S/PV.10085 Security Council

As this is the first formal meeting of the Security Council this year, I should like to extend my warm wishes on the New Year to all members of the Security Council, the United Nations and the Secretariat. In presiding over this first formal meeting of the Council in 2026, I am happy to welcome the new members: Bahrain, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Latvia and Liberia. We look forward to their participation in the work of the Council. Their experience and wisdom will be of invaluable assistance in the discharge of the Council’s responsibilities. I shall also take this opportunity to express the Council’s gratitude to the outgoing members, namely Algeria, Guyana, the Republic of Korea, Sierra Leone and Slovenia, for their important contributions to the work of the Council during their terms. Expression of thanks to the outgoing President

I should also like to take this opportunity to pay tribute, on behalf of the Council, to His Excellency Mr. Samuel Žbogar, Permanent Representative of Slovenia, for his service as President of the Council for the month of December. I am sure I speak for all members of the Council in expressing deep appreciation to Ambassador Žbogar and his team for the great diplomatic skill with which they conducted the Council’s business last month. Adoption of the agenda

In accordance with rule 37 of the Council's provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Eritrea, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, South Africa, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to participate in this meeting. In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the following briefers to participate in this meeting: Ms. Rosemary DiCarlo, Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs; Mr. Jeffrey Sachs, President of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University; and Ms. Mercedes De Freitas, Founder and Executive Director of Transparencia Venezuela. The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda. I give the floor to Ms. DiCarlo. Ms. DiCarlo: Today, I am going to deliver a statement from Secretary-General António Guterres, who is not able to be here this morning. “We meet at a grave time following the 3 January United States of America military action in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. “The broad outlines of the events of Saturday have been widely reported. Early that day, United States forces were active across Caracas and in the northern states of Miranda, Aragua and La Guaira. The extent of casualties resulting from these actions remains undetermined. “In a statement on social media later on Saturday, President Donald Trump announced the conduct of a ‘large scale strike against Venezuela and its leader, President Nicolas Maduro’. During a press conference on Saturday, President Trump stated, ‘We are going to run the country until such time as we can do a safe, proper and judicious transition’. “The Government of Venezuela has characterized the United States action as a military aggression carried out in civilian and military areas and as a flagrant violation of the Charter, posing a threat to international and regional peace and stability. As we speak, President Maduro is being held in New York, accused by United States authorities, along with his wife, Cilia Flores, of serious criminal offences. “What is less certain is the immediate future of Venezuela. I am deeply concerned about the possible intensification of instability in the country, the potential impact on the region and the precedent it may set for how relations between and among States are conducted. “The situation in Venezuela has been a matter of regional and international concern for many years now. Attention on the country only grew following the contested presidential elections in July 2024. The panel of electoral experts I appointed, at the Venezuelan Government’s request, to accompany the elections highlighted serious issues. We have consistently called for full transparency and the complete publication of the results of the elections. As reported to the Council on 23 December (see S/PV.10080), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has catalogued serious violations. On 3 January, the interim President of Venezuela, Delcy Rodríguez, invoked an emergency decree throughout the national territory, extending additional security powers to the Government. “The latest developments follow a period of heightened tensions beginning in mid-August, as discussed in the Council on two previous occasions (see S/PV.10015 and S/PV.10080). I have consistently stressed the imperative of full respect by all for international law, including the Charter of the United Nations, which provides the foundation for the maintenance of international peace and security. I remain deeply concerned that the rules of international law have not been respected with regard to the 3 January military action. The Charter enshrines the prohibition of the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State. The maintenance of international peace and security depends on the continued commitment of all Member States to adhere to all the provisions of the Charter. “Venezuela has experienced decades of internal instability and social and economic turmoil. Democracy has been undermined. Millions of its people have fled the country. The situation is critical, but it is still possible to prevent a wider and more destructive conflagration. I call on all Venezuelan actors to engage in an inclusive, democratic dialogue in which all sectors of society can determine their future. This entails full respect for human rights, the rule of law and the sovereign will of the Venezuelan people. I also urge Venezuela’s neighbours and the international community, more broadly, to act in the spirit of solidarity and in adherence to the principles, laws and rules erected to promote peaceful coexistence. I welcome and am ready to support all efforts aimed at assisting Venezuelans in finding a peaceful way forward. “In situations as confused as complex as the one we now face, it is important to stick to principles: respect for the United Nations Charter and all other applicable legal frameworks to safeguard peace and security; respect for the principles of the sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity of States; the prohibition of the threat or use of force. The power of the law must prevail. International law contains tools to address issues such as illicit traffic and narcotics, disputes about resources and human rights concerns. This is the route we need to take.”

I thank Ms. DiCarlo for her briefing. I now give the floor to Mr. Sachs. Mr. Sachs: The issue before the Council today is not the character of the Government of Venezuela. The issue is whether any Member State by force, coercion or economic strangulation has the right to determine the political future of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela or to exercise control over its affairs. This question goes directly to Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter of the United Nations, which prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State. The Council must decide whether that prohibition is to be upheld or abandoned. Abandoning it would carry consequences of the gravest kind. Let me offer some background. Since 1947, United States foreign policy has repeatedly employed force, covert action and political manipulation to bring about regime change in other countries. This is a matter of carefully documented historical record. In her book Covert Regime Change: America’s Secret Cold War, political scientist Lindsey O’Rourke documents 70 attempted United States regime-change operations between 1947 and 1989 alone. These practices did not end with the cold war. Since 1989, there have been major United States regime-change operations undertaken without authorization by the Security Council. Among the most consequential are Iraq in 2003, Libya in 2011, Syria beginning in 2011, Honduras in 2009, Ukraine in 2014 and Venezuela from 2002 onward. The methods employed are well established and well documented. They include open warfare, covert intelligence operations, instigation of unrest, support for armed groups, manipulation of mass and social media, bribery of military and civilian officials, targeted assassinations, false flag operations and economic warfare. These measures are illegal under the United Nations Charter, and they typically result in ongoing violence, lethal conflict, political instability and deep suffering of the civilian population. The recent United States record with respect to Venezuela is also clear. In April 2002, the United States knew of, and approved, an attempted coup against the Government. In the 2010s, the United States funded civil society groups actively engaged in anti-Government protests. When the Government cracked down on the protests, the United States followed with a series of sanctions. In 2015, President Barack Obama declared Venezuela to be “an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States”. In 2017, at a dinner with Latin American leaders on the margins of the General Assembly, President Trump openly discussed the option of the United States invading Venezuela to overthrow the Government. From 2017 to 2020, the United States imposed sweeping sanctions on the State oil company Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. Oil production fell by 75 per cent from 2016 to 2020, and the real gross domestic product per capita declined by 62 per cent. The General Assembly has repeatedly voted overwhelmingly against such unilateral coercive measures. Under international law, only the Security Council has the authority to impose such measures. On 23 January 2019, the United States unilaterally recognized Mr. Juan Guaidó as interim President and, a few days later, froze approximately $7 billion of Venezuelan sovereign assets held abroad and gave the designated authority control over certain of these assets. These actions form part of a continuous United States regime-change effort spanning more than two decades. In the past year, the United States has carried out bombing operations in seven countries, none of which were authorized by the Security Council and none of which were undertaken in lawful self- defence under the Charter. The targeted countries include the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Somalia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen and now, Venezuela. In the past month, President Trump has issued direct threats against six United Nations Member States, including Colombia, Denmark, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria and, of course, Venezuela. Members of the Council are not called upon to judge Nicolás Maduro Moros. They are not called upon to assess whether the recent United States attack and the ongoing naval quarantine results in freedom or in subjugation. Members of the Council are called upon to defend international law and, specifically, the United Nations Charter. The realist school of international relations, articulated most brilliantly by John Mearsheimer, accurately describes the condition of international anarchy as the tragedy of great Power politics. Realism is therefore a description, not a solution for peace. Its own conclusion is that anarchy leads to tragedy. In the aftermath of the First World War, the League of Nations was created to end the tragedy through the application of international law. Yet, the world’s leading nations failed to defend international law in the 1930s, leading to renewed global war. The United Nations emerged from that catastrophe as humankind’s second great effort to place international law above international anarchy. In the words of the Charter, the United Nations was created “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war”, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to humankind. Given that we are in the nuclear age, failure cannot be repeated. Humanity would perish. There would be no third chance. To fulfil its responsibilities under the Charter, the Security Council should immediately affirm the following actions. The United States shall immediately cease and desist from all explicit and implicit threats or use of force against Venezuela. The United States shall terminate its naval quarantine and all related coercive military measures undertaken in the absence of authorization by the Security Council. The United States shall immediately withdraw its military forces from within and along the perimeter of Venezuela, including intelligence, naval, air and other forward-deployed assets positioned for coercive purposes. Venezuela shall adhere to the United Nations Charter and the human rights protected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Secretary-General, I recommend, should immediately appoint a special envoy mandated to engage the relevant Venezuelan and international stakeholders and to report back to the Security Council within 14 days with recommendations consistent with the Charter, and the Security Council should remain urgently seized of this matter. All Member States should refrain from unilateral threats, coercive measures or armed actions undertaken outside the authority of the Security Council. In closing, peace and the survival of humanity depend on whether the United Nations Charter remains a living instrument of international law or is allowed to wither into irrelevance. That is the choice before the Council today.

I thank Mr. Sachs for his briefing. I now give the floor to Ms. De Freitas.

I am grateful for this opportunity to present the results of the research that Transparencia Venezuela has been conducting [inaudible]. I have organized the information that I will present into five points [inaudible]. I can hear myself. I will see if I can turn down the volume.

Continue.

I have organized the information that I will present into five points to make the most of the few minutes I have. First, the transnational large-scale corruption network originating in Venezuela has companies, properties and activities in 73 countries around the world. We have documented hundreds of cases over the years — more than 500 or 600 cases in various countries. In the justice systems of 30 countries alone, 172 cases of large-scale corruption are being prosecuted, 60 per cent of which involve more than $72 billion. Those compromised $72 billion are exclusively Venezuelan funds. Nicolás Maduro and his family are the hub of the network and the structural bridge among subnetworks. Petróleos de Venezuela has been the central instrument, directly or indirectly involved in 90 per cent of the corruption cases that we have identified. Secondly, national and international criminal organizations have a symbiotic relationship with Nicolás Maduro’s Administration, sharing capacity and using State structures to facilitate, support, promote, protect and direct illicit operations. The illicit economies of gold, drugs, extortion —

Ms. De Freitas, the interpreters cannot hear you. Can you slow down and raise your voice a little bit?

There is a delay. Yes, I can hear you, Mr. President, but there is a delay.

Please proceed now.

