S/PV.228 Security Council

For the Council's information, 1 want to point out that tomorrow morning, or tomorrow aftemoon at the latest, the Secretariat will distribute the memorandum of the Pakistani delega.tion,· being a reply to the original memorandum submitted by the, Government of India. 1 should now like' to ask the Syrian representative if he insists on bis proposai . . . Mr. EL-KHOURI (Syria): 1 do not insist.

In these circiunstances, 1 think the Council woulel agree .to adjourn and to meet again tomorrow àt·2.30 p.m.The next meeting will begin with a statementby the representative of Pakistan, it being undel'stood that he will have every opportunity,at a future meeting which may be fixed on very short not~ce, tu supplement verballY or in writing the statement he will make at tOJ1lorrow aftemoon's meeting. The meeting r(js~ at 1.10 p.m. TWO~RED . ANDT\VENTY-EIGHTH MEETING Held at Lake Succe.'!s, New York, on Friday, 16January 1948, at 2.30p.m. President: .Mr.R VAN LANGENHOVE (Belgium). Present:Therepreseritâtives()f the following 10. Provisional agenda (docuDlent Sj~genda 228) 1. Adoption of the Agenda. 2. The Jammu and Kasbmir question: (a) Letter dated 1 January 1948 from the representative of India addressed to the President of the Security Council conceming the situation in Jammu and Kashmir (document 8/628) 1. (b) Letter dated 15 January 1948 from the Minister for Foreim Affairs of Pakistan addressed ta the Secretarv-General concerning the situation in Jammu and Kashmir (document 8/646) 2. 11. ~doption of the flgenda 12. Continuation of the discussion of the sifu2ltion in Jammù and Kashmir

The agenda calls for -a continuance of the discus~ sion on the Jammu and Kasbmir question. We shall use the simultaneous interpretation system for the statement ta be made by the representative of Pakistan. Sir Mohammed ZAFRULLAH KHAN (Pakistan) : Since the Security Council rose yesterday after- noon, 1 have had to consider within what limits to confine the statement tbat 1 am going ta submit this aftemoon.· One choice was to confine myself to a brief reply to the charges made by India against Pakistan and their details, which were elaborated in the statement which was read yesterday. The other choice was to attempt to sketch a background of the whole question and, against that background, to confine my submission this aftenioon to the question of Kasbmir alone, without adverting to any of the other matters that have been raised in Paldstan's complaint, which it has submitted to the Security Council .under Article 35 of the Charter. - In adopting either course 1 was faced with a certain degree of risk. The risk with regard to the fust course was the possibility that, without a sqmewhat detailed picture of the background, the questions that really arise for detérmination -or,at any rate, the background· against which the questions· have to be determined~might in some respects he overlooked. The risk in adopting rité, pages The question of Kashmir has. been taken up by the.Security Council, as it was bound to be, having been referred to. the Council earlier than the other questions which Pakistan has raised. l shall therefore, .at this stage, confine my submis- sion to the question of Kashmir. However, as 1 have already said, in order to appreciate the Kasbmir situation it is essential to view it against its proper background. It is not an isolated incident. At this, stage, therefore, 1 shall .touch upon other matters only so far as they are relevant to a proper .appreciation of the Kashmir question. 1 shall develop the rest of my case when its .consideration is taken up by the Security Council. It is obvious, however,thatin order to restore friendly reiations between-India and Pakistan ·and ta remove all· danger to the maintenance of in- ternational peace and securitY,all major disputes between thetwo oountties that constitute such danger must be resolved atan early date. It would be, ·if 1 may bepermitt~d ta say so, a waste of precious effort if;· while the Security Council is occupied in straightening out the tangle in Kash- mir,the two Dominions begin tofight over one of. the other grave matters ~at are in controversy ,between them, ~ set out in document n [in Indeed, as will presently appear and be appre- (;iated as the tale unfolds itself, it is impossible properly to appraise the different issues involved in the Kas:lunir question without direct reference .to sorne oÎ those other matters. To revert now to the question of Kashmir, it will be necessary to malce a few preliminary obser- vations on the genesiil of the two States, India and 'Pakistan, themselves, in order that the background -of the disputes between them, more particularly :the dispute over Kashmir, should be properly appreciated. l am therefore compelled to make :some observations of a very elementary and pre- Iiminary character, but l shaH sketch that part of the picture as rapid1y as possible and in the barest .outIine. Vnder the British, the sub-continent of India was divided into two parts: One was directIy ruled 'by the British and was known as British India, :and the other was governed by Indian rulers aud was known as the Indian States, over which the United Kingdom possessed and exercised the right and power of suzerain. British India was divided into eleven Governors' Provinces and sorne centrally administered areas like Delhi, Ajmer, Baluchistan, et cetera. The -number of Indian States, on the other hand, was .over six hnndred, but a very large majority of them were only smaU States or estates, possessing very few of the insignia of sovereignty. Sorne of them were as large as countries of Europe and, subject to their foreign relations being controlled by the United Kingdom and advice being tendered to them within a certain sphere by the British resi- dent there, were fuHy sovereign States. With regard to the distribution of population, British India had roughly 70 per cent of the total. population of India, and the Indian States com- bined togêther had roughly 25 per cent or there- abouts. In area, however, the Indian States had about one-third of· the whole sub-continent of India and .British India had two-thirds. This population was divided on the communal basis- again very roughly-in the proportion of three to one, or three non-Muslims to one Muslim. The Security Council will be mainly concerned with the question of the division between· Muslim :and non-MusIim, but the main non-Muslim group -eonsisted and consists of Hindus. There is one smaU comtnunity, however-small but very impor- tant-with which the Security Council will be very largely concemed in its consideration of the question of Kashmir-and that is the sikh COttl- :munity. Out of the elevèn Governers' ProvincesmIndia, the distribution of population W3s somewhat cu- rious. Whereas in the whole of India the Muslims formed roughly one-fourth of the total population, this one-fourth was so distributed that in four out o~ the eleven provinces the Muslims were in a majority, and they were a minority in seven out of the eleven provinces. That created a peculiar situation. That is to say, there was a certain kind of balance within,the,provincial sphere, as against the' Muslims, being a permanent minority in the whole of the country with regard toany functions that either a unitary or a federaI government mig.ltt exercise in respect of the whole of India. With the prospect of the transfer of political .power from British into Indian hands, the different communities began to take stock of the situation, and the Muslims,at least began tofear that once political power was transferred into Indiàn hands, they ,would find ,themselves in a very difficult situation. . Though the population of India has been there from timeimmemorial, there' has been very little .immigration into India in the ordinary normal sènse, and the two main blocs-.-the, Muslims and the non-Muslims-have, inmost spheresof,life, kept apart all through. It. is not necessary to go into any detailed causes of, this division even'in socialoiculmral matters. ,The one main outstand- îng' cause is that the bulk of Hindu ~ociety is based uponcaste, and upon tou,chability. Again, .it is unnecessary toenter Înto details, ,but barring averysmall proportion. of un6rthodox Hindus who have been,educated in the ,West or have been educ~~ in Tndiaa10ng Western lines, the Hindu society 18 ,based upon those,two ideas. You are bom into a caste and you belong forev~r 1.0 ilia.t caste, and you. cannot byany m.eans change it. That is one doctrine. The, other 'doctrine,' is'that no' member of the three upper castes-',there is a fourth caste'Irnown as the, depressed' caste' OI subm.erged caste-no m~mber'ofthethreeupper Hinducastes, so long as he desires to remain ,an ortbodox Hindu may ~it dow:ù. to eatWithorintermarrrwith,or'cW,.Ty .1 'ill .'~ l~ l ~ '1 :ill .~ The Act of 1935, which, b~fore the Indian Act r~ of 1947, regulated the Constitution of India, was [j~ base~ upon a scheme of safeguards for the mino- ~~ rities. Under that Act, elections were held early in :.~.,.;... 1937, and in the seven provinces in Whic.h the !~ non-Muslims were in a majority, the Congress ;~ Party, which had obtained majorities in the lJ e1ections, took office and formed Ministries, and Si they were in office from July 1937 unill November I~ 1939. They went out of office on 10 November l'.~ 1939, at the beginning of the last World War, on l'~ the ground that India had been plunged into the 1 ~ war by a decision taken by the British Government I~ and that India had not itself been given an oppor- f~.:.•.*.: tuility. to decide whether it would participate or ,!~ would not p~ticipatein the war. But during those 'i~ two and one-quarter years the' Muslims-in nl~ cefta!n provinces at least-became progressively k~ convmced that the scheme of safeguards contained J~ in that Act had proved a failure in actual prac,tice l''~ and was no more than a delusion. 1." li)1 1 do not belong to one of those provinces in i .~ which this feeling was acute, and therefore 1 sonnelle,· car i:'~ cannot speak from personal knowledge, .but there où I~ are some in those provinces who professed to have musulmans i:"'~ been so persecuted and discriminated against that avoir li when the Congress Ministries in those provinces telles !I..·..~.··. went out of office, that day was celebra.ted.by the pouvoir. 'ii Muslims as .. Deliverance Day". That shows, at dans ~~1east, ho~ acute was the feeling between the two vrance». :~commumties. vive l'~ !~.'" As 'far aS politicalrepres,entation is concerned, I·~ the two.grea! political parties in India. in recent les li years have been the All-India NationalCongress les f~'and.the All-India Muslim League. The AlI-India panindien l~ National Congress by its constitution and rules is D'après I;not a communal body. Its membership is notcon- Congrès [rfine~-certainlynot by its rules,--to any one membres 1:' particular .co~unity. In actual practice, also,its munauté WmeJ?1bership IS n~t confi~ed, though by and large le iia?aI~, corresponding as It were to the communal membres k dis~buti~n. of .the population, its membership 18 communauté, (, . amly Hindu. There is a certain amount of Mus- pas [: m membership also-at least there was'-but correspond en 1,1. atbec~e progressively smaller unill today it communautés. f, s aImost infinitesimal . nombre l, . comptait, L~'' " ~~~. '.61 .,.1.. , 1~~Jlm ..be:;a~.~h~~:<t;;;;;~ ~~ .p.c.;~:,e !:,' ecent years In~a. m thé POlitlCal field m représenté 'J . l'Inde, / . adopted to express an idea and an ideal. When { that ideal was achieved, the name was applied to / the territory also. This resolution meant that the areas of Muslim \ majl:)rity in'India should,be permitted ta form themsèlves m"tv.an independent sovereign State, leaving the.rest of India free to ta fonn itself into i one or more independertt sovereign States. That is 1 \vhèn the idea of Pakistan-or what has come to '~.be known as the idea of Pakistan-was fust put forward in concrete shape. ' Màny attempts were made thereafter by the : two political organizations at some sort of (;onsti- \ .: tutiona! settlement, but they did not achieve any . success. The Muslims felt that submission to Hindu domination, whether in a federation or in a unitary Indian State, would imperil their faith, culture, langua " aild even their very existence, a fear that, alas, lias turned out to have been only too well-founded-at least with reference to certain areas since the middle of last year. Eventually, after an sorts of efforts were made arid proved fruitless, a scheme of constitutional sett1emeht was adopted last year with the consent of the main political 'parties in India; which con- ceded the main demand of the Muslims !hat areas of Muslim majority' night be. formed into one indépendent State and that therest .of the country might form itselfinto another independent State. . One peculiarity of the distribu.tion of population, again, is !hat the Muslim majoritk..s .were ta he found in thê Northwestandin the Northeast; that betweéI1 the two,the whole area waSa non-Muslim majority·atea. Mùslitils werein a majorityin the Northwest, 'in the.provinces of.Sind, .Punjab,the North West Ftontler Province" and also the cen- trally ·administered area of, Baluohistan; .and they were 'ina .majority in the Northeast, in the Pi:ovinceofBengal. But, as a,'part ofihisconstitutional settlement, it wasJaiddown that the ~rovincesof the Punjab in,the, Notthwest •and Bengalin tbè N0rtheast wouI<ibe fUriher dividedso as to take awayfrom each, .'cbn~gnous.areas, in whichthe non-Muslirns were.,in a majority; •so·. that the western. part ·bf B~J!gM' was separatedfrom. Bèl1gal and, added to thè Domiiiion of India,and the eastel11 part of tlJe PuI1j~b wa~5'eparated froniJhe Pùnjal? an~i ad~~ ta the •.nO~Ol1. of ,IucIia,.PaIqstàll'cOllâ- nuing to' comprisè West Punjab on .the .weste.t'~: side .and East Bengal pnthe easte:q:l side. The "partitio».ofth~.PurijabVVasihsist~ctltpO§1 :ç.ot by. the ?v.