S/PV.227 Security Council

Members of the Council have before them reports by the Secretary-General on the credentials which have bp.en .preserited by the Governments of Canada (document S/643), of the United Kingdom (document S/637), and of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (document S/638), accrediting General A G. L. McNaughton for Canada, Mr. P. J. Noel Baker for the United Kingdom in connexion with the debate on Kashmir; Mr. Dmitri Z. Manuilsky, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, as representative of the Ukrainian SSR, and Mr. Vasili Tarasenko as bis altemate. These reports calI for no comments by the Council. Before dealing with the agenda, 1 should like briefiy to welcomeGeneral McNaughton, who to represent Canada on the Council for the first time. The members of the Council who have taken part in the work of the Atomie Energy Commission have been able to appreciate General 1 co-operation. 1 : As 1 have just said, the Government of the i Ukraine has appointed as its representative its i Minister for Foreign Affairs, His Excellency ! Mr. Dmitri Manuilsky, who has played an eminent 1 part in the United Nations since its very beginning. As we have seen, in the absence of Mr. Manuilsky, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic will he represented by his alternate, Mr. Vasili Tarasenko. He is not a newcomer to the United Nations. In the past he bas been a member of the Ukrainian delegation to the General Assembly and to the Economic and Social Council. 1 aIso want to welcome him to our gathering. FinalIy, 1 should like to take this 0pp0rtunity of telling Mr. Noel Baker how glad we are to see bim again at Lake Success, where he will take part in our work. : 8. Adoption of the agenda i ! i 9. 9. Continuation of the discussion of the situation in Jammu ami Kashmir t , ! 1,i The PRESIDENT (translated !rom .French) : iThe next item on the agenda is the letter from ,1 the representative of India addressed to the Pre- men adressée le dans 1sident of the Security Council, dated 1 January .1 1948, regar?ing the situation in the State of Jammu i :1 and Kashmir. . ! j ~ connexion wi~ this q~estion, we have ,1 recelved new credentials, on which the Secretary- .1 General has 'prepared a report. These are the Ucredentials for Mr. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, Mi- Ilnister without Portfolio in the Indian Govemment 1.i (document S/645).1 1j • , s: i .1 think that the Secretary-General S report on il this matter does not calI for any comment. pouvoirs du M. feuille S/645) cet ~li At the invitation of the President Mr. Gopa- ,11aswami Ayyangar, representative of lndia, and i~Sir Mohammed Zafrullah Khan, representative of iipakistan, took their places at the Council table. est :1 The PRESIDENT (translated !rom French): 1 ~ \'jthink the statements which therepresentatives of e iJ _ i: 1 1 Following is the text of document 8/645 : '1 .. Pursuant to role 15 of the provisional rules of e: jProcedure of the Security Council, 1 wish to report provisoire faire tant Unies, que feuille, auprès situation la Abdullah, mire suppléants. suffisants. ~.;lthat 1 have received a letter dated 13 January 1948 :~from Dr. P. P. Pillai, representative of India to the s:~United Nations, stating that Mr. N. Gopalaswarni l i'iAyyangar, Minister without Portfolio, has been appointed '~representative of India to the Security Council for the r "1discussion of the Kashmir situation. Mr. M. C. ..;.. Setalvad, Advocate High C<':lrt, Bombay, and 8heikh x ,) Moha~mad Abdullah, Head of the .~dministration, e ",Kashmlr aI!-d Jammu State, have been appomted alternate i !~representatIves. e'i .Il In my opinion this letter constitutes adequate provi- , :islOnal credentials. " . T~ meeting was suspended (lt .lI a.m. and resumed at 11.20 a.m. The PRESIDENT (translated from French) : In accordance with our rules of procedure, any state- ment made in one of the worldng languages must be translated ioto the other working language. At the present meeting fuis will be done sirnulta-I neously. By means of this system, members of the Council may aIso, if they wish, hear interpre- tations into Russian and Spanlsh. Mr. GOPALASWAMI AYYANGAR (fuma): The Security Council has met today u> commence the consideration of the communication addressed ta it on 31 December 1947 by my Chief, the Prime Minister of India.1 That communication summarizes in clear terms the impasse fuat has been reached in the relations between India and Pakistan over the situation in the 1ammu and Kashmir 5tate, and the fureat to international peace and security with ",bieh ft· ~ pregnant if it is not solved immediately. Iffurther mpkes a specifie suggestion for conSiêÏeration by the Security Council as to the action !hat it may take immediately for ending the impasse and eliminating the danger for an armed conflict be- tween the two countries with its attendant, aImast inevitable, repercus~lons on the maintenance of world peace. 1 desire at the outset of this inves- tigation to make a fuller statement of our case with a view to assisting the Security Council in obtaining a comprehensive and realistic apprecia- tion of the problem that faces it in this connexion. It is with a heavy sense of responsibility that India invokes the good offices of the Security Council in finding a solution. The report under Article 35 of the Charter has been made to this Couneil after a great deal of hesitation and with the deepest regret. 1 wish it had been possible to settle between ourselves, with perfect friendliness and in a generous spirit of give and take, our differences in relation to this problem, in the same way as we have done, and are doing, in the case of many other problems. The failure has not been ·due to lack of effort on our part. Towards the end of the third week of November, an aIl-out effort was l~-qnched by Pandit Iawaharlal Nehru, in whieh the Prime Minister of. Pakistan cq-operated 1 The telegram .received by the Indian delegation on 31 Deeember was transmitted to the Seeurity Couneil on 1 January 1948 (document 8/628). On the Kashmir issue alone. however, though good progress was made and a settlement was mmost in sight at one stage, the negotiations finally broke down as a result of the attitude adopted by the Palistan Government in declining to do what, under any vi.ew of right international conduct, it is its obligation to do. No one with knowledge of the course of these negotiations could fail to have been impressed by the transpa- rent godd faith, the sincerity and the honesty of OUf endeavour to reach a settlement; and tha~ settlement would have been reached but for the intransigence and the lack of adequate confidence and courage, in dealing with their own people, wbich the Government of Pakistan have unfortu- nately exhibited in this cOD..Tlexion. .,d. We'hàve come, therefore, ta invoke the assis- tance