S/PV.1083 Security Council

The Council willnowresume its consideration of the question before it. andin this connexion a draft resolution was submitted yesterday by the delegations of Ghana. Morocco and the Philippines [S/5480]. 3. MI'. FRANCO NOGUEIRA (Portugal): 1 would not like to delayin anywaytheproceedings of the Council, but l feel duty bound to make a ·few remarks on the statements which have been made~ I shall try to be as brief and as concise as possible, and li l may, I will start by referring to thestatement made yesterdaYbY the representative of Liberia. 4.. I must confesstllat his words surprised me. I am sure that the· Foreign Minister of Liberia was carried awayby emotion. orelse he didnottake the trouble to readmystatement carefuHy. That is theonly explanatIon I.can findfor the charges whichhe levelled·against me. which cOllld only be taken as questioning my Personàl integrity. inaccusing me. as he did. of tendentiously quoting himout of context. He added that I said none thing today and something eise tomorrown andthat 1 twisted the statement thathe had made. I am sure that. on reflection. the Foreign Minister of Liberia would not insist on such statements. But 1 feel that I showd make two remarks. 5•. In the tirst place Iwant to confirm what 1 stated in· rega.rd to Article 73,namely.thatthe interpretation Wei placedori. that Article wasprecisely the saIp.e as thatof-the vast majorityof the Assembly.And it is interesting to remark that.amQng the presenteleven membersofthe Secui'ity Council. eight then heId and expressed views which coïncide with our own.This fs 6. My second remark isthe foUowing. Obviously, we do agree that the Security Council has competence in m&tters pertaining ta peace and security. This is preeisely what is stated ln the letterwe sent to the Secretary-General on 29 August 1963. IIi that letter, after referring to the July meetings of the Seeurity Council, we'say: "•••the portuguese Government has thehon()U!' ta state that it is prepared to give tothe Secretary- General aIl its co-operation for the elarifi.cation of some problems whieh were raised durint;: the said sessions of the Seeurity Council,and whieh, !fiterms of the Charter may be legitimately .conside:ted tobe ' matters within the specüie competence of that organ. ft [S/5448, para. 6.] Now,anyone in good faith.can clearly see thatthe wording of the note makes a very clear distinction between political problems andproblems of peace and seClurity. It refers to some ofthe problemswhich were raised in this Council, not to aIl the problems. It clarifies their nature'by saying that the questions we had in mind in the note were those which, UIlder the Charter, "maybe legitimately consideredto be matters witbin the speoific .competenoe of tbat organ",namely, the ~9intenance of peàee andsecurity as referred ta in Article 24. l therefore' fail ta see how anyone can sày that from such a text itis clear that the Portuguese Governmentadmitted, indeedexplicitly reêognized, the oompetence of th~ Council in aIl matters \\l'hich were debated during the July meetings of this Councit Il libellé les. et problèmes à leur notre peuvent vant telle le donc. texte admis-- tence su. 7. discutés demandé du du ticle Conseille 7. ' l must reeall that the politieal problems thendebated were placed wlthin Chapter XI of the Charter by those who took the initiative of eonvening theCouncil, and l invite the Council's attention to the fact that Article 24, paragraph ~2, preciselyexcludes Chapter XI from the competence of the Council. 8. This point leads me to refer toMr. SUm's short ,statèment to.the Council on 9 December [1081st meeting]. He too referred to the note l have justclarified but, inreply to a challenge Ihadmade to. him,heproceeded to.attempt to prove the good.foundation. of a serious charge he had thiown against my Government, nalIlely that the portuguese Government llastheintention of sinking three ships at themouth of the Congo River soastoobstructit.Heproducedas proof a clipping from a Brussels newspaper, Le Soir,of 8 October 1963, whichhe readout tothisCouncilin the following way: "portuguese military sources have unofficially confirnied reports that three vessels couldbe scuttledin .San Antcniodo Zaire SQ as' to block the channel"atthe mouth of the Congo River thus cutting the main !ine of communication, between 8. a. Il de lui d'Ul1 gouvernement tugais l'embouchUI'e de du dont Now. theconcern of the Foreign Minister of Tunisia with brevity and speed is. of course. very conunendable. But it happens that 1 have the ClipPÙlg of the Brussels newspaper. Le Soir. before me-and what do 1 read there? [The speaker continued in French.] "Itappears that Portugal is ready to meet aIl· foreign .military assistance to the Angolese rebels by a blockade of the Congo. Portuguese military sources .haveunofficially confirmed reports that thtee vessels could be scuttled t'l' San Antonio do Zaire so as to block the channel ~tthe mcuth of the Congo River. thus cutting the maÙl lÙle of communication~between Matadi and Leopoldville. Furthermore. the portuguese navilauthorities have revealedat a press conferencethattheyhave sufficient ships in Angola to maiIlt3.Ùl sucha blockade. Portuguese sources have cotnplained that it is only Congolese assistance which is enabling the Angoleserebels to be supplied. 'We could stop the rebelli,on iIl twomonths'. a Lieutenant Colonel of the portugues'e forces. in Angola has stated. The Lieu... tenant Colonel said. 'The war is directed from outside and the rebels .have an intelligence network there'." • [ThesjJeakerresumed iil English.] 9. .Thls is a very different texte The paper says that nit seems". but does notgo anyfurther; and the source of the suggestion regardÙlg the ships is not quoted. As for .. the portuguese Lieutenant-Colonel, he is quoted as co~plaining against foreign aid to terrorists. As opposed to what the. special reading of MI'. Slim's suggests, he did not refer to the ships, nor does the Vaper say or. hint that the news originated from that officer. But, as 1 am the one who twists staternents, 1 am sure MI'. Slim read another edition of the paper, a somewhat al;lridged one. 10. HoWever, since ithas been freelyquoted in this Council, 1 would have appreciated it had MI'. Slim mentioned a press conference 1 held myself in Lisbon on 28November 1963, Ùl the courseofwhich, replyiIlg to.a question from a newspaper-man, 1 stated: "It has been the policy, it is the policy. and it shaH be the policy of the portuguese Government to respect the terl'itorial integrity .. and the sovereignty. of the Congo (Leopoldville)." l su1:lt'1it. that this quotationwouldhave vrovided Mr•. Sli~ wite harder évidence than he produqed'before this .Council, and on which his serious charges are so lightly based. .Thus. my challenge still goes unans'oVered, and 1regret to say that MI'.. Slim didIiot piclt up the gauntlet. 11. But the Foreign Minister of Tunisia is not alone in the way he bI'ings evidence before this Council. My friend from Ghana was kÙldenough to quote frQ~ a book. of ~ine .ent~tled The United Nations and Portui!!;U AU. bis quotations were meant to show that l 13. pas D'une aurait 90urtoisie livre, j'admets la ftWe shall see in due coursehowthesechanges are reflected in the theory and practicebfthe anti-colb- , nialist system created by the United Nations. But it may be said right away thatthe UnitedNations, going beyond and against the Charter. has forged the political and parliamentary weapons with which ta fight whatever the. majority chooses ta call colonialism. Wecan also saythatwhatthe Assemblylias extracted from Article 73 exceeds what the Most fertile imagination could have deducedfrom anhonest reading of it. anditis no exaggerationto conclude that the Assembly has entered the realmof ~bitrarinessand illegality." On the one hand. l think the representative of Ghana should have expressedhis appreciationfor thefairness and courtesy with which l reflecteq in my book a point of view which Is his~ On the other iiand, 1 concede that he may not have had the patience and endurance to read page 35-in which case l do not blame him. 14. l MId an opposite view, however, v/hentherepresentative of Ghana says, as he did yesterday, that li " wide pressures are exerted in portugal he believel3 that a solution pleasing ta him could be achievèd, and, in introducing the draftresolution, he stated onbehalf of the co-sponsors: "We could have asked for sterner measures atthis time" [1082nd meeting, para. 107]. 14. le fait sion de résolution pu strictes." 15. deux avec d'un 16. du certaines, désaccord avec entre entretiens lité ter. plaisir cains, desquels du Maroc. 15. 1 merely ask the Councilto noticethese two points and to ponder whether they are in accordance with the propriety with which one sMuId refer toa Membel State of this Organization. 16. On the speech made by myfriend. therepresenta'- tive of Morocco [1082nd meeting], l wish ta confirm some of his remarks, and disagree withothers.l fully endorse his statement ..