S/PV.1078 Security Council

In accordance with a previous decision of the Council, 1 shaH invite the representatives of India, Liberia, Madagascar, Tunisia and Sierra Leone to take seats at the Council table. At the invitati0n of the President, Mrs. V. L. Pandit (India), Mr. R. Grimes (Liberia), Mr. A. Sylla (Madagascar), Mr. Mongi Slïm (Tunisia), and Mr. J. Karefa-Smart (Sierra Leo:rle) took places at the Council table.

Within the last four months the question of the policies of apartheid of the Government of South Mrica has been the sùbject of full·discussion, first in the Security COtillcil at the beginning of August and then again in the Special Political Cornmittee of the General Assemblyin October and Novemberli . The position of my Government was· fully set out by the Minister of State for Foreign Mfairs, Mr. Peter Thomas, in a speech he made in the special Political Committee on 17 October.Y shaH not therefore today restate our views at length. 3. The metr.bers of the Council are aware that ,the racial manüestations of the policies of apartheid are as repugnant to US as to any country represented in this Councii. Nor do 1 need to remind membe:r:s of the Council of our position with regard to Article 2 (7) of _ the Charter in :relation to these policies. We have repeatedly explained thlit we regard the case of apartheid in the circumstances which now exist as so exceptional as to warrant its treatment as sui generis. The Council is also aware of the special responsibilities and interests which the United Kingdom must bear in mind in its approach to proposaIs for action .by the C.ouncil. 4. The matterhas now come to the Council again in pursuanoe of the résolution of 7 August 1963,Y which requested the Secretary-General to report to the h'Illid., 386th meeting. YbfflcialRec:orQs of the Security Council, Eighteenth Yeàr, Supplement for July, August, and Septemper 1963, document 5/5386. 6. The Secretary-General has circulated to this Council, as well as to the General Assembly, his report on the implementation by Member States of this General Assembly resolution, to which l have just referred. l would therefore like to inform this Council that l recently sent my Government's reply [S/5457/Add. 2J.§I to the Secretary-General. l do not think that it has as yet been circulated and l would therefore like to take this opportunity of making the substance known to the Council. l was instructed to inform the Secretary-General that Hel' Majesty's Government's reasons for voting for the résolution as a whole, and for abstaining in a separate vote on operative paragraph 2 were explained by the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of the United Kingdorn immediately before the vote was taken•.2I In particular, Hel' Majesty's Government thought it logical to vote in favour of the spirit of a resolution aimed at measures taken under arbitrary laws. Hel' Majesty's Government have, on numerous occasions, made clear to the South African Government their views about apartheid and about the measures used to enforce it, and have urged the South African Government to take account of international opinion, particularly as reflected at the United Nations. In accordance withparagraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 1881 (XVIII) Her Majesty's Government have explained to the South Mrican Go'V~rnmentwhy it was thought appropriate to vote for the resolution, and at the same time have drawn its attention to the strength of public opinion in the United Kingdom on this issue. That is the substance of our reply to the Secretary-General, and the Council will see that my Government took what action it thought proper with specific reference to paragraph 3 of the General Assembly resolution. This was what we had been asked to do. 7. Once again the Foreign Ministers of Liberia, Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Tunisia, and the representative of India, have been at our Council meetings and we have listened with close attention to what they had to say. . 8. We now have to consider what further action the Security Counçil can. take to avert the danger that a situation creating international friction may develop intosomething worse. In so doing it is our duty both to promote a peaceful solution andto act in accordance with the provisions of the Charter. 10. Furthermore, it is the belief of my delegationand 1 dare claim that this belief is shared by other members of the councn-that a peaceful solution of tbis problem can only come from a change in opinion with soutli Africa itself and that measures of coercion will notproduce the peaceful solution that we must seek. 11. Here, 1 would like to quote from a passage from the statement made by my Minister of State in the Special Political Committee; to which 1 have already referred: il•••if we pause to consider the courses of political, social and constitutional development of peoples in anyhistoriûal perspective, if we compare the pro- Vïsi()ns of the Charter with regard to individual human rights with the conditions obtaining for the individual in any country represented-h~'frea hundred, evenfifty years ago, if we remember what has been involved in each ofour countries to gain the advances that each of us has so far made to a point where the individual enjoys such rights as he has today, is tl~ere one of us that would then be prepared to claim that the goal we have set for South Africa can be swiftly achieved? Can such a. society evolve in _this way between one Assembly and another? 1 repeat, we regard the policy of apartheid in South Africa. as we have known and understood :t, tobe sui generis. But in the world today we have also to recognize that the situation prevailing in South Africa is sui generis." 12. It is withsuch considerations as this in mind, andbecause we are not entirely without experience in problemsof çonstitutional development leading to self";determination, that we welcome the proposaI in the draft introduced by the representative of Norway [S/5469].Zf proposing the establishment of a group of experts, as set out in paragraph 6 of that draft. Under li Same text as 5/5471 (see Official RecordS of the Security Council. Eighteenth Year. Supplement for October. November and December 1963). ' 13. We believe that there are many in South Africa-- more perhaps as a resùlt of the resolution passed by the General Assemblyon 11 October than there were before-who are genuinely distressed and anxious about their future, 'Nho· are increasingly disturbed at the international isolation into which their Governmerrl: is ,leading them, who are in the mood to reexamine many preconc( tions which they have hitherto accepted without much thought but who can see no clear alternative to thepolicies ofthe present Government. 14. To set up this group of experts to examine methods' of resolving the present situation in South Mrica through full peaceful and orderly application of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as paragraph 6 proposes, is to give hope that sorne bridge can be found over which the people of South Africa can cross to a future, fair and justto all its inhabitants without discrimination. 15. Because sorne way forward must be found we are therefore prepared to support the draft resolution which has now been ta"Qled by the representative of Norway. This entails our acceptance of paragraph 5 of the draft resolution which "... calls upon ail, States to cease forthwith the sale and shipmen'j; of equipment and materials for the manufacture and maintemmce of arms and ammunition in SouthAfri()la". 16. The decision of the Security Couqcil on 7 August caUed on aU States "to cease forthwith the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition of aU types and military vehicles to South Africa. 1I Although we abstained on that resolution, 1 explained[1056thmeeting] that. we would comply with it in-the sense that no arms would be exported to South Africa from the United Kingdom which would enable the poli0,y of apartheid to he enfoJ.'ced. . 17, The position of my Government was set out in the Secretary-General's report of 11 October. Sil).ce it is our positiol" that arms should not be exported enabling the. policy of apartheid to be enforced, we' are equally prepared to take steps to prevent the sale and shipment of equipment and materials for the manufacture of such arms. 18. My Government will thus interpret operative paragraph 5 of the draft resolution by operating our export licensing system to cover equipment and materials clearly designed and intended for the manufacture of such arms .and ammunition. If there is any plant or machinery clearly designed for the main.