{usijllls, ,11atqrally,-and hot"evenby tue Hin~us '~., such~ .1:>~t. by tl!~". SikJis~ l'he .. PUlk of the Sikhs atê bas~dt!pontue central districts The actual division of these two provinces was entrusted to a Boundary Commission, but in effect to the Chairman of the Boundary Commis- sion, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. He PFonounced the award on 18 August 1947. AlI the parties profes- sed to be dissatisfied with it. There are certain featurr:s vf it whicy are open to senous objection, but this is not the occasion or the place to raise Liat question. But even before the award was pronounced, it began to apparent why the Sikhs had insisted on àskîng for partition of the Punjab. It was an incomprehensible demand to ail of us. The Sikhs were the third community numerically in the Punjab. Muslims were in the majority; the Hindus came next and then came the Sikhs. That the ' smallest of the three communitiesin a province should ask for diviskm of the province, iuto two parts, when it was iriescapable that anY kind of 'division that took place would divi':ie the Sikh community aIso into twc parts, WClS not easily understandable. Hints were dropped du~g the partition proceedings as -to what the Sikh plan was, and apparently the Viceroy himself, Lord Mount- batten, was aware of what it was.' Subsequent con1idential reports from the Government of the Punjab to the central Gover1llJj,ent, which have since been circulated, though they have not been published, indicate that the Sikh plan, as it subse- quently unfolded itself in actual praotice, was aIready known to Lord Mountbatten. .dire , .l shall go back a litt1e now. to, make Mother ~ésumé of.events which will bririg the matter up to the tragedy which has embittered relations be- tween the two Dominions and is the main cause of their difIerences. Durit,g the last half of 1946 communal riots and massacres occurred· at various,places such as Ahmedabad, Bombriy, Calcutta, Biliâr, Garmkh- teswar, Noakhali,et cete{a. Neither sidehasbeen free from blame with.respect to the~e matters·but Calcutta:-and much more, Bjhar an(f Garmkhtes- war:-disclosed weIl-laid ." and ruth1essly, exe,cuted plans of extermination of Muslims in those.parti- 1 ~~~;::s~t~~a::~~e~:~'lf~~~~.aJ;a~~c~~1 ~iOll wasa Hindusacred festival-arid the waterS ofthe'Ganges, heldholyand sacred'.by Hinduism bath in and beyondIndia wereonthis occasion , delib~rately defilèd and p~llutedas a rêsult of th~ , ruthless, barbaritiesof Hindu. votaries upon the persons of the Muslims'who were there in order -1 to assist at the c~lebration of these festivities •and whose .co1!;ntlesscorpses-m~n, women and'chiJ.. dren~\Vere thrO\vn iutothe waters,of the Gancres. , ',' '. . , ..., co. ,'l$es:eoécurrences catried spcc~ssive waves of . hOITor Throughout tIiesub~continent of"Iridia. '!bis was followed by equally fiery and prov~­ -cative speeches delivered by Giani Kartar Singh and other Sikh leaders that evening and in the course of the following two or three days in Lahore. In Multan, an almost wholly Muslim town in t!te southeast of the Punjab, at about the same time, on 2 or 3 March, the local Sikh leader Nanak ~ingh,. in a fiery speech proc1aimed that t~e Holl Festival that year, a sort of Hindu car- mval, which was approaching within two or thœe Clays, wotild be celebrated, not with red water-..,.it is ~ustomary to sprinkle people with. red water dunng the festival-but with red blood obviously meaning Muslim blood. -The same day, ~r the next cI~y, the. studen~ of the 10calHinducollege orga- mzed a processIon and went through the streets of ~_ predomin~t1y-this overwhelmingly- Muslim town, shoutingslogans like .. Qaid-e-Azam Murdabad ... Qaid-e-Azam is thetitle which the Muslim community had conferred upon Mr. Jin- mÙi, who is now the Govemor-General of Pakis- tan. Mr. Jinnah was indisputably the acknow- ledgedand therevered leader of the. Muslim community... Qaid-e-Azam Murdabad "means "May Qaid-e-Azam die n. That is literal but idiomatically, it means .. Cursed - be Q~id-e­ Azam ... Anyone would know, undeT. any cir- cumstances, that this would bea most provocative procedure toadopt, _but they adopted it. . In Raw~pindi, a town in northwest Punjab, an overwhelmingly Muslim town,. at about the· same time, the Sikhs took out a procession withdrawn swords, marched·through the streets .~d attacked a car, the occupants of which. were Muslims killed one and wounded the others, and went o~ marching tow~rds the lummaMasjid that is the principal Muslim place of worship in the nrlddIe of the town.. Tales of these happenings in Multan and Rawalpindi were carried intothecountryside, and, nodo,ubt, lost:nothing in the telling. As'1 have explained, both these towDs and the countryside .around are predominantly and over- wh~lmingly M,:sliril. ,Feeling havingalr~ady been e:cclted to a highPIt(,'.h·. by th~spe~hes of the Sikh lea~ers--and. p!lCticnl~4y· in Rawalpindi- the MllslIms, t.lt:ttat the S,khs,'hadstartedtheir As 1 have stated, it makes no difference who mmits the aggression and who the victim is; herever there is human suffering it is to be highly plored. But that was Cie background. There was ne teature, though these occurrences had taken lace, which àoes, to a certain extent, distinguish em' from what subsequently took place in other ar.s of the Punjab; that feature was that the ituation was rapidly brought under control. arge-scale arrests of the miscreants who had en part in these riots took, place, and, as a atter of fact, a kind, of counter-persecution of "e Mus1!ms by the police started. There were also minor disorders in Lahore and ritsar. L~hore was the capital of the undivided jab, and is now the capital of West Punjab. t is about 32 miles from Amritsar, which is a acréd city of the Sikhs. The situation continued o be uneasy and explosive. That is' one facet of e picture in regard to British India. n ville est située à qui tionnel? Act tout au comme époque, jours demeurer des furent tacher 1 was very agreeably surprised by the decla- ation contained in the statement which was read rati~n y the representative of India yesterday which l'Inde, serted that it would be open to Kashmir to mire ccede to India, to accede to Pakistan, or to be ment dependent and become a member of the United se ations. 1 wish the same choice had been offered Nations , the other Indian States also. __- laissé ,la \The transfer of power actually took place on 5 August 1947. That was the .. due date" as aiddown in the Indian Independence Act. The o Dominions were set up on that date. The nions oundary Award was actually pronounced on frontières 8 August 1947. Beforethè award was pro- Avant ounced, the SLich plan; which was based upon publique, e partition, had begun to, unfold itself, and the en agedy had started on its course. ln East Punjab et,la e the following Sikh. States: Kapurthala, Fàrid- le ot, Nabha, Jind andPatiala. Arotind Delhithere vants: e ,~ 1iIindu States of Bharatpur, Alwarand tiala. walior. AIl these States are in accession with the de . f Ind' 0 " Etats mo~ 0. ,la., u~ of~~se... only Kapurthalahad seul maJorlty of Muslims ID ItS population. In all the de t.her States that l ,have mentioned there was . considerable number ,of Muslims, b'u't the'M'us-, autres constituaient uns were in the minority. _ 'What about the Inâian States in the constitu- ·onal settlement? According to the constitutional è'ttlèment, later embodied in the' Indian Inde- endence Act of 1947, it was open to an Indian tare to accede to Pakistan, to accede to the ominion of India, or-as the States claimed at y rate at that time, 'though it was vigorously ntended to the contrary by the Dominion of 1 "dia-they could remain independent. In actual act many of the States which wanted to remain ut were subsequently dragooned into accession o the Dominion of India. Masques were desecrated and dei.Dolished. In the State of Alwar today, not a single masque remains. This was at least logical barbarism. If no Muslims have been left, why then should a masque be spared? On 9 August, the organized campaign of geno- cide, directed against the Ml.1slim population of East Punjab, began under the auspices and leader- ship of His Highness, the Maharaja of Patiala. This saon carried fireand sword throughout the Sikh States of East Punjab and the districts of East Punjab. Gruesome tragedies and horrors wete enacted. 1 shall draw the attention of the Security Coun- cil to a brief report with regard to what happened in. Patiala. This report appeared in a newspaper which has been described as a communist paper. It iscalled the People's Age. The issue l shall read from is dated 28 September 1947. The article .reads. as follows: .. The first shot was fired fifteen -days before the zero hour on 1 August. That day the people just awoke to fuidthat a Hindu had been murdered in the State. Who murdered him was not. known and perhaps would never be .known, unless the State is keeping papers of all its secret preparatjons in some vaults which will faIl roto our hands one day. Five thousand non- Patialis-the. ' refugees ' who were kept and fed in :the State schools, hostels and guest houses "- that is to say that they were refugees who had come from the outside-'" were at· once on the streets with the corpse of the poor victim. This was the signal for the mass murders which .were then begunaU·.through the. State. Remember that not aIle local man had joined in either the funeral procession or the butchery that followed il. On 3 August, a canard.was. spread that the Ruler-· ~ho·had diplomatically left Patiala for a holiday Just ?ef0r.e .1 August-.had been. murdered by a Muslim Major nameFarooqi. ~epath of ven- geance was shown by the trained bands. The State Army openly.joined them. That day in Patiala Cityalon~... fourteen .thousand illembers of the mitt0rity cOmm~ity were butchered. " Thisrefers to the Muslims who were butèhered. "rne Ruler; in t?em~an~hi1e, was hàving a good time at Chajl, ;blSpill ~e;tl'eat. What was begun on .1. Au~sta~et.agam;on. 3 August wasjust a pre- lude, to. tlle. attac~•.on .trains. and.the .VlIholesale slaughter of the minority commumty 'which were scheduled to fo11ow. On the railway·line between transport~ from Delhi to Karachi by train. On 9 August the first Pakist.an Special was dun,amited I - on the way to Karach; within Patiala t;rritory. Laier on, nearly a dozen of these Specials were blown up, doing extensive damage, unill even~ Ë tually, this traffic had to be stopped. Therefore, i for quite a long time the Government offices in ~ Karachi could not start functioning-either for j want of personnel or for want of the necessary ; records. ~ la Pakistan. contre les sacre une estiment 's'écoulèrent cent minoritaire «furent d'entre d'autres Tous proches To continue~ .. The first attack on the Pakistan Special was made here. After that, attacking refugee trains and throwing out and murdering passengers inside them became. an organized and daily affair. Some estimates are that, during the six or seven weeks between 1 August and 20 Sep- tember, at least one hundred thousand members of the minority community "-that is to say, the Muslims-'" were killed. Scores of thousands have fled' the State; thousandsof others have been driven out through other, means. AlI their pro- perties have come to the close relatives and sup- porters of the Ruler. t .. This job done, the Ruler came out of bis Chail harem and came to see Sardar Patel "-the Home Member of the Government of India... No- bodyknows what reports he submitted. On·25 Sep- tember, Patiala was declared a ; disturbed area '." son Patel» ment lui déclaré .This is ~n account not by a Muslim, but by a Hmdu. This is what happenedin Patiala. mais "l'Etat The Muslim population in these States-in aIl ~ese State,s, in Alwar, Bharatpur, Patiala, Nabba, Jmd,Fapclkot, Kapurthala and Gwalior-has beenentirely wiped out by this time,' either' by .massacr~or ,byforcible expulsion. As 1 have al- Mwar, kot, disparu soit population rité d'hui l'Etat on pas 235.000. ~a~ysaJ.d, ;K~p11rthala had amajority of Muslims In Its p?pulation-some 235,000. Today. there is not a. s.mgle M~slim left in Kapurthala. Oh,. no, I am IDIstaken; It has been pointed out to me that two were left. 