of the Security Council in persuadïng the Pa,kistan Government, where we so far have failed, and in thus helping to save the lives and honour of thousands in the Jammll and Kashmir State. Freed from the scourge of invasion, and with normal life restored, fuis land of beauty and its hard-working and self-awa1œned people will thus be enabled to carve out for themselves, by a free choice of their own, the economic and political destiny that awaits them. It is, if 1 may say 80, of the highest importance that action for the stoppage of the fighting ill the State, which is now going ên .between the armed forces of India and the forces and people of the State on the one side, and the raiders and invaders from the tribal areas and the West Punjab and North West Frontier Provinces of Pakistan, to- J que pour actuellement de l'Etat les Lying at the northwestern extremity of India, the Jammu and Kashmir State has to its north Chinese Turkestan, to its northeast Tibet, and to its northwest, the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub- lies. On its southern side, Hs borders are conti- guous with those of the Dominions of India and Pakistan. The area of the State is approximately 82,000 square miles and its population is just over four millions. Essentially' mountainous in its geography, the State consists of successive ranges of snowclad MOuntains and beautiful valleys between. For administrative purposes, the State could be divided into four distinct regions : Jammu proper with the largest proportion, in any area of the State, of Hindus, mostly Dogra Rajputs; to. the east and north, the areas of Baltistan and Ladakh, origi- nally parts of Tibet but conquered and annexed to the State by the great-grandfather of the present Maharaja over a century ago; the Kashmir Valley, the third distinct division of the State; and Gilgit, with its strategie position across the river Indus, at the northemmost extremity. For just over a hundred years, the State has been ruIed by the present dynasty. It seems unne- cessary to trace thehistory of the State in any detail. The important date for, our present pùrposes may be takenas 15 August 1947, when the· United Kingdomtransferred power in India. Prior'to thatdate Jammu and Kashmir, like any other State of comparable size, was anindependent State hi treaty relations with the Crown of The population of Kashmir Valley is over 90 per cent Muslim and that of Gilgit is wholly Muslim. In Jammu, the proportion of Hindus is substantially higher,but taking the State as a whole, the Muslims are ina majority of about seventy-eight per .cent. From Srinagar, the prin- cipal city in the Valley of Kashmir, one road leads to Pakistan; branching off at Domel via Muzaffa- rabad and Abbottabad, but proceeding straight tbrough Kohala and Murree to Rawalpindi. The other road connects it with Jammu. The usual line of communication from Jammu to Indià before partition was through Sialkot, now in Pakistan; but, after the partition of India, through connexion with the Indian Dominion is from Jammu to Pathankot overa fair-weather road which has·had to stand the· heavy strain of military and other traffie during the last two and a half months, and is therefore not in agood condition. This is, however, being rapid1y improved and re-aligned. I~ Prime Minister presided. There has been a move- !J ment in the State for the establishment and libera- Il lization of popular democratic institutions during I~ the last sixteen or seventeen years. The two main I~ parties contending for recognition and power were 1,1 the National Conference led by my colleague, 1 j Sheikh Abdullah, who is a sturdy champion of a Il national secular state, and the Muslim Conference il'11'.... Party, which, in regard to ideology, is, in !he State, a repliea of the Muslim League in non- State India. l,' On 15 August, when the Indian Independence , Act came into force, Jammu and- Kashmir, like i other States, became free to decide whether it i wouId accede to the one or the other of the two l, Dominions, or'remain independent. It was, how- 1' ever, expected that the State would, as a matter of course, enter into relationship with one or the ! other of the Dominions,having regard to its 11 geography and history, its economic interests and. I, the wishes of its population. Kashmir started 'negotiating simultaneously with India and Pakis- i. tan, since it was contiguous to, and had close i" economic ties with, both of them. Ijli 1'1 India was, of course, vitally interested in the l: decision that the State might take in regard to ".1 .".. acc~s.sion. ~thas~f' b~cause o~ its geo.grhaphith·cal pOSItion, WI Its roIlltiers contiguous Wlt . ose ·· of countries like the Union of Soviet Socialist [, Republics and China, is of vital importance to the ... security and international contacts of India. Eco- nomically also, Kashmir is intimately associated 'j with India. The caravan trade routes from Central t~ Asia to India pass through Kashmir State. Never- .! theless, we have at no time put the slightest l pressure on the State·to accede to the Indian fj Dominion, because we realized that Kashmir was 1 in a very difficult position. While a standstill j agreement with India was being negotiated, we !~ learned that pressure was being applied on Kash- ~ mir by the Pakistan authorities with a view to 1 coercing it ~to acceding to Pakistan. At first we @ did not pay any serious attention to the reports ~ we received; At that time all the energies of the j Government of India were strained to the utmost ~1 in achieving the task of effecting a gigantic transfer : of population on a vast scale. But the reports .~ about the application of coercive pressure began ~j to come with increasing frequency. In, or about, 1 the month of September, the position became .~really serious.. '~q ~ ~ The events which actually followed cannat be 1\explained away as a fortuitous combination of The economic blockade of Kashmil' was ·an essential part of the plan to coerce Ka~,hmir into acceding to the Dominion of Pakistan. The Press in Pakistan opeIily carried on this propaganda' accompanied by threats and warnings. On 5 September 1947, the ·Zamindar..