Secondly, national and international criminal organizations have a symbiotic relationship with the Nicolás Maduro Administration, sharing capacity and using State structures to facilitate, support, promote, protect and direct illicit operations. The illicit economies of gold, drugs, extortion and human trafficking have reached, according to our estimates, $8.2 billion. For example, regarding gold production, only 20 per cent is reported to the national treasury; the rest goes to the private accounts of allies of senior Government officials. This mining process has also destroyed entire areas of our Bolívar State, our Canaima National Park and our Amazon. To launder money from corruption and organized crime, the network shares very sophisticated money laundering operations, structures and mechanisms, using cryptoassets on a large scale since 2021. Thirdly, large-scale corruption and illegal activities are one of the reasons for the reduction in State revenues and consequently in public spending, quality employment and basic services. The country’s economy has been in acute crisis for decades. Neither is there any money to pay the debt, which today amounts to $167 billion, leaving Venezuela in selective and technical default since 2017, with China as its largest creditor, to which we still owe more than $15 billion. Fourthly, we Venezuelans⁠ have had to learn to live with just a few hours of water and electricity in much of the country, including Caracas and other cities around the country. We have learned to protect ourselves from daily and widespread extortion by Colombian armed groups, by organized crime groups but also unfortunately by State officials. Millions of families have only one meal a day, with low caloric content, and malnutrition and undernourishment figures are worsening every day. Humanitarian programmes are insufficient. My fifth point is that the system of checks and balances and the independence between public powers has been eliminated. The group in power today in Venezuela has captured the entire institutional structure, starting with the justice system and the oil industry, the main source of income of the oligopolies in key economic sectors. To maintain control and impunity for illicit businesses, it applies an increasingly terrifying system of repression. Today, there are also more than 1,000 political prisoners, a figure that changes behind a terrifying revolving door. As at the end of the year, the whereabouts of 86 of those political prisoners were unknown, and 26 people had already died in State custody during torture or owing to a lack of medical care. The independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has documented hundreds of cases of torture, and this has not yet stopped. To change this reality, we need an honest and transparent State that is accountable, that guarantees the rule of law and human rights, and that protects public resources for the benefit of all, without privileges, with an autonomous and independent justice system. We need constructive capital investment that allows us to pay off the debt but also to grow, sustaining dignity [inaudible]. The will of the Venezuelan people to live in freedom and democracy must be respected. Finally, I have a request and a plea: freedom for all Venezuelan political prisoners, now!

I thank Ms. De Freitas for her briefing. I shall now give the floor to those members of the Council who wish to make statements.

Colombia is grateful to Somalia, in its capacity as President of the Security Council, for having swiftly responded to our request to convene this emergency meeting, as well as to China and Russia for their support in that regard. We wish you, Mr. President, a successful term during this month of January, at a particularly delicate time for international peace and security. I would also like to thank the Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs and the guest speakers for their briefings. This is Colombia’s first statement in the Security Council as a non-permanent member for the period 2026–2027. Colombia assumes this responsibility with a deep sense of duty and does so from day one in unequivocal defence of international law and the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations: international peace and security, the peaceful settlement of disputes, the prohibition of the use of force, sovereign equality, respect for territorial integrity and the political independence of all States. Colombia categorically condemns the events that took place in the early hours of 3 January in Venezuela, where multiple explosions and air activity were reported over Caracas and other areas of the country, in the context of a military attack carried out by the United States, which included the bombing of civilian and military installations, causing panic among the population. All of this represents clear violations of Venezuela’s sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity. There is no justification whatsoever, under any circumstances, for the unilateral use of force or for committing an act of aggression. Such actions constitute a serious violation of international law and the United Nations Charter, including the prohibition of the use or threat of use of force; the principle of respect for the sovereignty and full authority of States over their territory, including their natural resources; the territorial integrity of States; and the principle of collective defence, especially when they directly endanger the civilian population and civilian property. Defending these principles is not an option but a common obligation to preserve international peace and security. It is necessary to remember that the provisions of the Charter allow the use of force only in exceptional circumstances, such as self-defence in the face of an armed attack or when there is express authorization from the Council under Chapter VII and, even in those cases, not with the purpose of assuming political control of another State. In this regard, we reject any unilateral military action and any act that could aggravate the situation or put the civilian population at risk, and we call for de- escalation and for the avoidance of the use of force, which puts at risk persons who, in this delicate situation, must be the absolute priority. We have already learned from our experience that it is always the civilian population that pays the highest price in armed conflict. Latin America and the Caribbean have proclaimed themselves to be a zone of peace, and the collective will and commitment of our region must be respected. Unilateral actions contrary to international law jeopardize regional stability, increase insecurity and exacerbate the already complex conditions experienced by the civilian population, with devastating effects that will transcend Venezuela’s sovereign borders and have a direct impact on countries in the region, such as Colombia. As a preventive step, Colombia has put measures in place to protect the civilian population and preserve stability on the border, addressing the potential needs of the population, especially migrants, in coordination with local authorities. Colombia has been and will continue to be a supportive host for the Venezuelan people who, given the uncertainty caused by the crisis resulting from these attacks, might form a massive flow of migrants that would require a significant effort in terms of resources and capabilities to provide adequate support and assistance in host areas. These actions are reminiscent of the worst moments of interference in Latin American and Caribbean politics and constitute a clear threat to the preservation of the region as a zone of peace and to the commitment that we, as States, have made to resolve our differences peacefully through dialogue and negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement, in full accordance with international law and with the instruments we have signed at the hemispheric and regional levels, such as the Charter of the Organization of American States. It is also important to assess what this situation means for international peace and security beyond our region, especially when a permanent member of the Security Council decides to use force and unilaterally take control of another sovereign State with the aim, among others, of appropriating natural or strategic resources. This sets deeply worrisome precedents for the international order established after the Second World War and flagrantly violates international law, in a clear breach of the Charter of the United Nations and the very purpose for which the Council was created. If a State, particularly a permanent member of the Council, disregards the international order that we designed in San Francisco, what is the Council’s role, and where are the foundations of international peace and security? Are we agreeing that the law and the interests of the strongest should prevail over multilateralism and over the agreements that we have forged with dialogue and diplomacy in this very Chamber? Democracy cannot be promoted or defended through violence or coercion, nor can it be subordinated to the economic interests of others. Democracy can only be built and sustained through respect for the will of peoples and through the reaffirmation of the rule of law, political dialogue and peaceful and inclusive processes. Venezuela deserves to live in peace, democracy, prosperity and dignity, with a Government that is defined in sovereignty by the Venezuelan people and their institutions and no one else. This is why Colombia has repeatedly called for the path to be cleared for democracy in Venezuela through the exercise of the people’s choice. The primary interest of achieving peace, respect for international law and the protection of life and human rights must prevail over any de facto route. Colombia reaffirms its firm conviction that working tirelessly under these principles in our new role as a non-permanent member of the Security Council is what we plan to do. We make our good offices available to help the brotherly country find a diplomatic way out of the current crisis. Colombia therefore urges the Council, in fulfilment of its primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security and given the seriousness of the events, to remain seized of this matter. I also thank the Secretary-General for providing his good offices to defend the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, activating the channels for mediation available to him and facilitating dialogue with the parties concerned in the search for alternatives that will make it possible to find a Venezuelan-led political solution and provide assistance to Venezuelans in need of it. In conclusion, we urge the parties to exercise maximum caution and restraint, to de-escalate tensions, to choose dialogue and diplomatic channels and to develop mechanisms to prevent continued flagrant violations of international law. Doing so will require the assistance of the United Nations and of regional organizations.

First and foremost, we would like to congratulate you, Mr. President, on assuming the presidency of the Security Council. Secondly, we wish to welcome the newly elected members of the Council. The start of the new year came as a shock to all those around the world who had hoped that respect for international law and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other States, alongside reliance upon diplomacy and the search for compromise, would become became key principles in the work of the new United States Administration. The act of banditry targeting the leader of Venezuela, which resulted in the deaths of dozens of Venezuelan and Cuban citizens, was seen by many as a harbinger of a return to an era of lawlessness and United States domination by force, chaos and injustice, which continues to afflict dozens of States in various regions of the world. There is, and there can be, no justification for the crime cynically committed by the United States in Caracas. We firmly condemn the act of armed aggression by the United States against Venezuela in breach of all international legal norms. In connection with the confirmed reports that the abducted president of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, and his wife are in the United States — and today, as we are aware, they are in New York — we call upon the United States leadership to immediately release the legitimately elected President of an independent State and his wife. Any problems or conflict between the United States and Venezuela must be resolved through dialogue. This is precisely what is enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, the purposes and the principles of which a number of States have begun to apply selectively in recent years, depending upon the political landscape. Today we are reaping the fruits of their irresponsibility and selectivity in matters related to compliance with international law, which were linked to the so-called rules- based world order. Here is that rules-based world order in all its glory, which is horrifying even the staunchest Atlanticists. We express our firm solidarity with the people of Venezuela in the face of the external aggression. We firmly and completely support the Bolivarian Government’s policy, which is geared towards protecting the national interests and sovereignty of the country. Washington’s aggressive acts have already been condemned by many States and multilateral associations, including the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, the African Union and the Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations. We hope that this international banditry will be promptly and objectively assessed in terms of international law, using the universal mechanisms of the United Nations and other multilateral formats. This process should not be influenced by the recognition or non-recognition of Nicolás Maduro’s legitimacy by any particular State or group of States. For this reason, the vague murmurings and attempts to avoid principled assessments by those who, in other circumstances, have foamed at the mouth demanding that others comply with the United Nations Charter seem particularly hypocritical and unseemly today. We hope that all will recognize this, abandon double standards and refrain from attempting to justify such an egregious act of aggression for fear of angering the American world policeman, which is, once again, trying to rear its head. We are particularly appalled by the unparalleled cynicism with which Washington did not even attempt to conceal the true aims of its criminal operation, namely establishing unbridled control over Venezuela’s natural resources and asserting its hegemonic ambitions in Latin America. In this way, Washington is giving new impetus to neocolonialism and imperialism, which have been rejected repeatedly and decisively by the peoples of this region and by the global South as a whole. Under these circumstances, it is exceedingly important for the entire international community to stand united in its resolute rejection of the methods and instruments of United States military foreign policy demonstrated in the case of Venezuela. This is the only way to compel Washington to reconsider and abandon its dangerous delusions. As we stated during previous meetings on Venezuela, the alarm bells that now toll across the region are tolling for every country in the western hemisphere. They are tolling for all States Members of the United Nations and for the future of the Organization itself. Failing to hear this call today is tantamount to projecting cowardice and a lack of principle, essentially blessing further violation of international law and of civilized international conduct as a whole. We cannot allow the United States to assert itself as some kind of supreme judge that alone has the right to invade any country, determine who is guilty and hand down and enforce punishments, regardless of the concepts of international jurisdiction, sovereignty and non-interference. Is this the world we were striving for when we commemorated the eightieth anniversary of the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations and signed onto the relevant Security Council presidential statement (S/PRST/2025/7)? Is this the aim of United Nations reform, which we all advocate? Or do the United Nations and the Security Council no longer exist, and must everyone go to Washington to obtain a “licence to rule”, so to speak, and disregard the will of each nation and its right to determine its own destiny? Is this worth nothing? These are the questions that we all must address today. And if the response is sincere and principled, then, perhaps, the United States leadership, which is openly declaring its intention to run another country for the benefit of the United States, will glance at its own Constitution, starting with the words: “We, the people of the United States”, and will begin to truly recognize the sovereignty of other States, rather than deposing inconvenient regimes.