'l'wo-not two thousand, not.two hundred--buttwo out of 235,000. .., The responsibility of the Government ofIndia for these occurre!1ces in tue St~tes-I a!J.1 coming ~the~ast ~UJabptes~ntlY-c-a1though.indirect, killeot .e,demed, The weap?~swithwhich the tedars were arme?were ofmilitary pattern. Yes~ r .y, when making bis submission, the rçpresen- recte ments viendrai plus des présentant But compare what happened in thes~ States with the tiny State in the same area, in the East PUIija~Malerkotla. It is hemmed in on all sides by Kapurthala, Jind and Nabha. The Ruler is a Muslim; the majority of the population are non- Muslims. No single incident of any' kind, so far as 1 am aware, has occurred in that State. 1 claim no credit for the faet that the Ruler is a Muslim. But 1 do daim that when the Ruler, whether a Muslim or cl non-Muslim, is determined that order shall be maintained within bis territory, he can maintain it. What happened in these other States then, happened because the Rulers desired it and the State troops enforced that desire. ' Le' us DOW turn'0 Eas' Punjab. The pOjJUlation of East Punjab, together with thç population of, these States. that 1 have mentioned, inc1uded ~,OOO,OOO Muslims. There are today, a,t the out- sIde, ,a few thousand left-in refugee camps, in ttirror of their lives-out of 6,000,000.. 1 have before me two accounts of those events. The tragedy is of dimensions so vast that it would take not one afternoon, but several afternoons, to discuss the detai1s. However, the .account wbich l am. about· to read will giv'e sorne iden. It is an account. that appeared in The Times of London, in its issue of 25 August, from its special corres- pondent in the Punjab. In bis dispatch, he des. cribed the situation thus: . . ." 'A thousand .tnnes more horrible than any- thing we saw dunng the war'· is the UDiversal comment of experienced officers, British and ln- dian,I:)D the present slaughter in the East .Punjab. The Sikhs are on. the warpath. They are clearing the EastemPunjab of Muslims, butchering hun- dred~ daily,. ~orc~g thousandstp.fleewestward, burnmg Muslimvillage~ and h()mesteads, and,·in theirfrenzy,buming theii' own, too. This violence has beenorglUlized from tite highest levels ·of- Sikh leac.iership·and,it isbeing done systematically, sectorby sector; Some large towns, like ,Amritsar and Jullundur, are now quietbecause there are no Mûslims Jeft... ' , .....In ~. tw()-hourreco~aissanceofth~Jullundur Distriçt ~t]lte w~ekend, 1. must have s~en.fifti villageS ,afXame.. Tlte~ikh}afuas,"__that meanr Ilbands "--'~ al'111ed lIlobs rrplll fifty toone.. hÙD- dred .strong,. assem.bleusu@y m,the gurdWaïQSj their places of wotsbip,befor~ m'akfug a.series .. British officers have seen jathas that have in- cluded· women' and even children with soears. Appalling atrocities have been comrilltted. Boilles have been mutilated. None has been spared-men, women or children. In one village, out of fifty corpses, thirty were those of women. One Vice· rov's commissioned officer found four babies roasted to death over a fire. 1 1 .. Although the· jathas are often led by former soldiers, with whom this region abounds, they are cowarcUy bodies. One well-armed jatha which had burned a string offifteen Muslim vilIagesand murdered at least five hundred people, was finally halted with the loss of six lives by a small Muslim villagepossessing oruy one rifle and one pistol but dauntlessly led by. a former captain of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps. . .. Two British officers etIectively dispersed a mob about to attade a train which had been expertly diverted into a siding. The young Indian pilot of my Auster aireraft dispersed .several j~thas~nly temporarlly, alas---'-by firing Verey lights at them. The three battalions of the boun- 1ary force have lately been reinforced by a fourth, but they have had to cover three large districts and have been facedwith an impossible task. By the time they have receivedone report and acted on it, the jatha has moved on elsewhere. Moreover Sikh and Hindu troops have refused tn fire on Sikh gangs, or else·they fired to miss. The Muslim police.were disarmed before 15 August, and the Sikh police have looted and killed with the mobs." It is necessary here to expla~ that in these areas, at least in sorne or them sueh as the District of Jullundur and. the District. of Feroze- pore, as in: the State of Kap1.uthala,. the Muslims were in a znajority. These were areas of Muslim inajority which, eontrary ta his instructions and 1 had a home-I have none now-in one of these areas wbich was looted while 1 was here in the United Nations, representing Pakistan. 1 have details of how these attacks were carried out there and in the surroundingcountry. The police would aI;rivefirst; the Muslim village would have been selected beforehand. The police would search .the village for anns of any kind or description that the Muslims might have. Mind you, they were the victims, and it was the victims who were being disarmed in advance. Licensed arms were taken away ; anything that could have been used as a weapon of defence was taken away, and intimation was then sent to the Sikh bands, Who attacked that night or the next moming. In certain cases involving some villages, to my own certain knowledge, the Muslims were able to resist successfully,and the police then fired upon the villagers. That lS what went on·; systematicaIly, one byone, each village·was cleared of Muslims. When my house was looted, extremely sympathe- tic references were made in the English Press. The echcies filtered down here. Even.the members of the then Indiandelegation came .and .expressed their sympathy to me; and 1 understood thàt the leader ofthe Indian delegation, Mrs.Pandit, sent a cable. to her bro~er, the Prime Minister of India,drawing attention to this situation. Three days later. 1 was...surprised to hear the same members of the Indian· delegation coming.to .me and saying, .. We are very gIad to. hear tha~ the Government. of India says nothing· ha.s happened at YoU! place." Thatis how the Government of Indiacarries out its investigations, and that is how itcontradicts the reports: .. Nothing had happened! In that town of fifteen thousand population, thirteenthousand oÏ whom consistedof Muslims, today there are only three hundred. atthe centre .o~ the village, keeping watchover two· mosques .and a cemetery.wbicb wearestill guarding. there. AIl the others have had to clear out. A curfew was imposed on the Muslims, the victims.. Under cover of the curfew, myhome andother homes were looted by the police andby the army, and two hundred people of that .place were killedin the.night inside their hOl11es,aIl t~s. onder coverof the curfew. Hete is another account withtegard to Jullun- dur. This is by the special correspondent of the Daily Telegraph of London. In adispatch to his paper, dated Thursday, 21 August,he says: :'.. Jullundur, de,sîgnated capital of the new Indian province of EastPunjab and once a c1ean, bdghtt()w.ti, was a. city.of.the dead, covered with a ..pa1J.of .smoke, when 1 visited it tQday~ The 1 ~t fire to the houses these wretched people had just. left. The common estimate is one. thousand Muslim men, women and children butchered in Jullundur. Ralf were bumed in, their beds on Tuesday night. . .. Later, 1 toured some villages in East Punjab, off the beaten track. Two pictures are impressed upon my mind: one, many times repeated, is of little processions ofMus.lims, under escort, '1eaving villages of their birth, each householder carrying the family bedstead on his head, each wife bearing her husband's preciou!) hookah 1; the other picture is of a band of twenty Sikhs, armed with rifles and swords, approaching stealthily the walled village over which stood the minarets of the mosque. Behind the walls women were screaming with fear.' The roads were more crowded with refugees than ever today, the great majority of the traffic being Muslims going westward. .. The Muslim League estimates that 200,000 re~gees aIready have reached Pakistan. The volume is, certainly greater than the present shadow administration cau deal with, and epi- demics are feared." ' .There were 200,000 at that c; .i;~; ·.ffice.{hen the number has swelled to over 5,L~~~,OOO. This was in the East Pnujab. Let me draw theatten·· tion of the Securiv'7 Council members to the situation in Delhi. 1·was in Delhi for afew hours on the morning of 4 September. A friend with whom 1 had spent the night, a doctor, popular among 'aIl communities, whohad served ail impartially, asked !J1Y. adviceas to whether, in view of the prevailfug communal ttnsion and the large number of Sikhs .who .had come in as refugees from West Punjab into Delhi, andwho were bl'andishingtheir arms, it would be wise of him to leave Delhi. 1 ..said tohim, .. My dear fellow, it would be foolish. No Govemmentworth :the name would allow its·capital tobe desecrated :by the kind of thing that h~s happened in East 1 Large pipe for smoking. Referring to the sinister infiuence of the Hindu Mahasabha, the.Scotsman of Edinburgh wrote on 3 October as follows : Il In the tension and fever of India. today one of the most dangerous elements is the Mahasabha, the quintessence of'extreme Hinduism andhatred of Muslims. Its numbers are comparatively small,· its political infiuence uncer- tain, but its. ability to excite the passions of the Hindu mob by infiammatory slogans is justly feared." This militant Hindu organization called for the observance of Il Martyrs' Day" in Delhi on 30 August, which was announced bJT a leaflet distributedin large numbers. Il Remember the 30th of August 1947," declared one of these leaflets, Il w:hen you have to observe 'Martyrs' Day'. The day should begin with the mass murder of Muslims, children and women a1îke.. Forcible occupation of Muslim buildings should be your objective. Set fire to Muslim moi'uzl1as" (quarter of the town) .. but be.ware that the fire does not spread to Hindu and Sikh localities." The Hindu, Outlook, edited by Mr. G. Desh- pande, .the Secreta...ry of the Hindu Mahasabha, published an article in the issue of 9 September 1947, calling upon Hindus and Sikhs to do the following :" 1. Remove the present Oovernment, which is composed of'men of straw, and replace it by men who would .be strong Hindus." (Appa- rently; according. tQ him,. the present Govem- ment is' composed. only of weak nationalists.) .. 2. Declare the Indian .Union a Hindu State. 