, prospects for a reeolutlon of the Cetral _erican cr1s1s were significantly mer....d by the signing of the Blqulpulaa Agr....t a year ago. Although that agr".nt ••tll out tho p&'ocedllru for the establ1ab_nt of pace in the "ubregien, reputad truce violations and the deadlock in negotiation. between the rHpeetive partie. are eau.... for aeriOU8 aoncern. The Government of J_.ica therefore join. the int.natianal cc.aunity in urging the parties ccncerned to lIettle their diffarenCllts thrcugh the (jCOOISS of di.logue and negoti~tions• .. support the Q\lted Hationa Special PI. for Economic Co-operation for emu.l IlIHrica, "hich ......, OR CD ilBedl.to and lalg-tera basis, the economic and 8Oci.l proble. of .11 tha countries of the area. It le our hope that this plan ,,111 help in establishing. fira and lasUng pe.ce through the promtion of econamc and soci.l .dwelopaent throughout the region. J..ica re.ins deeply concerned about the effects of the escalation in illicit tr.fficking of drugs on tnt.national, socl.1 and political stability. Drug-rel.ted aotlvitles, particularly in the Latin AIIerican and Caribbean region, dellOftstr.te the lnordinat. influence of drug traffickers in destabillzing political .nd econollic establish_nu. The GovernNnt of Judca pledges its full CO'"'OPK.tion to the United Hltions in the Ant.naUcn.l caapdgn against drug abuse .nd illicit trafficking. we urge .11 *lIIber States to i_pl...nt the r.co..ndations of the first United Rations Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Tr.fficking held last year and to lend f fUll aupport to the .doption of the nw International Ccnvention against the Illicit Traffic in ••rcotic Drug. and Psydlotl'oplc SUbstances later ~'1i. year. Tho Q)v.ftMnt of Jaalca ha .1"a,. .ttadlod great i.~rtance to the work of the 011ted HlRticns GIld its epeci.llaed agencies. we re.1n fully CQBIit ted to the pcincipl. la:1d down in the Charter. Unfortunately, the role of the United Nations h•• been und6l'1lined and ••akened OIrU «:be years ... re.ult of the violation of ita pcinclpl., the erc»icn of .ultilateral1a:a and diaregard for tu resolution. and conflicts have not always _t with the degree of succ••s anticipated, it has consistently served as a centre for harmonizing divergent viewpoints on the thcxniest of iSIlUUo The united Nations bas been able to br Ing warring factions to the negotiating table to facilitate the search for acceptable solutions,and that in itself is a significant achievement. we are fira in our conviction that there is as yet no alternative to this glebal systea. It is ironic that at a time when the ttllted Nations is playing a Rlore active and constructive role in world anaira, the Organizati'on ~ threatened by a dosperate financial situation primarily due to the non-payment and the withholding by some Member States of their assessed contributions. The GoverlUl8~t of Jamaica strongly rejects att_pta to manipulate the, united Nation" system through the deliberate denial of financial support. we note with satiefaeticil, however, that SOll8 coun~ies have,now indicated their intenticn to reduce outstanding arrears and release funds previouslY"withheld. " It is cleai' ,:that the current cash' "flow and other prcblell8 denrand a lClng-term solution so as to el~1I1nate"·the risk of recurring Mort-term financial crises. " ' I... • Jamaica is ready ~.(X)""Operate 1n the efforts bo achieve a per_nent solution to .... the budgetary prOble. facing the Organization and to seek reform of the united Nations system partioularly within the framework of, the reco_endationll of the Group of 18. Only a strong and vibrant United Nationa can contUuie to play a central role in w«ld 'affairs. The attitude 'of MeJllber Stat•• will, however, be critical to the future role of the Organization and its ability to initiate crnatructive action for the preservation of international peace and security all well as social and economic progr1188. And now I turn to the international econolliC! soane 1n wbieb anuJllber ,of haportant illS\l88 have engaged our attention ewer the put year. The grave problem of international debt hmo been discussed in many forums, and __ :,~'nUllbQr of decisions have been announced which are aimed at mitigating various :_~~:"::-:~4 ••pects of the problelft. we welcome these decisions 11 and acknowledge them as sincere efforts to deal with a problem that is now