>n theatmosphere which prevailed throughout the conversations between the nine African States and Portugal. The talks were carried out with perfect cordiality and utmost courtesy. And, if l May interject a personal note: on my side l experienced the pleasure of finding, among the African representatives, some of those who have been my good friends for Many years. l am sure Ican count the.representative of Morocco among them. 17. l also agree wïth Mr. Benhimawhen he says that individual and collective liberty is the basis-or constitutes the philosophical inlspiration-of the conceptof self-determination. 17. dit la d'autodétermination. 18. It is precisely here that we find t.lte tragedy,.because thepolitical independeJ.'ce ofa given territory has notmeant, in largell,.reas of Africa. individual freedom or the respect fOlL'human rights. 18. car,dans dance individuelle 20. Doesanyone deny it? Iwillillustr~tfilwhatIhad in mind: of the fifty-seven meetingswhichthe Council has held thus far in 1963, twenty.,.two were devoted to Portugal, and none to the very seriousproblems 1 mentioned on 9Deceniber. These are facts no one can deny. 21. We feel compelIed to play the l'ole of an easy victim; and in aIl seriousness 1 ask every country to consider what would happen'if.problems such as those Imentioned in my initial statement, and similarones, were to be debated by the SecuritYCouncil.1 am sure, looking atthe. public galIeries of this chamber, that such debates would l'aise'far more interestand anxiety than dQes the present one, although, accordingto some delegations, the very survival of mankind may be at stake becau.se of portuguese policies. Butthe reaction of the represenative of Morocco and, more strikingly, the reaction of the representatives of Liberia and Ghana, clearly show that no disagreement can be expressed, no criticism can be voiced. as to what the African delêgations say or do, although,ofcourse, they consider it nornlal to say and do as they plea,se. 22. A drait resolutioD. co-sponsored by Morocco, the Philippines and Gh~a [8/5480]wasintroducedyesterday bythe representative of.Ghana. Withyourpermission.. MI'. President, and very briefly, 1 wish to make a few èOIilments;. really, they deal with one single point,which seems to bethe focal point of the draft reSolution. 23. In paragraph 4 we read as folIows: "The'8ecurity Council " 'Reaffirms the inOOrpretation of self-deOOrmina- '. tion as liliddowninGeneralAssemblyresolutiQn 1514 (XV) as follows: AlI peoples have the right to selfdeOO1'mination.Byreason of tbat right they freely .Pursue their econoIllic, social and cultural development.' 24. On this point·it is extremely illteresting and most usefultCl do' a litUe research on the evolution'of the United Nations concerning the concept of self-determina~ion and its applic~tion.1 shalI, if 1 may, just quote a few resolutions. By' resolution 222 (III) of 3 'NovenibeI' 1948, the General Assenibly considered it "essential that the United Nations be informed of any change in the constitutional position and status of any [non-self-governinglterritory ,as a1'esultofwhich the resPOnsible GOvernmentconcerp.ad thihksitneces.,. sary .to transmitinformation in respect of that OOrritory under Article 73.e .of the Charter". In accordance withresolution,222 (III), itwas lefttothe absolutediscretion of Member GOvernments to decidè when they should·cease transmitting information under Article 25. Then we haveresolution 748 (VIII) of 27 November 1953. That resolution dsals with a single territory. 1'0 avoid giving the impression that l wish to raise controversial subjects l shall not mention the name of that territory. However, the conceptof self-determination which is to be drawn from resolution 748 (VITI) is the same of that of resolution 222 (III), namely, that the communication of the responsible Government to the General Assembly that no more information was required under Article 73 e, and the scrutinyof the documentation pertaining ta the constitutional alterations, were enough to proclaim the achievement of self-government and the exercise of the rights inherent therein. 26. Then we have resolution 849 (IX), dated 22 November 1954. That resolution still recallsresolution 222 (III)-but paragraph 2 is very illuminating: "The General Assembly, ft ••• "Takes note of the opinion of the Government of Denmark that due to the new constitutional status of Government ofDenmark regards its 'responsibiUties according to Chapter XI of the Charter as terminated' and that consequentlythe transmission ofinforma,tion under Article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Greenland should be brought to an end;". Then the resolution proceeds to congratulate Denmark and "notes with satisfaction the achievement of selfgovernment by the people of Greenland". l hope my colleague from Liberiaîinds these quotations accurate. 27. Therefore, as late as 1954. we find self-determination achieved through constitutional alterations of which the Assembly was apprised by the responsible Member Governments and we also find that the opinion of the responsible Member Government was paramount and acceptect by the Asseinbly. 28. This again bears out m~7çontention that the Portuguese Government did not invent a peculiar interpretation. of Article 73for its own use , but merelyfollowed the interpretation which was in force in the Assembly and which was then shared by eigj.~t members of the Security Council. 29. lf we continue with our tedious research, we COme to resolution 945 (X). dated 15 December 1955. Again, l shall not mentionthe territory COïlcerned, but! stress the fact that resolution945 (X) again rea,ffirms resolution 222 (III) and againrelies on the constitutional alterations brought about by the responsible Government. and on the opinion expressed by the latter, to proclaim self-government. 30. Finally, we reach resolution 1469 (XIV) dated 12 December 1959. What dowe find there? First; the reaffirmation·of resolution 222 (III); secondly, thefact 31. It. should be noted inpassing that nowhere in the resolutions1 have just mentionedis self-determination linked with the question of international sovereignty or with any predetermined results or with any special options to be approved or imposedfromoutsidê. Delegations and countries are entitled to change their views ....but they are not entitled to say, or to pretend, that they did not have different and opposing views before. 32. Rere then we haveaconceptofself-determination approved by the United Nations. Is it not valid any longer? That is quite possible. We have seen, as a matter of fact, that the Assembly and this COlUlcil have condoned ether forms of self-determination-for ininstance, military aggression. It is as a result of military aggressionthat the United Nations has stated in official documents that Goa has been nationally illtegrated. As the name of Goa was includedin resolution 1542 (XV) and was then deletedfromlaterresolutions, and as we are not aware of any peaceful procedure which could have produced the results allèged by the Assembly, l.find the conclusion inescapable that mili- Ul,l'y aggression is a legitimate means of achieving self-government. 33. Then there are other means too-CommlUlist domination, for example. President Eisenhower, Prime Minister Macmillan, Prime Minister Menzies, Prime Minister Diefenbaker and other world leaders, speaking a few years aga before the GeneralAssembly, stated that the Soviet empire represellted the worst forrn of colonialism. As we do not seern to hear any more about it, sorne modality of self-determination has surely been devised, of whichwe are unfortunately unaware. 34. But then there are some unhappy cases for which no method of achieving self-determinationhas yetbeen found, such as Berlin, for example, or Kashmir. 35. However, 1 say aIl this merely to show that the solutions proposed by the Assembly and the criteria followed by it have varied considerably and have changed from time to time, both from a theoretical andfroma practical point of view. One does not know what ls l'eally meant by a United Nations concept of self;"determinationorof its implementation-and, üwe goback over theyears. there is no reason to consider wllat prevailed in 194601' in 1955 more valid, or less vaUd, then what prevailed in 1956 or in 1960. .36. ···13ut.still speaking. on the draft resolution before the Security Council [S/5480], 1 wish to stress paragraph .• 3. That paragraph ftçleprecates the noIi-comp~iaIiceQfthe GovermnentofPortugal with the Security Coû.nqill'esolution.S/5380", the implication being that the Security Councilreiteratesandreaffirms thatresol\lti6n. This, quite apart from other reasons, makes th,e dI'aJtresolution llIlacceptablé.....unIess· it is now desire<lpy l>0me toaceept atextwhich, only four months 38. l do not want unduly to prolong my remarks. l just wish to stress a finalnote. Speakingin the General Assemblyon 14 November 1947, the representativeof the Soviet Uniùn stated: le IlApparently, the principles involvedin the Charter of the United Nations are not quite io everyone's taste. On the contrary, for some delegations they are becoming a kind of stumbling-block, a hincIrance, L'l solving problems which do not square with those of the United Nations;" y He went on to say: "1 consider the present case as one ofthe manüestations of such a policy, which is being pursued of late in the United Nations, andwhich, under the guise of various amendments and resolutions, seeks to amend the Charter in the directionwhichone or other of the delegations represented here believes necessary or important. Since they are unable, or !3-tmply think it too düficult or troublesome, to amend the Charter in '~he prescribed manner or to raise questions about amending the Charter or one or other of its parts, these delegations, representing their respective Governments, evidently consider it much more convenient to resort to various roundabout methods and manoeuvres. Il11 39. For once, l am in full agreementwith the delegation of the Soviet Union. It pays to do a little research into the pronouncements of the Soviet delegation and we should be very grateful, because we find that the delegation of the Soviet Union invariably provides a good, solid and useful quotation for any and every conceivable situation or problem. avec utile