China supports the Security Council in holding an emergency meeting regarding the United States military strikes on Venezuela. We thank Under-Secretary-General Rosemary DiCarlo for reading out the briefing of Secretary-General António Guterres. I have listened carefully to the statements of the briefers. We welcome the Permanent Representative of Venezuela and the representatives of other countries to this meeting. On 3 January, the United States blatantly launched large-scale military strikes against Venezuela, forcefully seized Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and his wife, and took them out of the country. It claimed that it would “run” Venezuela and even did not rule out launching a second round of military operations on an even larger scale. China is deeply shocked by and strongly condemns the unilateral, illegal and bullying acts of the United States. For some time now, the international community has repeatedly expressed grave concerns about the United States sanctions, blockade and threats of force against Venezuela. The Council convened two emergency meetings, during which Secretary- General Guterres, many Council members and countries in the region and beyond unanimously called for abiding by the Charter of the United Nations and international law, maintaining calm and restraint, resolving disputes peacefully, de-escalating tensions and safeguarding regional stability (see S/PV.10080 and S/PV.10015). However, as a permanent member of the Council, the United States has disregarded the grave concerns of the international community, wantonly trampled upon Venezuela’s sovereignty, security and legitimate rights and interests, and seriously violated the principles of sovereign equality, non-interference in internal affairs, the peaceful settlement of international disputes and the prohibition of the use of force in international relations. These principles constitute the fundamental tenets of the Charter of the United Nations and form the cornerstone of the maintenance of international peace and security. The United States has placed its own power above multilateralism and military actions above diplomatic efforts, posing a grave threat to peace and security in Latin America and the Caribbean and, indeed, internationally. China firmly opposes this, and the international community has also expressed grave concerns and strong condemnation. We urge the United States to heed the overwhelming voice of the international community, abide by international law and the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, cease its violations of the sovereignty and security of other countries, stop toppling the Government of Venezuela, and return to the path of seeking political solutions through dialogue and negotiations. We call on the United States to ensure the personal safety of President Maduro and his wife and to release them at once. We support the Council in fulfilling its primary responsibility of maintaining international peace and security, and we support all efforts by the Secretary-General, regional countries and organizations that contribute to promoting dialogue and de-escalating the situation. The lessons of history are a stark warning: military means are not the solution to problems, and the indiscriminate use of force will lead only to greater crises. The United States bypassed the Council to launch military operations against Iraq, blatantly attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities, and imposed economic sanctions and carried out military strikes against, and even undertook armed occupations of, multiple countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. These actions have caused persistent conflicts, instability and immense suffering for ordinary people. Did these actions bring peace and stability? Did they bring development and prosperity? The international community sees this clearly. Venezuela is an independent sovereign State with every right to defend its sovereignty and national dignity. Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean are important forces in maintaining world peace and stability and promoting global development and prosperity, and they have every right to independently choose their development paths and partners. No country can act as the world’s police, nor can any State presume to be the international judge. China firmly supports the people and the Government of Venezuela in safeguarding their sovereignty, security and legitimate rights and interests. We firmly support the countries in the region in upholding the status of Latin America and the Caribbean as a zone of peace. We demand that the United States change its course, cease its bullying and coercive practices, and develop relations and cooperation with regional countries on the basis of mutual respect, equality and non-interference in internal affairs. China stands ready to work with regional countries and the international community to strengthen solidarity and cooperation, uphold fairness and justice, and jointly safeguard peace and stability in Latin America and the Caribbean.

I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of the three African members of the Security Council (A3), namely the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia and my own country, Liberia. We thank the presidency for promptly convening this important meeting. We congratulate Somalia on assuming the presidency of the Security Council this month and warmly welcome all new members. The A3 appreciates Under-Secretary-General DiCarlo’s comprehensive briefing. And we listened carefully to the remarks offered by civil society representatives. We also welcome the representative of Venezuela and the representatives of the countries in the region to this meeting. The A3 aligns itself with the recent communiqué of the African Union on the situation in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and continues to monitor developments there with deep concern. In particular, we note the reports regarding the detention of President Nicolás Maduro and his wife and the incidents involving Venezuelan institutions. Such developments present serious challenges not only to Venezuela’s internal stability but also underscore the imperative to safeguard the broader peace and security of the region. The A3 remains steadfast in its commitment to the fundamental principles of international law, including full respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, in the interest of regional stability and international peace. We believe these are essential foundations for international cooperation and peaceful coexistence. Our position underscores the importance of dialogue, the peaceful settlement of disputes and respect for constitutional and institutional frameworks. The complex situation in Venezuela requires a comprehensive response that is both inclusive and nationally owned. We continue to hold that a sustainable and peaceful resolution can be found only through constructive dialogue among Venezuelans themselves, with genuine respect for the aspirations and rights of the Venezuelan people and with the constructive support of the international community. The A3 expresses its solidarity with the people of Venezuela and reiterates the African Union’s commitment to peace, stability and mutual respect among nations and regions. It is important for all parties, both within Venezuela and in the broader international community, to exercise restraint and responsibility, upholding international law and avoiding any action that could escalate tensions or threaten regional stability. The A3 stands ready to support all efforts, within the Council and in cooperation with regional partners, to facilitate a peaceful, inclusive and lasting resolution to the situation in Venezuela.

I thank you, Mr. President, for presiding over this meeting. And I particularly want to thank Ms. De Freitas for her briefing. I will point out that Ms. De Freitas is in exile, having fled the regime. I thank her for her courage and for shedding a light on the true atrocities of the illegitimate Maduro regime. This past weekend, the United States successfully carried out a surgical law enforcement operation facilitated by the United States military against two indicted fugitives of American justice: narco-terrorist ⁠Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores. Nicolás Maduro is responsible for attacks on the people of the United States, for destabilizing the western hemisphere and illegitimately repressing the people of Venezuela. As Secretary Rubio has said, there is no war against Venezuela or its people. We are not occupying a country. This was a law enforcement operation in furtherance of lawful indictments that have existed for decades. The United States arrested a narcotrafficker who is now going to stand trial in the United States in accordance with the rule of law for the crimes he has committed against our people for 15 years. A similar action was taken in 1989 against Manuel Noriega. He was arrested, indicted, convicted in a court of law, served in prison in the United States and in Panama. And the Panamanian people and the American people are safer for it. And undeniably, the region was more stable for it. This law enforcement action was directed consistent with the responsibility of the President of the United States, as Commander in Chief, to protect Americans at home and abroad against a fugitive who is directly responsible for narco-terrorism that has killed hundreds of thousands of Americans and created destabilizing violence throughout our hemisphere. Nicolás Maduro and his co-defendant, Cilia Flores, have been transferred here to the United States to stand trial for their crimes. Maduro was indicted by a grand jury in the Southern District of New York and faces very serious criminal charges for his involvement in a wide-ranging conspiracy to conduct narco-terrorism, to traffic cocaine and other drugs and to conduct international weapons trafficking. The overwhelming evidence of his crimes will be presented openly in United States court proceedings. Maduro is not just an indicted drug trafficker; he was an illegitimate so-called President. He was not a Head of State. For years, Maduro and his cronies have manipulated Venezuela’s electoral system to maintain their illegitimate grip on power. In fact, just two years ago, in 2024, a report issued by the United Nations Panel of Experts on the Venezuelan Presidential Elections found that the election in that year was absolutely and completely a farce and fell well short of the most basic transparency integrity measures essential to upholding credible elections. If the United Nations and this organ confer legitimacy on an illegitimate narco-terrorist and the same treatment in the Charter of a democratically elected President or Head of State, what kind of Organization is this? We should note that many nations, over 50 countries — including the European Union, a number of Latin American countries in the region and, of course, the United States — rejected the legitimacy of the re-election of Maduro following the disputed 2024 elections and do not recognize him as Venezuela’s legitimately elected President. Maduro unlawfully refused to peacefully cede power after the Venezuelan people voted him out of office in the 2024 election. Therefore, Maduro was a fugitive from justice. He is the head of the vicious foreign terrorist organization Cartel de Los Soles. This regime-sponsored enterprise coordinates with and relies on other vicious criminal organizations, namely Tren de Aragua, among others, to carry out its objective of using illegal narcotics as a weapon against the United States. For its part, Tren de Aragua is a designated foreign terrorist organization with thousands of members, many of whom have unlawfully infiltrated the United States and are conducting irregular warfare and undertaking hostile actions against the American people and against the United States. Its terrorizing criminals commit brutal crimes, including murders, kidnappings, extortions and human, drug, and weapons trafficking. This Administration, under President Trump, will not stand for it. In fact, in March, President Trump declared that, “Tren de Aragua is undertaking hostile actions and conducting irregular warfare against the territory of the United States both directly and at the direction, clandestine or otherwise, of the Maduro regime in Venezuela.” Maduro and his cronies have partnered with some of the most violent and prolific drug traffickers and narco-terrorists in the world for decades, facilitating the flood of illegal drugs coming into the United States, estimated to be several hundred tons annually. He has become rich, incredibly wealthy, off the misery of untold numbers of Americans, Venezuelans and others, aiding and abetting international terrorist organizations like Hizbullah, coordinating with corrupt Iranian officials and other malign actors to influence not only the region but to malignly influence the United States. In fact, in its own World Drug Report 2025, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime identified Venezuela as a key trafficking route in the western hemisphere, with illegal drugs, predominantly cocaine, entering the United States and, increasingly, Europe. As Secretary Rubio stated just yesterday, this is the western hemisphere. This is where we live — and we are not going to allow the western hemisphere to be used as a base of operation for our nation’s adversaries, competitors and rivals of the United States. Venezuela cannot become the operating hub for Iran, Hizbullah, gangs and the Cuban intelligence agents and other malign actors that control that country. It cannot continue to have the largest energy reserves in the world under the control of adversaries of the United States, under the control of illegitimate leaders, not benefiting the people of Venezuela, and stolen by a handful of oligarchs inside of Venezuela. But it does not stop there. Numerous United Nations and international human rights organizations have issued reports documenting serious human rights abuses by the Maduro regime, including reports of extrajudicial killings, political prisoners, torture and arbitrary and unlawful detentions. In fact, more than 8 million Venezuelans have fled the country, destabilizing their neighbours in the region and creating the world’s largest refugee crisis. The United States wants a better future for Venezuela. We believe a better future for the people of Venezuela and for the people of the region and the world means stabilizing the region and making the neighbourhood in which we live a much better and safer place. And this is why millions of Venezuelans who have fled this brutal regime are celebrating and cheering around the world as this organ pontificates, including those in my home state of Florida, to which hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans have fled as a result of this regime’s brutality. I want to reiterate: President Trump gave diplomacy a chance. He offered Maduro multiple off-ramps. He tried to de-escalate. Maduro refused to take these off- ramps. President Trump made it clear that the narco-terrorism must stop, yet it continued. The United States will not waver in its actions to protect Americans from the scourge of narco-terrorism and seeks peace, liberty and justice for the great people of Venezuela.