-4h~t is the name of a .journal-'-'-in an .editorial cap"ioned .. Surround Kashmir", suggested that in view of the reluctance of the mIer of Kashmir to aç~ede to Pakistan, all the gates which connect Kashmir with India sho1ild be closed. The article,concluded: "Let usbeleaguer Kashmir, let us do it so effec- tivelythat it may not· be able to getout of our hands and seek refuge beyond the borders of our Dominion. Kashmir and Jammu are parts of Pakistan. Theil' gcing out of Muslim domination will badly shatter the prestige of Mussulmans." India came into the picture of the present deve- lopments on Kashmii oIily on the eve of signing the instrument of accession. Since then, we have come to know of the pressure which had been exercised by·Pakistan for,'obtaining the accession of the State. Side by side witq economicstrangu- J Il1, According to the diary maintained by Brigadier Sir H. L. Scott, Chief cf the Military Staff of Jammu and Kashmir Siate, .. On 6 September 1947, Ethere was] a marked increase in the actl- vity of Pakistan troops on the main roads. A patrol v.isited Alibeg, twelve miles west of Bhimbar, Major General O. D. T. Lovett, commanding 7th Infantry Division, [was] informed. On 13 S~ptem­ ber 1947, a Pakistan Army pattol visited Alibeg and ,Jatli, 14 miles west of Bhimbar, both in the State territory." ' ,i H Ili 1]l, H l il il il il ['i 1 ij Il Ill 1IlIlH Il I~ Il Il Hi 11 il Il 1 11iln Il il IllÏ'Il -'1 Il ',; ij tJIl A Matters had thus come to such a pas;,; thnt the Government of Kashmir had to send a telegram of protest to the Goverilor-General of Pakistan. 1 shall read out extracts from this telegram dated 18 October 1947. ' , •• ~ver since 15 August, in spite of an under- standmg to C?bserve 'standstill' agreements on m!!tters on whicb agreements existed'on 14 August Wlth B~tish India, difficulties have been felt !:lnot ooly Wlth regard to supplies from West Punj~b of petro.l, oils, food, salt, sugar and cloth, but in the wor~g of t~e postal system; savings bank ~liIll "1 i ~ccounts were refused to be.operated, postal cer- tificates were not cashed, cheques on West Punjab banks were not honoured. ~ 1: "The State Government has afforded safe passage to 100,000 Muslim refugees from Pathan- kot to Sialkot. On your side 180 out of 220 Kashmiri nationals, who were stranded at Rawal- pindi and were being' convoyed to Kohala at our request, were killed. . Il People armcd with modern long-range tire- arms have infiltrated in thousands into Poonch and conunitted horrors on non-Muslims. Il Pakistan radio appears to have been licensed 10 pour out volumes of malicious. libellous, false propaganda. Smaller feudatory States are prompted to threaten and even intervene with armed interference in Kashmir State. Even private people in Pakistan are allowed to wire unbearable threats, without check, through Pakistan post offices. This State of Kashmir is being blamed for acts which actually are being committed by Pakistan people. Villages are being raided from Sialkot. Il The Kashmir Government cannot but con. clude that all this isbeing done with the knowledge and connivance of the local authorities. The Kashmir Government considers these acts extreme- ly unfriendly, if not actuaUy inimical. Finally, the Government wishes to make it olain that it is not possible to tolerate this attitude âny longer without grave consequences tothe Iife and property of the people which it is sacredly bound to defend at all costs. Please put a stop to aU the iniquities which are being perpetrated. '. .. If unfortunately this request is not heeded. t.\e Government hopes that the Governor-General an,1 the Premier of Paldstan will agree that it would be justifiedin asking for friendly assistance and opposing trespass on its fundamental rights.·· The Governor-General of Pakistan, in his reply dated 20 October 1947, made no effort to answer the specific accusations. Instead, he chose to treat the communication from the Government of Kasbmir as an· ultimatum containing an alleged threat to seek outside assistance. However, by the timethe reply of the Governor-General of Pakistan feach~d th~ Government of Kashmir, the large- scale mvaslOn of the State from the side of the North West Frontier Province had actually com. menced. Qn.22 October 1947, about 2,000 tribesmen som~ in about100 lorries supplied to tl,em 1:'y Paki~tan's North West Frontier Provi.J1ce, and others on foot, .fu1ly armed· with modem weapons and under the command of a Pakistan national entered the ..town of.~uzaffara~adat dawn. They ~acked the town, killing, looting and raiding as they went along, The Gurdwara (3. place of reli- , il ~ ' ,1' 1 l The position was now critical. The State trOOps were scattered all over the ter.dtory of Kashmir. They had been split into small isolated groups, incapable of offering resistance tQ raiders who were overwhelming in numbers. AIl that stood between Baramula and Srinagar was a plain road, with hardly any trOPps to impede the raiders' advance. But the inhabitants of Srinagar, consist- mg of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims under their leader Sheikh Abdullah, rose up as one man to defend Srinagar. The raiders stopped at Baramula on 27 October and sacked the town. In their 13-day occupation of Baramula they denuded it of all its grain, cloth and money and left behind them a trail of loot, arson, rape, abduction and murder. They opened camps where women were kept, raped the women, and set up parties to loot what was not destroyed. They spared nothing-not even the St. Joseph's Convent, which was thoroughly ransacked. The nuns were violated and two spot dead. T Sydney Smith, of the London Daily Express, in bis dispatch dated 10 November 1947, reported t~at the tribesmen went in crazed with fighting, shooting and screaming; within 30 minutes they had looted the convent and had killed six, includ- ing the assistant Mother Superior and Colonel and Mrs. Dykes of the Indian Anny, who were in Baramula on leave. These were the barbarous men of v:hom Pakistan had boasted as the champions of liberty, who were supposedly fighting for the :" liberation " of Kashmir, who had gone all the way from a distant land as the c, Saviours of Kashmir ". From BaramuIa, where the raiders received reinforcement in thousands, they spread inarmed oatches toward Sopore, Bandipura, spiuing no one from loot or violence. Srinagar, the capital of the State, and the whole of the Kashmi:c Valley' were in peril. •. ' In this situation the .Maharaja of Kashmir a~proached ,the ,Govern.m.eilt of India for' military .. Afridis, soldiers in plain c1othes, and despe- radoes with modem weapons have been allowed ta infiltrate into the State, at fust in the Poonch area, then from Sialkot and finally in a mass in the area adjoining the Hazara District on the Ramkote side. The result has beenthat the limited number of troops at the disposai of the State had to be dispersed and thus had to face the enemy at several points simultaneously, so that it has become difficult to stop the wanton destruction of life and property and the looting of the Mahura power house, which supplies electric current to the whole of Srinagar and which has been bmnt. The number of women who have been kidnapped and raped makes my heart bleed. The wild forces thus ~et loose on.the S~ate are marching on with the aun of capturing Snnagar, the sommer capital of my Government, as a fust step to overrunning the whole State. The mass infiltration of tribesmen drawn from distant areas of the North West Fron. tier Province, coming regularly in motor trucks using the Mansehra-Muzaffarabad road and fully armed wiili up-to-date weapùns, cannot possibly be done without the. knowledge of the Provincial Govemment of the North West Frontier Province and the Govemment of Pakistan. ln spite of repeated appeals made by my' Govemment no attempt has been made to check these raiders or to stop them from coming into my State. In fact, .. With the conditions obtaining at present in my State and the great emergency of the siw.ation as it exists, 1 have no option but to ask for help from the Indian Dominion. Naturally they cannot send the help asked for by me without my State acceding to the Dominion of Inelia. 