The Security Coun0His meeting at the rèquest of African delegations which was contained in a letter dated 13 November 1963 [8/54601, in order to eX'amine the report of the Secretary-General [S/5448 and Add.1-3] which was made in pursuance of the Council's resolution adopted on 31 July 1963•..Y des notamment, administrés paix droit nation Al. The Courrcil resolution which the Philippines had the honour to co...sponsor, determ1ned, inter alla, that "the situation in the Terrltories under portuguese administration is seriously distrubing peace andsecurity in AfricaIl and urgently called upon Portugalta recognize immediately "the rightofthe peoples of the Territories under its administration to self-determination and independence ll • Séances Supplément de .Y Official Recorde of the General Assembly, second Session, Plenary M~etings, H3rd meeting, p. 877. li Ibid., p. 878. 43. After the adoption of the resolution by the Securit~r Council, it was hoped that the portuguese position would show sorne signs of modification. Portugal's position, however-and l hope that thefollowingquotation is not outofcontext--was made clear in the speech of the Portuguese Prime Minister, Ml'. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, delivered in Lisbou on 12 August 1953. In this major policy statement, the Portuguese leader reaffü'med his Government's determination to retain its Territories and "to go to t'he limU of our human and natural resources" to achieve that aim. The New York Times of 13 August1963,which summarized this significant statement, quotes the Portuguese Prime Minister as saying: IlAngola is a portuguese creation and does not exist without Portugal. The only national conscience rooted in the province is not Angolan; it is Portuguese, just as there are no Angolans butonly Portuguese of Angola." Ml'. Salazar went on to state his Government's policy of instituting administrative reforms and decentralization in portuguese overseas territories with a view to increasing the power of territorial governments and enlarging territorial representative in national i.lstitUtions. He also hinted at the holding of a plebescite in which the views of the inhabitants of these Territories on the Government's overseas policy could be expressed. These plebescites have yet to take place. 44. l have referred to the above speech because it does shed light on the clarification made by the Portuguese Foreign Minister· concerning the Portuguese concept of "self-determination", duringthe first phase of talks between Ml'. Franco Nogueira and Mrican representatives held at the initiative oftheSecretary- General. 45. The Philippine delegation would like to take this occa~ion to commend the Secretary-General for his efforts to bring together the parties concerned. His impartiality and his well-known and well-established desire to seek a peaceful and just solution-have been, and will be, of immense value. We are also 47. The Portuguese Fcœeign Minister went on tooutline the changes instïtuted by the National Assembly in a new organic law whereby the ov.erseas territories would have increased representation on local and national levels. A plebiscite "within the national framework" was also planned in which the people could express their views on the Government's overseas policy. Moreover, accelerated social and economic reforms are envisaged to enableincreasingparticipation of the inhabitants in the administrative andpoliticallife of the territories. 48. The Philippine delegation is heartened ta see that certain fundamental reforms have been instituted and that they will soon be implemented. A liberalization of Portugal's colonial policy is indeeda welcome stép. But it is most pertinent to ask at this stage whether this liberalization of laws can substitute for self-determination and whether social and economic reforms can replace the preparationfor self-governmentwhich would eventually lead to self-determination andwhich, if it was so desired by the peoples themselves, would bring about independence. The definition of the Portuguese concept of self-determination means "agreement and consent to a certain political structure. type of State and administrative organization". This definition, we submit, is a limited one and, in the la::;~ analysis, negates the very spirit of self-determination. 48. voir instituées Cette Portugal se lois réformes la condt:.irait le l'indépendance. détermination ment. certain administrative". limitée, l'essence , 49. Article 73 of the Charter which outlines theobligations of Member States· with responsibilities for the administration of territories declares, inter alia, that these States must take steps "to develop selfgovernment. to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples. and to assist them in the progressive development oftheirfree politicalinstitutions". The Declaration on the grantingof independence to coloni.al countries and peoples contained in resolution 1514 (XV), which sets forth in unequivocal terms the meaning of self-determination, states, inter alia, that "aIl peoples have the right to self-determination; by virt1..le of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their econornic, social and cultural development". The key word in this paragraph is "freely"; people IIÏust have theright to choose for. themselves their political status without coercion or re.pression or predetermined concepts. 49. des tion "'1.ent lations elles-mêmes, tiques pement tiques" . awc résolution voques notamment, libre minent librement et "librement"; choisir tion préétablie. We believe that the historie development of the concept of self-determination means the freedom to choose by the inhabitants concerned theformof political structure they think fit for themselves. Thatis the meaning of self-determination. 51. It has been stated repeatedly before this Council thatself...determination is inextricably linked with independence. not because se1;f-determination must lead to independence but because self-determination means the freedom to choose between. complete in':' dependence or continued association withthe administering Power. What the Foreign Minister of Sierra Leone, Ml'. John Karefa-Smart. said on this point in his statement of6 December is illuminating. and with bis permission. l would like to quote him: "In spite of the fact that theSecurity Council itself in its resolution recognizes the relationshipbetween self-determination and independence and speaks of independence as an inevitable result of self··determination. yet atno timehave Africanrepresentatives Gaid that self-determination is not self-deterinina- _,tion unlessit leadS to independence. What we have always said is that it seems most UI.'llikelyto us that any Airican people given the right fullyto determine their political future would prefer ta remain Portuguese•.or for that matter British or French. But should they so freely choose. their choice will and i.'lust be respectedbyall."[10S0thmeeting, para. 30.] 52. The PhiUppine delegation realizes that only :portugal can decide on the procedure and the phasing ofbringing about self-deî;ermination to its territories. Tt must decide. in nouncertain terms. that the. goal of se!f~determinationmustinclude the capacity to decideto ask for complete independence. 53; •..• My delegation would prefer to see a peaceful and Qrçlerly solution to thisgrave problem. The Philippines, therefore. hopes that. contacts among the Portuguese.AiricanStatesand.eventually. the nationalists .wHl,çontinuè•.We·arefurthermore encouraged by the faèt that.portugal•. unlike South. Africa. has shown .ge11\@.e. interest in participating in the Council's deb(;\tes•. It is therefore w~th sOme foundation that my delegation looks to the futqre with acertainoptimism. 54. Throughthemazeofwords and argqmentsinthis debâte.·oneineVitablefaclemerges.-thatis. portugaPs refusait<> faeethe fact thal its colomes oroverseas territories are not its provinces forpurposeslJfself 56. To facilitate our proceedings, 1 hope that the Coullcil will agree to waive the consecutive interpretation of my remarks into French.