We extend the warmest of welcomes to the representatives of Bahrain, Colombia, Liberia, Latvia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which have joined the Security Council as elected members and are at the table with us today. We congratulate Somalia on assuming the presidency of the Council this month. We thank Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs Rosemary DiCarlo for her detailed report on the subject that brings us together today, delivered on behalf of Secretary-General António Guterres, and welcome the valuable briefings by Mr. Jeffrey Sachs and Ms. Mercedes De Freitas. In this context, the Republic of Panama would like to speak to the situation in the territory of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which is a matter of concern owing to its potential ramifications for regional peace and stability. That said, given the deplorable reality of the events that have already taken place, it is now time to look constructively towards the future of Venezuela. Nonetheless, it is important to point out that Panama wishes to reaffirm, as it indeed does, as an abiding principle of its foreign policy, its unwavering commitment to multilateralism, State sovereignty and unreserved adherence to international law, in particular the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, including non-intervention, respect for territorial integrity and the prohibition of the use of force, as set out in Article 2 of the United Nations Charter. These principles continue to constitute the crucial framework for peaceful coexistence among nations. Likewise, Panama considers it necessary to underscore that the situation in Venezuela is unfolding in an environment fraught with disregard for the will of its people and the steady erosion of democratic institutions. In that connection, Panama reiterates that it does not — and will not — recognize the authoritarian and illegitimate regime that has held the Venezuelan people in its grip, plunging them into one of the gravest political, social, economic, humanitarian and security crises in our region. Unfortunately, we have witnessed a gradual deterioration of the situation under the regime, especially throughout the past year, with a greater systemic erosion of democracy, an institutional vacuum and a ramping up of authoritarian and repressive practices that have contributed to an unfortunate outcome — one that the international community cannot ignore. Specifically, it is vital to demand the unconditional release of those being held on political grounds, many of whom have been deprived of liberty simply for speaking out in a climate in which dissent is not tolerated. Henceforth, we must demand that all political prisoners being held by the regime — Venezuelans and foreign nationals alike — be promptly released. Their physical integrity and safety must be ensured. Likewise, freedom of expression and unequivocal respect for human rights must be secured forthwith. Against this backdrop, Panama underlines that its position is not only a matter of principled democratic solidarity, but is also one informed by direct repercussions, given that a Panamanian citizen, Mr. Olmedo Núñez, continues to be arbitrarily detained in Venezuela, without formal charges, due process, full access to a defence or proper consular guarantees. This is compounded by the humanitarian impact of a multidimensional crisis that has compelled some 9 million Venezuelans to leave their homes, uprooting them and condemning them to a life of hardship as a result of the institutional and social collapse at the hands of the regime. That crisis has had significant regional repercussions, as reflected in the irregular migration flows from south to north, involving countless Venezuelans, and vice versa, also including Venezuelans in large numbers, with transit and destination countries in particular bearing the brunt, among them, Panama, which has contributed decisively to combating illegal migration. Amid this state of affairs, Panama issues a resounding and firm appeal for Venezuela’s future in the short-term to be wholly democratic. Power resides in the people. And, as His Excellency the President of the Republic of Panama Mr. José Raúl Mulino Quintero has pointed out, the people — the true sovereign — have already spoken at the ballot box by crowning as undisputed victors — with 70 per cent of the vote on 28 July 2024 — opposition candidate Mr. Edmundo González Urrutia and María Corina Machado, the candidate whom the regime had barred, despite her winning the primary with 93 per cent of the vote on 22 October 2023. What is more, in recent months, both candidates have enjoyed increasing popularity, even among the police and the military. The elected Government has teams and programmes of work ready for immediate implementation in order to secure an orderly transition that delivers the rule of law, respect for human rights and trust. Consonant with that commitment, Panama is the proud custodian of the electoral records, which are irrefutable proof of that victory and attest to the Venezuelan people’s inalienable right to decide their own political destiny. Recognizing any authority other than the elected President would amount to legitimizing electoral fraud, normalizing authoritarianism and undermining the universal principle of free elections as a source of legitimacy. Likewise, any attempt to establish a permanent Government headed by figures from the repressive apparatus, such as Delcy Rodríguez, would constitute a continuation of the system and not a genuine transition. Any political solution must be peaceful, democratic and led by Venezuelans, with the responsible support of the international community, including the United Nations and regional mechanisms such as the Organization of American States. Panama does not want to see, and would like to avoid, the situation in Venezuela simply evolving into a change of crisis, with one crisis replacing the other. There can be no talk of a genuine transition with Maduroism or the same power structures being preserved under new names. Any arrangement that keeps figures associated with the repressive apparatus at the centre of power would in fact constitute a continuation of the system and not a real transition. Comparative experience shows that purely nominal transitions tend to prolong conflicts, accentuate migratory flows and perpetuate regional instability to the detriment of international peace and security. Panama will always support an orderly and democratic transition process, anchored in the will of the people as expressed at the polls on 28 July 2024, aimed at restoring democratic institutions through a strictly time-limited interim period, the sole purpose of which would be to create the conditions necessary for the effective exercise of self-determination by the Venezuelan people. As a country that has regained its democracy and sovereignty, Panama affirms clearly that there can be no peace without legitimacy or legitimacy without democracy and that all democracies are ultimately based on respect for the will of the people. Panama, in line with its commitment to multilateralism and international law and in its capacity as a member of the Security Council, will continue to contribute responsibly to collective efforts aimed at preserving peace, strengthening democracy and supporting legitimate and sustainable solutions anchored in the sovereign will of the people and respect for international law.

At the outset, I would like to congratulate Somalia on assuming the presidency of the Security Council in January and to wish the delegation success. Latvia takes its seat on the Council with a profound sense of honour and responsibility for this role. Let me also thank Under-Secretary-General Rosemary DiCarlo for today’s briefing on behalf of the Secretary-General. I also thank the invited briefers. The Security Council bears primary responsibility for the global efforts to uphold peace, security and the rule of law worldwide. Latvia recalls that, under all circumstances, the principles of international law and the Charter of the United Nations must be upheld. All efforts must now focus on ensuring de-escalation and stability in Venezuela based on inclusive dialogue and broad societal support. Latvia encourages all relevant actors to prioritize diplomatic efforts and to work collectively towards a peaceful, democratic and sustainable future for Venezuela. Latvia stands in solidarity with the people of Venezuela and their right to freedom and democracy — rights that were not respected by the Maduro regime during the 2024 presidential elections and before and that remain unmet to this day. The regime of Nicolás Maduro was rooted in mass repression, corruption and organized crime, including drug trafficking, and posed a grave threat to the security of the region and the world. It has repeatedly violated the United Nations Charter and undermined international law, including through open support for Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The Maduro regime does not represent the will of the Venezuelan people and has relied on widespread, systematic repressions of human rights across the country to maintain power. Eight million Venezuelans have been forced to flee the country since 2014. Latvia also remains committed to working jointly with partners to counter global transnational organized crime networks, including in Latin America and the Caribbean. Such criminal activities place the lives of countless people at grave risk, particularly women and children. Addressing these challenges requires sustained cooperation, with full respect for international law. Latvia continues to closely monitor the situation in Venezuela and stands prepared to continue working with its partners to support a peaceful, democratic and just transition that reflects the aspirations of the Venezuelan people.

Let me thank Under-Secretary-General DiCarlo for her briefing on behalf of the Secretary-General. We also listened carefully to the briefings by Ms. De Freitas and Mr. Sachs. Denmark joins the Secretary-General in expressing deep concern about the evolving situation in Venezuela. Since the Security Council met to discuss the situation two weeks ago (see S/PV.10080), we have seen a drastic escalation, culminating in a large-scale military operation on 3 January. At our most recent meeting, Denmark urged all actors to strictly adhere to international law, de-escalate tensions and exercise the necessary restraint. Today we echo the Secretary-General in his concern regarding the worrisome implications of this military action. Independent of the situation in Venezuela, these developments constitute a dangerous precedent. International law and the Charter of the United Nations as a pillar of the international security architecture must be respected by all States. Denmark recalls the foundational principle of international law that forbids States from threatening or using force against another State’s territorial integrity and political independence. This imperative is enshrined in Article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter. Members of the Security Council have a special responsibility to uphold these principles. The principles of sovereignty, political independence and territorial integrity must be respected. The inviolability of borders is not up for negotiation. These are universal, sacrosanct principles enshrined in international law. They apply everywhere. Once again, Denmark calls on all parties to urgently de-escalate tensions that could threaten peace and stability in the region and beyond. International disputes should be settled by peaceful means, as stated in the United Nations Charter. We also call on all parties to exercise maximum restraint and to engage in dialogue and diplomacy. Denmark takes note of the official statements from the United States Government stating that their military operations are to combat drug trafficking and stem the illicit flow of illegal narcotics. Denmark shares the priority of combating organized crime and drug trafficking while reiterating that counter-narcotics efforts, as all other efforts, must be conducted in strict accordance with international law, including the fundamental rules and principles of the United Nations Charter. Against this backdrop, Denmark wishes to recall our solidarity with the people of Venezuela. Denmark does not recognize Nicolás Maduro as the legitimate President of Venezuela following the lack of transparency and integrity in the 2024 presidential election, which failed to meet basic democratic standards. In Maduro’s attempt to cling to power, his authoritarian regime grew increasingly oppressive. His regime bears responsibility for widespread and systematic violations of human rights against his fellow citizens, and he should be held accountable. The victims of the Maduro regime’s alleged crimes against humanity have to be heard. The Venezuelan people have a right to democracy and self-determination, exercised through peaceful, inclusive and credible democratic processes, free from fear of political persecution, intimidation or repression and external political interference. This includes the right of Venezuelans alone to determine their political, economic and social future, without coercion, pressure or manipulation by external actors. No State should seek to influence political outcomes in Venezuela through the use or threat of force, or through other means inconsistent with international law. Venezuela’s future can only be decided by Venezuelans. We call on all parties and stakeholders to come together for a negotiated and peaceful transition to democratic rule in a process led by and owned by Venezuelans. At this critical and uncertain time, it is imperative that all parties fully respect human rights and international law. Denmark remains committed to supporting Venezuela and the aspirations of its people on its path to lasting political stability.

I congratulate Somalia on the assumption of the presidency of the Council for the month of January. I thank our briefers for their remarks. The Venezuelan people have suffered for years. The Council now meets at a pivotal moment for Venezuela’s future. Maduro’s actions created extreme levels of poverty, violent repression and failing basic services. His regime’s rule precipitated a displacement crisis affecting the whole region. The United Kingdom has long been clear that Maduro’s claim to power was fraudulent. To date, Venezuela’s National Electoral Council has failed to publish the full results of the July 2024 presidential elections. Independent domestic and international reports also observed significant irregularities and a lack of transparency. The United Kingdom wants to see a safe and peaceful transition to a legitimate Government that reflects the will of the Venezuelan people. They deserve a Government that reflects their vote at the ballot box and delivers a more stable, prosperous future for all Venezuelans. Finally, the United Kingdom reaffirms its commitment to international law and the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. These foundations are essential for maintaining global peace, security and the rule of law.