- tenance of such arms and ammunitiQn, we shall also prevent its sale and shi.pment to South Africa. 19', While itwould not extend to items of a general or dual purpose nature, we expect the system to operate effectively without unacceptable dislocation or 20. Members of the C0uncil· will not be surprised when I say that my delegationfinds difficulty in operative paragraph 1 of the draft résolution, which appeals to aH States to implement the resolution of 7 August. As I explained on that day. in my explanation of our vote, and as Ihavealready mentioned a moment or two ago, it is the position of my Government thatno arms. should be exported to SOU!;;ll Africa which would enable the policy of apartheid to be enforced. The resolution of 7 August was, however, framed in such a way as to cease the provision of military equipment of any type to South Africa. It remains the view of my delegation that we must bear in mindthe right of South Africa to self-defence under Article 51 of the Charter, and we must resérve our position in the light of the requirements regarding the supply of equipment prbper to these purposes. My delegation would not, therefore. be aole to vote in favour of a paragraph which contains an appeal which we are not preparedto heed. That being so, I hope that the sponsors of the resolution wiH agree to my request for a separate vote on thisoperative paragraph 1, and if this is agreed my delegation will abstain on it. 21. We would then be glad to vote in favour of the resolution as a whole. In giving our support to this resolution, we do so because we regard th,~ recommendations toGovernments which it contains asbeing consistent with the powers of the Council in Chapter VI of the Charter, and within the framework of that Chapter. They are recommendations directed to. a special situation and do not, inourview, partake of the character of sanctions or other mandatory action envisaged under Article 41, in ·Chapter VII, of the Charter. 22. As this Council knows, my delegation was among those 106 delegations which voted in favour of resolution 1881 (XVIll) in the General Assembly recently. The. passage of.that résolution with such an overwhelming majority appea.rs to have made a considerable impact in South Africa. 23. Another resolution adopted by an overwhelming majority in this Council shou!d have a similar, or even greater, impact. 24. It is right that the South African Government should somehow. be brought to understand that the concern of this Organization and this Council at the present situation is justified and strong, and that unless sorne steps are taken which can give a promise of change in South Africa for the better, the anxieties of this Organization are bound to becorne more urgent. It is our very strong hope that the South African Government will at long last pay due regard to the viewsand feelings of aH the nations of the world as expressed in this Organization. 25.Mr. SEYDOUX (France) (translatedfrom French): At the ,solemn meeting held by the General Assembly on 26 NovemberY I hadthe honour to offer my coun- 26. In my statement before this Council on 6 August last [1054th meeting], l expressed the repugnance felt by the French Government and people at the very idea of apartheid. l said that we rf:lgarded it as a. repre.;. hensible doctrine. l expressed theanxiety aroused in my country by the increasingly discriminatory measures put into effect by the authorities of the South Mrî-'.::an Republic and the prospect of the serious cOnseqllences which may result. le prète gouvernement d'apartheid. pour dans minatoires de graves 27. Since that date there has unfortunately been no change in the situation. The legal situation also re;" mains unchanged. There is therefore no need for me to reiterate the considerations which l stated during our last debate regarding these two aspects of the problem hefore the Security Council. My delegation will confine itself to making the comments itfeels are called for concerning the drmt resolution submitted to us by our Norwegian colleague. 27. reusement d'autre lopper lors du Ma taires qui 28. No one will expect us to approve unreservedly a text which we had no part in drafting and the wo:rding of which on a number of points is far from what we would have desired. Nevertheless we appreciate the pains taken by its sponsors to take into consideration the positions of principle adopted by each delegation represented at this tahle and to produce a text that will obtain as wide agreement as possible. Since our African colleagues themselves are apparently prepared to support the draft, perhaps they will allaw me to say that we also appreciate especially the realism they are showing by refraining from formally pro;' posing clauses which various -:nembers of the Cû:.:ncîl would havebeen unable to endorse. In view of the efforts that have b/'Jen madé to remove the principal obstacles to agreement, my delegation will make no objection to certain.expressions in the text which appear to us inadequate. It will confine itself ta the essential remarks suggested to it by an examination of the operative part. 28. aucune n'a les aurait pas rechercher de autour large. collègues mêmes nous réalisme formellement· sieurs Ma qui les de le tiendra l'examen 29. délégation réfère, Or, cette ment Ces du mis position texte 30. de fond, effet. ment répression, les des 29. It is operative paragraph 1 which causes the French delegation the greatest difficulty. That paragraph refers to the resolution of 7 August 1963. My delegation abstained in the vob on that resolution, for reasons which l explained fully in my statement of 6 August. Those reasons still hold good; the adoption orthe draft resolution now before us wouldnot change the attitude which we thought it right to take with regard to the text of 7 August last. 30. We entirely support paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 so far as the substance is concerned, with the exception of certain. ctrafting points. We hope to see an immediate end in South Mrica of discriminatory practices, of repressive measures, of the systematic disregard of aIl United Nations resolutions, and of the imprison~ ment of opponents of the· policy of apartheid, and we consider it essential that in that connexion the Security 32. To repeat the wise words used the day before yesterday [1075th meeting] bythe Ministerfor Foreign Affairs of Madagascar, one of the advantagas of such a search would be to remove the problem to some extent from its emotional context and try to place it on a realistic basls. The task is indeed a heavy one, but that is no reason for not attempting it. It is our hope that the authorities of the Republic of South Africa .will not' misunderstand its purpose, whi.ch is not to impose a foreign law on them but to help them torealize the opportunities which, we should like to believe, are still available to them to direct their policy in a manner consistent with the Charter, which they have signed-sacrificing, no doubt, in doing so certain unjustifiable privileges but with respect for the fundamental rights of all and in peace. 33. Ml'. FEDORENKO(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (translated from Russian): The uiscussion of the question of apartheid and racial discrimination inthe Republic of South Mrica is entering on its final and most important phase: the Security Council now has to take a dècision on this matter. 34. At a previous meeting of the Security Council [i076th meeting] the Soviet delegation made a detailed statement of Us position on the policies of apartheid of the Republic of South Africa, which are flagrantly at variance with the United Nations Charter, with the principl,esof international law and with humanitarian PI'inciples, and violate the most elementary human rights. We pointed out that the situation in South Africa. Is gr()wing more tense, each .day and that the actions of the South African Government constitute a threat to.peace and secllrity which is not con.fined to the Africancontinent. W~ also sUPIJortedthe demands o(the .representatives ()fAfrican countries, to the effeet. tl1a.t theSequI'ity ,. Councn. should .take. firm. and, effective. action.against the régime. in the.Republic of S()uth 'Airica. 