clearly recognized by the international <::OIUllunity to be a matter of grave global concer,n. But we are constrained to point out that, despite these decisions, the debt burden of the developing countries still continues to grow. In 1987 developing countries bad their debt increased by about 6 par cent and the outflCllol of resources from developing countries continues. In such circulIStanoee, the developing countr ies will simply sink deeper under an increasing burden of debt; they will l'e frustrated in their efforts to raise the level of their economies a.nd imprOl1e the veIl-being of their peQpleo; and the international economy will continue to fal ter because an important segment of potential demand continues to .be stifled. This situation is in part caused, and certainly aggravated, by the weakness in ClCiaIiIOcUty markets which seriously affects the export earning capability of practically all developing countries. It is aggravated by protectionist arrange_nts in many markets, and by threats of protectionist measures which inevitably inhibit investment planning. It is, therefore a range of problems that must be dealt with if we are to find a real solution. Central to everything, however, is the simply stated proposition that economic growth in developing countries must take place and must be facilitated. It is only by that means th~t they W111 be able eventually to cope wi~ the burden of debt that now inhibits all their economic and social planning. Tbis central fl!ct is coming to be increasingly recognized and accepted internationally; but, of course, the question that must be answered is, How is growth to be achieV'fllld? " , An important part of the answer 10 that developing countries lIW1t undertake whatever adjustments and changes are needed within their own economies in order to increase proc:l1ction, widen their productive base and improve their production efficiency. This will probably involve adjustments, and even refor., in the fiscal and monetary areas, in order to facilitate and encourage the desired developments • The need to ach ieve efficiency cannot be over-emphasized. It is only by this means that developing countries can be assured of their CX)~titiveness in international markets and thus of their ability to enhance their export earnings. Regardless of tl-'! details of adjustment, however, it is of the utmost importance that the adjustment process, though specific to uch country, involve the social sectors as well, and that these sectors be an inte~la1 part of the adjustment planning. The need for skills training, the need to ensure productive activity for youngsters coming out of the school system and the need to have programmes iit place to sustain the needy in the society, inclUding those whose earning capacity may be temporarily disrupted through the adjustment process, are examples of the necessary elements. Another integral issue is critical poverty, which is becoming an increasingly serious scourge in many of our countries. Within the past few years the high rates of inflation, the adverse terms of trade, the problems of the debt crisis and many of the economic adjustments that have had to be made have all contributed to the growing incidence of extreme poverty in many developing countries. This is a matter to which many developing countries are now being obliged to give very serious attention in an effort to cope with the human, social, economic and political problems that are involved. In the carrying OI1.t of our st~ructural adjustment prograftllles, therefore, this issue of critical poverty lI~st also be part . ,. of the planning equation 1n which we seek to ensure the well-being of the most The basic objective of the whole process, therefore, is to achieve economic growth while seeking to protect and to improve the well-being of the most needy and to create a stronger and broader economic base which brings increasing numers of the population within the mainstream of the national economy. The need for structural adjustment is now widely accepted, and a numer of countries are carrying out reform measures. Jamaica's own experience shQWs that the social well-being of. the population and the problem of critical poverty must be seen and dealt with as integral parts of the adjustment process. Consequently, re~ardleas of the Jlenu of options already in place, the overriding principle that must guide all