At the outset, I would like to congratulate you, Mr. President, on your presidency of the Security Council in the month of January. I would also like to thank Ms. Rosemary DiCarlo for conveying to us the United Nations Secretary-General’s remarks on the latest developments in Venezuela. France has continued to stand in solidarity with the Venezuelan people as they face the crisis they have been enduring for too many years, and in particular since the summer of 2024. On 28 July 2024, the Venezuelan people peacefully exercised their right to vote in order to shape the future of their country. However, their right to choose their leaders has been stripped away by Nicolás Maduro. Must we recall the facts? The electoral process was marred by numerous irregularities, and the final vote count was marred by a flagrant lack of transparency. In the light of the democratic aspirations of the Venezuelan people, Nicolás Maduro has systematically responded with the repression of dissident voices, of members of the opposition and of civil society, and numerous arbitrary detentions. France has always clearly stated that these practices were unacceptable and that respect for human rights must be upheld. The military operation that led to the capture of Nicolás Maduro contravenes the principles of the peaceful settlement of disputes and non-use of force. The proliferation of violations of the Charter of the United Nations and international law by States vested with the responsibility borne by permanent members of the Council undermines the very foundations of the international order. Violating the principles of the Charter, including the principles of respect for the independence and territorial integrity of States, undermines the foundations of the United Nations and weakens international peace and security. France remains faithful and committed to respect for the Charter of the United Nations and the principle of the peaceful settlement of disputes. We must uphold these principles at all times and in all places. Respect for these principles is essential. France reiterates its commitment to respecting the will of the Venezuelan people. The transition that is currently opening up in Venezuela needs to be peaceful, democratic and respectful of the choices of the Venezuelan people, who are a sovereign people. This transition must be led by and for the Venezuelans. France stands ready, alongside States of the region and its European Union partners, to support dialogue with a view to restoring free democratic expression in Venezuela and to support regional stability. This must also be the role of the Council.

At the outset, I wish to take this opportunity to congratulate the Federal Republic of Somalia on its presidency of the Security Council during this month of January. I wish you every success, Mr. President. At the beginning of our mandate in the Security Council, we also wish to take this opportunity to thank delegations whose mandate at the Council recently ended, namely Algeria, Guyana, the Republic of Korea, Sierra Leone and Slovenia, for their significant contributions to the achievement of the goals and the mission of the Council. I also wish to thank Ms. Rosemary DiCarlo, Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, for her valuable briefing on the latest developments in the Republic of Venezuela. I also wish to thank the other briefers. We appreciate the reaffirmation by His Excellency the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the commitment to the fundamental principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the commitment to the peaceful, diplomatic resolution of disputes. The Kingdom of Bahrain supports the call of the Secretary-General for all stakeholders in Venezuela to engage in inclusive dialogue, one that guarantees respect for international law and eases tensions, preserves regional stability and avoids any potential adverse repercussions for security and stability in the region. The Kingdom of Bahrain also extends its support for efforts undertaken at the regional and international levels to reduce tensions and to enhance diplomatic means to safeguard international peace and security. The Kingdom stresses the importance of the promotion of international cooperation to support all regional and international efforts aimed at combating international organized crime, drug trafficking and the related scourges that undermine the stability of societies and the achievement of sustainable development. These scourges must be dealt with in accordance with relevant international conventions. In conclusion, the Kingdom of Bahrain reaffirms its support for regional and international efforts to achieve a lasting political solution in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, within a framework of regional cooperation, respect for national sovereignty and the achievement of security and stability in Venezuela, at the same time avoiding conflict and division, protecting civil peace and contributing to the security and stability of the region and the maintenance of international peace and security.

Allow me to begin by congratulating Somalia on its assumption of the presidency for this month and assuring you, Mr. President, of my delegation’s full support and cooperation. We welcome the new members joining the Council. I thank Under-Secretary-General Rosemary DiCarlo for reading out the remarks of the Secretary-General and the valuable briefing. We also take note of the views shared by Mr. Jeffrey Sachs and Ms. Mercedes De Freitas. I welcome the participation of the Permanent Representative of Venezuela, alongside the representatives of other countries from the region and beyond in the meeting. Pakistan views the recent developments in Venezuela with profound concern. In a world already beset by multiple crises, escalating tensions and instability in the Caribbean do not augur well for regional and international peace and security. The Charter of the United Nations enjoins us to refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State. The United Nations Charter also binds Member States to sovereign equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of others and settlement of international disputes by peaceful means. Unilateral military action contravenes these sacrosanct principles and the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Such actions set dangerous precedents that risk eroding the foundations of the global legal framework. They also fuel instability, which, as history has shown time and again, can lead to unpredictable and uncontrollable outcomes for years to come. At this critical juncture, the path forward must be one of dialogue and diplomacy. Durable solutions to political differences can only be found through peaceful means, with full respect for the will of the Venezuelan people, free from any external interference. We hope that the Latin American and the Caribbean region, as a zone of peace, will remain free from conflict and confrontation and continue its march towards enhanced regional cooperation and improved prosperity for the people. We urge all parties to exercise maximum restraint, de-escalate tensions, pursue peaceful co-existence, refrain from any actions that could exacerbate the volatile situation and engage in dialogue, including by utilizing the sincere offers of mediation. The good offices of the Secretary-General also always remain available for that purpose. Lastly, I affirm Pakistan’s commitment to contributing constructively to the discharge of the Security Council’s primary responsibility of addressing the threat to international peace and security by defusing tensions, promoting pacific settlement and upholding respect for international law and the United Nations Charter. The peace and stability of Venezuela and the welfare and prosperity of its people, with full ownership, must be the overriding objective of all efforts.

At the outset, I would like to congratulate Somalia on assuming the presidency of the Council for the month of January, and I would like to welcome the newly elected members joining the Council. I would also like to thank Under-Secretary-General Di Carlo for her briefing on behalf of the Secretary-General and Mr. Sachs and Ms. De Freitas for their remarks. Greece is closely monitoring developments in Venezuela. We urge all actors to exercise maximum restraint and to refrain from actions that would deepen the crisis and undermine prospects for peace and stability. Greece reiterates that the Charter of the United Nations and international law, including human rights law, must always be respected. We also recall the obligation of all parties to protect civilians, especially in times of heightened tensions. Greece shares the priority of combating transnational organized crime and drug trafficking, which pose a significant security threat worldwide. We reiterate that these challenges should be addressed though sustained cooperation in full respect of international law. Greece firmly believes that dialogue and diplomacy are the only viable tools for a peaceful transition and a sustainable resolution of the crisis. We join the Secretary- General in encouraging all actors in Venezuela to engage in inclusive and meaningful dialogue, in full respect of human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law. We have long been clear that the claim to power by Nicolás Maduro — an illegitimate President — lacks legitimacy. Greece has not recognized the results of the rigged elections of 28 July 2024 and has always supported initiatives aimed at achieving a democratic solution for Venezuela. We stand firmly with the people of Venezuela in their pursuit of a democratic future, and we express the hope that the recent events will have this effect. The voices of all Venezuelans need to be heard, and they deserve governance that reflects their will through peaceful and inclusive political processes. In this spirit, we will continue to support efforts aimed at achieving a peaceful, negotiated transition that ensures that the will of all Venezuelans is fully respected. Greece stands ready to support all regional and international efforts aimed at the peaceful resolution of the crisis, in line with the Charter of the United Nations and international law.

I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

Before coming to the substance of our statement, we consider it necessary to make an institutional clarification. We note with concern that an attempt is being made to present to the Security Council, as a supposed representative of civil society, a person whose public career trajectory has been marked by sustained funding from foreign Governments and transnational corporations for years — the evidence of that is available to anyone who wishes to examine it — and by participation in processes of political destabilization and the promotion of institutional breakdown in her own country. The instrumental use of these actors to legitimize narratives of confrontation, justify the use of force or minimize violations of international law does not contribute to the purposes of this body or to the strengthening of multilateralism. On the contrary, it erodes the credibility of the debates and distorts the nature of this body, which is tasked with maintaining international peace and security. I shall now turn to the substance of my statement. The day of 3 January 2026 is a date of profound historical significance, not only for Venezuela, but for the international system as a whole. On that day, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was the target of an illegitimate armed attack, lacking any legal justification, by the Government of the United States of America. That attack included bombings on its territory, the loss of civilian and military lives, the destruction of critical infrastructure and the kidnapping of the constitutional President of the Republic, Nicolás Maduro Moros, and the First Lady, Cilia Flores. Venezuela comes before the Security Council today with a deep conviction: international peace can only be sustained if international law is respected without exception, without double standards and without selective interpretations. The events of 3 January constitute a flagrant violation of the Charter of the United Nations perpetrated by the United States Government, in particular the principle of sovereign equality of States; of the absolute prohibition of the use or threat of use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, as enshrined in Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter; and of the duty to settle disputes by peaceful means. Similarly, these acts also seriously violate the Geneva Conventions and their Protocols, as indiscriminate attacks were carried out against the civilian population and civilian objects. International human rights law has also been violated, specifically the right to life, personal integrity and security. Particularly serious is the kidnapping of the President of the Republic by the Government of the United States of America, which constitutes a direct violation of an essential norm of the international legal order: the personal immunity of Heads of State in office. This immunity is not an individual privilege. It is an institutional guarantee that protects the sovereignty of States and the stability of the international system. Disregarding it not only affects Venezuela but also sets an extremely dangerous precedent for all States represented in this Chamber, regardless of their size, power or alliances. General Assembly resolution 3314 (XXIX) clearly defines as an act of aggression the bombing of the territory of one State by the armed forces of another State, as well as invasion or occupation, even without formal annexation. The acts we are denouncing unequivocally fit this definition. The International Court of Justice affirmed, in 2004, that occupation exists when a State exercises effective control, even without formal annexation or the continuous presence of troops. For its part, Security Council resolution 242 (1967) emphasizes that the acquisition of territory by force is inadmissible, while General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) establishes that the territory of a State shall not be the object of military occupation resulting from the use of force in contravention of the Charter of the United Nations. Allowing such acts to go unchallenged effectively normalizes the replacement of law with force and erodes the very foundations of the collective security system. Today, it is not only Venezuela’s sovereignty that is at stake. Also at stake are the credibility of international law, the authority of this Organization and the validity of the principle that no State can act as judge, party and enforcer of global order. We cannot ignore a central element of this aggression by the United States: Venezuela is the victim of these attacks because of its natural resources. Our country’s oil, energy, strategic resources and geopolitical position have historically been factors of greed and external pressure. When force is used to control resources, impose governments or redesign States, we are faced with a logic that harkens back to the worst practices of colonialism and neocolonialism. Accepting this logic opens the door to a deeply unstable world, in which countries with greater military capabilities can decide, by force, the political and economic fate of other States. This scenario threatens not only Venezuela; it threatens international peace and security as a whole. If the kidnapping of a Head of State, the bombing of a sovereign country and the open threat of further armed action are tolerated or downplayed, the message sent to the world is devastating: that the law is optional and that force is the true arbiter of international relations. Venezuela firmly believes in diplomacy, dialogue and peaceful coexistence among nations. That has always been our historical position, and it remains so today, even in the face of aggression of this magnitude. It is precisely that commitment to peace that was violated on 3 January. Therefore, Venezuela urges the Security Council to fully assume its responsibility and act in accordance with the mandate conferred upon it by the Charter of the United Nations. In that regard, we request, first, that the Government of the United States of America be required to fully respect the immunities of President Nicolás Maduro and First Lady Cilia Flores and ensure their immediate release and safe return to Venezuela. Secondly, we request that the use of force against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela be clearly and unequivocally condemned. Thirdly, we request that the principle of non-acquisition of territory or resources by force be reaffirmed. Fourthly, we request that measures aimed at de-escalation, the protection of civilians and the restoration of international law be adopted. Despite the seriousness of the events, Venezuela wishes to inform this body and the international community that its institutions are functioning normally, that constitutional order has been preserved and that the State exercises effective control over its entire territory. In accordance with our Constitution, Executive Vice- President Delcy Rodríguez is currently being sworn in as Acting President of the Republic, guaranteeing institutional continuity, stability and internal peace. We wish to convey a message of serenity, confidence and hope to the Venezuelan people. Venezuela is a nation that believes in peace, work and dignity. Our commitment to diplomacy and the law is firm and unwavering. We defend our sovereignty without renouncing our values. We are committed to dialogue and do not accept impositions. We believe in a future of coexistence, development and respect among nations. We trust that the Security Council will be able to rise to the historic moment facing humankind and choose the path of legality, collective responsibility and peace.