37. The draft resolution correctly points out that the situation in South Africa is seriously disturbinginternational peace and security and very properly draws attention to the fact that the policy of racial discrimination practised by the South African Gove"'nment is inconsistent with South Africa's obligations as a Member State of the United Nations. The Soviet delegation regards as constructive the paragraphs of the draft resolution which appeal to aIl States to comply with the provisions of the Security Council's resolution of 7 August 1963 and which condemn the South African Government's non-compliance with the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly. The paragraph calling upon the Government of South Africa to liberate aIl persons imprisoned, interned or subjected to other restrictions for having opposed the policy of apartheid also deserves to be supported. 38. The Soviet delegation also agrees that operative paragraph 5 of the draft resolution, calling for an end to the sale and shipment of equipment and materials for the manufacture and maintenance of arms and ammunition in South Africa, marks a certain step forward and represents a further developLant of the Security Council resolution of 7 August 1963. 39. Nevertheless, the Soviet delegation fully shares the serious misgivings voiced at yesterday's meeting of the Council by the representatives of Ghana and Morocco, among others, concerning paragraph 6 of the draft resolution and paragraph 7, which is related to it. The establishment of a group of experts to examine methods of resolving the problem of apartheid in the Republic of South Africa and to consider what part the United Nations might play inthe achievement of that end might, in our view, be used to divert attention from the main issue, which is the need for the urgent abolition of apartheid in the Republic of South Africa. It is surely obvious that with racialism so rampant in South Africa and the authorities in that country not even feeling any need to conceal their intention of persisting in their criminal policy of apartheid, we should not be embarkingon interminable studies and investigations but rather we should be doing everything possible to secure compliance by the South African Republic with the resolutions already adopted by the Security Council and the General Assembly. ,10. It should also be recalledin this connexionthat, last year, the United Nations established a special body to keep the racial policies of the Republic of South Africa under review-I am referring to the Special Committee On the Polieies of apartheid of the Government of the Republic of South Africa. One nlight therefore consider whether it iB really necessary ta establish a furtherbody in addition to the one already in existence-some group of experts or new organto examine the very samê question of apartheid.What possible reason can theré .be for ôverlooking the existence of the Special Committee, under the chair- 41. ft must also be pointed out that the draft resolution under consideration contains no indication as to the type of experts of which the group is to be composed, their qualifications or the criteria for their selection, and so forth. This is far from clear and is scarcely likely to help matters. 42. Lastly, we must pOint out that the United Nations has already had no little experience in the establishment of expert groups to study the question of apartheid in the Republic of South Africa. As we alllmow, eleven years ago tomorrow, on 5 December 1952, the General Assembly established a commissionof experts -1 am referring to General Assembly resolution 616 (VII) of -5 December 1952-, which was to study the racial situation in South AfTica and propose measures for the peaceful solution of the problem of apartheid in the Republic of SouthAfrica. We also know that these distinguished experts spent three years on this task, studying, drawing up paragraphs and sub-paragraphs, quoting from different sources and arrivingatvarious conclusions. 43. Now, in the light of past experience, we wonder what has been gained, what purpose has been served by these studies and investigations? What practical results have been achieved in the campaign to eliminate apartheid from the Republic of South Africa over the past eleven years? Weighty tomes of scholarly research carried out by these eminent experts, numbering hundred of pages, are now'lying on the shelves of our Organization's archives gathering layers of dust as the years go by, while the situation in the Republic of South Africa, and the lot of the people of that country, sad as it is tOŒ'elate, far frOiD. fmproving have become most alarming and ominous. All that there is to show for the vast expenditure of mental energy on the part of the experts-and if 1 may be permitted to say so, the not inconsiderable expenditure of our Organization's funds, so it would seem-is the appearance in General Assembly resolutions of references to the unsuccessful work of this Commission. This unfortunate experience in the annals of the United Nations should not be overlooked by the Security Council now, when attempts are being made to repeat an experiment which yielded no positive results. 44. Needless to say, the Security Counoil will take into account the explanatory statement made by the sponsor of the draft resolution-Ambassador Nielsen, the representative of Norway-to the effect that the establishment of the group of experts, as the representative .of Norway pointed out at yesterday's meeting of the Council, shouldnot entail any interference in the domestic affairs of the people of the Republic of 45. In our view the draft resolution would only stand to gain by the deletion of operative paragraphs 6 and 7. In this respect, we fully share the views put forward by the representative of Ghana at yesterday's meeting of the Security Council. 46. In view of these considerations, the Soviet delegation i8 unable to support the aforesaid paragraphs and is in favour of their being put to a separate vote, bearing in mind also the proposaI made by the representative of Ghana, Ml'. Quaison-Sackey, at the last meeting of the Security Council. 47. In conclusion, we consider it necessary to stress that the draft resolution seems to us extremely mild and limited in scope. Inview vf its position of principle on the question under discussion, the Soviet delegation would have preferred the adoption of more forcefd. and effective measures against the policy of apartheid practised by the South African racialists. 48. The PRESIDENT: Inasmuch as all the members of the SecurUy Council have '10W spoken, 1 shall exercise my privilege of speaking on behalf of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 49. Last Wednesday, the new President of the United States, speaking to a joint session of our Congress, rededicated the Government of the United States-and 1 use bis words-"to the unswerving support of the United Nations." 50. 1 speak today in the spirit of that rededication, in the spirit of his plea for an "end to the teacbings and preachings of hate and evil and violence", and in the spirit of bis determination that "it is"-to use ili,c:; words-"our respcl1sibility and our trust in this Year of Our Lord 1963, to strike the chains of bias anG. prejudice from minds and practices as Lincoln, acen·· tury aga, struck down slavel'y"• 51. President Johnson's first message to our Congress included an urgent call for a:tion to wipe out the remnants of racial discrimination in this country. No less firm is our opposition to racial discrimination anywhere, for we believe that no longer can any society long endure in peace, or really live with itself, or really prosper economically, if in that society one race denies to another human and pGlitical rights. My Government is dedicated not only to the principle of equal rights for aIl citizens, but also to the principle of government with the consent of the governed. 52. When 1 last spoke to the Council on the issue of apartheid, 1 said: . "Just às my country is determined to wipe out discrimination in our society, it will support efforts to bring about a change in South Arrica. It is in the United States' interest to do this; itis in the interest of South Mrica; it is in the interestof a world which has suffered enough from bigotry, prejudice and hatred• "But ••• the full potential of this new era cannot be realized because of South Africa's self-chosen isolation. Worse yet, progress in Africa is overshadowed by the racial bitterness and resentment caused by the policies of the South African Government; and it is the duty of this Council to do what it can to ensure that this situation does not deteriorate further, and that the injustice of apartheid cornes to an end, not in bloodshed and bondage, but in peace and freedom." [1052nd meeting, paras. 