If there is no objection, and on the understanding that this does not create a precedent, we shaH accept the offer of the representative of the Philippines that the consecutive interpretation of his remarks into French should be waived. 58. Ml'. SEYDOUX (France) (translatedfrom French) : My delegation, like all the others, no doubt, was glad to learn that, shortly after the last series of meetings devoted by the Council to the questionof the Portuguese Territories, talks took place in Lisbon between the Government of Portugal and a special representative of the SecretarY-General. 59. We were equally happy to learn thatfollowingthat discussion, talks were held under the auspices of the Secretary-General between the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Portugal and the Ministers or representatives of several African countries. 1 said in my statement on 26 July that if Portugalconsentedto take part in exchanges of views or contacts which certain delegations then thought of recommending, my delegation would be the first to welcome such a development. 60. The Security Council now has before it a report [S/5448 and Add.I-3] dated 31 October 1963 which deals with these new developments. While saying that it seems to him rather premature to be optimistic, the Secretary-General stresses that the very fact of such a meeting is in itself an encouraging development. My delegation has notedthat during our debates in recent days several spokesmen for Africa themselves suggested that this initiative is a stepforward. Admittedly they also explained' to us their reasons for considering the outcome of the discussions in which theytook part disappointing. But not one of themcontradictedthe view put forward by the Secretary-General-and 1 quote his report-that "there remain other vital issues which may be discussed in further conversaüons; whichcould be held as mutually agreeable in the near future" [8/5448, para 17]. 61. Lastly, my delegation noted that the spokesman for Portugal didnot rule out the possibility of a resumptionof these conversations, saying that it was none of his doing that they had been broken off. 1 1 62. The FrencJa delegation therefore considers that after t~ing .. note Qf the positions of both sides and allowing each to explain its point of view and clarify the reIllainingdifferences, the Security COlmcil should have been able to reach a wide consensus, without needing to adopt any formaI resolution, in order to fJ 64. Our basic conception of the competence of the United Nations has not changed; nor can our opinion of the core of the problem give rise to any misunderstanding considering the way in whichwe ourselves have applied the· principle of self-determination. My country hopes that the door whichhas beenhaIf opened will-not be slainrned shut again and that the important question wehave debated once more will evolve, thariks ta the efforts of ail. in the direction it has chosen. 65. Sir pàtrick DEAN (United Kingdom): My delegation's views on the question now before 1.1'8 àre by now, 1 think. familiar to the members of this Council. 66. When fuis. item was last before us. in July, 1 stated at some length m:}'" Government's view on self- çleterniînation and the ·principles upon which we applied-itin pur territories. On that occasion 1 said: "Theattainmentqf self-government and the principleof seIf..determination for aUpeoples andterritories is one that has been absolutelyfundamental in British colotüal palicy for a long time now." [1045th meeting, para. 43.] Atthe<sametime. 1 pointed outthatthetiming and m~tl1od of Împlell1enting self-determination is certainly theresponsibÎlity of the administering Power. But. the .prip,ciple of self-d,etermip,ation is there. and no oné can ignore it or resist it. l E 6't•...Âgainêltllisbackgroundwe.l1ave urgedtM portugllëse .gove~nment to·applytms principle to the peoples :1 of theteri'itorie~ under its. administration. and, to give li them the opporttuiity.· through self-determination. to ;11 decide·tbeir own future. We do not say that the result 1 shouldbepre-judged or. that the United Nations or '1:.:.. any 9ther body .shoulddetermine the timing and pace oî,progress towardsseIf"'government, independence, associationwith Portug~.l,orwhateverchoicei8 made, We believe this to be Portugal's responsibilityincon". " . 69. In a matter as difficult as this, there appears to us to be sorne obligationfor all ofus to keep ourselves closely informed of the real facts of the situation. 70. Now 1 shall address myself briefly to the draft resolution [8/5480] beforeus. As will be clear from what 1 have said already, we sympathize with the general purpose of this draft resolution. We also sincerely appreciate the efforts wbich have been made on all sides to place before the Council an acceptable draft resolution. 71. There are one or two points, however, to which 1 wish to draw the Council's attention. First, my Government has a difficulty about paragraph 3. In the statement which 1 made in this Council on 31 July, 1 explained the reasons why my Government feltbound to abstain on the resolution. 72. 1 need not repeat these in detailnow. The point is simply that, while we agreed withmuchofthat resolution and, in particular, withits callon Portugal to give recognition to the principle of self-determination, we felt the resolutionwent too far in trying to lay down the manner in which this should he done. 73. 8ince 'for this reason m~r delegation ahstained on that occasion, Ïnembers of this Councilwill,1am sure, readily understand that l am bound to have some reservations about the wordingof this particular paragraph. 74. My delegation would, therefore,requestthesponsors to agree to a separate vote on paragraph 3 of the draft resolution. If, as 1 nope, this requèstis granted. we shall abstain on that paragraph. but we will be ready to vote for this draft resolution as a whole. 75. The second point relates to paragraph 4 of the draft resolution. My de~egation. as is verywellkriown. hadreservations-which we stated at the time-about General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV). andabstained when it was adopted in 1960. 76. The Charter-our Charter-uPllolds the principle of self-deterrnination of peoples. We accept this.and apply it. We believe. aS wé havefrequentlYIIlade clear. that its application inany particular C,ase mustdepend on a11 thecircuinstances. We believe also that selfdetermination partakes in essence·of politics·.rather that of obligation in law. 77•. liowever. in the present Case. which we have been~ d,iscussing•. namely. the. terr~tories \lllder portuguese a~inl.'i1.'is.t..r.a•..tl....on. '.W'.e..have . rep..e.a.tedly.....s..a...id t.ha.t•.l....n.... ()ur. i. vlew. the time .has come when the prinoiple of selfdetermination shouldbe applied; and this i~hy we are' now prepared to vote for this ·draft resolution as a whole. 80. Subject to the points I have made about paragraph 3, and to our views onparagraph4, my Government ls in agreement with the objectives of this draft resolution and. as l have said, we shall support it. 81. I am \Villing, MI'. President,üyouandmy French colleague agree. to waive the consecutive interpretation of my statement, subject to the usual understanding. 82. The PRESIDENT: If there is no objection. and subject to the understanding mentioned,we shaHwaive consecutive interpretation of the speech of the representative o~ the United Kingdom. 83. Mt. ALVARADO (Venezuela) (translated from Spanish): First of aU, I should like to reaffirm Vene~' zuela's position in favour of the independence ofthose counti'iElS and peoples which still find thems~lves in a status of dependency and, therefore, its support for the aspirations to independence of the Territories tinderPQrtuguese administration. We have stated this position on many occasions in the General Assembly, in the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to ColonialCountriesandPeoples, and in theCouncil itself in July of this year when it considereq,the problem which once again clai,ms our attention. 84. On this occasion the Council has before it the reportsubmitted by the Secretary-General in compliance witfi the request made in operative paragraph 7 of the resoluti0n which the Council adopted on 31 July 1963. It is clear fr0m sections II, III and IV of this -'l'eport thatthe differeIlce in regard to the problemlies in the different concepts which Portugal and the African Sta:tes have of the principle of self-q,etermination. As is stated in section Vof the report,from the explanation givenby. portugal it may be inferred that it has Ilptdenied the, principle•of self-determination for the PeQpÏes of its overSeas territories. We feel,however. thatthe.crux of the problem lies in Portugal's special interpretationof this pri~ciple. 85. .My.. delegation shares the view expressed by the Secretary-Qeneral in. that same section V that the oonversat~ons heldbetween the African representatives and the representatives of the portuguese Government are an .. encouraging development in the consideration of theprobleIll.and thatothervitalissues might be dis;;. cussed Ü1 further conversations. - 8,6•. My .delega.tion also notes with satisfactiontl~at, according to the same l)ection, during the .conversa- 87. As matters now stand, the most advisable course for the Council, apart from reaffirming the resolutlon of 31 July, would be to try to clarify the concept of self-determination. 88. For this purpose, it would be besUor the Council to use the Interpretation ofthatprinciple alreadygiven by the United Nations, mainly in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), the interpretationstressedby the African representatives and set down in paragraph 4 of the draft-resolution submitted for OUI" consideration by the delegations of Ghana, Morocco and the Philippines [8/5480]. "89. For the rest,- my country, which voted ili favour of the Council resolution of 31 July 1963 and General Assembly resolutions 1514 (XV), 1541 (XV) and 1542 (XV) , fully supports the draft resolution before us and will vote for it. 90. In conclusion, 1 should like to express my delega,. tion's gratitude to the 8ecretary-Generalfor his report to the Council on the problembefore us [S/5448 and Add.l,.3] and also our gratitude to the sponsors of the ciraft resolution, who have, we believe, both in the preparation and in the presentation of this document, given evidenceof the spirit of understanding and moderation to which the Secretary-General refers in his report.