I now give the floor to the representative of Argentina.

The Government of the Argentine Republic appreciates the decision and determination shown by the President of the United States of America and his Government in the recent actions taken in Venezuela that led to the capture of dictator Nicolás Maduro, leader of the Cartel de los Soles, which was declared a terrorist organization by the Argentine Government in 2025, the same year in which the Argentine Republic also declared the Tren de Aragua a terrorist organization. The Argentine Republic is confident that these events represent a decisive step forward in the fight against narco-terrorism affecting the region and, at the same time, usher in a new era that will allow the Venezuelan people to fully restore democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights in accordance with the principles of international law, and put an end to the oppression exercised for years by the authoritarian regime, which plunged the Venezuelan people into poverty and forced 8 million Venezuelans to flee their country. The illegitimate regime of Nicolás Maduro has not only posed a direct threat to Venezuelan citizens through its systematic violation of human rights, appropriation of the country’s resources and destruction of democratic institutions, but also to the entire region by directing and exporting its drug trafficking and organized crime networks. Since President Javier Milei took office, Argentina has been clear and consistent in its position on this situation. We have unequivocally denounced the lack of freedoms and serious human rights violations, and we have actively contributed, with determination and responsibility, to international efforts aimed at restoring democracy in Venezuela. In March 2024, when others opted for inaction or ambiguity, Argentina granted diplomatic asylum to six Venezuelan opposition leaders, taking on an enormous challenge for our representation in Caracas. Subsequently, after denouncing the fraudulent nature of the results announced in the 28 July 2024 elections and recognizing Edmundo González Urrutia as the President-elect, Argentina was expelled from Venezuela. Our embassy, where the asylum seekers remained, was subjected to a permanent siege. Despite this pressure, the Argentine Republic remained steadfast in its conviction to continue denouncing the situation in Venezuela and to take action in all available international forums, so that Venezuela could once again embrace freedom and democracy. This is not the first time that Argentina has addressed the Security Council on the situation in Venezuela. On 23 December, we expressed our deep concern about the institutional and humanitarian deterioration, noting that the effects of the illegitimate regime of Nicolás Maduro Moros transcended the domestic sphere and had a negative impact on regional stability, constituting a concrete threat to the security of the hemisphere (see S/PV.10080). In the same vein, President Milei stated at the MERCOSUR Summit that Argentina welcomed the pressure exerted by the United States to liberate the Venezuelan people. Today the international community faces a new scenario that poses a double challenge: to support a genuine democratic transition in Venezuela and to contribute to the lasting restoration of peace and security in our region. Faced with both challenges, the Argentine Republic is ready and willing to collaborate. We renew our firm commitment to the full restoration of institutionality and the rule of law in Venezuela, ensuring at all times the freedom, human dignity and prosperity of the brotherly Venezuelan people, as well as our determination to continue fighting against the scourge of narco-terrorism and those who contribute to its financing. The process that begins today requires the firm and coordinated commitment of all those countries that have accompanied the Venezuelan people in their long struggle, so that Venezuela can leave behind more than two decades of political, humanitarian and social crisis and finally rediscover freedom, democracy, respect for human rights and economic prosperity. Finally, the Argentine Republic requests that the authorities responsible for administering the transition in Venezuela contribute to the immediate release of Argentine citizen Nahuel Gallo, who has been forcibly disappeared since 8 December 2024, in clear violation of his human rights, and that his prompt and safe return to our country be guaranteed.

I now give the floor to the representative of Chile.

Chile would like to thank Somalia for convening this informational open briefing under the agenda item “Threats to international peace and security”. We also wish to thank Ms. Rosemary DiCarlo, Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, as well as Mr. Jeffrey Sachs and Ms. Mercedes De Freitas for their briefings. Chile would like to express its deep concern and firm condemnation of the unilateral military action taken by the United States on the territory of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. We also reiterate our firm and consistent commitment to respect for international law, sovereignty and territorial integrity of States, the peaceful settlement of disputes, the prohibition of the threat or use of force and full respect for human rights. These affirmations are accepted by the majority, as expressed in their statements. Their repetition does not diminish their importance in order to ensure international peace and security. We said the same on the 23 December when we took the floor (see S/PV.10080), and we reiterate it today. Chile does not recognize the Maduro Moros regime, but the grave human rights violations Venezuela must face do not have a military solution. They can only be addressed through peaceful, gradual and inclusive processes that take into account the legitimate aspirations of the Venezuelan people. Respect for international law does not allow for exceptions, including when it comes to addressing the illegitimacy of a president. Problems must always be solved within the normative framework that we have provided for ourselves as nations. The future of Venezuela must include free elections, citizen participation and international assistance and not with actions that could create dangerous precedents or escalate tensions in the region, with serious consequences for the population. As a witness of history and based on our own experience with the loss of democracy, in which there was foreign interference that caused extreme damage and pain for the Chilean people, Chile was able to recover our democracy through a transitional process that was carried out with the assistance of the international community, the strength of organized citizens and the help of our institutions. Chile would like also to underscore the urgent need to continue with coordinated multilateral efforts to address organized crime. We are also convinced that Latin America and the Caribbean must continue to be a zone of peace because that zone of peace not only serves Latin America but the entire world. An armed conflict would have devastating humanitarian consequences in Venezuela and in the region. It would compound the suffering of the civilian population and have an even worse effect on displacement, insecurity and vulnerability. We reiterate that any differences must be dealt with exclusively through peaceful means, with strict respect for international law, the sovereignty of States and the prohibition of use or threat of use of force. As was recently indicated by the Heads of State of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay and Spain, we express our concern with regard to any attempt to control the Government, administration or foreign appropriation of natural or strategic resources, which would run counter to international law and would threaten the political, economic and social stability of the region. Given this complex scenario, Chile welcomes the valuable role that could be played by multilateral mechanisms of dialogue and prevention. In that spirit, we give special attention to the role of the United Nations and, particularly, the role that could be played by the Secretary-General and the Council, with the consent of the parties involved, to contribute to de-escalating the situation and searching for an understanding that would promote a peaceful and lasting exit to the crisis. The prudent leadership and cumulative experience of our Organization, in addition to regional mechanisms, could be very useful for avoiding further deterioration of the situation and for keeping open the channels of communication. Chile reiterates its willingness to support constructive initiatives to that end and to work together with countries of the region and with the international community in the interests of stability, mutual understanding and respect for the principles that underpin the Organization.

I now give the floor to the representative of Brazil.

Brazil thanks the Somali presidency for convening this emergency meeting of the Security Council. Brazil categorically and strongly rejects the armed intervention in Venezuelan territory, in flagrant violation of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. The bombings in Venezuelan territory and the capture of its President cross an unacceptable line. These acts constitute a very grave affront to Venezuela’s sovereignty and set an extremely dangerous precedent for the entire international community. As a pillar of the international order, the Charter of the United Nations establishes the prohibition of the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, except in the circumstances strictly provided for therein. Accepting actions of this nature would inevitably lead to a scenario marked by violence, disorder and the erosion of multilateralism, to the detriment of international law and institutions. The effects of the weakening of international governance and cooperation mechanisms are already evident: a record number of 61 active armed conflicts since the Second World War; an unprecedented 117 million people in humanitarian crises worldwide, reflecting the increase in wars, displacement and crimes against humanity, such as the genocide in Gaza; and a global increase in military spending, which is approaching the historic mark of $2.7 trillion. As Brazil has repeatedly stated, the rules governing coexistence among States are binding and universal. They do not allow for exceptions based on ideological, geopolitical, political, economic or any other interests or projects. They do not allow for the exploitation of natural or economic resources to justify the use of force or an illegal change of Government. A multipolar world in the twenty-first century that fosters peace and prosperity is not to be confused with spheres of influence. We cannot countenance the argument that the end justifies the means. Such reasoning is devoid of legitimacy and opens the door to vesting in the strongest the right to determine what is fair or unfair and right or wrong and even to disregard national sovereignty by foisting decisions on the weakest. Latin America and the Caribbean have made peace a conscious, lasting and irreversible choice. The use of force in our region calls to mind chapters of history that we believed were consigned to the past and is imperilling the collective effort to preserve the region as a zone of peace and cooperation, free from armed conflict and respectful of international law and the principle of non-interference. Past armed interventions have had profoundly deleterious and lasting consequences. Those interventions, antithetical to freedom and democracy, spawned authoritarian regimes and grave human rights violations, leaving in their wake a deplorable toll of thousands of dead, tortured political prisoners and disappeared persons, whose families’ search for their loved ones and quest for justice and reparations continue to this day. For the first time in South America, a deeply alarming event has occurred — an external armed aggression entailing the deployment of troops and bombings in a country neighbouring Brazil, with which we share more than 2,000 kilometres of border. I must repeat that South America is a zone of peace. We have upheld peace and non-intervention in our environment and will continue to do so with the utmost resolve. Furthermore, Brazil does not believe that the solution to the situation in Venezuela lies in the creation of protectorates in the country but rather entails solutions that respect the self-determination of the Venezuelan people, in line with their Constitution. The events of 3 January transcend the regional sphere. An attack on the sovereignty of any country, irrespective of its government’s leaning, affects the entire international community. This and other cases of armed intervention against the sovereignty of a country, its territorial integrity or its institutions deserve to be roundly condemned. It is incumbent upon the Council to assume its responsibility and respond with determination, clarity and faithfulness to international law so that the law of force does not prevail over the force of the law. Brazil trusts that the future of Venezuela will be forged by the Venezuelan people through dialogue, without external interference and within the bounds of international law.

I now give the floor to the representative of Mexico.

I thank you, Mr President, for convening this emergency meeting of the Council. The Government of Mexico has already made clear its position condemning the military aggression of 3 January against targets on Venezuelan territory, in blatant violation of Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations. Such actions must not be allowed, as they deal a serious blow to the Charter of the United Nations and to multilateralism. Mexico would like to make the following four points. First, the prohibition of the threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of any State constitutes the bedrock of international law, irrespective of the country or government at issue. Secondly, rhetoric alluding to an escalation or expansion of military action, including in other countries in our region, threatens regional stability. Thirdly, the Council bears the responsibility and, above all, the obligation to act decisively and without double standards vis-à-vis grave violations of the Charter and to restore international peace and security, in strict compliance with the provisions of Article 24 and in line with Article 27, paragraph 3. Fourthly, it is for sovereign peoples to decide their destiny and find peaceful, democratic and negotiated solutions to their political differences, with unreserved respect for human rights. Not only do regime change by external actors and the application of extraterritorial measures constitute acts contrary to international law but, historically, they have also compounded conflicts and weakened the social and political fabric of nations. Despite the political differences among our Governments, Latin America and the Caribbean have transformed themselves into a zone of peace. Together, for decades, we have availed ourselves of the political and legal mechanisms for dispute resolution. The present shattering of this delicate equilibrium gravely imperils the political stability and security of the region and the well-being of our peoples. Those who justify these acts are denying the independent history of Latin America and the Caribbean. Mexico, steadfast in its constitutional foreign policy principles and its pacifism, underscores in no uncertain terms that dialogue and negotiation are the sole legitimate and effective means of resolving existing differences. I echo the call by the President of Mexico for the United Nations to do more to resolve this and other conflicts, including through interventions by its Secretary-General. Given the events of 3 January, Mexico reaffirms its willingness to back any effort to facilitate dialogue, mediation or support that fosters peace in the region. Lastly, we cannot ignore the fact that it has taken until today to hold this meeting of the Council, now that we are confronting a grave situation that threatens international peace and security.