1 have accord- ingly decided to do so, and 1 attach the instru- ment of accession for acceptance by your Govern- ment. The other alternative' is to Ieave my State and the. people to freebooters. On this basis no civilized govemment can exist or be maintained. This alternative 1 will never allow to happen so long as 1 am the ruler of the State and 1 have life ta defend my country. . .. 1 may also inform Your Excellency's Govern- ment that it is my intention at onCle to set up an interim govemment and to ask Sheikh Abdullah to carry the responsibilities in this emergency with my Prime Minister. .. If my State is to be saved, immediate assis- tance must be available at Srinagar. Mr. V. P. Menon is fully aware of the gravity of the situation and will explain it to you, if further explanation is needed. .. In haste and with kindest regards, .. Yours sincerely, .. (Signed) HARI SINGH" On 27 October 1947 the Governor-General of India replied as follows from New Delhi to the Maharaja's letter : ' . .. My dear Maharaja Sahib, Il Your Highness's letter dated 26 October 1947 has been delivered to me by Mr. V. P. Menon. In. the special circumstances mentioned by Your Hlghness, my Government have decided to accept the ,accession of Kashmir State to the Dominion of India. In consistence with their policy that in the case of any State where the issue of accession has b;en the subject of dispute, the question of acces- Sl~)D should he decided in accordance with the WlshC;S of. the people of the State, it is my Govern- ment s Wlsh that, as soon as law and order have bee~ restored in Kashmir and its soil cleared of the mV2der, the question of the State's accession should be settled by a reference to the people. .. Meanwhile, in response to Your Highness's appeal for military aid, action has been taken tü?ay to send troops of the Indian Army to Kash- mll', to help your own forces to defend your terri- tory and to proteet the lives, property and honour of your .people. My Govemment and l note with ~a~sfacti0!l that Your Highness has decided to IDVlte Sheikh Abdullah to forin an Ïilterim Govern- ment ta work with your Prime Minister. . . •• (Signed) MOUNTBATTEN OF BURM:A " peo!,!~. Sheikh Abdullah, leader of the National ':::onference in Kashmir, pressed for accession as eamestly as the Ruler of Kashmir himself, and bis organization promised its complete co-operation. On the question of accession, the Govemment of India has always enunciated the policy that in all cases of dispute the people of the State concerned should make the decision. The Govemment of India had in fact no plans to send anymilitary assistance to Kashmir before 25 October 1947. The British chiefs of staff of the three services of the Inclian armed forces have certified: 1. On 24 October the fust intimation of the tribesmen's capture of Muzaffarabad reached the Commander-in~Chiefin India. 2. No plans of sending troops to Kashmir had been either considered or made DY the Indian Army until then. 3. On 25 October directions trom the Govem- ment of India \Vere received for the fust time to prepare plans for sending troops to Kashmir by air and road if necessary. 4. On 27 October, with Kashmir's instrument of accession signed, Indian troops were sent to Kashmir by air. Had India had any plans ready to send troops to Khasmir before this date il. would hardly have waited until the invaders had overrun haH' the Valley. There is ample proof available to establish that the' invaders of Kashmir are not only being allowed transit across Pakistan territory but aIso draw much oftheir equipment, .arms, transport, supplies and petrol from Pakistan. . For three months thousands of tribesmen have crossed Pakistan territory and havecontinued -to pour into Kashmir. And' yet Pakistan has acquiesced 'in this mass .and conÜiluous·trespass on its ownterritory by people who were openly on A 'British officer of the PakistaD.Army 'writing home to the United Kingdomon25 November 1947 'from Abbottabad,said that lorry-Ioads of food from local 'civil supplies 'and 'about 1,000 gallons of gasoline were being sent'to tribesmen in Kashmir from Abbottabad daily. Our District Uaison Officer at Jhelum reported on 25 Novem- ,ber 1947 that a 'large number of theFirst Punjab 'Regiment, . 'dressed in 'civilian ·clothes, were carrying arrns and ammunition every evenin:g in trucks and sometimes tanks and'armoured cars over the Jammu and Kashmir border. 'He saw 5,000 tribesmen undertraining 14 miles beyond Kahuta. ' Our .representative at Peshawar reported in November that about 20,000 tribesmen had moved ,from·the North West Frontier Province to Kashmir ~ccompaniedby men of the Pakistan Army .. on !eave .:' frontier constabulary and additionaI police -m plam clothes, and that petrol, ammunition, ,arms and transport were invariably supplied to them. Transport forthis purpose was requisitioned by order of the North West Frontier Province Governnient. A report from our Chief Liaison Officer stated that all ràiders' casuaIties are being admittedinto the Pakistan military hospitals. .on~ ofth~raiders, on beinginterrogated as a .pnsoner,.a?mitted that there was',alarge traiDing . ~p.at ,SIalkot· where raiders are trained for a pe:no~ of 8 .we~ks, prior to proceedîng toKarian- .w~am order ~o receive arms, equipment,aIllinU- mtion and 'U;Diforms before' going JDto action.' ,," . ....;. ',. .. ,·Th~~é·'.;is...