The Council will certainly have -!1oted with sobei' satisfaction the results of the talks between Portugal _and the African States containedinthe report of the Secretary-General. We observed with interest that the discussions. between the Foreign Minister of Portugal and the Foreign Ministers and representatives of the African states teok place in a cordial atmosphere, that matters of substance werediscussed, that progress Vias made and that both sides agree that thereisstill much more to be reviewed. From those talks it emerges, if our understanding of them is correct, that the positionqf the Portuguese Government and that of the African States in relation to the concept of self-determinatioJ;l are not irreconcilable. According to the Secretary- General's report, the essential requisite for the African States to accept a cOmmon concept of self-determination if:: "...that the people of the Portuguese Territoties should be able to make the important de"; cisions as to what their presentandfuture relationsh~p with Portugal should be" [S/5448,para.12]. Ibelieve no one would quarrel with thatdefiilition of theobjectives of self-determination and 1 do not find in the Portuguese concept of self-determiriation, asexplained by Mr. Franco Nogueira, anything that could be COIlsidered as excluding what is essential in the Afr.ican definition. As a matter.of fact, Iwouldgo evenfurther and recall to the Council the statement made before the Fourth Committee on 27 November _1963 by the Angolan nationalïst leader, Mr. Holden Roberto and 1 ask permission to quote him in Frenchfor the original document was in that language: } Even in thisêase~there isnot,inour view, any funda- niental incompatibility between the positions of the various parties interested in this matter. 92. 011 the contrary. MI'. President, itseems to me that there are some basic elementscommon to aIl the positions l referred to. Anditis preciselythese points of coinciding interests that should be explored by the parties throughconsultations and renewed negotia- tions. .\ 93. The re.po.L't of the Secretary-General concludes " that "...the Portuguese Government is not opposed to th.e principle of self-d.13terminati.O!! as em.bodied. in the Portuguese concept of the term· and within its context" [S/5448. para. 14] and "that the portuguese Govern- ment has not denied that the princj.ple applies to the peoples of the overseas territories" [ibid., para. 16]. 94. Although it is rather prematlireto be optimistic, as our .Secretary-General pointed out. the fact that the representatives of the African States and of the portuguesè Government agreed to meet inorder to discuss .the problems affecting the relations between their countries is initself an encouraging development. 95. There remain. llowever. vital issues which may and should be discussed among the inter-.,;e.dparties. ln the view of many delegations advant<:g,;, shouid be taken'of this favourable atmosphere to exr" 'Jre further both the'question of a vaUd concept of self-deter-inina- tion and ether relatedmatterswhichseemto be essen- tial'toarrive at the peaceful settlemEmt of the question of thePortuguese territories in Africa. 96. We suggest, therefore. that~heSecretary-Gel)erai sMuId ccmtinlle his efforts to bringtlleparties together and that the, talks which wereinterrupted lastNovem- ber should be resurned as soon as practicabie. 97; As ta the cirait resolutïon introduced by., Ghana, Morocco and the Philippines [8/5480], we wOlild have preferred that emphasis had been placed on the more positive aspects of the Secretary-General's report. The cIrait resolution does not acknowledge the fact that portugal and the African States agreed to start conversations, that the general tone of the discussions was cordial and promising. andthat progress was noted in portugal's position. as conipared to its pre- vious. much more rigid attitude., We believe that it would be nioreappropriiite to stress the constructive aspects of the negotiations and totry t0'explorefurther the points of agreement already reached or in the process of being reached.lconsider it only natural that the few meetings between the Africans and the portuguese could not have obtainedfinal,results. We ,are.dèalil)g with matters of great consequence and no ~ Document A/C.4/625. This state~entwas madeatthe 1493rd meet- ing of the Fourth Committee. the official record of which was published only in swnmary form. 98. We will, therefore, vote in favour of the draft resolution, trusting that the Secretary-General will do his best to bring the parties together again in order that the talks which were promising in many respects can be resumed. 99, In concluding, l should like to state again that Brazil favours the right of the portuguese territories ta self-determination and that in our conception of the expression it includes the right to independence. Ac- cording to our understanding, these territories fall within Chapter XI of the Charter and are outside the scope of Article 2, paragraph 7. 100. we. are COnfide.nt that a SOlutiO.n to the prese.ntl! problems that beset Portugal and the African States 1 can be found and shan be found through negotiations ; and through peaceful means. Let me close my re- \ marks by recalling to the Security Couneil one of the • most positive aspects of the Secretary-General's re- port. "During the conversations", says the report, "both sides stressed the necessity for a peaceful settlement of their differences, and it lS the hope of the Secretary-General that the spirit ofunderstanding and moderation evinced during the recent talks will continue to prevai!." [S/5448, para. 17.] This, Mr. President, is also our hope. 101, l am prepared, if the French-speakingmembers of the Councif agree, to waive this consecutive inter- pretation of my statement on this occasion.

If there is no objection, and with the usual understanding, we shanwaivethe interpretation of the remarks of the representative of Brazil.