I now give the floor to the representative of Paraguay.

The delegation of the Republic of Paraguay thanks the presidency and members of the Council for the opportunity to take the floor at this meeting of the utmost importance. Paraguay has cautioned against the unsustainable drift of Venezuela under Nicolás Maduro, leader of the Cartel of the Suns — a criminal entity officially declared a terrorist organization by the national authorities — and who, in holding on to power, represented a threat to the region. The departure of the leader of that terrorist organization must immediately pave the way for the reinstatement of democracy and the rule of law in Venezuela, allowing the will of the people, as expressed at the ballot box, to be the sole driving force of Venezuela’s reconstruction. In that regard, we also issue a strong call for the swift release of all political prisoners still being held in the country’s jails. We reiterate that a return to democratic institutions in Venezuela and the opportunity for the legitimately elected authorities to assume their functions are fundamental steps towards stability in the region. Lastly, Paraguay reaffirms its historic commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes, is closely monitoring the development of current events in Venezuela and calls for democratic means capable of ensuring an orderly transition to be prioritized. We are, and will continue to be, committed to the democratic principles of the rule of law and social peace.

I now give the floor to the representative of Cuba.

Cuba aligns itself with the statements to be delivered by the representatives of Eritrea on behalf of the Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations and Uganda on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. Since September 2025, Cuba has been denouncing the hegemonic and criminal plans of the United States and its aggressive hold over Venezuela and the region. We have clearly set out the serious and unpredictable consequences of the irresponsible behaviour of the Government of the United States for the political, social and economic stability of Latin America and the Caribbean and international peace and stability in general. On 23 December 2025 (see S/PV.10080), we set out before this very organ the sequence and escalation of actions carried out by the United States in record time, with the aim of forcibly overthrowing the legitimate and constitutional Government of Venezuela and ending the civilian-military union. The United States has resorted to various manoeuvres to carry out its plans for domination, including vile extrajudicial executions and acts of piracy, maritime terrorism against oil tankers and their crews in international waters in the Caribbean Sea and the imposition of an illegal naval blockade against Venezuela and the politically motivated designation of its legitimate Government as a foreign terrorist organization. It had previously subjected the country to prolonged unilateral coercive measures, economic suffocation, smear campaigns and attacks against some of its important institutions, exposing it to an atrocious psychological war. With utter disregard for the Charter of the United Nations and international law, including the relevant resolutions adopted by the Security Council and the General Assembly, on 3 January, the United States military forces attacked Venezuela with total brutality and intent and, in an unacceptable and barbaric act, kidnapped its legitimate President, Nicolás Maduro, and his partner, Cilia Flores. Cuba condemns in the strongest terms the United States military aggression against Venezuela, categorically reiterates its full support for and solidarity with the people and the Government of Venezuela and joins the call for the United States Government to release constitutional President, Nicolás Maduro Moros, and his partner, Cilia Flores. In the criminal attack perpetrated by the United States, 32 Cubans lost their lives in combat while carrying out missions for the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias and the Ministry of the Interior, at the request of counterpart bodies in the country. Our compatriots fulfilled their duty with dignity and fell, after fierce resistance, in direct combat against the attackers or as a result of the bombing of the facilities. With their heroic actions, they managed to uphold the feelings of solidarity of millions of compatriots. The cowardly United States aggression against Venezuela is a criminal act that violates international law and the Charter of the United Nations. It constitutes a dangerous escalation of the war campaign that the United States has been waging for years against this sister nation, which intensified in September 2025 with the aggressive naval deployment in the Caribbean Sea under false pretexts and unfounded accusations lacking any evidence at all. The United States military attack against Venezuela has no justification whatsoever, is not in response to any provocation and has no legitimacy. It is based on the aberrant doctrine of peace through strength and undermines the stability and peace that has characterized our Latin American and Caribbean region for years. It seeks to bring about a change in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela’s constitutional order, freely chosen by its people. Its ultimate goal is not the false narrative of combating drug trafficking but rather control over Venezuela’s land and natural resources, as has been openly and unabashedly declared by President Trump and his Secretary of State. This is an imperialist and fascist aggression with objectives of domination, which seeks to revive the hegemonic ambitions of the United States over our America, anchored in the antiquated Monroe Doctrine. It also seeks to intimidate and subjugate the Governments of Latin America and the Caribbean. Cuba calls for an urgent response from the international community against this criminal attack on Venezuela — a peaceful nation that has not attacked the United States or any other country. We call on all Governments, parliaments, social movements and peoples of the world to condemn the United States military aggression against Venezuela and to confront this act of State terrorism, which threatens international peace and security and seeks to impose a new doctrine of domination by United States imperialism in Latin America, the Caribbean and the world. The recent statements about imperialist plans to lead Venezuela towards a supposed safe, adequate and prudent transition are totally unacceptable. In the United States vision of domination, this amounts to imposing a puppet Government that serves its predatory objectives, in particular unrestricted access to and plundering of natural resources that rightfully belong to the Venezuelan people. Determining the destiny of Venezuela is the exclusive right of its people, without external interference. If the United States Government, which lacks any moral authority, truly cared about peace, freedom and justice for Venezuelans, it would not have bombed this territory with utter contempt for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of this nation and the lives of its people. I conclude by reaffirming our unconditional adherence to the Proclamation of Latin America and the Caribbean as a Zone of Peace and by calling for the resolve and determination that the current circumstances demand, always in defence of international law and a future of peace for all the peoples of our America and the world.

I now give the floor to the representative of Nicaragua.

Latin America and the Caribbean is a zone of peace, declared by the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States on behalf of all the peoples and Governments of our region. This zone of peace must be fully respected by all Governments of the world without exception and particularly by the members of the Security Council, which is responsible for international peace and security. This determination and the wishes and aspirations of our peoples are noble contributions to world peace, international law and the Charter of the United Nations. Nicaragua supports the statement made by the interim President of Venezuela, Delcy Rodríguez, calling for the immediate release of the constitutional and legitimate President of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro Moros, and the First Combatant of Venezuela, Cilia Flores. All Member States of the United Nations have a duty to respect international law; the spirit, purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations; the right to sovereignty, self-determination and territorial integrity of States; non-interference; and peaceful coexistence. The Venezuelan people are the dignified people of Bolívar, Chávez and Maduro, historically unyielding in defending their sovereignty and right to peace. Nicaragua will always stand with Venezuela. Peace has been deeply wounded, and the human family, the community of nations and the peoples of the world call for it to be restored as the full reflection of the dignity of all peoples.

I now give the floor to the representative of Trinidad and Tobago.

The delegation of Trinidad and Tobago thanks the Security Council for convening this urgent meeting following the recent developments in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. My delegation addresses the Council today as a Caribbean nation, a neighbour of Venezuela and a long-standing advocate for peaceful coexistence and the rule of law. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has taken note of the military operations undertaken by the United States in Venezuela. We remain committed to cooperative efforts, led by the United States, to disrupt and dismantle networks that enable transnational crime across the Americas, whose activities have had debilitating effects on the security and stability of the region. Trinidad and Tobago remains steadfast in its support of the United States of America’s initiatives that strengthen regional security, reinforce the rule of law and safeguard the well-being of our societies, namely the Americas. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago, while valuing its long-standing and robust partnership with the United States, remains equally committed to maintaining a constructive and respectful relationship with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and continues to uphold peaceful relations with the people of Venezuela. The delegation of Trinidad and Tobago wishes to underscore its long-standing relationship with both the United States and Venezuela and stands ready to work collaboratively with all partners who share the aspiration of a safer, more prosperous and stable hemisphere.

I now give the floor to the representative of Spain.

At the outset, I would like to congratulate you, Mr. President, on assuming the presidency of the United Nations Security Council for this month, and I wish you every success in carrying out your duties. I thank you for convening this important meeting, Mr. President, and I also convey my gratitude to the Under-Secretary-General for Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, Ms. DiCarlo, for her briefing today. Spain expresses its deep concern about what has happened in Venezuela which, as the Secretary-General of the United Nations pointed out, constitutes a very worrisome precedent with implications for the region and for the world. Respect for the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, in particular the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States and the prohibition of the use and threat of force, is essential to ensure international coexistence. Spain defends the validity of a rules-based international order, in which it is imperative to commit, as stated in Article 2, paragraph 3, of the Charter, to the peaceful settlement of disputes. We consider these actions to be a very worrisome precedent for regional peace and security, and we recall that the country’s natural resources are part of its sovereignty. We agree that the fight against organized crime in the region is a priority, but that fight can only be waged through international cooperation. We also agree that defending human rights and civil liberties in Venezuela is a priority. Spain wants to work for peace, stability, democracy, progress and social justice, and those cannot be imposed by force; they can only come about through extensive dialogue among Venezuelans, with a peaceful and democratic Venezuelan solution. Let the voice of the Venezuelan people determine the destiny of Venezuela. Spain did not recognize the results of the most recent elections, held in Venezuela in July 2024, and has been unequivocal in its condemnation of any violation of or threat to human rights. It has provided protection to those opposition leaders who have been persecuted and has firmly rejected any anti-democratic behaviour and abuses against citizens. However, this condemnation can only be exercised in accordance with international law. Spain will work to unite the men and women of Venezuela and is committed to dialogue and peace, because force never brings more democracy.

I now give the floor to the representative of South Africa.