49-51.] 53. These are still the views of my Government. 54. The questions before us here are not, unfortunately, solve<;i by saying once again how thoroughly we reject apartheid. They can be resolved onlyby practical steps that will really contribute towards its elimiriation in conformity with the Charter. 55. Speaking recently in the Special Political Committee.Y Ambassador Plimpton. of the United States delegation, outlined certain principles that bear, believe, repetition, for they are the heart of our approach to the impasse in South Africa. 56. First, he said thatan enduring solution cannotbe imposed from the outside for, in the lastanalysis, the chiinge must be brought about primarily by the South Africans themselves, white and black. 57. Secondly, every effort to bring about that change shouId be made by peaceful means. 58. Thirdly, the aim of our joint efforts should be to create the external conditions most conducive to bringingabout change, to mobilize world opinion in such a way that the South Africans will be left in no doubt that the more they segregate their neighbours, the more they isolate themselves, and the more the links that bind them ta the outside world will weaken. 59. And fourthly, these conditions must be created within the framework of the Charter and must take irito consideration the effects of our action on the situation in South Africa. 60. Such considerations 8.S rhese led the United States m()re. than .• ~l year ago to announce a policy forbidding the sale to the South African Government of arms and mllitary equiprnent~whethe:rh'omgovernmentol' com- ....... ----. Jj Ibid., SpeCÜil Politic:aICommittee, 392nd meeting. 11 • •• to interpret this policy [in the future] in the light of requirements for assuring the maintenance of international peace and security. IIIf the interests of the world community require the provision of equipment for use in the common defence effort, we would naturally feel able to do sa without violating the spirit and the intent of tbis resolution ••• 11 [1052nd meeting, paras. 62 and 63.] 62. We believe thatthe Security Council must continue to press for a solution to this menacing situation, a solution which will lead to the enjoyment by aIl of the people of South Africa of their human rights and their fundamentalfreedoms. 63. We see two main courses of action which the Council might pursue to achieve this objective: one is to help bring about a peacefulevolution inSouth Africa toward a free and just society, nat only through the weight of world opinion, but also through the various means of investigation, inquiry, study and Tc,_,)mmendation available to the United Nations; the other is te make recommendations to Member States wbich will diminish the chance that international tensions over apartheid might lead to a major explosion. The Norwegian draft resolution nowbefore us contains valuable proposaIs in both these directions and the United States will support it. 64. The Norwegian delegation has demonstrated what can be accomplished as a result of careful and patient efforts and I believe that we are aU indebted to it and to Us distinguished representative for helping the Council achieve such a degree of unanimity. The United States will, among other tbings, support the recommendation in operative paragraph 5 that States should ft ••• cease ••• the sale and shipment of equipment and materials for the manufacture and maintenance of arms and ammunition in South Africaft. We believe this is implicit in the action taken by the Council last August and we hope that this step to eUminate a factor which might contribute directly to international friction in the area will help create the kind of atmosphere which must exist if there is to be a peaceful settlement of thisstubborn situation. We will carry it out witbin the same terms and conditions of our arms poUcy as we stated in connexion with the resolution of 7 August, to which I have just referred. 65. We do not consider that the present situation in South Africa falls within the provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter. Accordingly, we would not consider a recommendation for coercive action as appropriate or authorized by the Charter. The transformation of the reso~utionof 7 August from Chapter VII to Chapter VI language was the decisive step, as we said at the time, that made it possible for my delegation to support the resolution. We support the pending draft resolution for the same reasons. 67. We do this as a demonstration of our resolve that the apartheid policies of the Government of SDuth Mrica must be abandoned and as an earnest of our intent to co-operate with other nations in this same resolve, in accQrdance with the provisions of the Charter. 68. We hope that the Government of South Africa will lmderstand the full import of that resolve and that the people of goodwill and of vision in South Africa will see to it that the present course of events in their country is revised beforé it leads to tragedy. 69. The United States also supports operative paragraph 6 of the. draft resolution, which looks to a more systematic approach to the search for a realistic solution. It is difficult, 1 know, to speak of long-range approaches when the pain and the provocation are so present and so intense. But in dealing with an issue so. intractable there are no easy solutions. Under such difficult circumstances we see merit in the idea of mobilizing thebest brains that we can find and directing at least part of our attention tu examining how a system of prejudice and of discrimination can be in faèt dismantled and new relationships, based on equality of rights, established. That is why the United States supports the proposaI that a study group of experts be set up to conduct an inquiry 'under the direction of the Secretary-General. None of us canl).or should we be able to-predict with confidence what the results of their examination of the problem will he. The exPerts must choose their ownapproach and· rêach their own conclusions on the basis of the facts as they find them. 70. lt is because of our belief that such an examination and analysis of the possibilities of a long-range solution would be helpfl.ll that the United states supp()rted the' Scandinavian. initiative in the General A.~sem1:lly for. an exPert study of alternative possibilities .•'in. the '. South Africanracial situation. As Mr. .Haekkerup, .the distinguished Foreign Minister of penmar~, told the plenary session on 25 September, "... it is high time for the Assembly to give thought to the· positivepolicy to be· pursued in 71. Now, gentlemen, action by the Security Council and by the United Nations generally is only one part of the total effort ofMembers of the Organization to hasten the end of apartheid in South Arrica. We a11 have an obligation under the Charter and in accordance with the resolutions of the General Assembly to act individually, to use our own influence to bring about a change in South Africa. The United states accepts that responsibility. We realize that, as one of the countries maintaining diplomatie, consular and other relations with South Arrica, we bear a responsibility. For if the massive change that we a11 seek is to come -and come it will-it must come from within; it will come when the supporters of apartheid realize thatthe way they have chosen is, in the eyes of the world in which South Africa must live, morally intolerable, politically unviable and economically unprofitable. The conviction that this is so will come through more, not less, contact with the realities of the modern world, including the realities of this Organization. 72. We are determined to have the Embassy of the United States in South Arrica represent our national prînciples of racial equality. AlI-white or black.... who enter its doors will be treated, as always, in the same dignity and respect as they are in our embassies and consulates in every country. This is, however, only one part of the story. 