·proofiÛso tG show thatthe .raiders have muse .303 ï:ifies, Bren and Sten guns two- and three-inch morta,rs, 3.7 howitzers'antl-tank les In the opening phases invaders were Ilot in uniform; DOW they appear wearing battle-dress, steel helmets, army greatcoats and boots. Captured vehicles have Pakistan number plates on them. Large quantities of petrol, a :tationed article, witbout using which it is not possible for any bodies of such men to reach Kashmïr, could only have come from Pakistan. We have evidence to show that large numbers of buses and lorries carrying tribesmen towards Kashmir had their petrol tanks filled to the brim a~ PaI?s~~ pomps without coupons or payment. Raiders vehIcles are repaired in Pakistan workshops. Tbree-inch mortars have been so extensively used against us that it·mdicates far larger numbers than the few we have lost in action. We have also encountered fire from an anti-tank rifle in the Naoshera area. Two Humber and GMC type armoured cars were seen in the Akhnur sector and four anti-tank mines located in the same area Their technical examination showed that the mines had originated in the Kirkee Arsenal of India in 1943. In bis statement, prisoner Iqbal, son of Sakhi Mohd of Takbal village, said that since the creation of Pakistan there had been extensive propaganda by the Muslim League leaders to ·the effect that every Musllm should join the Lashkar 1 which was ta invade Kashmir. According to him, the Prime Minister of the North West Frontier Province was the chief organizer of the rebel force being assembled at Peshawar. He said he was sorry they had to kill their own Muslim brothers in Kashmir and 'that they had been cheated by their Prime Minister. We have ample evidence to prove that the raiders include a large number of Pakistan na- tionaIs. There is reason to suspect that .. General Tariq, Commander in Chief of the Raiders" who has been described by a foreign Press correspon- dent as atall Sandhurst-trained officer, is a regular officer of the Pakistan Arroy. MichaIs, U.P.A. correspondent, in a dispatch dated Il November 1947, said he met three .. rebel" officers at Palandri. One of themadmitted he was gn officer of the Pakistan Army .. on leave to figbt in Kash- mir". 1 have in my possession some discharge certifi- cates, pay books and driving licences of raiders, who were captured or killed, showing that they were nationals of Pakistan. Documents recovered , •••~.~.~-I~I~!'~]~~~~~~'~~~ 1 Armed force. 1 ,1 Pakistan officers are training, guiding or other- i ~ wise actively helping the raiders and are being allowed to use Pakistan territory as a base for 1 ()perations. The main bases are at Shakargarh, Sialkot, Wazirabad, Gujrat, Lala Musa, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, and Abbottabad. AlI these towns lie along the length of the border between Jammu .and Kashmir State and Pakistan. Our Chief Liaison Officer in West Punjab reported in No- vember 1947 that there is a reception camp at Rawals near Rawalpindi, for tribesmen en route to Poonch through Kahuta. Also, there is a train- ing camp at Nar near Kahuta where training in 5Dlall arms and elementary tactics is given. One of our military evacuation officers reported a few weeks ago that he saw at Jhelum six Pakistan .cadets who had finished training at the Indian Military Academy, being sent by the 1st Punjab Regiment to the Kashmir front for ., battle ino- culation no He also reported that the 7/1 Punjab Regiment and the lst Punjab Regimental Centre were training tribesmen bound for Kashmir; also that there are nearly 10,000 tribesmen being tI'ained at Gujrat under the instruction of the 4/12 Frontier Force Regiment. Certain members of the Central and Provincial Governments in Pakistan have done extensive propaganda in the North West Frontier Province and Western Punjab caIling upon all Muslims to nght a jehad.1 A Press report has said that the Premier of the North West Frontier Province in a statement to the Press at Dera Ismail Khan on 1 January 1948 said Patbans had decided to sacrifice everything .in the Kashmir campaign. Alan Moorehead of the London Observer wrote in bis dispatch to London dated 2 November 1947 that recruiting for Kashmir was going.on every- where, not only in the tribaJ territories, but also inside Pakistan itselfo The methods employed by raiders and the way they are handled, including their system of de- fences, indicate that they are being trained and led by professional soldiers. In fact, they use the same words of command as are prevalent in the Pakistan forces. The Press and the Statç-controlled radio in Pakistan have extolled Pathans all along for their te successes n in Kashmir. They frequent1}r refer ta India as '. the enemy n. They have repeatedly 1. Roly \Var. Pakistan officials have stated that arms, Brens and mortars being used against us are tho~e brought over when Muslims of the Kashmir mili- tary forces deserted to the invaders, or those captured from our forces. The number of deser- tions has ,been comparatively so small' that this allegation is in essence false. The Prime Minister of Pakistan has described the raiders in Kashmir as .. poody equipped " and has said that such modem weapons as they possess have boon captured from the Kashmir State troops or were in their possession since the days of the British. He has, however, confessed that Pakistan military personnel on leave in their homes" might have rendered assistance to their kith and kin in defence of their hearths and homes ". It sooms extraordinary conduct for an army to allow its officers and men to .. go on leave" and omit to take disciplinary action against them for participating, during their leave, in fighting against a neighbouring and a friendly country. As a matter of. fact, these men onleave could not have been defending their own hearths and homes when they joined in convoys and formations proceeding frQm the North West Frontier Province towards places in Jammu and Kashmir State, sacking, buming and looting towns and villages on their way. The members of these convoys, far from de- fending their own hearths and homes and protect- mg their kith and kin, were really out to destroy the hearths and homes of the peoples in the villages and towns they sacked. ' 1 shall not refer to other evidence of a similirr character which is available to me. What 1 have said already is sufficient to indicate that a large movement of Pathans has 'been taking place through Pakistan into Kashmir ; that several mili- tary bases exist in Pakistan where the raiders are trained and equipped and from which they finally proceed to Kashmir; that arms, equipment and clothing have been frooly available to these raiders .in Pakistan. 1 received information yesterday that at Oujrat, ,one of the bases already referred to, a train carrying non-Muslim refugees from the North ,West Erontier Province was attacked by armed trlbesmen. These tribesmen were in one of the concentrations to which 1 have already referred. 1j l'Il The Prime Minister of Pakistan has said, again: .. Kashmiri, and especially the inllabitants of Poonch, have many relatives in Hazara and in the West Punjab. Consequently, feelings in certain parts of Pakistan rose very high, and some people from the North West Frontier Province lUid the tribal areas, stirred by the atrocities in Kas!unir, rushed to the aid of their brethren ". Mr. Liaquat Ali, Khan then goes on to say: .. Our heart goes out to them, our brethren, in this mortal struggle... If the plans of their enemies succeed, they will be exterminated as Muslims in various parts of India have been exterminated." 