3. Prepare the country on the basis of war with Pakistan." An assurance that, in the event of disturbances taking place, the Hindu police and military wouJ.d render no assistance in the restoration of arder was conveyed in a leaflet entitled •• Order of the Day", which announcèd: .. Your military and civil forces are out to help you. They will join your bands in crushing down these Muslim ser- pents. They are aU waiting ta rise together at the calI of the signal" a signal that may begiven at any moment." fuyaient, rité . nervosité ment de l'Hindustan Delhi. com.me éventualités. In the hope that the Govemment would evt n- tually do something to save them fromtIindu al .d Sikh gangsters, Muslims were fleeing for theïr lives from predominently Hindu areas to Muslim localities. Their nervousness was temporarily allayed by an editorial comment on 30 August in the Hindustan Times, a mouthpiece of the Congress in Delhi, which declared that .. the authorities are prepared, as indeed they must be, to meet all possible contingencies ". The declarations in the Indian Constituent Assembly guaranteeing the right of private pro- perty and protection of minorities \Vere still ringing in the ears of the Muslim populace. Their indienne vée encore Les tituante et gorique dant, les tection chiffon Ir representatives in the Constituent Assembly had . saluted the ~dian National Flag and giventhe new State categorical assurance of their full- fledged loyalty. Subsequent events were, however, to show that the guarantees offered on account of protection of minorities were not worth the paper on which they were written. The' situation, explosive as it was, burst into general civil commotion on 3 September and quickly enveloped. the whole of Delhi. The Hindustan Times staff correspondent reported stabbing incidents in the Sabzimandi area on 3 September: .. In the morning, panic spread in the. city as a result of rumours of serious clashes. transforma troubles ment l'Hindustan gnard tembre On 7 September, the staff correspondent of tlle Hindustan Times reported numerous stabbing incidents in Qarol Bagh, Chaori Bazar, Jama Masjid, Turkoman Gate, Dariba in Delhi, and the Lodi Road Colony in New Delhi. •• The people of the different parts of the city were panicky," the dispatch continued, .. and police and the military evacuated ta safer places those who were living in the areas predominantly populated by the members of the Hindu com- munity. AIl transport had by now come to a standstill. Disturbances had spread on such a serious scale that even air services from Delhi had ta be suspended. Train services between Delhi and Lahore had already broken down, and the Muslims found themselves trapped as it became impossible for them to move out of Delhi, except to refugee camps, the conditions of which were no better than those of village cattle sheds." The Hindu capitalist newspapers, like DaI- mia's New Chrmucle and' Bida's Hinaustan Times, did everything to minimize the dimensions of the disturbances in Delhi, and dismissed as minor incidents the reports of ghastly atrocities which the Sikhs and the Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh were perpetrating on unarmed Mus- lims, men, women and children. The special representative of the Times of India, Bombay, sent the following dispatch on 7 September : "Communal disturbances for the fust time spread to New Delhi's fashionable Shop- ping centre, Connaught Place, this morning. Fol- lowing half a dozen stabbing incidents, hooligans broke open several shops in Connaught Place and looted them. Most of the pavement shops were overtumed. Twenty-four hour curfew has been clamped down on Connaught Place J,eginning from 10 a.m. today. Stabbing incidents and arson were also reported from a few other parts of New Delhi, particularly Qarol Bagh) the Gol Market Area and Lodi Road Colony. Tongas and houses were set on :lire and persons stabbed. While these incidents were occurring in New Delhi, Old Delhi was generally quiet, a blanket curfew having been imposed. The Yorkshire Post carried tlle following dis- patch from its daily correspondent in its issue of 6 September: .. In Delhi today Muslims are ter- ror-stricken. Thousands are afraid to leave their houses fOr fear of retàHation by refugees who have swarmed into the capital. There is no escape for them into Pakistan by train, for rai1way travel for Muslims through East Punjab is fraught With A New Delhi correspondent of The Times of London wrote on the same day : .. No day passes without stabbing and shooting outrages of which Muslims are invariably t.he victims. There are fre- quent instances of bouses occupied by Muslims being forcibly seized by Hindu and Sikh refagees.ft On 6 September, the News Chronicle published this story from its New Delhi correspondent: .. One report is of a mob attack on a high 8chool where pupils were sitting ·for an fxamma- tion. The mob called on the boys of one com- munity to stand and they were butchered. ft None of the perpetrators of this crime was arrested or trled. On 7 Septembe:r 1947 the Observer of London published the following : .. Mob rule paralysed normallife in sorne areas of the contested Old City of Delhi for hours yes- terday. Arson, stabbing, shooting and 100ting con- tinued sporadically during daylight curfew hours and reached a hideous climax before nightfall ... SOIl}e of the foulest crimes were perpetrated under cover of darkness. ft On 9 September 1947, the Daily Mail of Lon- don published the following dispatch from its New Delhi representative under the headIine, .. Police Look On As Delhi Mobs Slay ft : .. A Sikh raiding band ranged through the fashionable New Delhi bungalow quarter seeking out and killing Muslim servants and destroying their belongings. Another raiding party slaugh- tered at least fifty Muslim refugees as they waited in Old Delhi railway station this morning for' a train to Pakistan. Police looked on without inter- fering. It is obvious that the order to shoot looters and fire-raisers on sight is being deliberately disobeyed, but the order has been re-issued in stricter ternlS. .. Hordes of Hindus and Sikhs have been at- tacking Muslim houses and lootirigshops, which they smashed open with axes and crowbars, since 1Jeven o'clock this morning. There are six large tires burning iri Old Delhi, flnd as 1 drove th.ere 1 saw,bonfires .in ., the streets' being constantly. fed by ~undles of Muslim belongings. In the Pahar- ganJ area tonight police arernaking a new effort t<; rescue one hundred and fifty Indian Christian gtrls from the Convent of the Sacred Reart; which On 10 September 1947, The Times of London published the following account of Delhi from its own correspondent: .. Officers who visited Paharganj area in Delhi tllls morning report having seen corpses of men, women and children freshly cut down with swords. Troops were trying to evacuate the re- maining Muslims, and (lllly witI, difficulty res- trained Sikhs and Hinct ..s from attacking the eva- cuees. .. Civil police in Delhi have openly sympathized with rioters in these disturbances, and but for the presence of troops, especially the British-officered Gurkha regiments, there might have been a gene- ral massacre of Muslims and a conflagration on the widest scale. Numerous cases have been re- ported in which the police stood idIy by while mobs looted Muslim shops, and then when ordered to fire, fired deliberately over the looters' heads. Most neutral observers in Delhi take the gloomiest view of the situation, and do not see how this madness· is going to be stopped from spreacling throughout the length and breadth of India. " On 9 September 1947, the Daily Telegraph published the following dispatch from its New Delhi ,correspondent: .. In New Delhi, where smoke from burning Muslim houses still darkens the sky, terrorism continues. The number of casua1ties in the past 24 hours is put at 150 dead and 250 injured. The streets continue to resound with the bursting of grenades, the crack of rifles and the occasional rattle of machine-guns. At least fifty Muslim tefugees were massacred after being dragged from a train standing in a railway station in New Delhi. Sikhs slashed at meli, women and children alike with swords, and Hindu troops and police made no effort to intervene. .. . A European eye-witness who reached Karachi on 9 September 1947 froin Delhi said: .. It is my firm belief that the Government of Iildia has completely lost grip of the situation as 1 saw no signs that the Government was functioning. 1 went along Prithvi Raj Road where 1 saw No. 37, belonging to a Muslim contractor, Mr. Osman, being looted by the Sikhs. 1 went across to per- suade them to refrain. •• There were two jeep-loads of Sikhs there and one of them pointed à revolver at me and told me in excellent English: .. Get the hell out of here ". 1 did. ' ..The owner ând his family had evacuated earlier. The servants had run away by the back .. 1 went to Connaught Circus to see a Euro- pean friend. When 1 got there, a Sikh mob was looting Abdul Ghani's shop. The police came along and fired down the street at random and not on the looters, who went on looting. 1 left the place in a hurry. .. Hyat's furniture shop was looted in broad daylight, with the police standing only ten or twelve yards away, watcbing, but doing nothing. The whole of Paharganj was in fiames. In Qarol Bagh every Muslim house has been looted. u Everywhere 1 saw carloads and lorry-loads of armed Sikhs freely going around. Where did they get their lorries, their arms and their petrol from? Two Muslim officers in the Willingdon Air Port Station had been murdered by the Sikhs on Mon- day morning, shortly before 1 .left: while they were on duty. ft Brigadier Desmond Young, a former editar of the Pioneer of Lucknow, later Chief Press Adviser to the Government of India and a war prisoner during the last war, subsequently Di1ector of Public Relations with the Government of·India, was in Delhi on 12 September. Here is bis testi- mony: .. Much of the responsibility for the circulation of exaggerated stories rests with the Delhi Press, with All-India Radio, with the Associated Press, with the Information Department of the Govern- ment of India, and ultimately, with the Govern- ment of India itself. Had thoy done their duty in the matter of honest, factual and non-partisan reporting, there would have been no room, or at least no excuse, for rumours. That they did not do so is obvious to anyone who compares their re- ports with the admissions subsequently made by Pandit Nehru in bis broadcast. .. Similar examples of suppressio veri and sug- gestio falsi may be found in the pooled reports of the correspondents who accompanied Pandit Nehru on bis tour of the Punjab and, for that matter, in the communiqué issued by the Gover;. nor of the East Punjab which, for subtle misre- presentation by implications, 1 have never seen equalled by any bureaucratie government. It is fortunate that correspondents of the two most responsible London papers had toured the area independently and were able to report what they saw. . .. That the great·majority of the atlat;ks on Muslim. lives and property were made or led by Sikhs is undeniable. That these Sikhs were com- pletely ruthless and guilty of. some particularly brutal killings could be verified ev~n last week by a visit to Paharganj and Qarol Hagh. That the assailants were armed with modem automatic weapons, bombs and even mortars, eye-witnesses to whom 1 spoke can testify. Indeed, they made no attempt to conceal them. That the attacks were synclironized seemed clear to those on the spot. "What may not be so weil known is that for ?a~s and even weeks before the loutbredak, Sikhs ID Jeeps, on motor-cycles, on cyc es an on foot were making reconnaissances of outlying Muslim localities and of Muslimquarters in Old and New ~:~d,~~ien:c~~~~~~~~; ~~~ :~~~~t1h~~~h officers did not observe them and speculate about their purpose. It was revealed only too c1early when .the time came. .. A preliminary campaign of intimidation was also conducted- in New Delhi, where ail Muslim servants had evidently been marked down. One European woman, the wife of a senior official, was told by Sikhsthrough the .medium of her sweeper, that if she did not get rid of her Muslim servants, she, they and her house wOuld be des- tro:yed Bto~~thher'ffiA similhar threli~tdwthasmhadeknto. a semor ntis 0 cer, W i)rep e·. . at e ew how ta protect bis servants and,-if ne.çessary, to die with them.(He wasunmolested). In a house where the Muslim servants were actuail9 killed, the Sikh party w1?-okilled them knew how many Muslims and how many Hindus there 'were, counted them out of the servants' quarters and told t4eHindus to stand aside. A fIindu friend of a Muslim officer volunteered to look after bis Idtwhile he was away from Delhi. He was visited and told that he must get rid of it or he would lose bis own belongings, his house and bis life. A Muslim who worked in a sub-power station with two Sikhs took refuge in a neighbouring house. The house was at once ~M1~=~=:~o:e:~":=:~:::===: fi 1 mention these instances, which could be multiplied many times, ta show that the theory that the outbreak was a spontaneous explosion aï embittered Sikh refugees from the Punjab will not hold water. It was, indeed, the Sikh refugees en- camped on the Willingdon .fJrport who committed outrages there and caused the airport and the roads leadi'1g to it ta be the death-ttaps for Mus- lims. But the Sikhs who organized and led the attacks were Sikhs who knew their Dellii. fi From whence did the inspiration and the arms come? 1 do not pretend to know. But certain rulers of Sikh States in whose territories attacks on trainf have been made while the State- police looked on and even aided the attackers, should restrain mernbers of their familles from talking as freely as they have been doing in Delhi if they wish to escape suspicion. They should also make it clear that they are not responsible for the offers made to Sikh soldiers ta desert from the Army bringing their anus with them, on the assurance that their arrears of pay and their pensions will be gua- ranteed. fi The short-term abject, as 1 have said, was to make it impossible for a Muslim to -remain and earn ms living in Delhi. It would be a bold Muslim who would seek to do so, SOI long as the Sikhs are aIlowed to retain their arms, while the Muslims are disarmed, and so long ail Sardar Patel nullifies his appeal for peace in the I~ity by saying that he will know how ta settle acc-ounts later. 