73. Another aspect is education. We firmly believe that no people can grow and develop without the advantages of higher education, now denied to so many South Africans. The United States, through both public andprivate resources, has done and will continue to do what it can to help provide such education for those permitted to seek it. It is a source of pride to me that already many young South Africans, not to mention young people from South West Africa, have availed themselves of theseopportunities. Thenumber may be small, but the impact will be great; and both, 1hope, will grow. 74. These are constructive approaches that 1 believe will also. contribute to the solution of this problem. The struggle before us will not beover tomorrow; would that it were. It could. if the Government of South Africa but heeded the universal conscience of humanity. Itcould if the Government of South' Africa put into immediate practise ArtIcle 55 of theCharter, which. as we know, calls for "tlniversal respect for. and observance of. human rights and fundamental freedoms ... without distiI1.ction as to race. sex. language, or religion." . 75. .1 remind you that in a few days we sp,all celebrate· the fifteenthAnniversaryof tlie adoption of the -.-'--_._- !QI Ibid•• Plenary Meetings. 1215th meeting. para. 74. 76. President Kennedy once asked: "ls not peace. in the last analysis. a matter of human rights?" The answer we give here is "yes", and by our action in this Council. we shall get on with our work of protecting l:l.l1d advancing both. 77. For aIl these reasons, tt1e United States will vote for the draft resolution now before this Counoi1. 78. The PRESIDENT: 1 have four more speakez's inscribed on my list and 1 have also had suggestions from a number of members of the Council that they would like to cQmplete discussion of this item of our agenda before we adjQurn for lunch. Accordingly. would seek the co-operation'of aU the Members of the United Nations at the table to that end. ·79. The next speaker on my list is the representative of Liberia, to whom 1 now give the floor. 80. Ml'. GRIMES (Liberia): The Council has b!3fore it a draft resolution. sponsored by Norway which. amongother things. appeals to aIl States to comply with the Council's resolution of 7 August. requesting South Africa to cease its continued imposition of discriminatory and repressive measures. It caUs upon South Africa to liberate those who are imprisoned or interned; caUs upon aU States to cease forthwith the sale and shipment of equipment and materials for the manufacture and maintenance of arms andammunition; requests the Secretary-General to establish under his auspices a group of experts to examine methods to resolve the present situation in South Africa,and also requests the Secretary-General to keep the situation under observation and report to the Security Council not laterthan 1 June 1964. 81. Naturally, we would have preferred to see the Council take stronger measures, andwe do believe that a correct lagal interpr~tation of the· Charter woû.ld jUstüy taking stronger measures. It is to be noted, however. With interest and appreciation. that this is the first tirne that a non-African and non-Asian member of the Security Council has taken the initiative of presenting a draft resolutionon the questionof race conflict in South Africa resulting from the policiesof apartheid of thatGovernment. This. in my view. clearly underlines th~ concern of the international community over the catastrophe that lies ahead in South Africa if tnepresent course is not altered in constructivemanner. 82. l therefore commend Ambassador Nielsen. the representative ofNorway. for the efforts whichhehas made· «> get thisdraft resolution before the C'ouncil. 83. 1 believe that this act on the part of Norway is step forward in this.continued effort to findapeacefw. solution· to this dangerous and urgent probhim. That is why we have shown sympathetic consideration for this draft res0lution.thQughholding sorne reservations 84. Considering that the Government of South Africa has persistently claimed-without any merit-thatthis matter is essentially within its domestic jurlsdiction, it can hardly be expected that that Government will be willing to lend its co-operation to this effort and give its consent to the group of experts to meet within its territory and agree that the experts can have access to the Mrican popula:tion including those in prison and underground. 85. We feel that it should be madeclear now that we do not believe that any solution of this grievous problem is possible on the basis of partition. Some other reservations have been made by Mrican members of the Council. 86. We believe in the good faith and sincerity of the sponsor of the draft resolution before us and weshall not object to a fair trial of the solutionproposed therein. We have therefore accepted the draft resolution and hope there will be a unanimous vote in favour of it and all its provisions. We shall, of course, be happy if the group of experts is successful in its work. 85. notre problème Plusieurs les 86.. de saisis, loyal accepté toutes Si nous 87. venant le se nous alors d'exprimer nement? 88. lument de sion: ne cette 89. appels sés La la et sud-af:dcains. l'extraordinaire 87. Let me state that we shall welcome any change that may come from within SouthMrica. Buthow, may 1ask, is this possibleundertheexistinglaws, to which Wé referred in detaillast August, and when all means are denied to· the people tb express any view that is contrary to the Government's point of view? 88. 1 should like to emphasize that the MricanStates feel strongly and are absolutely convinced that any objective and fair appraisal of the existing situatibn can lead to only one conclusion. The situationis more dangerous than it was when we brought this matter to thé attention of the Council in August. 89. Pleasebear in mind that all appeals madeby the United Nations have· been··ignored and treated with impunity by the Governmentof South Mrica. Its represfJion of the non-white majority hascontinued unabatt~d and we have quoted statements by the South African leaders to show what the real purpose is for that country's extraordinary military build-up. 90. Yet, some members bf the C01,U1cil seem to be more concerned with the fears of the white minority than with the injustices being metedout to the majority of the inhabitants of South Mrica. 1 wonder if some of you have not· showncallousness towards the sufferings, anguish and agony ofthe non-white majbrity. Moreover, Iask you to consider the effect on the authority of the 90. se que habitants certains sibles rité 91. 1 ask in aU seriousness, gentlemen: should the Security Council's concern for this ti..agic situation in South Africa be subordinated to the few billions of profits that some members of the Counci! now enjoy and which, perhaps, they may wish ~ multiply? Face realities now and adhere to the moral precepts you prize in your civilization! AU that we ask is justice for the non-white majority and then we can look to future free from racialism when the hand of feUowship can be extended to e.U regardless ofrace, colour or creed. 92. In his recent, eloquentThanksgivingDayaddress, to the American people, President Lyndon B. Johnson declared: " ... God made aU of us, not some of us, in fiis image. AU of us, not j';lst some of us, are His children." This is a recognition of the spiritwe would like to sée develop in South Africa and not only there but throughout the world.

1 caU upon the representative of Sierra L.eone. 94.Mr. KAREFA-SMART (Sierra Leone): 1 have askeci for the floor merely en behalfof my distinguished coUeague, the Foreign Minister of Madagascar, and myself, to add to what has already been said about our sincere appreciation of the motives which led the SCandinavian countries through their -'.JOkesman, the Foreign Minister of Norway, to take the initiative which has produced the draft resolutio" on which this Council will shortly be voting. This identification by the Scandinavian States with the just ends of the goals of the African States with respect to the policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa is an action which the African States will long cherish and wiU reciprocate by strengthening the already existing very warm and most cordial relations between our individual States and the Scandinavian countries. 95. My coUeague and 1 would also wish to associate ourselves with the reservations which have already been expressed by the representatives of Ghana and Morocco and by our colleague from Liberia with respect toboth operative paragraphs 5 and 6. Briefly, we 'hope that our doubts will turn out to be unfounded. 96. Finally, we would like to join in the hope that this draft resolution will be adopted unanimously and thus strengthen the impression which will be createdonthe Government of South Africa and in the minds of the people of South Africa that the United Nations stands as one for just human rights everywhere in the world.