We wish to congratulate the Federal Republic of Somalia for assuming the rotating presidency of the United Nations Security Council for the month of January, and we wish you and your delegation, Mr. President, all the best in the execution of your responsibilities. We also wish to thank you for convening this debate and affording all United Nations Member States the opportunity to participate because the situation in Venezuela concerns all United Nations Member States, given its implications for the credibility of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. Integral to the maintenance of international peace and security, since the establishment of the United Nations, is the understanding that no nation can claim to be legally or morally superior to another. We are all nations born out of different histories and contexts, ascribing to the common values and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. Chief among these principles is the sovereign equality of all its members. By signing the Charter, we have all committed to settle our international disputes by peaceful means, in such a manner that international peace, security and justice are not endangered. We have also committed to refrain, in our foreign relations, from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the United Nations. The International Court of Justice has also previously affirmed that international law prohibits the use of force and intervention in another State’s affairs. Owing to the shortcomings of its predecessor, the League of Nations, the United Nations was created to prevent countries from resorting to conflict to settle disputes and prohibit the use of force unless it is done in a legally prescribed manner. In doing so, the United Nations has played a pivotal role in ensuring peaceful existence among nations, including in ending the colonial subjugation by powerful countries of others, underpinned by respect for the equal rights of nations, large and small, and respect for the principles of equal rights and the self-determination of peoples. Joining the Organization and committing to its principles afforded protection to many of us, with a supposed assurance that no longer would one nation be seen as inferior to another. Unfortunately, when countries ignore the Charter and act contrary to its central premise, it undermines the credibility of the entire system in which we all conduct our international relations. The stability of the international system depends not only on the respect for but on the consistent application of these established legal norms. We all benefit from a rules-based international order based on international law. When we break those norms, we invite anarchy and an environment in which might makes right, ignoring the complexity of interrelations and interdependence in our modern world. The unilateral military strikes carried out by the United States of America against Venezuela and the abduction of President Nicolás Maduro and his spouse from Venezuelan territory for transfer to the United States wantonly violate the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of Venezuela. These actions are also in stark contrast to our established legal norms, reinforcing the belief that might is right and undermining diplomacy. History has repeatedly demonstrated that military invasions against sovereign States yield only instability and deepen crisis. Unlawful, unilateral force of this nature undermines the stability of the international order and the principle of equality among nations. Such use of force also undermines the institutional infrastructure established to regulate relations among nations. We have seen examples of this in Libya, Iraq and countless cases in Africa in which foreign interventions and interference create security crises and undermine national governance institutions, cultivated through nuanced and complex national contexts. South Africa stresses that allegations of internal governance challenges, human rights concerns or acts of criminality by a Head of State cannot justify a breach of the Charter’s prohibition on the use of force, particularly Article 2, paragraph 4, of the Charter. The peaceful resolution of disputes and internal matters must proceed in accordance with international law and through multilateral mechanisms. Additionally, under international law, a State has exclusive jurisdiction over persons and conduct within its own territory. Any enforcement of domestic law, including arrest, by one State within the territory of another State without that State’s consent is an unlawful violation of sovereignty. There are recourse mechanisms at the disposal of States to implement international law. This includes taking action by bringing a case before the International Court of Justice or seeking action from the Security Council. We note the statement issued by a group of concerned countries, mainly those in the Latin American region most affected by the developments in Venezuela, which reiterates that the situation in Venezuela must be resolved exclusively through peaceful means, through dialogue, negotiation and respect for the will of the Venezuelan people in all its expressions, without external interference and in accordance with international law. Each one of our countries, including our peoples, that are Members of this Organization and that are bound by its Charter should have the right to determine its own democratic and political path. This inherent Charter-given right to self- determination cannot and should not be abrogated. If we do not stand up to the sovereign rights of any nations or States when they are undermined and wantonly violated, then which one of us is safe or are guaranteed protection by the principles of the Charter and international law? Failure to act decisively against such violations is tantamount to inviting anarchy and normalizing the use of force and military might as the main form of discourse in international politics. This would be a regression to the world preceding the United Nations, a world that gave us two brutal world wars, and an international system prone to severe structural instability and lawlessness. We cannot afford to proceed into a complex future without the stability and protection afforded by international law.

I now give the floor to the representative of Eritrea.

Allow me, at the outset, to congratulate Your Excellency, Mr. President, and the Government of the Federal Republic of Somalia on assuming the presidency of the Security Council for the month of January. We also extend our congratulations to Bahrain, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Latvia on their election to the Security Council. As this is the first Security Council meeting of the year, allow me to pay tribute to the outgoing members — Algeria, Guyana, the Republic of Korea, Sierra Leone and Slovenia — for their dedicated service and diligent work throughout their tenure on the Council. I read this statement on behalf of the Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations. The Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations condemns in the most unequivocal and categorical manner the act of aggression perpetrated on 3 January 2026 against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by special forces of the United States of America, which included armed attacks against civilian and military objects in the capital city of Caracas and in various other cities of the Venezuelan territory, and the illegal abduction of the President and First Lady of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, His Excellency Mr. Nicolás Maduro Moros and Her Excellency Mrs. Cilia Flores de Maduro. The member States of the Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations express their serious concern about the impact of these series of armed attacks, particularly on civilians and their human right to life — attacks that have included military assaults with United States special forces — while emphasizing that such acts constitute a clear breach of international law and of each and every principle governing international relations, including those foreseen in the Charter of the United Nations. The Group of Friends of the Charter of the United Nations reiterates its firm support for the constitutional Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, under the leadership of President Nicolás Maduro Moros, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring strict respect for the inviolability of the immunities accorded to Heads of State and Government under international law, while renewing its unwavering solidarity with the Venezuelan people in their ongoing struggle to defend their homeland, including through the actions that it may take, within the framework of international law, to exercise its inalienable right to self-defence. The member States of the Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations demand the immediate cessation of all hostilities against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela; full respect of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and inalienable right to self-determination of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela; the immediate return of President Nicolás Maduro and First Lady Cilia Flores de Maduro to the Venezuelan national territory; and that those responsible for these acts of aggression be held accountable. The Group of Friends of the Charter of the United Nations firmly reject the remarks delivered by the President of the United States of America during the afternoon of 3 January, in which he not only threatened additional air strikes against the Venezuelan territory but also claimed to resolve to occupy and govern the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and to exploit the natural resources and administer the wealth of that sisterly nation, in what can only be described as the confession of a clear plan of annexation that foresees, among others, the complete obliteration of the inalienable rights of the Venezuelan people and the fundamental rights of the Venezuelan State as a whole. The member States of the Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations call on all relevant international bodies, including the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations, to swiftly mobilize in order to uphold the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and to urgently take appropriate measures to avoid further escalation of the situation on the ground, in particular additional acts of aggression against the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and preserve both regional and international peace and security.

I now give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

I thank you, Mr. President, for convening this emergency and important meeting. We acknowledge the presence of the Under-Secretary-General, Ms. DiCarlo, at this meeting, and extend our appreciation to Professor Jeffrey Sachs for his informative and insightful briefing. At the outset, I would like to extend my warm congratulations to Somalia on its assumption of the presidency of the Security Council for this month. I also wish to warmly congratulate the newly elected members of the Council — Bahrain, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Latvia and Liberia — on their election. The Islamic Republic of Iran would like to associate itself with the statement delivered by Eritrea on behalf of the Group of Friends in Defense of the Charter of the United Nations and wishes to make the following remarks in its national capacity. First, the Islamic Republic of Iran condemns in the strongest possible terms the military attack carried out by the United States of America against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. This illegal act constitutes State terrorism, a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations — in particular Article 2, paragraph 4, and Article 2, paragraph 7, thereof — and of peremptory norms of international law and amounts to an internationally wrongful act and a full-fledged act of aggression. Such military aggression against an independent State Member of the United Nations establishes a serious breach of regional and international peace and security, with far- reaching consequences for the international system as a whole. Secondly, the abduction of the democratically elected President and the First Lady of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by the United States constitutes a flagrant violation of customary international law, including the principles of the inviolability of the immunities accorded to Heads of State and Government under international law, and represents a grave assault on the sovereign equality of States. The Islamic Republic of Iran recalls Venezuela’s inherent right to self-defence and underscores the legal responsibility of the United Nations, in particular the Security Council, to take immediate measures to halt this unlawful aggression and to ensure accountability for all those responsible. Iran also reaffirms its full support for the people and the legitimately elected Government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Thirdly, the United States is openly seeking to substitute its domestic law for international law and the Charter of the United Nations. This represents a serious warning to the international community and to all Member States. Such unlawful conduct strikes at the very foundations of the Charter-based international legal order and establishes a dangerous precedent that must be categorically and unequivocally rejected. The so-called declared United States policy of peace through strength prescribes the law of the jungle and the rule of force instead of the rule of law, and, if tolerated and normalized, would render the collective security system established by the Charter ineffective and devoid of purpose. Fourthly, the continued inaction and paralysis of the Security Council in the face of explicit threats and acts of aggression by the United States have fostered a dangerous climate of impunity. It has emboldened the United States to persist in unlawful conduct that poses a grave threat to regional and international peace and security. In recent days, the President of the United States has repeatedly made public threats regarding the use of force against the Islamic Republic of Iran, in manifest violation of Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations. At the same time, the United States is shedding crocodile tears for the Iranian people and hypocritically claiming to support them while maintaining a well-documented record of intervention, the use of force and the imposition of unlawful unilateral coercive measures against Iran. This includes its direct political, military and operational support for and involvement in the Israeli regime’s unlawful joint war of aggression against Iran between 13 and 24 June 2025, which resulted in the loss of civilian life, attacks on civilian infrastructure and serious violations of the fundamental human rights of the Iranian people. Iran reaffirms its inherent right to defend its sovereignty, territorial integrity and national security, and to protect its people against any foreign interference. The United States of America will bear full responsibility for consequences arising from its unlawful threats and any ensuing escalation. Finally, we unequivocally reject the baseless allegation against and unwarranted reference to Iran made by the representative of the United States at this meeting. The facts on the ground are clear, speak loudly for themselves and cannot be concealed by political rhetoric or manufactured narratives.

I now give the floor to the representative of Uganda.

I have the honor to deliver this statement on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, representing 121 Member States united by the shared principle of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations. The Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement categorically condemns the act of aggression perpetuated by the United States of America against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela since the early hours of the 3 January, which included armed attacks against civilian and military locations in the capital city of Caracas, as well as in various other cities of the Venezuelan territory. The Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement notes that the attacks in question, which blatantly violate the purposes and the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, as well as the norms of the international law, constitute an act of war against the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela that undermines regional and international peace, security and stability while also threatening the very right to life of the Venezuelan people. The Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities against the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela, the full respect of the sovereignty, territory integrity, political independence and inalienable right to self-determination of Bolivian Republic of Venezuela and that those responsible for those ongoing acts of aggression be held accountable. The Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement reaffirms the inviolability of the immunities accorded to Heads of States and Government under international law, which constitute a fundamental pillar of sovereign equality, peace, coexistence and stable international relations. These immunities, firmly rooted in customary international law and consistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, must be respected universally without discrimination, and any actions or measures that undermine or selectively disregard them risk eroding multilateralism, destabilizing international relations and weakening the international legal order. The Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement reiterates its full solidarity with the people and the Government of the Bolivian Republic of Venezuela at this critical time and insists that military solutions are not viable avenues for addressing any issues that may be of concern between members of the international community.

The representative of Cuba has asked for the floor to make a further statement. I now give him the floor.

My delegation feels compelled to take the floor to respond to the unfounded accusations made by the United States delegation against Cuba. It is outrageous that those who have carried out unilateral attacks and systematic violations of international law presume to judge other sovereign States, which is an utterly immoral, disrespectful and irresponsible attitude. We categorically reject the slanderous allegations that Cuba has intelligence operations in Venezuela. Those statements are completely unfounded and constitute a clear attempt to divert attention from the aggressive and criminal behaviour of the United States in the region. Cuba strictly respects the sovereignty, independence and inalienable right of the Venezuelan people to decide their own destiny, as established in the Charter of the United Nations. Cooperation between the two countries in multiple domains, including that of the military, has legitimate bases and is based on bilateral agreements that have been signed in a sovereign manner by both parties. As stated by the revolutionary Government, the 32 combatants who fell victim to a criminal act of aggression and State terrorism perpetrated by the United States were carrying out missions on behalf of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias and the Ministry of the Interior at the request of their counterparts in Venezuela. Those patriots managed to uphold the spirit of solidarity of millions of Cubans with their heroic actions. This delegation is disrespectfully attempting to accuse Cuba of intervening in Venezuela, which we categorically reject.