involved in dealing with the problem of developing countries' debt !lust be that the developing countries are assisted to .. ~ achieve eoonollic growth within the context of realistic adjustment programes, and that the, flow of resources to these countries must not be engineered in such a way that they are prevented from achieving real growth in their economies. Failure to ·do this will eimply sink them further into debt, with all the added problems that that implies. In addition, it will deny the international economy a potentially l"rge new demand for goods and services which the developing countries represent. The etonOllic advancement of developing countr ies ia also severely hampered by the many problems emerging from the 19708, including loss of foreign exchange earnings due to tat collllOdityprices and the deterioration in the terms of trade. This situation has been ~de w«se by the instability and unpredictabiUty of the wOrld eoonoSIIY and the resort to protectionist meaaurea despite professed COIIIIitmentliJ to open trade. It was against this background that tile current Uruguay R)und of trade negotiations waa launched in september 1986, to liberalize and further expand world trade. Negotiatians are proceeding, but it is still too early to predict whether results will place dwe1.oping countries in a poIIition to participate 1IiCt" fully ana on an equitable buia in the world eoonoay. 'the aicS-tera review to evaluate progress in the negot:l.a~lons scheduled for Montreal in DlceiIDer will ..er"e to de-.:m.trate to the international coauni~y how far co_ita.nu ..de at. Punt. del Bste are being translated into concrete actiOft. Juaica, together with other developing countries, hopes that significant progress will be _de 1n the negotiations, particularly in areas of _jor export interest, such u tropical products, cited for epecia1 a~ten~lon in the Ministerial DeclaraUon of the Bound. 'the ilIpllca~ion. of subsidies on agdcultural prCtcJu~ts and their 1'0.",81 are also of concern and "ill bave to be cerefully assessed. In adcUticn, ve lock for:war4 to PH.llel adlvancellCnt in the interrelated iSBueB, 8U~ as tariffs and nan-tariff Maaure., safeguards and respect for the standstill and roll-back COIIIIitMnU to balt and reverse protection!... At the 8a. time, thQ! pr inclplee of nan-reciprocity and differentiated treatra.n~ .ust continue to be respected. Jaaica re.ine convinced that a successfUl outco. of the negotiations wUl not only belp to create a .cre viable and predictable trading envil'onsent but also add credibility to the lIUltilat8ral fr_work of the General Ilgreeilent on Tariffs and Trade. It ia encouraging to note that, despite the uncertainty in the world econolll'J, siCJllificant developllltnta have been _de in two Meas in which developing countries have been specifically involved. we welcome tbte adoption in April this year of the Global S:ratea of 'trade Preferences among Developing Countries, which i8 ai_d at promt1ng and s.taining autoal trade among developing countries through the exchange of conceuions, with the participation of 80_ 48 countd08. '.the COlllDOn Pundfor Co-.odltles, after oigbt years of· negotiation, has coapleted ita ratification proce•• ana ls expected tobeeoJllt fully operational soon. Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Library Recent l!Iuac~e.Q. of tha united Nations must not obscure the imperative need for 8i_Uar effol'ta ana progress in the economic arena, where developing countries are being buffete~ daily. JaBica expects that mere attention will be focused hare 80 that the goal of the Cbarter "to promte social progress and better standards of life in larger freedca" will be achievable. The PRBSmart. I shall nov call on those representatives who wish to speak in exercise of the right of reply. May I remind Mlnmere that, 1n accordance with General Assembly decision 34/401, statements in exercise of the right of reply are limited to 10 minutes for the first intervention and to 5 minutes for the second and should be made by delegations frOrt their soats. Hr. ZNUNI exs1aJlDic Republic of l1'81i) (interpretation from French) ~ I am taking the floor to respond to the statements made by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq during the saeeting of the General AsseJ\t)lyon 4 OCtober with regard to the war imposed by Iraq on the Islamic Republic of Iran. I should like