For the second time wîthin the short space of five months the Council is called upon to cOfiSlder the. question of territories under Portuguese administration in Africa, Only a few days ago the General Assembly completed another lengthy debate on the subject. 104. It is not difficult to understand the disappointment with which the African delegations have viewed the situation in these territories. If the state of affairs has not deteriorated in the intervening months, it has not improved eUher.. International friction has continued to exist. Itis an too clear that peaceful solutions must be found if grave deteFioration is to be averted. 105. The heart of the dispute, as has been brought out by the statements of the last few days made in the Counoil, seems to lie principally in the Interpretation and application of the right of self-determination. The Foreign Minister of Portugal, in his statement of 9 Decemher [1081st meeting], while conceding selfdetermination as a·valfd and realistic basis for the solution of the problem, did not give to it the same as the term is currently understoo<i in the Nations. 108. In Our opinion, if Portugal can bring itself to reaffirm the principle of self-determination in its full sense so that the .people of the territories will be assured oian opportUIiity to decide their political destiny.· such a step would go a long way towards diIlÙnishing the f:rictionbetween portugal and the independent African· States·'and towards bringing' about a.peacefuland orderly transformation in its relations with the territories underits adnlinistration. 1Q9.~~ At the .. meeting of the Security. Council in July 1!J63 [1049th meeting], efforts were made to find some means of bringing together the parties .concernedwith a view to reaching a commoIiunderstanding andfinding apeaceful solution. It is encouraging to note fromthe report of theSec1'etarY-General that usefulconversa.. tions have a1ready taken plaCe andthatbothsides have stressed the necessity of apeacefulsettlementoftheir differences. My delegation shares the hope of the Secretary'-General thatthe sIlirit.ofunderstanding and moderation .evinced during' the recent talks will continueto preva.il. 1l0.Withyour approval.lVIr. President,ltoo would waive the interpretationotmy statement. 111. T.hePRESIDENT:If there isno objection. and withthe usualunderstaIiding, \Ve shallwaivetheinterpr~tationpf tp.e rem:u-ksoftherepresentative ofChina. 112,.i)rv.Ir• .NIELS~N (Norwarl: The question of the :porwguese te1'ritories' isagâin .beforethe Security CO,uncil•., Little.more thanfourmontllsago. the~cre"" tary-General WaS reque,sted by the Security Council tofurnish auch assistance a:=; he might deem neces.. sary with reg~rd to the ÎlIlplementation of the provisio~s.oftheresolution thenadopted. 11.3.Â.s .~••·resl.!ltoftheS~cr.etaxY"'Gèneral'sefforts. C()tlversatic)UsWereenter.edintobetween the Foreign Minister .... of:port.ugal.andrepresentati'les of nine At~ic~ Statea.Th.e Sei::retary..General. in hisreport totheCollIlcH.exprèsses.the view.tllatthe.very tact thatl'epreselltativ~s.0fAfrican.States anQ.ofportugal agr~",(tto.meetill,orde1'todiscussproblemsaffecting the.re1ations ofthei;r:countrie8was initseltan en- 115. The Norwegian delegation wishes to express its deep appreciation to the Secretary-General for his success in bringing representatives of the African States and Portugal together. Although these contacts have not achieved the desired results, we believe that the Secretary-General should be encouraged to continue his efforts in the ways which he deems best suited to fuxther progresse 116. We base this view on the fact that the situation with regard to the Portuguese territories has fortunately not remained as immobile as certain other hard core colonial problems. This is borne out by the conversations which have taken place and by certain of the statements made by the Foreign Minister of portugal to this GouncU. Though these statements do not reflect decisive changes in the Portuguese position, we believe that the new elements contained are en.. couraging. 117. During the recent talks. the African and the Portuguese representatives failed to reach agreement on the content of the right of self-determination. However. to my delegation it is most important that both parties were concerned with the issue of self-determination and that the Foreign Minister of Portugàl seemingly did not denythe principle-oi eelf-àeiermina·· tion for the people of the territoriesunder Portuguese administration. 118. This is not stated in an attempt to hide the fact the parties were wide apart in their respective defintions of self":'determination. The Norwegian delegation, for its part, has no doubt that the interpretation of self-determination which is laid down in the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly should be adhered to and applied also in this case. This interpretation gives to the peoples concerned the necessary options with regard to the choice of their own future. 119. It is, as l have stated before tothis GouncU, the conviction of the Norwegian GovernIl1ent.that all peoplebof the world have the right to détermine by themselves, aCèording to recognized democratl'c procedures, their own future. They r;houldbe allowed to express their own will in allm8tters concerningselfgovernment and independence. We do not recogrüze that any State is entitled to limit. or curtail these rights, and we are convinced that any attempt to repress these rights will in the end inevitably fa.i;l. 120. With regard t()the draft resolution presentedby Ghana, Morocco and the Philippines [S/fj480),themost important aspeGt to us .is !ts paragraph 4, which states the meaning of self-det~rn:lÎnation. With this as a basts, the draft resolution, in our view, is designed to encourage the PortugueseGOvernment to move in the direction of acceptipgthe generally.recognized interpretationof self-determination. We have duly noted the statementofther~presentative of Ghana thatthe draft resolution is oarefully wor(ied so as to a.void 121. The Norwegian delegation will vote in favour of the draft resolution as we find it reflects the linprovements that have occurred in the situation since the Counciladopted the resolution of 31 July 1963. Most important: to us is that the main emphasis of the draft resolution now before the Council is on steps which would facilitate further progress. 122. On the understanding which you have repeatedly stated this afternoon. 1 would be pleased to waive the interpretationof my statement into French.

On that understanding. and if there is no objection. in order to expedite the com.,.. pletion of this item today we Will waive the interpretationof the remarks ofthe Norwegian representative.

The USSR delegation gave a detailed explanation of the pOsitiOn of the Soviet Union on the question under discussion at yesterday's meeting of the Security Council. We should nowlike. tomake afewobservationsonthe draft resolution" submitted for theCouncil's consideration by Ghana, Morocco and the Philippines [S/5480]. 125. May 1 first, however. recall that on 31 July 1963. duringthe discussion of the African-Asian dr!Ûtresolution.at the Security Council's 1049th meeting. the USSR delegatïon stated. inter alia. that it would vote for that <Irait resolution, although it cèmsidered that the text did not adequately reflect the grave and dangerous situation prevailingin the Portuguese African colonies and the determination of the African peoples to put an end to Portuguese.colonial domination in that continent. Il')126. The US8R delegation also remarkedthatitwould ') h.a.v.e preferred. me.asuresstronger t.han those provid.ed.. for in the· draft resolution but that it had decided to 'l ! lsupport the resolution in order to meet the Wishes of \ !the African countries. . . 127. At the sametime,. the USSR delegation pointed outthat the CouncUcould notand must not be a pas- sive observer where its resolutions were not imple- meIited. It noted that the Charter of the United Nations cê:l'Dferred considerable rights and powers upon the Security Council with respect t<> pilcrties which did not cOInply wi.~hthe .Council's.decisions. 128. However, as. the Security Council's debates have made perfectly .clear. the Lisbon régime has been ignoring the Council's decisions and, instead of abandoning,. has only i~tensified its palicy of repJ;'es- sion and. terror" against the peoples of Angola, Mozam.,.. bique·.and so-called Portuguese Guinea. 129. Thestatementmade today bytherepresentative ofPortilguese coloniaJismleaves not the slightestdoubt that·.the LisbOn régimeis .determined to continue its criminal policytowardsthe African.peoples .living ùnder the Portuguesey<>ke.Obviously. he didnotdraw 131. The' Security Counci! must take decisive and effective measures to stop the outrages of the Portu- guese colonialists in Angola, Mozambique and Portu- guese Guinea and put an end to the war in Angola and portuguese Guinea. It must insist on the unconditional implementation by the Portuguese Government of the 1 Security Counci! resolution of 31 July 1963, and must \' support the decisions of the Summit Conference of Independent African States at Addis Ababa. whîch called for the discontinuance of aU support and as- sistance, both direct and indirect, to the Portuguese Government and the application of economic, political and other sanctions against Portugal. ! J 132. As regards the draft resolution submitted by Ghana, Morocco and the Philippines [S/5480]. the Soviet delegation considers it altogether weak andinadequate. In particular, the draft resolution does not contain even the minimum demands of the Mrican countries, which are displaying great patience and restraint. Ifwe sup- port this draft resolution it is only because we are taking into account the situation and the wishes of the African countries, which feel that itis desirable at the ,present stage for the Council to âdopt a unanimous de- cision. 1 1ll 1 Î 1 1! t 133. However, the Soviet delegation ls firmly con- vinced of the necessity for the Council to take a more drastic and effective decision. 134. 1 should like, Mr, President, to waive my right to theconsecutiV6 translation of my remarks into English and French.