'We can aIso settle accounts with those who have ta answer for this great tragedy at a more suitable occasion and in anappropriate manner,' said Sardar Patel, India's Home' Minister, in a broadcast on 12 September. fi The only hope i8 tlïaï the Govermnent of India '..viU realize that, if they do not hold down the Sikhs with a strong band, they may weIl see their (:apital as .much,under gangster mIe as was Chica.~o in the days of Al Capone. And gangsters are no respecters of persons. If they do, Muslims in Dellli may enjoy an uneasy .security, on sufferance. .. Sardar Patel and others would ·aIso be well- advised to make a study of Sikh long-term ambi- tions and ta turn up the speech made by.Master Tara Singb innnediately after the fall of the Coa1i~ tion Ministry in the Punjnb. In thaï speech'Master Tara Singhthreatened that the Sikhs would re- conquerthe Punjab with the sword.There is more than one possibleaspÙ"ant ta the sucèession of Ranjit Singh, a disruptive factor. on which the poli!icalleaders of India perhaps rely.But,' who- .. In most cases it was done quite politely- they told one cf our friends that they would not ~ bis bearer in the house as it would make a mess, but on the verandah, wbich they imme- diately did. .. There is reputed to be growing resentment on the part of the Sikhs against the Europeans be- cause most of us got our Moslem servants to safety and have ~ince been keeping them alivc with foodstuffs... On 14 September, Mr. JÇ)hn Irvine, 47-year-old British bank official, was shot and died later in hospital. The Daily Express reported on 15 Sep- tember that eye-witnesses said that the shot was fired by an Indian policeman. Mr. D. McKay, also on the bank staff, was standing beside Mr. Ir- vine when he was shot. He told the Daily Express representative: •• We were watching looting from a shop acros!> the street. Police were carrying away stuff from the shops. One of them turned his back to the looters and fired two shots wild1y jn OUï direction. " The People'sAge, in its issues of 28 September and 26 October, stated: .. So, accompanied only by its trusted stooges, the police and military CiL.--ryout their searches .and seizures. The press of Hindu big business, of the Birlas and Dalmias, laps up every detail of the aUeged conspiracy and of big arms hauls . '.. How is it that stories about the discovery of big hoards of Muslim arms aU The farce was exposed by the Daily Mail correspondent, who wrote: .. The chief danger, as 1 see, is that the Hindustan Govemment will not, obviously for political reasons, orand the Sikhs as the perpetrators of the present trouble which they undoubtedJy are and aet' against them accordingly. Thus the real wrongdoers are not being brought to book and are even being protected and pam- pered." .. The Government here", wrote the Dailv Mail on 3 October, Il is trying hard to find a copvenient scape-goat and today the witch-hunt is directed against Muslim "harbourers of anns". Any Muslim whose house on search produces a chisel, a saw, an axe or a bag of potassium per- mangana~e is branded as an assassin and a poten- . tial bomb-maker. " The organized manner in which killing and looting were going on with the help of the military and police was described by Ralph Izzard, the Daily Mail correspondent, in bis paper on 3 Octo- ber: .. What 1 belie,ve really happens is that a Hindu-Sikh mob attacks a Muslim house in, say, Paharganj; the paterfamilias gets driven into a corner and looses off a couple Qf barrels from a licensed shotgun; police and troops arrive and plaster the house with machine-gun fire and hand grenades - and one more Muslim who's been , bullying' the peaceful Hindu neighbours with fire-arms has had it. You will 'fuld the decline in morale of both police and military absolutely staggering; l have seen, only a couple of days ago, a fat havi/darI-major asleepon a charpoy2 in the arcade of Connaught Place while a gang of Sikhs were looting a shop only four doors away. In Chelmsford Road last Monday week four of us stood and watched Rumaon Rifle troops actually assisting shooters and looters for about three hours-that was after the .. shoot to killlooters ,. order had been issued. Things have been tightened up now, but there are still the most amazing defections. The Gurkhas have been the most re- Hable troops, but even they have been lax on occasions. .. A case in point was at Old Delhi Station last 1 ":ednesday w~ek; a Musli~ was clubbed ta death WIth hockey sticks there while, l'm told by a Euro- pean witness, the Gurkhas just looked on." , On Il September, the Times of lndia special representative reported, .. For the fust time in four days the city was quiet but in some areas it was the quiet of the graveyard. The cleaning of the stre.ets and public places was a major activity noticed today.... ,The Times of lndia of Bombay reported on 12 September: .. (1) Thousands of houses and shops bumed down, destroyed or looted; (2) thou- sands of Muslims uprooted frain their normal avo- cations.and huddled in refugee camps protected ~y Indlan troops; (3)almost complete disloca- !ion of ~hecity's lifewith homes and hotels put on 11'0n rations; (4) thousands of ownerless cattle and 1 Non-commissioned officer 2 Wood and rope bed: . And my learned mend from India had the griev- ance that The Dawn had described the communi- que of the Jndian Govemment as an .. enemy ver- sion n. The British Press \Vas taken to task by the Gov- ernment of India. The New Delhi correspondent of The Times of Lor..don wrote as follows : " It is learned that at Calcutta since 1 Septem- ber there has been censorship on all out-going tele- graphie messages dealing with the communal situa- tion, whether intended for Indian or foreign desti- nations. It is believed to be the fust time in India since the end of the war that censorship h~s been imposed on out-going cables. n For this, he was taken to task. Pandit Nehru strongly rebuked Press corres- poncients from aIl over the world at a Press confe- rence held on 27 August in New Delhi. He said that it Il had come to his notice that certain Pres'> correspondents had recently dispatched messages from India which were highly tendentious and deliberately intended to run down some groups or some parties. Though he had no desire to stand in the \Vay of the frcedom of the Press, there was such a thing as abuse of hospitality. Things said now would embitter th~ relations between fndia and other foreign countries." Il It might be remembered ", he warned, Il if it has not been previously thought of, that the 15th of August has made a difference." The Yorkshire Post, on 29 September, wrote: " Even in Delhi, the seat of the Congress Govern- ment, where of ail places order should he kept, thousands of Muslims stay in the misery of the refugee camps because they dare not return to their homes. No impartial observer can doubt that the massacre was begun by the violence of the Sikhs, whom the Hindu Government could not or would not restrain." On 30 September, an ~;tack by armed raidèrs from neighbouring villages was made on the Saf- darjung Hospital; four patients were killed and thirteen serioUsly injured. Yet Mr. Gandhi, on 26 September, in a speech at a prayer meeting, 1 Horse-drawn passenger vehicle. ... Sucb taIk, however later 'explained', merely confirms the suspicion that Gandhi is not respon- sible for bis words and actions and is now unsafe outside a mental home. Yet be is still a consider- abl~ power behind the Iri.dian Govemment, and it is very probable that bis lunatic and dangerous advice will be taken seriously." . 1 will not say that 1 agree with the correspon- dent, nor would 1 dare use the expressions that he bas used, but 1 have only quoted. . situations The lnquirer of London wrote on 4 October : cc A number of people will be startled by Mr. Gandhi's sudden desertion of pacifism. The gloss he offered later upon what may very weIl have been an impulsive statement did not by any means clear up the matter. The pacifist, under aIl cïrcwnstances, cannot sanction or even accept war. For the first time in bis long life, Mr. Gandhi's pacifism has rea1ly been put ta the test of harsh circumstances, where bis emotions are w,aIly engaged in situations of life and death. It has always been one of the weaknesses of paci- fism that no one could be really sure as to how it would stand up to the strain of real horror, the kind of horror that the Nazis knew how to practise, and the kind that is now desolating parts of India. If pacifism canrrot ~ccept and master snch situations as these, then as a defence of civi- lisation it is lost. It was one thing for Mr. Gandhi ta he a pacifist under the British Govemment ; it seems to be another thing to hold the faith in face of senseless and hideous massacre... The Economist of London wrote editorially on 40ctober : .. There is now open talk of war, and als~ ~ India a strong movement for transforming India mto a Hindu State in which Muslims would 6e deprived of citizen rights. But he (Nehru) is under strong pressure from those elements of çongress who are under the sway of communa- lism, and whose communal bias in the period of the Congress provincial,governments between 1937 and 1939 ,was one of the main cause of the growth of Muslim adhesion to the Muslim ~gue. Mr. Gandhi has unfortunately given an lIDI?etus to Hindu extremism by a speech in WhlCh, though re-affirming bis own bellef in non- TIle special representative of The Times, on 5 October, said: .. This much is certain - that in spite of the eloquent appeals for tolerance by Mt. Gandhi, Pandit Nehru, and other Indian leaders, the communal atmosphere 1s vitiated and noisome beyond description. If there is compa" rative peace in Delhi and other big centres today. it i8 a peace based upon an intolerance which has succeeded in killing or driving out the mîno- rlty community aImost ta a man. .. Thus, in Delhi, whole streets in the Muslim quarters lie deserted and looted, while their for" mer inhabitants .are either on the mOve, by road or rail, to West Punjab, or else are hudd!ed toge- ther in abject misery and Îear in refugee camps ... chronie insecurity of .llie and property prevails. What this means in terms of hatred and blli.-ning desire for vengeance can hardly be imagined. Apart from a handful of enlightened leaders, the Dominions of India and Pakistan are acquiring a legaey of mutual mistrust wmch will dog them and handicap their efforts at nation-building for years to come. " . At one of his prayer gatherings, Mr. Gandhi acknowledged as follows: .. A new technique seems to have been established now. Sikhs with drawn swords, which seem to have taken the place of little kirpans, with or without Hindus, visitMuslim houses and demand evacuation. This is a monstrous state of things in this, the capital dty. " The Birmingham Post published. the following on 20 October: .. Muslims fu India, who still number about forty million, are raided for arms, exhorted to abjure the Muslim L(;;ague and to show their loyalty to the country of their resi- dence by throwing themselves helpless on the mercy of those whose felloWs have massacred Muslims farther north. Alternatively, they are urgently invited to take themselves with all des- patchto> Pakistan, leaving their homes of genera- tions, their lands, bu;)inesses and wealth . . . There 1s a strong •. movem.::nt .in India,supported by many Sikhs, who have lost part of their homeland to Pakistan' andgained nothing, and. many Hin~ dus, to establish a completely Hindu State based on Delhi, a movement eontested by the Indian Governmcnt, which still upholds its non-commu- mû principles. Even,the. Cabinet 1s not a1ways un~ous ; and it is mainlY the deepinfluence of the Indian Cabinet's.father confessor, Mahat- ma Gandhi, that makes for a, poliey .of toleranr.e. Itis a bighly explosive situation, with complica- tiOnS in the States of Hyderabad,Kaslnnit;. and In another post-prayer speech, Mr. Gandhi said that 137 mosq1les had been desecrated in Delhi and New Delhi, and in some of them idols in- stalled, while others were being used by refugees in whatever manner they liked. In another post-prayer speech by Mr. Gandhi, it is reported, .. he added that a Muslim brought te him a half~burnt Koran. He had wrapped it up in a piece of cloth, showed it to mm with tearful eyes and went away without speaking. The man who had thus tried to insult the Koran had insu1ted bis own religion. He appealed to Hindus and Sikhs to desist from bringing min to their country and religion... The followïng is a message from the Associated Press of India, under dateline of Lahore, 4 De- cember: .. Attacks by Indian· Army troops on Muslim refugee girls travelling in trains form the subject of a protest addressed by the Pakistan Government to the Government of India. .. Two Muslim girls, aged 14 years, were bru- tally and repeatedly raped by various members of the Indian Army escort on the refugee train which left Delhi' for Lahore on 11 November. These girls were examined Ïù Lahore by inde~ pendent medical