to take this 0Ppok:tunity to reject categorically the incorrect interpretation placed by that speaker upon the rules and regulatiens cO'lering times of war. Mr. Aziz claimed to be informing the AsSEtmly about tha e\>ents of the 1;:70f. since 1980. I tIIOu1d recall that it was Iraq's duty as a Me....er of the United Nations and in accordance with the Charter to make usa of pacefu1 means for the settlement of the dispute before resorting to war. Dlsregarding the basic principles of the Charter and article 6 of the treaty relating to the State border and good-neighbourliness between Iran and Iraq, of 13 June 1975, which lsid down precisely the procedures for the settlement of disputes about the interpretat:ion lInd implementation of the treaty, Iraq carried out a large""seale attack against the terri tory of the Islamic Republi~ of Iran on 22 septerrber 1980. That surprise attack enabled the forces of aggression ~ occupy large areas of our territory. It goes without saying that Iraq's we of force against Iran was undeniably an act of Aggreaaion within the terms of the resolution on the definition of aggression adopted by the Assembly in 1974. Security Council resolution 598 (1987) was ac::epted by the highest authority in our country - the guide of the Islamic revolutim. Officials in the Islamic Republic of Iran have stressed the need to reach a comprehensive, just and hcnourable solution in conformity with that resolutian, and the Islamic Republic of Iran has indicab!d that it is ready to begin negotiations in good faith. t.tb this end, we have co-operated with the secretary-General since thG acceptance of the resolution to en8u~e the implementation of the resolution. we note with regret that Iraq hss raised pre-eQlditions in order to sabotage the negotiations. Iraq claims that ehip-boarding operations curled out in international waters by the n&val forces of the Islamic ReP~U.c of Iran c:onstitute • violation of the cease-fire. The eminentlaw~rs present in this Hall kncu perfectly well that acceptance of the cease-fire did 'not end the s ';ate of war, atd tbat Wltil peace is J.declared the belligerent partiesoontinueto have the right. toboardv~aels.m . (Mr. Zamani, Ia1ailic Republic of Iran) The second obstacle raised by Iraq relates to the clearing of ~e Arvand Jb)d, which it would like to begin very SOOft, since it clams that the cease-fire cannot be COlIIplel:s Wllese 11''' can lUke use of that waterway. I muat meke it clear that the I8lamic Rtpublic of Iran, as a country en that border waterway, i8 .-nxioua that dredging operations mould be carried out in oonforllity with the 26 Decemer 1975 agree_nt between Iran and Iraq an regulations relative to navlgatiexa in the Sbatt al-Arab. Pinally, the impartial body whcee establishMent is ~cwided for in paragraph 6 of the resolution ill, without queeticn, charged with inquiring into responsibility for the conflict. Thus, it will be the primary task of that boCly to deterlline re.ponsibUity foe the ixeacb ef tha peace. It wUl have to determine which of the two belligerentll wal! the aggr.l!or. I really do not underatand why "Iraq, whieb claillll to have been the victim of aggressian, mould be 80 cancernecl about that body being charged with deterllining the aggr.so1'. Mrs. GROSS (tt'aited States of Aaeriea): I must speak in response to r-.rks that the Syrian re~.ont&tive.am mncerning ay country and its policies towards the Arab-Israeli conflict. Ne were surpr lIIed that he _de a direct COIUlent on the election callPlign currently unfJer way in the ""itecJ states. we had underateod that Helllbel' States of the l:t'llted Hrltions refrained trOll discuuing here the do_sUe .ffair. of other Mtllber'J.. WhatevtK his interest in our free and open electian c.paign _d it!! outco., we are disappointed that he wu clearly so ill infer_d. The policy of the united state. mwarda the Middle bet 1. clear. All hex.tary ltaultz atatad lat MOnth, ·Our apeach .eeks a oollPtebensive and durable ••ttle..t graundld in ~ited Ratlans Slcudty Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973). It caUs f« (Mr. zauni, Islallic Replblic of Iran) direct: n&CJO~lations, laundled, if required, through an intcMtif::lftal ,. . ." ." conference. It requkes aClCept:ance of 242 (1967) and 338 (1973), and renunciation of. ~lolence and terror i •• • '. That policy Is not a subject of 'contention in our election8 because