1 : j 1 i i!Il '1il;! : 1 1, 1 i j The Prinle Minister of the North' West Frontier Province goes a step further. He openly appeals to" every Muslim in Pakistan to get ready" and invites the .Govemments of Afghanistan, Iran Turkey and the Governments associated with the Arab League to •• face this new danger to the existence of Islam ". He aIso adroits his inability to check the invading tribesmen entering Kashmir. Pir lliahi Bux, Minister of Education. in Sind, unburdens bis sentiments, as reported in. the Times of lndia on 4 November 1947, thus : •• 1 hold an Muslims on the surface of the earth as brethren. It is not only the Pathans who have to carry on the struggle. It has becometheconcem. of aIl Mussu1mansof Pakistan, nay of the whole world, to save the Muslims ·of Kashmir from destmction." He then appeals to all trained and demobilized soldiers to proceed as volunteers to the Kashmir front. While all this was happening, we still continued to hope that Pakistan would realize the utter futilityof this conflict and adopt a friendly and co-operative attitude ~nd help us in ridding Kashmir of these. pestilential invaders. We exercised every restraint and did pur utmos! to persuade the Govemment of Pakistan to take action against the raiders, but to our abiJing regret, our efforts met with no success. 1 j ] , i iij jll il; .! j 1ll j jl Iill ! l 'The attitude of the less responsible people in Pakistan is on.e of unconcealed hostility towards India. The leading newspaper of the Muslim League Party in Pakistan, namely, Dawn, pub- ,lishedour military communiqués .as .. enemy versions". It is not possible for me here to convey to the members of the Security Council in aIl itsvaried aspects the atmosphere o~ hostility and enmity which the Press in Pakistan stirred up against Indïa. In such circumstances, it was not an easy matter to persevere in our efforts for negotiation. And yet we did persevere. During , .J.! i ~ l n 11Ie. numerous communications exchanged between, and the statèments made by, the Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan merely show that, whereas we have been making earnest endeavours to seek the co-operation of Pakistan in effecting the withdrawal of the raiders, the Govemment of Pakistan has not been willing to do anythÏJ!g to stop the raiders from making use of its territory for warlike operations against Kashmir~ lliustrative of this attitude of unhelpfulness are sorne of the communications which the Prime Minister of Pakistan sent in reply to the telegrams addressed tohim by the Prime Minister of India. Thus, on 28 October 1947, our Prime' Minister sent a telegram to the Prime Minister of Pakistan in the following terms (and 1 wish to draw the attention of the Council to the fact that this was on the day' immediately following our sending of troops to Kashmir) : •• The position is that Sikh attâcks on Muslims in East Punjab in August greatly infiamed feeling .. 1 want to invite your Government's co-ope- ration in stopping these raiders entering Kashmir territory from Pakistan. These raids have aIrep-.dy resulted in large-scale death and destruction, and, if they are not stopped immediately, wililead to the ruin of Kashmir. The consequent success of such irresponsible raiders anywhere will be far- reaching all 'over India. Therefore, in the interest of .both Pakistan and India, such raids must be stopped. As raiders come across Pakistan terri- tory, it should be possible to stop them there,'· The Prime Minister of Pakistan sent·bis reply ta this telegram on 30 October. Permit me to quote. it in full. After acknowledgingthe receipt of Pandit Nehru's telegram, the Prime Minister of Pakistan went on to state as follows : 1 evident that there,was to be a repetition in 1 Kashmir of [what happened] in East Punjab, it 1 became impossible wholly to prevent tribes from l entering that State v..it~out. using troops w~o r! would.have created a sItuation on the frontier 1 that mlght well have got out of control. '1 1 i 1 .. Your recent action of seading troops ta [Kashmir on the pretext of accession bas made ' things infinitely worse. The whole of the frontier is stirring and the feeling of resentment among 1 tribes is intense. The responsibility for what is 1 happening is entirely yours. There was no trouble j in Poonch or Jammu until Statetroops started ! killing Muslims. AIl along the Kashmir Govern- j ment has been in close touch with you. At the , same time they ignored or refused our offers of j friend1y discus.sion. On 2 Oct~ber, 1 suggest;ed 1 that both Pakistan and Kasbnllr should appomt 1representatives ta discuss supplies ta Kashmir and imutual allegations of border raids. The Prime 1 Minist~r of.Kashtni: replied that he ~as too busy. J When m splte of this we sent Shah Jomt Secretary ! Ministry of Foreign Affairs and States, ta ! K~s~ir, the Prime Minister ref1;1sed t~ .discuss , Wlth hÏ!TI. On 15 October, the Pnme Minister of J Kashmrr tbreatened that unIess we agreed ta an iimpartial inquiry into what was happening he ! would ask for assistance ta withstand aggression ion his borders. We immediately agreed to an .j impartial inquiry. Since then no more has been 1heard from Kashmir of,this proposal. j ! ji .. The Pathan raid on Kashmir did not start n'a évident l'aide difficilement fait preuves prises plan l'échec réprimer et mire à ,~until 22 October. It is quite clear therefore that 1!<ashmir's p~an of asking for Indian troops-and 11t could hardly have been unilateral-was formed. 1quite in?ependently of this raid, and aIl evidence 1and action taken shows it was pre-arranged. It 'jwould seem rather ta have been made after .jfailu:e of their troops to suppress the people of ,1Poonch and in anticipation of the reaction which ,they expected to their massacre of Moslems in 'iJammu. ~ '~ •• . '" l, ID my tum, appeal to you to stop the ,{Jammu ki.llings, whic!J, ~till continue. Yesterday J,West PunJab was agam IDvaded by a wdl-armed ;inob wh aft fi ht . h '11 d fi .' 0, er a g w~t VI. agers.' retreate , les Pendjab une villageois, elle uniforme. passions ~ ea'?llg two Gurkha soldl~rs- m unif~rm dea~ ;:behmd them. As long as thiS sort of thing contI- '~~ues, passions are bound to become further iIDlflamed." •'',,' The atti'tude f . d d' ,. 