1 calI upon the representative of Tunisia. 98. Mr. Mongi SLIM (Tunisia) (translated from French) 1 have already had the honour of explaining at the beginning of this debate our views on the situation now prevailing in South Africa as a result of the policy of apartheid systematically pursued by the Government of that country and the increasingly grave dangers which it presents. 1 have followed with sus- 100. Nevertheless, we are convinced that this compulsion and the whole repressive apparatus that is being employed cannot destroy or even weaken the profound aspiration for respect for human dignity and for the equality of allmenregardlessof their race or the colour of their skin. Yesterday's reports in the American Press on the results of the elections painstakingly prepared by the South African Government in Transkei are very. significant. They show, in spite of aU the precautions taken, a majority of 77 pel' cent opposed to the Pretoria Government's policy of apartheid and in favour of customary Chief Victor Poto and his friends who advocate the building of a nonracial sooiety. It will be interesting to see in coming weeks how the Pretoria Government treats those election results and the provincial assembly to which they have led. 100. contrainte ne profonde lité la hier élections, Gouvernement· égard malgré 77 ment Victor cation de sera résultats vinciale 101. We feel compelled to point out in this connexion that in spite of all the draconian measures of intimidation and control taken by the SouthAfrican authorities, the Bantu people has expressed itself through these elections as opposedto the racial policyof the Pretoria Government. 101. que. midation sud-africaines. par tique· 102. It is to be feared that the Pretoria authorities, maintaining their absurd and untenable position, may unleash a new phase of repression and violence in South Africa, using all the meansand the arms at their disposaI. For this reason, the stockpiling of arm~ and war material of· all kinds by the SouthAfrican Government and the danger this represents for Africa, and hence for international peace and security, have been duly emphasized and denounced by all members of the Counci!. However, the embargo on shipments of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to SouthAfrica which was decided on in Security Council resolution of 7 August 1963 does not seam ta have had the desired effect on the Pretoria Government. It is therefore necessary to consider other, more effective measures of an economic or other character• likely to induce that Government to abandon its policies. We accordingly thought it useful to suggest. that this embargo on arms should be supplemented by another on shipments of strategie materials to SouthAfrica. It seems, however, thatalthough convinced of the need for the Council to take evenmoreradical,concretemeasures. a majority of the members of the Council are not pre- 102. et déclenchent violence et cette de africain et. nationales par armes. de 7 tant l'effet mesures. ou tique. de autre de convaincus 104. We cannot therefore but welcome the initiative taken by the representative of Norway and pay him sincere and we11-deserved tribute for it. It clearly shows the interest shared by the Scandinavians, Europeans, Asians and Americans with the African delegations in this anachronistic problem of apartheid. They also share our concern over the explosive situation resulting from the idea of racialsupremacy elevated to a state doctrine andputinto practice by the Government of South Africa. 105. The persistent threat which this policy poses for ip"'9rnationalpeace and security is a constant source of concern not only for members ofthe Council but also 'for an Members of the United Nations, .except,of course, the SOuth.African and portuguese GOvèrnments. That being the case, the Norwegian draft resolution undoubtedly·introduces valuable new elements. 106. Nevel'theless, the proposaI that the Secretary- General should establish a sma11 group of experts to examine methods of resolving the present problem peacefuUy and on the basis of the fundamental principles of human rights and respect for the territorial unity of South Africa arousesin us the same reservatians as were expressed at the last meeting by the representatives ofGhanaandMorocco. Other members of the Council, notably the representatives of the 107. Those are the reasons which, in addition to the resb!'vations expressed by the representatives of Ghana and Morocco-which we entirely share-have led us to show sorne hesitàtion wUh regard to operative paragraphs5 and 6 of the draft resolution. IDS. Nevertheless, this draft, as I have said before, contains important positive elements whose value we would not wish to minimize. 109. Operative paragraph 1 reaffirms andstrengthens the resolution taken by the Council during the earlier debate and appeals to aU States. whether Members of our Organization or not, to comply with the provisions of that resolution, particularly with regard to the embargo on arms. 110. Operative paragraph 5 supplements the embargo on arms and ammunition by adding an embargo on equipment and materials for the manufacture and maintenance of arms and ammunition in South Africa. That paragraph. in our opinion, undoubtedly strengthens the measures aIready taken by the resolution of 7 August 1963. lution 111. 1 should like to call the Council's attention to the fact that apart from equipment and materials for the manufacture of arms there is the assistance which might be given to the manufacture andthe maintenance of arms by means of technicians. Such assistance, in le destinés telle OUI' view, must be subject to the same embargo as is r13commended in paragraph 5 if the latter is to have Us full effect. 112. On the whole, therefore, the Norwegian draft constitutes a step forward-a smaU step perhaps, but a step-and is proof of the Council's deep concern over the explosive situation in South Africa; it is a second and solemn warning, accompanied by positive measures in operative paragraph 5, to the South African Government to abandon Us policy of apartheid and carry out its obligations as a Member State under the Charter and the fundamental principles of human rights, without distinction as to race or colour. 112. projet avant, festation de deuxième mesures Gouvernement politique d'Etat principes distinction 113. The .PRESIDENT: 1 call upon the representative of India. 113. la

1 have asked for the floor ta make a few remarks onbehalf of my delegation on the draft resolution submitted to the Council by the representative of Norway. At the outset, we would like to convey our deep appI'eciation of the labours of Ml', Nielsen. The record of the Norme countries in the field ofdecolonization and anti-apartheid has been greatly appreciated. What the delegation of Norway has to sayon matters of this nature is listened .to by us all with attention and respect. We have studied the draft resolution with care. 115. With large portions of'the resolution my delegation is in agreement, particularly with paragraph 5, which calls upon all States to cease forthwith the sale. and shipment ofequipment and materials for the manufacture and maintenance of arms and ammunition in South Africa. However, the thirty-two Afdcan States and India, and other States, are committed to General 114. demandé va.tions présenté d'abord. profonde nordiques tière QUand tions, Nous 115. ce . on ment de d'a.rmes dant, 116. The security Council itself adopted a resolution in the month of August and that, too, has produced no results, but we must be realistiç and conscious of the limitations under which we function here. The pr_oblem now is not of passing one more resolution in the Council. The basic fact is that resolutions must be implemented. It is encouraging that L'le Norwegian draft has the support of the major trading partners of South Africa. We, for our part, would have preferred a much stronger resolution, yet we know that a firmer resolution would not have gained the necessary majority. 117. 1 should, however,like ~o express the disappointment of my delegation to the Council for not taking a more firm stand in this connexion, particularly in view of South Africa's disregard of resolution 1881 (XVIII), adopted bythe General Asseml;lly on 11October 1963. This resolution had the support of every single member sitting round the table today. Paragraph 3 of the repor~ of the Secretary-General pursuant to this resolution [S/5457]12/ states the attitude of the South African Government to resolution 1881 (XVIII). It reads: "By a note dated 14November 1963, the Permanent Representative of South Africa informed the Secretary-Genèral that 'no reply can be expected to a resolution which the United Nations was clearly not entitled to adopt since it constitutes flagrant interference in South Africa's judiciary. Such resolution isentirely outside the jurisdiction of the United Nations'." This is yet another example ofthe intransigence of thè Government of South Africa. The unjust trials continue aIld justice is reduced to a farce. 118. 1 have one brief comment to make on operative paragraph 6. Ambassador Quaison-Sackey of Ghana has êxpressed his misgivings on this paragraph and, broadly _speaking, _my delegation shares those misgivings. WelU'e placing a great ourden on 'the Secr,etary-General and his experts. We are not at aIl sure what the South Afri.canresponse to this will be, or even that satisfactory facilities will be afforded to this group. In the case·of South West Africa. it will be remembered, the SouthAfricanGovernmentonce again refused to accept the presence of a United Nations technical representative. Their reply is in a communication to.tbe _SecretarY-General dated 2 December.13/If this is an indicati()noftheway the mind of thE: South African Qovernment is working" we cannot be certail). of what theAr response is likely to be to paragraph 60f th~ Norwegian <iraft resolution. Even if the South AfricaJlGovernment were willing to aCQept such atea:m.ofexperts,we woulqstill not feelparticularly happyab<>ut it. E;xpert studiesof thiskind.are by their ..!YOfficiai Records (li the General AS$einbly. Eighte~nth Session, Annêxes':-agE!nôil itl'lm 30,ôoc;umentA/5614. ·W Ibid"ll~E!ndaitE!m 55,docurnent A/5634. 119. Mr. President, may 1 thank you and members of the Council for permitting me to make the second intervention in the present debate? 1 close with the hope that the resolution before the Council, although not fully meeting the requirements of the very serious situation in South Africa, iB a small step forward, and that the Council will adopt it unanimouslyand that it will be faithfully implemented by a11 concerned.