If there is no objection, andon the usual understanding, we shallwaive the consecutiv'e interpretatiofis of the remarks of the Soviet representative. 136. There are noothernamesol'l"thelistof speakers. Therefore. with the permission oÏ the Council.1should like to make a statementin my capacity as representative of the UNITED STATES. 137. The UIÙted States will vote in favour ofthe draft resoluti.qLl rS/15480r. The main thrust of tlûs draft resolution is its Interpretation of self-determination. We agree with the statement of self-determination in paragraph 2 of resolution 1514 (XV), reaffirmedhere, that peoples by virtue of this right freely determine theirpolitical status andfreely pursue their economic, social and cultural.development.The United States has throughout its history consistently supportedthis principle, which is one of the basic foundationsof our own society. The principle is alsofundamentaltothe Charter and is one which we shall not abandon. We believe it is applicable to the peoples of allPortuguese territories in Mrica, and ind!3ed ta aIlpeoples, and wehave both publicly anci privately urged Portugalto accept the "•••the overwhelming majority of the United Nations•••does not agree that the self-determinationof which the Foreign Minister of Portugal speaks is sufficient••••" [!bide, para. 70.] 139. Since then, discussions have been held, under the auspices of the Secretary-General,between the Foreign Minister of Portugal and representatives of ~,irican States. We believe that these talks were useful in opening up a peaceful avenue to a solution of the problem, and that such contacts should he renewed. Particularly worthy of note are the Secretary-Gen.. eral's conclusions followingthe talks that Portugal has not denied the principleof self-determination for thepeoples of its overseas territories and thatit is not opposed to.the principle of self-determination, as embodied inthe Portuguese conceptof the te:r;.m. Similarly, we note the statement by Mr. Franco Nogueira at that time that: "The point at issue appeared to he not so much aS to the question ofself-determination, but as to agreement on a vaUd definition of the concept of self-determination." [S/5448, para.H.] 140. We believethat Portugal'swillingness ta sitdown with.Mrican leaders to discuss the issue of seü-determination in the PortugueseMrican territories should be commended as an earnest of its willingness to seek a peaceful s()lutton in a United Nations context and in a,n Mrican contexte 141. Thatthere were difficulties in achieving agreement on the United Nations definition of self-deter,. minatton wasnot surpris1ng. That it was so fully dis- çussed 1s encouraging. We hope further discussions mightachieve meaningfu} results. A useful start was made in these contacts, andthey recorded some progress in the Portuguese attitude toward self-de- .termination. Prior. to them. the 8ecurity Counci! was .concerned with whether Portugal w~uld accept the coricept of .self...determination at all~ Subsequent.to them, ... we can· be. more \'Joncerned ·.vi.th the Elcope of self-determination than with tbë idea itself. This, while nOt sticcess, is progresse Where, then, do we sta1'.td on its.scope? 142. Accordingto the <report of the Secretary- ~haral, the. Foreign Minister of Portugalduringthese talkssaid this about the sUbstance ofself-determina.. tion: r--;....P(Jrtugalb~lieved thaÙherewa.smore than one .. modalityofseU...determinatioll justas therewas ttlorethanonemodality withregard tothe form of .administration ·ofa State. Self-determinationtb Por tugatmeant the agreement and cOnsent of the populationto Jlcertain political structure, type ofState· and 143. We are particularly pleased that the draft resolution before the Council recalls General Assembly resolution 1541 (XV), because it is in this resolution that .the full scope of the process of self-determination, the achievement of what Article 73 of the Charter calls na full measure of self-government", has been most carefully spelled out. Principle VI of that resalution lists the means whereby the objectives of Article 73 can he achieved-namely, emergence as a sovereign independent State, free association with an independent State, or integration with an independent State. These aré the types of choices to which an exercise of self-determination should give access. 143. le pelle parce défini cessus lations nistrent principe territoire à souverain, Etat indépendant. mettre 144. appartient détermination décider. les 144. What the results will be must be left ta the peopIes to decide. Indeed, the concept of self-determina'" tion means that itis notfor us to decide. Our responsibility, rather, is to help create the circumstances where the peoples themselves can make a free, unfettered and full choice. . mê~es 145. 145. Resolution 1541 (XV) also gives us further guidance, not only on the choices, but also on how these. circumstances can be achieved. In this regard, we are especially mindful of the eloquent statement of the Foreign Ministér of Sierra Leone in the Council on 6 December 1963, a statement which has already been referred to by a previous speaker. The Foreign Minister of Sierra Leone said at that time: seul~rl1ent ces spécialement des le ment. Leone "In spite of the fact that theSecurityCouncil itseli\ in its resolution recognizes therelationshipbetween 1 self-determination and independence and speaks of independence almost as an inevitable result of self..,. i determination, yet at notime have the African repre- ..: sentatives said that self-determination isnot selfdetermination unless it leads· to independence. What wehavealways said is that it seems most unlik&ly to us thatanyAfrican peoplegiven the right fully to. determine their. political futurewould prefer to remain Portuguese, or for that matter British or French. But sbouldthey sofreely choose,theirchoice will and mustbe respected by aIl. nWhat the Afl'ican States wish to emphasize and woul'll ask the Security Council· in any resolution 9,dopt~d. ta .state precisely is that in the exerciseof self-determination no choice should be excluded... andl wishto emphasize the phrase." [lOS0th trteeting. pal'as.30 Ilnd3l.l .. 147. It is our fervent hope that, building uponthe results of the Secretary-General's efforts and upon the interpretation of self-determination, which this draft resolution endorses, we may move forward rapidly to bring about agreement on an. ear.ly, peaceful, and full exercise of self-determination, with full freedom of choice in the Portuguese territories. We believe Portugal should co-operate along these lines, and we will use our efforts to assist in bringing thisabout. 148. Finally, a few words on other aspects of the draftresolution: As the members are aware, the United States abstained on the resolution of 31 July 1963, and our attitude towards the present draft resolution is conditioned accordingly. Permit me to comment on two points. 149. Paragraph 2 of the draftresolution refers to paragraph 6 of the resolution ·of 31 July. The latter accurately reflects United States policy towards the sale and supplY of arms and military equipment to Portugal. This paragraph, therefore, is acceptable to us in Us present forme 150. .Paragraph3 of the draft resolution before us refers to the resolution ôf 31 July. In general, the reservations we then exPressed also apply to this paragraphe We agreed, in an explanation of our vote in, July,. however, that the aims of that resolution were very close to OUI' aims. While we could not agree to some of it8 language and some of its specüic provisions, w.e agreed with much of itssubstance. We hope that Portugal will co-operate with thebroad provisions of the resolution, and especially ül.achieving its main objective:apeaceful solution of the situation in the Portuguese territorles,through the application of the principle of self-determination. 151. The task of .decolonization, extremelyrapid in historicalperspective,. has· notalways b~en smooth. Aswe face thefew remaining problems, we. realize that many of them are amongthe more difficult issues; but we alsoknow that the problem o~ the Portuguese teIlritories Is n.ot the most intractible of those we face. Wecommend the Foreign Ministersof the Mrican states who have appeared here for theirperseverance in responsibly seeking to employ the means, methods and ideals of the Charter to achieve its objectives in Ang<>laand Mozambique and the otherPortuguese te1'1'itories in Artica, ina timely and peaceful way. 1l?2., For ou1'pa.·ithvewillco-operate inthis objective tothemaxim~ofourabi1itybothintheUnited Nations and inourbilateral diplomatie relations. 155. If there is no objection from the members of the Council, in order to expedite ourbusiness lshould also like to waive consecutive interpretationofmy remarks. 156. If there arenofurther speakers. we shal1proceed to vote on the draft resolution before us. projet 157. A :request has been presented to the Councilfor a separate vote on operative paragraph 3 of the draft resolution. 1 perceive no objection; l therefore put to the vote operative paragraph 3 of the draft resolution presented by Ghana, Morocco and the Philippines [S/5480]. A vote was taken by show of hands. pines, Venezuela. 158. maintenant présenté [S/5480}. Républiques projet In favour: China, Ghana, Morocco, Norway, Philippines, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Venezuela. Against: None. Abstaining: Brazil, France, Uniteél. Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America. Paragraph 3 was adopted by 7 votes to none with 4 abstefltions.