experts, and their evidence, t~ gether with the girls' statements, is being for- warded to the Indian Government. Il Four young Muslim girls travelling in a Pa- kistan personnel train which left Hmat Nizamud- din Station on 28 November, were dragged into the troops, compartment and there raped by the escort Il The protest also related to ilIegal searches by Indian Army escorts. The Muslim refugee train which arrived at Walton on 30 November was detained at Jandiali station for three and a half hours, and the refugees were deprived of their cash, ornaments and other valuables after a tho- rough search and after detaining at Attari station. The non-Muslim escort wamed the refugee pas- sengers that 'none of these incidents should be divulged '. fouilles militaire indienne. qui à et et déjà soldats ne "Urging the Government of India toinime- diate action at the bighest level, the Pakistan Ministry for Refugees state that these incidents which învolve Indian Army troops escorting re- fugee trains who, in cold blood and with com- plete disregard to, their duty, have molested re- fugee women, are even worse than the rape of Muslim girls bynon-Muslim mobs. " mande prendre des mesures immédiates. incid~ qui giés de manes, jeunes filles In regard to West Punjab, these events were characterized by two features. In the first place, these episodes started when tales of horror were carrled into West Punjab; in the 8econd place, for- :.unately, the killings were not on such a large scale. This condition existed because of two fac'" tors. First, the Muslims had had no plan to mas- sacre anybody. The uprising was the result of a provocation and was a sudden flare~up. Second, the Sikh withdrawal from West Punjab took· place according to a plan. Therefore, the lives of many who might otherwise have been killed were fortunately saved. We now turn to the Stateof Kasbmir itself. This State was purchased by the great-grand- father of the present Ruler of Kashmir from the aritish East India Company in 1846 for 7,~00,OOO rupees. Roughly, this is less than $2,500,000. The population of Kashmir is distrlbuted com- munally as follows: In Kashmir proper, apart from Jammu, 93.5 per cent are Muslims~Sixty-two per cent of the population of Jammu are Muslims. In the combined Jammu and Kasbmir State, 78 per cent are Muslims. The total population is approxQ,nately 4,000,000. Gilgit, which is the high mountain region in the northwest, a part of which borders on the USSR, is entirely Muslim. The total area of the State, which is largely composed of high mountains and baII€m hills, is 82,000 square milçs. The region is famous for its beauty. The people of this State are~imilarly famous. Their high artistic talents are well known. What is not fully known is the This description is not an exaggerated picture. It could he verified by Sheikh Abdullah here who 1nows about the poverty, the misery, and the de- gradation to which bis people have been reduced during the last one hundred years. To an average Kashmiri a square meal is really a luxury, rarely encountered. It is well known that even before the Maharajah sur.:ceeded bis late uncle to the thfone, a few cheques of a few million dollars each signified trifies to him wbich might be thrown away frivolously and the loss not felt. Yet each cent of every one of these millions of dollars repre-' sented hours of misery, agOny~and su1Iering for one of bis unfortunate subjects. 1 aSSllfe the Secu- rity Council that this is a very rief, but an abso- lutely true description of the average Kashmiri. These downtrodden miserable specimens of hu- manity did, in their despetation, sometimes tu.rn like the proverbial worm. Th9Jlgh çonstant grind- ing misery and unceasing oppression had a1most succeeded iD. converting responsible, brave and still bigh1y artistic people iuto docile servants, a ' thrill of adD:lîiation ran through the hearts of all lovers of liberty when in their struggle to acbieve n a modicum of the most elementary of hUI!lan 1>' rights, and some slight easing of the constàiltbur- , den of tyranny wbich was crushing them, they were mowed doWn by the bullets of the State Dogra troops in fheir uprisrngs of 1931 and 1932, but refused to turn back and received those bul- lets on their bared breasts. The doom of the Dogra Raj in Kashmii was, in those days of tra- gedy and heroism, sealed in Kashmir blood. The Dogra rQ1c was to be prolonged for. a few more years under the shelter of British suzerainty, but its extinction was only a question of time. What were the repercussi()ns of tbese uprlsings of 1931 and 1932 outside the borders of the State in adjoining British territory? Were the Bri- tish, the suzerains of the Maharajah bound' by treaty· to uphold and defend bis rule, able with the help of their mighty resources to keep the peoples of British Punjab out the struggles? Eighty thousand Muslims from Punjab who had rushed to the aid of the people of Kashmir were put into the jails and camps of the State. What were the people of Kashmir fighting for then? Essentially, of course, they were fighting for free- dom from tyranny and oppression. They were also fighting again$t galling and chafing laws·and cus- toms like the foUowing: in Kashmir, when one of these wretclledIy poor, ntiserable Kashmiris . f~nd that bis cow was no lo~ger ~ble to yield milk, was only fit for the butcher's knife, and he was anxious to save the meat for himself, bis family, bis friends, and his neighbours, if he slaughtered bis own cow, suchan act was, until a few years ago, a capital offence in Kashmir. Mr. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, who had .the honour _tanniques Britanniques, tion, santes lés mille s'étaient mire, camps chemire il de et les nué sa n'était et famille, The whole of the soil belonged to the Maha- raja. Nobody had any rights of ownership in it. They were liable to eviction at the will of the Maharaja, irrespective of for how many genera- tions the familyhad occupied the farm. If a Mus- lim became converted to Hinduism, he retained all rights in his property..In the converse case, if a Hindu became a Muslim, he 10st all interests in joint family property under the law of the State. Some reforms were granted under adjudi- cation. As. a result, a legislative assembly was also set up, and the Kashmiris achieved sorne alle- viation of their condition. We now come to the events of the last year. The constitutional settlement arrived at between the British and the Indians, on the one hand, and between different sections of Indians, on the other, presented th~ Maharajâ. with a difficult choice.-Geography, economics and the wishes and ~ sentiments of an overwhelming majority of his ~eople pointed. in one direction-that is to say, accession to Paldstan-and indications have not been wanting that he was at.one time inclined to proceed in that direction. In any case, he had entered into a standstill agreement with· Pakistan. It is necessary· to explain what a "standstill agreement" is. India, being one political entity beforethe division on 15 August 1947, had a common system of defence, of railways, post offices, telegraphs, telephones, and a host of other matters. If on 15 August, when at least a nominal division took place be- tween these two Dominions-in sorne places, the actual division also took·place on that date-all these matters had had to he adjusted, the situa- tion would have been impossible. A new currency could not be started merely by a stroke of the pen, co1Il1l1unications· could not he divided up, défence could not be, sorted out, andso on. Therefore, standstill· agreements· were arrived at by.Pakistan and India, providing that. ,these· matters shQuld continue to run undisfurbed on the old basis for a period of· titne, and different dates were fixed for different. matters. Also, standstill agreements were arrived at between the States. Each State woûld come to. a standstill. agr~ement with tb,e Dominion of India or the Dominion of Pakistan, according to its ·OWIf situation and requirements, A standstill agreementhfld been arrived at, then, between the Maharaja of Kashmir and Pa- kistan. Later, the Maharaja appears to have been inclined in the other direction. But this presented a problem in regard to bis people. As 1 have said, 78. per cent were Muslims. Having regard to bis geographical p~sition and the distribution of population.in bis State, he knew that it was cer- tainly as much as bis throne was worth if he made any movement in the Qirection of accession to India, so Jong as bis people were there to pro- test and to desire accession to Pakistan. . - '-- However, the other Hindu States of the Pun- jab solved this problem. For instance, Kapurthala had a majority of Muslims-but then the Maha- raja of Kapurthala got ridof all of them. That is how the question was resolved. The Maharaja of Kashmir must have thought that. in the case of Kashmir the killing of a few thousand of bis Muslim subjects,' the jailing of the leaders, and the expulsion of a million or so might sufficiently cow the rest. And apparently that was the scheme that was adopted. . In the month of September, atrocities upon the Muslim population by the troops of the Maharaja stiuted, both in the Jammu portion and in the Kashmir State portion, part\cularly that part of the State which is known as Poonch. Poonch is a smaller State which is ruled by a member of the senior line of the Maharaja's family, but the mer of Poonch owes allegJance to the Maharaja of Kasbmir. But Poonch had this troublesome feature: that, on the lowest estimate, at least 70,000 Pooncbis had served on the side of the United Nations in the last war, and therefore were not very easy to deal with. This is what the Prime Minister of Pakistan said in his cable to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 29 October 1947 : .. There is. no doubt that State ttoops tirst at- tacked Muslims at Poonch. Women and children took refuge in Pakistan, and burning village~. could be seen from our border. There is no doubt , that later they set out tomassacre Muslims of Jammu. The Brigadier in command of the Jammu-Sialkot border admitted to our Briga- , dier"-that is the State Brigadier-" that his .... orders were ta drive out Muslims from a three- .radjah 'des mile~wide belt, and that he was doing this 'with automatic weapons' and mortars. There is no , ~oubt that armed mobs headed by State troops lDvaded Pakistan on several occasions. After one ,.of these raids, 1,760 dead bodies of Muslims were counted near one of our villages. TIiere are nowabout 100,000 Muslim refugees from Jammu in West Punjab." '// Sheikh Abdullah himself gives these as the reasons for the disturbances in Kashmir. On 21 October, in New Delhi, speaking at an at- home given in his honour, and referring to Kash- mir's aCl.lession, he said that while Pakistan was very keen on its accession, owing to the strategic position of Kashmir, if the State joined the In- dian Dominion, Pakistan would be completely encircled. The report of bis statement continues: Cl Ex- plaining the difficulties with which the people were beset in making up their minds without res- ponsible government, Sheikh Abdullah said that the happenings in certain States, such as PatiaIa, Bharatpur and Kapurthala; and elsewhere, had naturally caused apprehensions in the minds of the Muslims in Kashmir, who formed the majo- rity ,of the population. They were afraid that the State's accession.to India might portend danger to them. 0' Sheikh Abdullah said that the present trou- bles in Poonch, a feudatory of Kashmir, were caused by the unwise policy 1110pted by the State. The people of Poonch, who suffered under their local ruIer and again under the Kashmir Maharaja, the overlord of the Poonch mer, had staited a people's movement for the redress of their griev- ances. It was not communal. Kashmir State sent its troops, and there was panic in Poonch. But most of the adult population of Poonch, he e~plained, were ex-servicemen in the Indian Army with close connexions with the people in Jhelum and Rawalpindi-these are places in West Pakistan. o. They evacuated their women and chil<iren, crossed the frontier, and returned with arms sup- plied to them by willing people. The present posi- tion was that the Kashmir State forces were forced to withdraw in certain areas." Here is a picture of how the trouble and the oppression of the people in Poonch by State troops started. The people in Poonch are largely e~-servicemen of the Indian Army; that is, when India was one country and was not yet divided. They were compelled, in view of the horrors committed elsewhere, with which they were now faced, to evacuate their women and children, take them out of POOllCh and put them in West Punjab, and th~ncome back to fight with wc::apons borrowed or taken from their friends and relatives in West Punjab. Is that not exactly