0 mm Isclosed in the reply 1 come now ta the subject-matter of the refe- rence made to the Security Council. In doing sa, it is necessary ta emphasize that there is no dispute about territory. The territory is that of Kashmir, and it is this temtory which has been invaded, its towns and villages sacked, its people m.assacred, and ils women abducted. Second1y, the subject-matter of reference is limited ta the dispu~ in Kashmir, and its purpose is ta request the Security Council to use its undoubted influence and power to persuade the Government of Pakistan (1) ta prevent Pakistan Government personnel, military and civil, from participating in or assisting the invasion of Jammu and Kashmir State; (2) to calI upon other Pakistani nationals ta desist from taking any part in the fighting in Jammu and Kashmir State; (3) to deny to the invaders: (l) access ta and use of its territol'Y for operations against Kashmir; (il) miJ.itary and other supplies, and (Ui) a11 Othçf kinds of aid that might tend to pralong th~ present·struggle. We have referred ta the Security Coundl a simple.and straightforward issue. There is at this very moment a smalI war going on in Kashmir. Every daythat passes brings· in its wake added sorrow and suffering ta the people of Kashmir. Furthermore, every day that the war is prolonged, the danger of the extension of the area of coIiflict graVis. Who cau derive .satisfaction·from snch a state .of affairs? Is·it not rcally a matter of extreme urgency that the raiders be withdrawn .and fighting cease? Is not the withdrawal of these --raiders and the averting of a tbîeatened breach of the peace the sole issue demanding priority ar1 urgent consideration? Are we -making any unreasonable demands when we ask our .nelghhouring .State of Pakistan ta discharge its neighbourly. duties? We desiT~ only to see 'peacerestored in Kashmir -and ta ensure that the people of Kaslunir are ·left free todedde in an orderlyand pea~efulm~.lll1er t'1e futur" of their ..State. We have no further interest, and we have agreed that a plebiscite in Kashmir might take_ p~~ce under international auspices after peace and order have .. béen.established. Ev'èrything that w~ ~have done has 'been indiscliarge of 'our 'legal, .çônstitutional, and moral Tespo'l.1sibilities and obligàtions. 1 must apologize for the length of this state- ment My·excuses.are themagnitude·of·the ;js~lle involved from the -standpoint -of -our, ~ there is no hope for peace or human betterment. ~i d'épreuve cette i In some ways, Kashmir might prove a test case 01 for this Security Council. 1 have, in as small a ~I compass as possible, referred to the happenings 7j during the last three months in that now unhappy .~I corner of the world, a ftill account of which will Ù' fiU more than one sumptuous tome. ~I 1 What is the present position as regards the i political problem in that State? By committing le (~ himself before the world to the framing of a hl constitution providing for responsible government ~ and calling Sheikh ~~~mad Ab~u.nah. to 1 shoulder the responslbility for admlDlstration. ) during the interim period,the Mallaraja has al- fi ready set in train the chain of events which will convert him in the next few months from an absolute ruler iuto the constitutional head of an ; executive responsible to a d~mocratically-elected L legislature. ~ The question of the future status of Kashmir vis-à-vis her neighbour.; and the world at large, and a further question, namely, whether she should - withdraw from her accession to India, and either accede to Pakistan or remain independent, with a rlght to claim admission as a Member of the United Nations-aU this we have recognized to he a matter for unfettered decision by the people of Kashmir, after normal life is restored to them. (There is, therefore, no excuse for outsiders, whether of the tribal areas or of Pakistan proper, to continue fighting against the people and Government of the State, unless it be religions fanaticism based upon hatred and revenge. Ta alIow continuous opportunity for the play of this unholy passion for a .. holy war" is ta succumb to a barbaric doctrine. It therefore means pro- longation of the entirely unnecessary suffering ta which the people of Kashmir have been subjected for no rational comprehensible reasonJ . d'une The Indian Army today is the one unshakable factor which now stands between the miscreants, marauders and murderers from outside, on the one hand, and chaos and anarchy on the other. The withdrawal and expulsion of the raiders and the invaders from the soil of Kashmir and the inunediate stoppage of the fight are thus the first a"d the onIy tasks to which we have to address ourselves. To my friends frOID Pakistan, 1 would therefore address this question : You have welcomed this reference to the Security Council. Are we jointly so bankrupt of . faith in the need for peacê, in human decency and dignit.y that we cannot, even at this late stage, agree upon your taking the -action which it .is sa obviously your duty to take and your calling us ta co-operate with you in implementing 1 saw him on the day 1 left New Delhi for New York last week. 1 wish we could Iiotify him as soon as possible of a sett1ement between the two Dominions calculated to stop at once the . fighting in Kashmir and to restore conditions which will enable aIl, whether non-Muslim or Muslim, who have fied from the State, to retum to their homes. We can make no greater contri- bution to the saving of this precious life. May we of India and Pakistan have the visioll and the determination to do so. The system of consecutive interpretation was resumed at this point. The PRESIDENT (translated -jrom French) : We shaIl DOW revert to the consecutive inter- pretation system for our discussion. The representative of Pakistan has told me that he needs sorne time to prepare the statement he intends to make in reply to that of the representative of India, which we have just heard. 1 am sure that the Council will. consider this to be a legitimate request. 1 propose, therefore, that we adjoum our meeting and meet again tomorrow aftemoon at 2.30. The meeting will begin with the statement by the representative of Pakistan. Are we agreed on this ? Sir Mohammed ZAFRULLAH KHAN {Pakistan) : 1 have every desire to conform to the wishes of the Security Council in aIl respects, and more particu1arly \vith regard to the procedure and the timetable that the Security Council might wish to adopt in dealing with the matter with which' it is occupied at the moment. When the President intimated to me that it would he convenient for the. Security Council to hear me tomorrow afternoon in reply to what·the representative of India has said in support of the reference made by India to theSecurity Council, 1 expressed my readiness to faIl in· with the President's wishes. The statement to which we have jus~ listened does, however, raiseso many matters that are in controversy between the Govemment of India and the Govemment of Pakistan that 1 feel that if it were possible to grant me a little longer time than would he available between DOW and tomorrow aftemoon to make a reply tothe statement of the represen- tative of India, 1 could do better justice to the case on theside of Pakistan. ' clarté faire problème représentant aspects tiques cette jour ché rité. 1 am entirely in the hands of the Security Council. 1 feel, however, that it would take longer than the time between now and tomorrnw after- noon for me to prepare the reply if 1 am to do justice to the cause of Pakistan. 1 submit to the Council that it might even take longer to set out that reply than it has taken the repr.esentative of fudia ta make bis case.