Yesterday 1 made a definite request for a separate vote on paragraph 6 of the draft resolution nowbefore the Council. 1 did so in order that my delegation could abstain on that paragraphe However, the Ambassador of Norway appealed to me not to press my request and he gave the reason that "the core of the initiative which we have felt justified in taking in the Council in this tragic affair of apartheid at this juncture" is based upon that paragraph [1077th meeting, para. 38]. 121. In view of our desire to co-·operate with our Scandinavian friends on this vital matter, and in view of the overwhelming desire aU round for a unanimous resolution, my delegation wiU not press its request. 122. In this regard, may 1 thank the distinguished Ambassador of the Soviet Union, Ambassador Fedorenko, for his ready support of my requests made yesterday? 1 am sure he will join me in performing fuis volte face. 123. 1 would also, in this connexion, like to say that if 1 withdraw my request, 1 am hoping, that is, 1 am appealing to the Ambassador of the United Kingdom, Sir Patrick Dean, not to press bis request for a separate vote on operative paragraph 1. 124. Having said this, my delegation would like to say that any group of experts which is established should be a group of experts not only with brains but aiso experts who have bellef andfaithinhuman rights.

May 1 thank the distinguished representative of Ghana for the new signof co-operationwhich he has shown and in which, 1 understand, the other African member of the Council, and the four African Foreign Ministers and the representative of India join. 126. May 1 humbly join in the appeal whichwas made by the representative of Ghana to the Ambassadors, the representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the representative of the United Kingdom, not to maintain their requests for separate votes? 1 do this even though the question of a separate vote on operative paragraph 1ofthe draftresolution formed part of the body of the consultations which led to the presentation of the draft resolution. 127. May 1, finally, give expression to the deep appreciation of the Scandinavian and Nordic countries for the kind words uttered about us and to us by

Mr. President, 1 shall be very brief. 1 have listened carefully to the appeals addressed to me. 1 fully understand the reasons which have caused the representatives of Ghana and of Norway to ask Ille to withdraw my request for a separate vote on operative paragraph of the draft resolution. 1 must make it very clear that these appeals do place me in a considerable difficulty for reasons which have just been stated in the Council and are well known to all. 129. However, 1 think it right torespondtothe appeal which has just been m!tde by the sponsor of this draft resolution. His constructive approach to the problem before us and the great efforts made by him on behalf of us aU has gained the co-operation of my colleagues from the African countries, in working for an agreed solution, and he deserves any further help 1 can give him. 130. In view, therefore, of the widel' considerations involved, and since in my previous statement 1 made my Government's positionon this particularparagraph perfectly clear, 1 am in the circumstances prepared to agree 'to waive my request in accordance with the appeals which have justbeen made to me. In responding to this appeal, it is my understanding that no separate votes will be taken on any provisionofthe draft resolution and that this will be voted in the Council as whole. 131. Ml'. President, 1 am happy to waive the consecutive translation on the usual understanding. 132. Ml'. FEOORENKO (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (translated from Russian): In view of the friendly appeal made to us by the representative of the AfriCl:ln countries and for the good of the cause, the Soviet de!egation, in a spirit of co-operation, agrees not to press its request for a separate vote on operative paragraphs 6 and 7 of the Norwegian draft resolution. 133. At the same time, the Soviet delegation deems it necessary to stress that its position on the substance of the matter, and particularly on the contents ot the paragraphs in question, remains unchanged. We wish to reaffirm our serious misgivings about the advisability of establishing a group of experts to examine methods of resolving the problem of apartheid in the Republic of South Africa, for the reasons given in the statements made by the Soviet delegation at yesterday's and today's meetings of the Security Council. 134~ We fee! that the establishment of such a group of experts would not he!p to solve the problem of apartheid in the Republic of South Africa or to put an énd to racial discrimination in thet :::mmt.ry. If separate vote were takell on operative paragraphs and 7 of the Norwegian draft resolution, thE! Soviet delegation would. be unable to support them" as WOUld be unable to vote for the establishment of such a group of experts. 135. We would emphasize once again that the Soviet delegation is in favour of the adoption by the Security 136. de Conseil en des tent de de 136. In view of the limited time at our disposaI, we wish to waive our privilege, as a member of the Security Council, ofhavingconsecutive Interpretations of our statement into English and French. We· feel sure that the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Africau countries who are present here will fully appreciate the flexibility of Security Council procedure and the absence of any discrimination with respect to our distinguished colleagues from Africa.

1 have no further speakers inscribed on my liste Does anyone else wish to be heard? If not, is there any objection to proceeding forthwith to a vote on the .dra:ft resolution S/5469 as a whole? 1 see none. 137. plus désire-t-il et diatement lution