what has been stated by the Prime Minister of Pakistan as the cause and the origin of the trouble, and i& that not what is being repu- diated by fuQia? The representative of InQia is present here. He can say whether or not fuis is a correct account. Again, in the Statesman of 22 October a speech by Sheikh Abdullah is reported as follows: .. Speaking at a reception today, Sheikh Abdul- .Now for an account of the happenings in Kash- mir itself. Starting wÎth these occurettces in the Jammu and Kashmir State, slowly the whole of Kashmir was getting enveloped in an orgy of loot, murder and arson. On 4 October the inhabit~mts of severa! villages, lilCluding Jandala, Makhial- kotli, Nawa! Danna and Cheerala, were reported to have been bumt alive in their houses. It is estimated that harclly one per cent escaped from the carnage. On 5 October, the village of Salian was set on fire. The conflagration, wmch was visible from the Murree hills, continued raging until 8 Octo- ber. It was reported that Muslims of tms village- . men, women, children, and even the old and infirm-were asked to stand against a wall and were shot dead by' a Sikh squad. Automatic weapons were freely used to annihilate the Mus- lims of the village of Sùdhnoti in the Poonch pro- vince. The whole village was ransacked, bumt and' looted. Life became impossible for Muslims in this area, and hundreds of Muslims from these and surrounding villages were compelled to leave their ancestral homes. WheIi theyreached Kohala bridge, a bridge across the River Jhelum-and the Jhelum at that place forros the boundary be- tween Kashmir State and West Punjab-the Sikh soldiers assaulted and abducted the Muslim girls in -the refugee caravan. Also raids started across the border upon West Punjab villages from Kash- mir State. Our intelligence reported that out of eighty-four villages in the police circle of Phuklian, which has suffered most, all the sixty-oile villages on the border linehad a mixed population of Dogras and Muslim kamins 1. Towards the end of September, the Dogra population migrated to Jammu; they went onacross the border mto the State; they carried aIl their.belongings, adopting a scorchedearth policy with regard tothe cultivat~d land. After the evacuation of the non-Muslim popu- la!ion, these villages were attacked repeatedly, Wlth the result that aIl the sixty-one villages on the border have been completely butntby Dogra raiding .partiesfrom Jatnmu and there is now no sign of life in these villages. Standing crops have 1 Common labourers and domestic servants. .. on 22 October, .the Globe News' Agency re- ported that widespread rioting'had broken out in the whole of Jammu Province; resulting in heavy casualties. ' . ' "'on 20 Octob'er 1947, the Kashmir Muslim Association reYiewed the position in. the Kashmir Stàte and passed the following resolution: . , .. This meeting of the Kashmir Muslim Asso- ciation strongly" condemns the .indiscriminat~ firing on the' Muslims of Sri Ranbir Singhpura, Mirpur, Rajaori, Poonch and Srinagar. .. The lathi 1-charge and the use of tear-gas on the innocent children in Srinagar is a crime which no 'civilized Government of the worId can ever resort to. U The meeting deplores that the Government of Pakistan is showing extreme neglect towards the State affairs at this critical juncture when the Maharaja is enlisting outside aid for the purpose of crushing the 80 per cent Muslimpopulation of the State. " On 28 October the Association issued the fol- lowing statement: .. AIarming reports are poùring in from Srin- agar that during the last few days gangs of Dogra soldiers are combing out all those who are known ta be supporters of Kashmir's accession to the Pakistan Dominion. Muslim personnel of the State military and police have either been dis- armed or arrested; severa! important officials have been dismissed and hundreds of political workers have been lodged behind the iron bars of the dingy State cells. There have been innumer- able instances of looting of the houses of political workers. .. In Baramula and Rampur, several people have been shot dead on the mere suspicion that they were welcoming the armies of liberation. A reign of terror has been unIeashed against the peace-abiding population of the State. The life and honour of no self-respecting patriot, whether Hindu or MusIim, who wants the question of the State's accession to either of the Dominions " :Settled in a democratic manner, is safe. .. The Hindu and Sikh refugees in the State are being armed by the Kashmir Government and are encouraged to kill Muslims and others whose loyalty Sheikh Abdullah's Conference con- siders to be dubious." . An Associated Press of India report, dated 31 October, revealed that Brigadier Khuda Bakhsh, the Garrison Commander of Jammu 1 Staff. Il The mad 'orgy of Dogra violence against unarmed Muslims should put any self-respecting human being to shame. l saw armed bands of ruffians llld soldiers shoo~g down and hac~g to pieces helpless Muslim refugees heading towards Pakistan. .. My pain and agony were heightened by w~~t 1 saw at Rajpura, where the officiaIs and the mili- tary officers were directing an armed.mob against a Muslim refugee convoy and got It hacked to pieces. l saw en route State officiais fredy dis- tributing arms and ammunition among the Do- gras. Il From the hotel room where l was detained in Jammu 1 counted as many as twenty-six vil- lages burning one night and all through the night rattlina tire of automatic weapons could be heard l::J. " from the surrounding refugee camps. This is the account of a non-Muslim eyewitness who belongs to the Madras Presidency in the Indian Union. In Jammu proper, under the pressure of gang- sters, Muslims were segregated in the local police lines where the State authorities promised them protection. The rooftops of all high buildings adjoining the police lines were occupied by Dogra troops and Sikh marauders who kept on firing on the Muslim refugees with impunity. On the same day, one of the Muslim festival days. 18 October, firing on the Muslims continued for ten hours, and it is estimated that over four thousand people were killed. The State authori- ties pleaded lack of police personnel to prevent t4e repeated attacks of Sikhs, I.N.A. and R.S.S. gangs on these unarmed Muslims. Kanwar Sir Dalip Singh, a former judge of the Lahore High Court, who was touring the Province of Jammu as a representative of the Govemment of India, asked the Muslims to surrender their arms and ammunition and keep in readiness for evacuation to Pakistan. Every individual was allowed to take only bis bedding and a sma1l box. Ail other belongings of the evacuees were deemed to have been f()rfeited to the State. . parcouraIt représentant du munitions direction sonne Tous qués On 6 November, seventy trucks, fully packed and .containiug most of the respectable Muslims of the Province of Jammu, left for Suchetgarh, the nearest town in Pakistan. But the drive was divr.rted toward Sambha on the Kathua road. sère~t provmce de MaIS Lest there should be any confusion between the Muslim Conferènce and the National Confe- rence, 1 ought to explain that these are two rival political associations or bodtës in Kashmir, both representing Kasbmir Muslims. Members of the National Conference might ~o be non-MusIim. Mohamad Abdullah is the head of the National Conference. The leader who was mentioned a moment ago was head of the Muslim Conference. About a thousand people managed to reach Pakistan somehow. The next day 26 trucks, instead of proceeding to Suchetgarh, were de- tained at the Leper Hospital in the Jantinu Can- tonment area. The inmates of the trucks were attacked by a mob while an aircraft of the Indian Union was flying overhead. To save their lives many refugees jumped into the canal nearby, and 'while they were swimming across tbey were fired on by the escort, causing many casualties. The family af Chaudhri Hamid Ullah Khan, another prominent leader of the Muslim Conference, was iL this convoy and nothing is known even today of their fate. When Sir Dalip Singh was toid that the military trucks, instead of evacuating the Muslims from Jammu to Suchetgarh, were driving them only into death traps, he expressed his help- lessness and said that evacuation was the con- cern of the miIitary and it was for them to decide by which route to trave!. "' On Friday, 17 October, our villages were attacked by armed mobs consisting of Brahnûfis, .Sikhs, Dogras and untouchables. We defended .-Ourselves and the mob cduld not do much ~tensibly for our protection. Later on the Indian Artny aIso arrived there. We stayed at tlûs camp for six days. Drinking water was not supplied ta us ; the rations were wholly insutlicient and iUost of our children died one after another. We hadnot been able to bring much from our homes, but whatever we had brought was looted by the Indian Anny and the State troops. We were hatassed by searches and our women were raped by the Dogra and Sikh soldiers. After fuis attack, the local Tehsildar came and told us that the StateCavalry unit would soon come ta proteet us. The brigadier of the cavalry unit, on arrivai, tald us that we should be ready ta leave the State via Bindwarhi. When we were ready ta proceed, the Indian Army, the State troops, Sikhs, Dogras and others fired upon us and only one hundred people out of nine thousand could escape and save their lives. The Tehsildar had collected over 22,000 rupees from us. We somehow managed ta reach Sialkot on foot and most of us had ta be admitted iuto the Civil Hospital st Sialkot." Two Englishmen compiled a summary of the facts, when they visited Jammu and Kashmir in November and interrogated Muslim refugees and offici..als of the State, as follows ~ .. On the morning of 5 November, it was announced by beat of drums in Jammu City, in the name of His Highness the Maharaja, that all the Muslims must immediately leave the State and that, in fact, Pakistan had asked for them. They were instructed ta assemble at the parade ground ~ Jammu. Conducted from there ta the police lines, they were searched, deprived of most of their belongings and loaded on motor lorry convoys. They were told they would he sent to Suchetgarh, but instead the convoys took the Kathua Raad and halted at Mawa. where the. passengers were told ta get down. 0' At Mawa, the lorry drivers, who were Sikhs and attned ta the teeth, removed all the young women from the convoys and began ta attack the ~e~ainder. The Kashmir State troops looked on mdifferently, while mobs of Sikhs and Hindus were killing the Muslin refugees. .. Out of the four thousand Muslims who had left Jammu, only nine hundred managed ta reach Sialkot. Among them was Mr. Ghulam Mustafa, Member of the Legislative Assembly, who lost his Wife,èbild and Sister. It Wa.s in this attack that a ~lilughter and a s'ister of Mr. Ghulam Abbas, Pre- SIdent of the Kashmir Muslim Conference, were takên àway by the attackers. .. Another convoy of 30 trucks, escorted by the Dogra and Indian troops, reached Suchetgarh on 9 November. Seven women and practically all the luggage belonging to the refugees had been re- moved by the escorting troops at the border. .. During the beginning of October 1947, about fourteen thousand Muslims living in Samba were besieged by armed Hindus and Sikhs, who cut off the rations and water supply of the villages. .. On 22 October, Samba village was visited by His Highness the Maharaja hïmself, and aImost immediately after bis visit all the Muslim women in the village were taken away by the State troops, and the men were slaughtered with the exception of fifteen survivors, who escaped to Sialkot. .. About eight thousand Muslims assembled at the Mulla Tank near Kathua on 20 October, after their request for protection had been ignored by the Sub-Divisional Magistrate of Kathua. After marching three miles towards the Pakistan border, they were encircled by Dogra troops and armed Sikh civilians, and all of them were slaughtered with the exception of forty persons, who managed to escape to Sialkot. .. Early in October, the Jammu police reported to the State authorities, and recorded the report in their daily register, that arms and ammunition were being smuggled into the Jammu Province by Sikhs and Hindus from Gurdaspur tIJrough Kathua. When the local police seized the smugglers' arms, these were taken from them by the Hindu officers of the State Govemment and handed back to the smugglers. .. AIl Muslim policemen in Jammu City were .disarmed on 22 October, and ordered to go to Pakistan. When some of the officers and men in the Jammu State police went to assist Muslims, who were being attacked in Daghiana, on 28 Octo- ber, the State troops aimed their rifles at the police and ordered them to rom back. .. On the instructions of the State Government about 25,000 Muslims from Piran Sahib area