AMericans believe it to be the' right policy. Direct negotiations are at the heart of any negotiating ~~ooess. We should' all be ~i8appointed that the Govermaent of Syria has so far re·fused to engage in' euchnetgOtiations. Mr. Kl'rTANI (Iraqh In replying to the allegations and distortions uttered a few minutes ago by the representative of the Islaaic Republic of Iran, I will oonfine myself to the following points. First, to go back to the beginl1ing, it was Iran that c::oiIUIitted a sedes of acts clearly defined as acts of a99r~sion under the General Assembly resolution, long before the date he quoted. Actually, on 4 8eptenber 1980 Iran used force of arms against Iraq, and that was the beginning of the large-scale confliet. Iran started the war, and the Iranians foe eight lalg years insisted on its continuation until, as they hoped, they could 111lpose on Iraq their Qln system. Only when they failed ~ \riflen, after eight lmg years, they reached thecalclusicn that they could not do it by 'ferae of SIllS, did they aocept the resolution. Por eight years we accepted every resolution of the security Council, including reSolu~ion 598 (1987). llbr eight years Iran rejected every resolution of the Council, Iran vilified the CO\mcU, and Iran boycotted the Council. Then, SUddenly, after military defeat, one year after it was passed, they said they accepted the mandatory resolution - a resoluticn that Iraq accepted iJl8lcUately after it was passed. We are entit.lcd, the international m_unity i8 entitledandth. A8seJlbly is entitled to ascertain whether Jranreally wants peace « vanuan1ya uuce mtll (Hre. Gree., Un i toed States) There i. no doubt in anyone'l!I mincl mout Iraq's desire for a peaceful, lasting, coaprehensive ancl hanourllble peaO!l with Iran. It remains to be seen "'ether the leaders of Iran really have had a change of heart or tactics. ""en their I.all accepted the resolution he aade it very cler that it was like (:Olsen. For Iraq it ie not poaan, it is sweet. The people, country and Government of Iraq went en a celebration when the cease-fire was announced. Only last Friday the Imam told th~ Iranian people again to keep their anger and revenge in their hearts - until it is tille to use it again, I suppose. Such nlIch for the responsibility for ,the war and its cCXltinuatiCXl, _cl who wants peace and who wan'ts war. The happenings since they have had this change of heart - if it can be called that - are the following. We have _de it clear all alaig that the cessation of hostilities means that both sides must benefit from every step and that Iraq's right to navigate in the Arab Gulf and through the Strait of Hormuz should not be subject to any kind of lirlitation. We have also said that, since Iran from the first clay of the cease-fire has be~n ,using its ports and c.'Oastlines, Iraq also should as soon as possible be enabled to use its only outlet to the sea. Therefore we have. propcsed to the secretary-General that a neutral body should mdertake the survey and cle.srance of the Shatt al:-Arab, without prejudice to anyone's claims and colBlter-claims. It is Iran vaic:h is delaying the negotiations, because it does not want these rHsCXlable logical and fair consequences of the suspension of hostilities. For one whole year the Iranians tr led to impose all kinds of interpretations of Security' CO\l'lci1 resolution 598 (1987). That is another matter that the representative of Iran falledto mentions An agr"ment Will! reamed on 8 AU9\1st, aB lily Minister said y.tsrwy·,:", nec;ptiatEtd by the Secretary-General and put on pape~ - . . that the two parties would .et in Geneva at minister la1 level to reaCh a (X)lIROn (Hr. K!ttani, Iraq) mderstanding about all the other pc'OV'isions mC8 the cease-fire was _tllblllhed .. But: instoad of observing the cease-fire, the lrenians are being abBOlutely intransigent and are unwilling to aCClOlllD4Ite Iraq's legiti_te requeets. Iran beare the full res(X)nsibllity for lIfty lade of progress in these negotiations. we are co-operating fully vi th the secretary-General and will continue to do 80. But, after all, Sacurity Council resolution 598 (198'/) is a fonula for peace between two neighbouring 181ulc non-aligned cowtrie and in the final analysi8 we llUot march down that road so that we, the two countries, ..ay sign a final peaca agreement between ourselves. we are not going to sign a peace