1 thank. the representative of Pakistan for promising that he will try, in spite of the short time-limit, to submit bis statement tomorrow if the Council so wishes. This statement will, of course, in no way prejudice his right to submit his .Government's views or to intervene again in the debate if he thinks it advisable to submit supplementary information. Does the CounciI agree to meet tomorrow aftrmoon? la le Mr. ,EL-KHoURI (Syria) : 1 think it would be just and fair to grant the representative of Pakistan a longer time in order to prepare a statement simiIar to the one we heard today. This statement should aIso be distributed among us, so that we may study it, just ~s we have been studying the 1 de '\1ï statement of the representative of India. 1 do not ;~ beIieve that these few working hours between S~ toelay and tomorrow will be sufficient for the '1 preparation of such a statement. 1 see no objection "~ to gt'ADting a delay untiI Monday morning. '.'~ • ,~ "~ '.~ .'~~ Mr. GOPALASWAMI AYYANGAR (India) : May 1 "'~ say. that 1 do not wish it to appear as if India .••~ wanteti ta put any ob$t.acles in the way of a tJ~ p~oper presentation of the case of Pakistan. 1 onIy lî WlSh to invite the attention of the Security Council 1)': to ~e predominating point ~ the refe;ence that i"~~ India has made to the Secunty Council, the one .;~ upon wbich.we lay the greatest stress name!y, { ,that any action we can persuade the Secunty ??i.i Council to take on this reference shoulci be sl~1urgently taken. The situatio}l does not brook I!'I'[deIay. r, ,~, In !bis connexion, 1 would aIso point (lut that ~~what we bave done so far has been caIcuIated to So far as the matter itself is concerned, the case for India is fairly and fully stated in the original memorandum, a copy of which has been in the hands of the Pakistan Government for over ten days now, if not more. Their case could be stated on the basis of that memorandum. Any arguments in support of their case could also be inèluded in the statement they will make, but if it is not possible for them to prepare a comprehensive reply by tomorrow to what l' have said this moming, as the President has already observed, there will be opportunities in the course of this debate, and Pakistan can intervene and elaborate ils own case. In the interests of the urgency of the matter, 1 think the Security Council ,will be pleased to approve the suggestion the President has made, namely, an adjournment until tomorrow afternoon.

If no other memberwishes to speak, 1 shall ask my colleagues for their views on the Syrièlll representative's proposal, which 1 take to mean that the Council will resume the consideration of this question on Monday moming, and may aIso meet on Monday afternoon. Sir Philip NOEL BAKER (United Kingdom) There is a possiblë compromise between tomorrow and Moriday-namely, Saturday. 1 do not know whether that' would give the representative of Pakistàn the time which he desires. 1 have not the slightest wish to impede in any way bis statement of the calle or to deny to him any right or privilege which 1 personally thirik should be hïs. However, if it were possible for him to agree to Sarnrday, as has beensaid, *.he matter is urgent and it might be to the. general advantage.

1 had also considered·a compromise solution, but the Assistant Secretary-General tells me that a .'leeting .on Saturday would involve additional expenditure. Sir Philip NOEL BAKER (United Kingdom) : However, it would be much more serious if this case goes wrong. 1 venture to think that it.would Qe anurihappy precedent to decide that a very urgent and very serious international ..question should not be dealt with on Saturday because of finanCial or budgetary considerations. -The. only consideration' which appeals to me is the convè~ Sir Mohammed ZAFRULLAH KHAN (Pakistan) : As 1 have already indicated, 1 am entirely in the hands of the Security Council. Before 1 reply specifically ta the question that the President has put ta me, 1 should like ta make one or two observations in connexion with what has been submitted by the representative of India. So far as the Pakistan case itseJf is concerned, 1 shall bave no difficulty in statiIlg the attitude and de:)~t'es of the Paldstan Government either tomorrow afternoon or Saturday morning, wbichever is preferred. So far as dealing with the allegations contained in the statement which has been read to the Security Council just now is concerned, 1 should require a little more time in submitting an elaborate statement. If ,I had to speak merely from notes in dealing wifu either the Indian memorandum on Kashmir or eveu the statement which has been read to the Security Council, 1 believe 1 could do so either tomorrow aftemoon or even Saturday moming. With regard to the time which the Indian Govemment says it has very generously offered to Pakistan, 1 should like to make one or two observations. It says that it sent in at once a ~ ciphered cable ta the Pakistan Government which l~ was a duplicate of its appeal' to the Security Î Council; It indeed did so, and we are grateful to ~ it for having sent in tItis ciphered cable. However, ,~ the Indian Govemment did omit to remember ' that when they sent this cable, they sent the text - 1 to the Pakistan Government in a .cipher to wbich they knew-or ought to have known-the Pakistan Government did not possess the key. We reminded them of that fact as soon °as we received the ciphered telegram.They repeated their ciphered telegram to us-and in the same cipher, of which we had told them that we did not possess the key. It was only when we drew their 1! .~~ ~.~ [~ att~ntion a second time to our inability ta decipher thetr: 1:elegram that 0 th~y offèred to dispatch-,-and they did dispatch,o for wbich, again, we are grateful-the text to us by air mail. So far as our case is concerned, 1 am ready to make my statement atany time--either tomortow af~moon or Saturday moming. As ta my dealing ., . . .. 1 leave it to the Council to decide what 1 anl to do. 1 can read my reply from notes tomorrow aftemoon or Saturday morning; 1 can submit a written statement, if the Council so desires, by Monday morning. Mr. AUSTIN (United States of America): My Government believes that this is a matter of urgent importance but that, .of course, no intemperate .action should be taken by the Security Council either in point of time or in point of substance. Therefore, it seems to my delegation that the best procedure would be for the representative of Pakistan to present bis initial statement or allegation tomorrow, reserving the right to complete bis case at a later date. In our judgment, that will at least place the views of both sides before the public and before the Security Council at approximately the same time, wbich is of some advantage from the point of view of the parties. Naturally, any progress that we can make is an advantage from the point of view of the Security Council. It is my impression that we should progress just as rapidly as we cano Therefore, 1 favour the idea of our recessing until tomorrow aftemoon, at 2.30.

For the Council's information, 1 want to point out that tomorrow morning, or tomorrow aftemoon at the latest, the Secretariat will distribute the memorandum of the Pakistani delega.tion,· being a reply to the original memorandum submitted by the, Government of India. 1 should now like' to ask the Syrian representative if he insists on bis proposai . . . Mr. EL-KHOURI (Syria): 1 do not insist.

In these circiunstances, 1 think the Council woulel agree .to adjourn and to meet again tomorrow àt·2.30 p.m.The next meeting will begin with a statementby the representative of Pakistan, it being undel'stood that he will have every opportunity,at a future meeting which may be fixed on very short not~ce, tu supplement verballY or in writing the statement he will make at tOJ1lorrow aftemoon's meeting. The meeting r(js~ at 1.10 p.m. TWO~RED . ANDT\VENTY-EIGHTH MEETING Held at Lake Succe.'!s, New York, on Friday, 16January 1948, at 2.30p.m. President: .Mr.R VAN LANGENHOVE (Belgium). Present:Therepreseritâtives()f the following