. Before we adjourn, may 1 suggest that we convene againon Friday morning at 10.30 to consider the letter dated 13 November 141 from representatives of many countries, addressed to the President of the Security Council, with respect to the Portuguese territories in Africa. 138. de nous miner sée représentants aux 139. If this is satisfactory, we shall adjourn and reconvene on Friday morning at 10.30. 139. .la à It was so agreed. Supplément CYPRUS/CHYPRE: 10 Alexander the CZECHOSLOVAKIA/TCHÊCOSLOVAQUIE: ARTIA LTD., 30 DENMARK/DANE"'ARK: Nllrregade 6, Ktlberihavn. FINLAND/FINLANDE: 2 Keskuskatu, Helsinki. FRANCE: ÉDITIONS 13, rue Soufflot, GERMANY (FEDERAL ALLEMAGNE (Rf R. EISENSCHMIDT Schwanthaler Str~ ELWERT UND MEURER Hauptstrasse 101. ALEXANDER HORN Spiegelgasse 9. W. E. SAARBACH Gertrudenstrasse GREECE/GRtCE: 28 Stadion Street. HUNGARY/HONGRIE: P. O. 80x-149. Budapest ICELAND/ISLANDE: EYMUNDSSONAR Austurstraeti 18, IRELAND/IRLANDE: STATIONERY OFFICE. ITALY/ITALlE: L1BRERIA COMMISSIONARIA Via Gino Capponi & Via Paolo Mercuri AGENZIA E.I.O.U., LUXEMBOURG: LIBRAIRIE J. TRAUSCHSCHUMMER Place du Théâtre. NETHERLANDS/PAYS·BAS: N. V. MARTINUS lange Voorhout 9, NORWAY/NORVÉGE: Karl Johansgate. POLAND/POLOGNE: Warszawa. PORTUGAL: LIVRARIA 186 Rua Aurea. ROMANIA/ROUMANIE: Str. Aristide Briand P. o. Bo"x 134·135. SPAIN/ESPAGNE: L1BRERIA BOSCH. L18RERIA MUND1·PRENSA. AGUILAR S.A.DE SWEDEN/SUEDE: ·KUNGL. HOVBOKHANOEL Fredsgatan 2. Stockholm. SWITZERLAND/SUISSE: LIBRAIRIE PAYOT. HANS' RAUNHARDT'. TURKEY/TURQUIE: 469 Istiklal Caddesi. UNION OF SOVIET UNION DES RÉPUBLIQUES SOVIÉTIQUES: KNYIGA. Smolenskaya UNITED KINGOOM/ROYAUME·UNI: H. M. STATIONERY P. O. Box 5'69. London. (and HMSO branches Bristol, Cardiff'. Edlnburgh. YUGOSLAVIA/YOUGOSLAVIE: CANKARJEVA ZALO!BA Ljubljana. Siovenia. DR!AVNO PREDUZEéE Jugoslovenska Knjiga. PROSVJETA 5:. Trg 8ratstva i PROSVETA PUBLISHING Import~ExportDivision. Terazije 1611; 8eograd. AFRICA/AFRIQUE CAMEROON/CAMEROUN: LIBRAIRIE DU PEUPLE AFRICAIN L. Gërante. B. P. 1197. Yaoundë. DIFFUSION INTERNATIONALE CAMEROUNAISE DU -LIVRE ET DE. LA PRESSE; Sanamelima. CONGO (Loopo'dvllle): INSTITUT POLITIQUE CONGOLAIS, B. P. 2307, Lëopoldville. ETH'OP'A/fTHIOPIE: INTERNATIONAL P~ESS AGENCY, P. O. Box. 120. Addis Ababa. • GHANA: UNIVERSITY BOOKSHOP University College of Ghana, Legon.. Accra. KENYA: THE E.S.A. BOOKSHOP, Box 30167, Nai.obi. L1BYA/LIBYE: SUDKI EL JERBI (BOOKSELLERS) P. O. Box 78, Istiklal Street, Benghazi. MOROCCO/MAROC: AUX BELLES IMAGES 281 Avenue Mohammed V. Rabat. NIGERIA/NIGfRIA: UNIVERSITY BOOKSHOP (NIGERIA) LTD University College, Ibadan. NOR'l'HERN RHODESIA/RHODÉSIE DU NORD: J. BELD1NG, P.O. Box?50. Mufulira. NYASALAND/NYASSALAND: BOOKERS (NYASALAND) LTD. Lontyre House.P. O. Box 34,'Blantyre. SOUTH AFRICA/AFRIQU;;: DU SUD: VAN SCHAIK'S BOOK STORE (PTY.) LTD. Church Street. Box 724. Pretoria. • TECHNICAL BOOKS (PTY.) LTD•• Faraday House P. O.Box 2866. 40 St. George~s Street, Cape Town. SOUTHERN RHODESIA/llHODÉSIE DU SUD: THE' BOOK CENTRE. First Street. Saltsbury. TANGANYIKA: DAR ES SALAAM BOOKSHOP P. O. Box 9030. Dar es Salaàm. UGA~DA/OUGANDA: UGANDA BOOKSHOP. P. O. Box 145. Kampala. UNITED ARAB IlÉPUBLlC/RÊPUBLlQUE ARABE UNIE: LIBRAIRIE "LA RENAISSANCE D'ÉGYPTE" "9 Sh._Adly Pashà. Cairo. AL. NAHDA EL ARABIA BOOKSHOP 32 Abd·et·Khalek Sarwart. St•• Cairo. ASIA/ASIE BURMA/BIRMANIE: CURATOR, GOVT. BOOK" DEPOT, Rangoon. CAMBDDIA/CAMBODGE: ENTREPRISE KHMÉRE OE LIBRAIRIE Imprimerie & Papeterie. S. à R. L.. Phnom·Penh. CIYLON/CEYLAN: LAKE HOUSE BOOKSHOP Assac. Newspapers of Ce}tlon. P. O. Bax 244. Colombo. CHINA/CHINE: THE WORLa BOOK COMPANY. LTD. 99 Chung King Raad. 15t Section. Taipeh, Taiwan. THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LTD. 211 Honan Road. Shanghai. HONG KONG/HONG.KONG: THE SWINDON BOOK COMPANY 25 NathaQ Road. Kowloon. INDIA/INDE: ORIENT LONGMANS Bombay, Calcutta, Hyderabad. Madras & New Delhi. OXFORD BOOK & STATIONERY COMPANY Calcutta & New-Delhi. INDONESIA/INDONÊSIE: PEMBANGUNAN. LTO. Gunung Sahari 84, Djakarta. JAPAN/JAPON: MARUZEN COMPANY, LTO. 6 Tori·Nichome. Nihonbashi. Tokyo. KOREA (REP. OF)/.CORÉE (RÉP. DE): EUL·YOO PUBLISHING CO" LTD. 5, 2'KA, .ongno, Seoul. PAKISTAN: THE PAKISTAN CO·OPERATIVE BOOK SOCIETY Dacca. East. Pakistan. PUBLISHERS UNITED. LTD.. Lahore. THOMAS & THOMAS, Karachi. PHILIPPINES: PHILIPPINE EDUÇATION COMPANY, INC. 1194 Cas:tillejo~, P. o. ~ox 620, Quiapo, Manila. POf'ULAR ElOOKSTORE, 1573 Doroteo Jose, Manila. SINGAPORE/SINGAPOUR: THE CITY BOOK STORE.. ~TD., ColI~er_ Quay. THAILAND/THAïLANDE: PRAMUAN MIT, LTD. 55 Chakrawat: Road,Wat: Tuk, Bangkok. NIBONDH & CO" LTD, New Road. Sikak Phya Srj~ Bangkok. SUKSAPAN .PANIT Mansion 9, Rajadam'1ern Avenue, Bangkok. LATIN AMERICA/ AMÉR.IQUE ARGENTINA/ARGENTINE: SUDAMERICANA. BOLIVIA/BOLIVIE: Casilla 972. La Paz. LOS AMIGOS OEL Calie Peru esq. Espana. BRAZIL/BRÊSIL: Rua México 98·B, Rio de Janeiro. UVRARIAFREITAS Caixa Postar899, LIVRARIA KOSMaS Rua Rosario 135/137, r:~~t~EW:ÉTfJœ~ÂNN'~H(~ÉP.DU): 185, ru~ T~·do. B. P~ 283. Saigon. EUROPE CHIL~/CHILI: EDITORIAL DEL Ahumada 57. Santiago. L1S"RERIA IVENS. C(JLOMBIA/COLOMBIE: LIBRERIA AM~RICA, UBRERIA BUCHHOLZ Av. Jiménez de Quesada COSTA RICA: IM?RENTA Apartado1313, San ~USTRIA/AUTRICHE: GEROLD '& CqMPANy',G(ab-en 31,Wiën, 1. GEORG:FROMME& CO•• Spengergasse 39. Wien, V. IIELGIUM/IIELGIQUE: AGENCE ET MESSAGERIES OE LA PRESSE. S. A. 14~22, rue du Persil, Bruxelles. " BULGARIA/BULGARIE: RAZNOïiNOS L Tzar A!isen, Sofia. Ordérs and ïnqujrie's tram countries wher'e sales agencies have nat yet Sales Section. United Nations; Les- commandes et dernandes derenseignements-ël]lanan~de pays où ONU. New York (E.-U.), ouà la Section