agreeBent with Nepal 01:' with the secur ity Council or the Bec:retllry-General. It is Iran and Ir8CJ that IIUSt searm in good faith for ex-prehensive, lasting Dd hmourable peace Mbleen thell. TheE'e has never been any doubt about our &ttadJ_nt to that goal.. It is cnly Iran's intentions" as the 1iho1.e wodd kniDW8, tbatare in doubt. It 19 up to Iran to rellO'le those doubts, and I hope thay will do so as soon a8 (X)saible. Mr. AL-MASRI (S.II:dan Arab R1public) (interpretation fraa Arabic): 1 do not intend to reply to the rellllrks _de by the rep£es~tatlveof the United statlle wi th reference to the statement of the Pcceign Minister of the Syr ian Al'ab Republic, because they contradict the political facta as a whole and in detaU. I went to refer to one point in particular relating to the thited states representative's statement that Syria refused to enter !nix) negotiations to bring about peace in the Midcne BUt. Syria's position is quite clear. It ls that any peace pr:~8. aillea at amiwing peace in the Middle But IIUSt be undertaken wi thin the &aaewock t)f the ~ntetnational Conference enY'ua9Gd by the Gane....l Assellbly and in oonforDity with thelnuaerable l'aolutioos aCbpted by the A88eably,tlhlch are based on the need to :. . ' - - ~ - - - - - - " - - - - .' - -' - - -', '. - - "-',,, . - - - .' . y ..ctn.uJ'eI••e1. 's total witbeSl-..lfJ;'a. al:tthe oClC~pl.d. 'Ar~ tetJ'it:Qr:i,.,lraClIKU..CJ Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Library (Hr. tittani, lE'!I) JerUllal., Md to _lIble the Pal_tint. people to exercille thair Inalienable dghtil, foremet • .ang wbieb are the tl~t to return, the right to self...t••lnatlon Md the right tIO _tablilh their indepanCl..t sov••ign Stat.. Anyattellpt to distort th18 r_lity would _an, In the final anal,.18, a dealre not to tzing Ibout p.-c. in the Middle Bat. Thc:.e "'0 ae. peace in th~ Middle BaBt .Ullt ...k the l_pl.-nbtlon of the relevMt united Rations r4ll8olutlons, tbl'CIUgb the ..chlni. of th. Int.national Canfer.ca Md under: the auep1cu of the Q\ited NatiOns, in order to ensure the full l.pl...tatlon of united Nations resolutions ao ... to _lIbl. the Plll_tinl.. people to ex.robe their inalienllble rights .a [X'cwided for in ruolution. adopted by the General AII.ubly .nd the security COuncUo '1b s1ngl. out any m. r.olut!on would not lead tIO QC' facilitate the process of peaat in the MidlSle ..st. Mr. IMMI (Is18.ie Rltpublic of Iran) (intJerp&'otatlon frOll I'reru:hh Canc.ning the bGtginning of the vU',the day the war started, I _ abliged to re-read the last sentenCia of ay first lIptech in tu.rei•• of the right of reply. I said I -l'inally, the i_P!lrtlal boc!y whoae ••tablbh_nt ill Pl'09idDd for in paragraph 6 of the reeolution la, without question, charg84 with irqulring inm responsibility for tha conflict. ThUII, it will be the p&'iury task of that body to det••ine r_ponsib:1lity foe the lx_ch of the peace. It will have to deterll1n_ :tmlc:h of the two bttlligerefits va. the .gg~...or. I 1:.111' do not und••tand ., Irllq, _ich clai. to have becm ta\e victlll of a99r••iOl1, IIhould be so concerned about that bod.yb.in~ du:~ged with deter.1ning the a991:."«.· (Mr. Al.""'sri f !Xrlan Arlb RlPublic) (Mr.......i, I.lallic lItp!bl:lc of II'M) It i. Iraq that 1. boycotting tile negotiatiou by .e~t1ng p:e-eondlt10ft8. _at 1. happening now In HI., York ill the b.t pccof of that, the b.t proof of IrWl'. baCl f&lth. It 1. Iraq that argu. that Ill" Ycxk ia not a Ate plaC6l Md refu... to negottatie h••• In ooncl..lon, I "!lib to "e it clear ena. again that we are r..t!y to begin, U .con .. POU!ble and 1n all good faith, ne9C)tiation81 In accor:dance "ith Stcudty Cauncll r-olution 598 (1987) under the a...p!ce. of the 8ecretaryoQneral. !apartial inv.tigation a. to _0 vu re.ponaible for the beginning and the Hr. IClftAHI (Irlqh Firat, it vaa Irlq that originally p:oposed an (X)ntinuatlon of the var. I Bust leave it at that. we are not afraid of that. 8eccndly, the but pr:oof that Iran vanta to do as ita repreaentative has just .aid would be for ha to agre. to the date already proposed by the secretary-Gen..al for r...ption of the diacussions in Geneva. Re is aware of the propoaed date. If he accepta the pcopo••l of the 8eetetary-General, a. Iraq hn accepted it, v. will r.u. on that date, in good faith, lOur tan. towards peace. The a.eting roee at 6 P••• I / l i~' . i •. : .. I .' ! .