l shal1 now put to the vote the draft resolution submitted by Ghana, Morocco and the Philippines [S75480] as a whole. A vote was taken· by show ofhands. In favour: Brazil, Ch~na, Morocco, Norway, Philippines. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics~United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Venezuela. Against: None. Abstainirlg: Franoe. The draft reso!ution l'las adopted by10 votes ta none, with 1 abstention. 159. Ml'. QUAISON-SACKEY(Ghana):TheCouncilhas jJlSt adopted the resolution ,presented by Morocco, the Philipjlines and Ghana. l want toexpress the appreciation of my delegation and. that of the co-sponsors and the Foreign Ministers, who 1 amsure will speaklater, to an those whohave.supported this resolution. We know the difficulties of the representative of France, but Iam sure that even he joins tl)e. other members of the Counciliri declaring, in firmand loud accents, the clear meaning of self..;deterrnination. No 101lger will this be a source of conflict l:letween us and Portugal, wei hope. l'nis is the United Nations interpretation of self-deterrpination, which has been enunciated in the resolution. . glais]: lutionprésenté Ghana. dire des étrangères, à J;'eprésentant q\l'il Conseil l'autodétermination. nous Voilà, . énoncée.·dans "'la• de Nations 160. May l say that thosewho advocatefurthertalks between the African States and Portugal would agree that this mattershould not bea matterfor discussion, ~ntretiens vraient 161•. 1 must sav ':jat this resolutioll is not as weak as the representatc:": of the S0"ï7iet Union has maintained. it is true that we have had ••') adopt the present tactics; we have done. so intentionally. The African struggle islike a river: it flows along with impediments, but finds the meansof Circumventing the obstacles. For the firsttime, the Councn has come out in elear support of our position. 1 am sure that, had a draft of this resolution as it now stands been put before the Councn a year ago, it would not havepassed. The very fact that .it has been adopted today is a clear indication of the· the thinking of the large majority of the· membership of our Organization. That is why, to us, it issignificant that this resolution has been adoptéd almost unanimously. 162. Mr. MongiSLIM (Tunisia) (translated from French): 1 thank the members of the. Councn for the attention the:v have given to this second debate on the situation in the Territories under Portuguese administration.Admittedly the vote just taken on this draft resolution.is no great achievement; however, it showsand this ls very important...that the Councn still considersthat this situation is a dangerous disturbance to peace and security in Africa and that, with this in mind, ithas fbllowed closelythe developments reported on this question since its last debate. This resolution a.lso marks an importànt milestonesince, in the present debate,. it has aifirmed the only definition of the idea of self-cJ.eternrlnationwhich we, as Members of thëtJnited Nations, believle possible. . 163. Sorne members· of the Councn have appealedfor newcontact$ .to be made in ordèrta reach a peaceful solution. to this danger.ous. dispute whichthreatens peace and security hl Africa,and for the Secretary~ General tocontinrie hîs efforts to secure the application of the resolution of 31 July 1963. 164. May 1 be allowed to draw attention to certain historical facts. Many cauntries have fought for their independence as thé peoples of Angola, Moza~b~que and so-called Portuguese Guinea are doing now; in so fighting, .manypeoples have demanded immediate independence andnothing but independence. However, citcumstances have sometimes led their leaders to negotiateor bold discussions with. the Governments then rUlillg· them. Thus, in 1954, as a result of the notion· of co-sovëreignty·in Tunisiaadopted in 1951, Tunisia was obliged to begin the strugglé, and in 1954 itwas demandinglmmediate.independence. Itwas suppdrtedby a numper· of friendlycountries. However, in 1954, sinceitsaw the possibilityoffinal recognition of the idea of unity and Tunisian sovereignty,Tunisia agreed. ta. enter itnmediately into negotiation with its honest and worthy. partners on the French side and was inducedto makeconè.essionsand compromises in orderto find •a peaceable solution ta its dispute with France. When it accepted. internaI. autonomy as a basis.forindependence, in. the sincereand honest belief .that such autonomy was a means af achieving complete)ndependence by peaceful means, it was 165. 1 understand that at that time the cduntries friendly to Tunisia could accept nothing short of immediate and complete independence. In 1954, they were not ready for any concession during any negotiation whatsoever with France. 166. 1 have cited thisexample in order to emphasize that, whi1·;: contacts should be encouraged, they should be made not with us, the representatives of the independent African countries who support the struggle of the peoples of Angola, Mozambique and so-caUed Portuguese Guinea to win back their dignity and independence, but rather with the nationalist leaders of the peoples of Angola, Mozambique and so-called Portuguese Guinea. Those are the contacts which shouldbe encouraged. que, chefs ces 167. 1 am happy to see that paragraph 5 (Q.) of the resolution of 31 July 1963 does in fact refer to the need for negotiations with the nationalist leaders of the African countries underPortuguese rule. 1amsure that those are the real negotiations tobe conducted and the real contacts te encourage, b"ecause they alone can lead with any certainty to peace andsecurity in Africa, and also bring back true friendship,based on respect for recovered sovereignty and dignity, between the Portuguese people and the people of .tmgola,Mozambique and so-called Portuguese Guinea. 167. ciations a tables peuvent et l'amitié et et dite 168. That is the direction in which 1 should like the Secretary-General to pursue hisefforts: not so much to arrange for renewed conversations with us, hutmore usefuUy-to enable negotiations and contacts to take place with the nationalist leaders who arefighting Portugal. We give them Our support because their desire in that struggle is ta regain their independence and sovereignty; we shall continue to do so because we believe that as long asthis fight continues the situation in Africa will threaten internatiorialpeace andsecurity. 168. efforts plus contacts listes, leur ils leur que, que 169. 1 hope that in future an attempt will be madeto avoid discussions about the meaning of words and to go straight to the root of the probler!l~ which is to recognize and acknowledge that thepeoples of Angola, Mozambique and so-called portuguese Guinea are entitled to a full measure of 1:lovereignty' to the free exerciseof the right of self-determinationbythe most democratic means, and to the· free choice oftheir own future. If they want that future tobe linked with Portugal's, althoughwe hardly think that is likely, we shall, as westatedearlier, accept it gladly. 169. d'éviter pour qui lations dite raineté, exprimée libre ce tions joie, 172. l invite the attention of the Portuguese Foreign Minister to paragraph 5 of theresolution of 31 July. Iam sure that the African States will lend their assistance to .a peaceful solution of this problem. Our offer, first made to the Secretary-General, to put Portugal in touchwith Mrican leaders in territories, and repeated in this CO\lllcil, still remains open. We do hope that Portugal. will acept this offer and our willingness to assist it in a.peaceful solution of this problenl. ~ 173. MI'. FRANCO NOGUEIRA (Portugal): l shall be extremely brief, but in view of the votewhichhas just béen taken by t.1:lè Security Council l wish ta :make'the following short remarks on a resolution which is not weak, aS the representative 6fGhana has just told the, Couneil, and which, on the other hand,in a way, becomes·legaljust because time has gone on. 1.74.·'.References' t6 the' resolution of 31 July 1963 ï:mply a reaffirmatiQn of that te~t which is obviously unacceptable to my Govern:ment. Secondly, l find that lio :mention Is :made of some of the most important points of the report of the Secretary-General, namely, the suggestions which hé ma.de ta the effect that con,.. ditions' in the territories and matters pertaining to questions of. peace andsecurityshouldbeinvestigated. 175. ,Accordingly, .I would say that, in our view, the Council has once more takena mïstaken decision, and in our opinion repetition in .error· does not make it right. l therefore .feel in dutyboun<l to make the most formaI andstrong reservations regarding the text whichhas just been approved by the Council. - 176•.. MI'. SYLLA. (Madagascar) .(translated from French): .The vote on the resolution submittedby Ghana, Moroccoand the. Philippines and adopted almost unanimously by the Security Council givesus great pleasurè and satisfaction. l join my.colleagues the Mrican Ministers of the Organization. of Mrican Unity who are present here in expressing dur thanks to the Council for the decision just taken, which, 1 like to think, will be heeded by Portugal.' 177. The peoples of Africa, in accordance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), wish tochoQse their destiny fraely and no other solution will. satisfy the:m. Today's decision by the security Couneil can only strengthenthefaith andtrust of Africanpatriots in the Vnited Nations Charter an<l sustain them in.their legitimate strugglefor independence. 179. l'opinion des représentants tout portugais Jiattitude le est de 180. 1 wish to appeal to the Foreign Ministerof Portugal to report as fairly as he can to his people the fact, which is beyond any doubt, that the opinion of the world, the opinion of the best friends of ~ortugal, namely, its partners in NATO. the opinion of those people who respect the history and tradition for which the Portuguese nation has stood in the past, is that the time is getting late for them to hold to a position which is. indefensible and which, we seriously warn, can only lead to trouble if they persisted in it. But we trust in their recognition of the role which this country cancontinue to play in world affairs if they will take the opportunities which are offered to them at this time. 180. étrangères avec qui monde gal-- l'opinion traditions temps qui avertissons troubles Portugal nuer l'occasion 181. il au prochaine

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