collected at Maogaon to be evacuated to Pakistan. On 23 October, they were ordered to walk to Pakistan. But as they were doing so, their women and all their persona! belongings were takeu away from them by the Dogra troops, and the rest made tb stand in a line, whereupon they were riddled with machine-gun bullets. Ouly about two hundred men out of ~he total number of twenty-five thousand refugees managed to make their way to Pakistan, by hiding in fields during the day and travel1jng by night. These foul deeds are still being perpetrated on innocent Muslims in the Poonch and Jammu Provinces and the number of Muslim refugees from the Kashmir State that have come to Pakistan for protection is at present weil ower two hundred thousand. In the American Mission Memorial Hospital, Sialkot, alone, 6,423 children and 5,994 women received fust aid, and 1,895, were treated :iD. the Sialkot Civil Hospital. Most of them weœ suffering from sword, rifle and gun-shot wounds. A most harrowing feature of the atrocities per- petrated· on Muslims was the maiming of children under me very eyes of their mothers. The numqer of women abducted by the Kashmir gangsters cannot accurately be found out at present; but on a .conservative estimate it is considered that at least 25,000 women have fallen into the hands of the Dogra troops, the Sikhs, the Rashtriya Sewak Sangh and Indian National Army bands operating ail over the State. The most outrageous case k'llown is that of 300 women who were captui:ed in Devi Batala, and who were repeatedIy and mercilessly raped unill all of them died of shock and injury except one, who somehow managed to escape into a border district of Pakistan. ' These are some accounts of what has been happening in the State, both before the State acceded to the Indian Union and after the acces- sion of the State, as many of the dates are in November. The accession to India was on 26 October and the Indian Union troops were landed on 27 October. Pakistan naturally started protesting against these happenings. The telegram dated 12 October 1947 from the Foreign Secretary, Government of Pakistan, to the Prime Minister of Kashmir State, reads as follows: •• Men of the Pakistan Army who have recently retumed from leave at their homes in Poonch report that armed bands, which include troops, are attacking Muslim villages in that State. Their stories are confirmed by the large numbers of villages that can be seen buming from Murree hills. The Pakistan Government are vitally inte- rested in the mainten.ance of peace on their bor- ders and the welfare of Muslims in adjoining territories, and on these grounds alone would be justified in asking for an assurance that steps be taken to restore order in Poonch. One feature of the present situation in Poonch which, however, makes it peculiarly dangerous to the friendIy rela- tions which the Paldstan Govemment wishes to ret~ with Kashmir, is that the Pakistan Anny obtams a large number of recruits from Poonch. Feeling in the battalions to which these men be!ong is rapidly rising and the situation is fraught Another te1egram of the same day from the Foreign Secretary of Pakistan to the Prime Minis-. ter of Kashmir reads as follows : •• Pakistan Government wish to draw your Government's attentiOn to series of raids made from Jammu State into Sialkot district during the month of September. At least six raids by armed Dogra gangs and refugees from West Punjab shel- tering in Jammu territory have so far been reported. These raids have been accompanied by considerable loss of Muslim lüe. In the raids of two villages in police station PhuIdian on Il September, some sixty Muslims were kiIled and eleven women abducted by Dogra raiders. In a recent case, non-MusIim soldiers from Jammu State were reported to have waylaid and robbed Muslims of village Dhandar. Pakistan Government take a very serious view of the violation of their frontier by raiders from the Jammu State. They take strong exception aIso to non-Muslim refugees being allowed to use State territory as a base of operations against West Punjab. They would be forced to regard the continuance of such raids, unchecked by Government, as an unfriendly act. Pakistan Govemment therefore strongly urge that îmmediate and firm action be taken to stop the raids into West Punjab territory." There were various other raids on 10 Septem- ber, Il September, 16 September, 18 September, 20 September, 24 September, and 25 September 1947. . Now in answer to these telegrams, there was a telegram from the Prime Minister of Kashmir, in the course of which he stated : .. ThIs Government has ample proof of infil- tration. As is the result in every government including Pakistan Dominion military has to take action when disturbance caused cannot adequately be deaIt with by civil administration. If this ~ction hurts anyone's feelings Government hopes you will agree that it is for them to help in the task of restoration ofpeace. Government lS 'prepared to have an impartial inquiry made into the whole affair with aview to 'remove misunderstanding and to restoIe cordial relations which this GOvertnnent has strictlykept in viewso far even in spitè of· Nothing is said with regard to any ill-treatment and so on. Th~ whole thing is justified on the basis of proper military action and it is stated that there should be an impartial inqoiry. Also, if the request for the impartial inquiry is turned down, then they will have to ask for outsid\.. assistance, presumably ask the Government of India ta send its troops. The reply sent from Karachi to the Prime Minister of Kashmir on 18 October 1947 stated the following : CI We are surprised at the contents and tone of your telegram dated 15 October 1947. Instead of taking immediate and effective action in regard to specifie complaints made by us in our telegrams Nos. 241 and 242 dated 12 October 1947, you have put forward vague allegations of infiltration by people of Pakistan into Kashmir and have accused the border people of manufacturing bad relations. We emphatically and categorically deny the allegations and accusations. People travel to and fro between Kashmir and Pakistan in the nor- mal course of bUlliness, but the allegations regard- mg the free distribution of arms and ammunitions to Pakistan areas adjourningj the State borders and the infiltration of armed men into State territory 'sont rendus ~e incorrect. CI On the other hand there is mounting evidence of ruthless oppression of Muslims in Kashmir State and of raids into Pakistan territory by armed Dogra gangs and non-Muslim refugees from the Punjab. Most recent report is that of an attack on the Channa Khurd village by Dogra Army personnel where they exchanged fire with the police, killing the head constable. Large numbers of armed Sikhs, as weIl as Hindus belonging to the Rashtriya Sewak Sangh, have gone to Kashmir with the object of repeating the tactics they followed in East Punjab to kill, terrorize and drive out Muslims. In fact, exodus of Muslims from the Sta.te has already started. ~I The Pakistan Government must take a most serious view of a state of affairsin which the l\;fussu~ans in Kashmir are suppressed and for- c1bly driven out of Kashmir. We are astonished to hear your threat ' to askror.assistance " presum- ably meanin.g thereby assistance from an outside Power. CI The .onIy object of this intervention by an outside .Power secured by you would be to com- What was the situation up to 18 October? There were complaints and cross-complaints. 1 shall not enlarge upon what appears to have been justified and what appears not to have been justified. There were complaints and cross- complaints and there were grievances. The Prime Minister of Kashmir says, .. 1 demand an impar- tial inquiry. If you will not accede to my request to grant an impartial inquiry, 1 shall be compelled to ask for outside assistance." The reply goes back: .. Having regard to the gravity of the situation, we have carefully considered your suggestion to bave an impartial inquiry made into the whole affair. We appreciate the suggestion and ask you immediately to nominate your represen- tative on this Inquiry Committee. On hearing from you, we shall nominate our representative without delay 80 that the Committee can proceed at once with a tborough inquiry into the whole matter." That demand was met. Therefore, there was no reason to ask for any outside assistance. What did they do ? This is the first demand on the other side for an impartial inquiry. We said, .. AlI right, name your representative and we sball name ours." Not one word has since been beard of an impartial inquiry or a committee to set up an impartial inquiry. They went back on it com- pletely. The next thing that happened was on 18 October, when the Prime Minister of Kashmir sent a wire direct to the Govemor-General of Pakistan as follows : .. Ever since 15 August even in spitè of agreement to observe standstill agreement on matters on which agreement existed on 14 August with British India, increasing difficulties bave been felt not only with regard to supplies from West Punjab; postal system bas also been most detri- mental to peoples as weIl as to the administra- .. Instead co-operation asked for through every possible local as well as provincial authorities and Central Authority paper promises have been actually followed'by more rigorous action than before. Press and radio of Pakistan appear actually to have been licensed to pour volumes of fallacious libellous and faIse propaganda. Smaller feudatory States have been prompted to threaten even armed interference into the State. Even pd- vate people in Pakistan are allowed to wire un- bearable threats without any check by the Pakistan Dominion Post o.ffices. Ta crown all the State is being blamed for acts which actually are being committed by Pakistan people. Villages are being raided from Sialkot in addition to actual infiltra- tion in Poonch. The Government cannot but con- clude that all is being done with the knowledge and connivance of local authorites. The Govern- ment also trusts that it would be admitted that these acts are extremely unfriend1y, if not actu- ally bordering on inimical. matte~ and put a stop to all the iniquities which ?Xe bemg perpetrated. If unfortunately this request IS not heeded the Govemment fully hope that you woul~ agree ~at it would be justified in asking for fnendly aSSIstance and oppose trespass on its fundamental rights. Telegraphed His Excellency Go~ernor-General Pakistl:Ul repeated Premier Pakistan Dominion," An answer to this telegram was sent by the ~overnor-General of Pakistan to the Maharaja himself : .. l h . aye recelved telegram of 18 October from ~:;::~ re~,-'~c.::g__~_th=~e __s_itu __~a_Lt::..io:n~in.:::~~un~:. .. On 15 October your Prime Minister sent a telegram to my Government making similar allega- tions in the same offensive manner as have been repeated in bis telegram of 18 October now addressed to me without waiting for the reply to bis earlier telegram from my Government. My Govemment have already.replied to that telegram on 18 October and this reply shows clearly that your Government's wholly one-sided and ex-parte allegations cannot be supported. Since your Gov- e111ment have released to the Press the telegram addressed to me tmder reply my Government have no other course Jeft open and have therefore decided to release to the Press their reply referred ta above refuting your Government's allegations. .. The allegation in the telegram under reply that the standstill agreement hasnot been observed is entirely wrong. The difficulties that have been felt by your administration have arisen as a res~lt of the widespread disturbances in East Punjab and the disruption of communications caused thereby particulijI'ly by the shortage of coal." The Council has aIready appreciated what was happening between East.and West Punjab. As far as Delhi, practically no movement of trains was taking place. Therefore, everything had stopped moving. Consequently, there was a shortage of supplies everywhere. It was not that the Pakistan Government was unwilling to fulfill its part of the standstiIl agreement, but they were unable to do so owing mainly to these disturbances and also to one further f~Ct: that, awing to the massacre of Muslims that was going on in various parts of the Kashmir- Province, ·the ·lorry drivers from Rawalpindi, t1:J.e railhead for that part of Kashmir -.a distance of fQUghly 200 miles from Srinagar- refused to carry cOal into the Kashmir State unless they were given military escort wbich would pro- tect their :Uves on the way, and the West Punjab Government was )Jot in a position to be able to provide military escort, which they explained in another telegram. The telegram from the Govemor-General of Pakistan to the Maharaja of Kashmir continues: .. These difficulties have been felt acutely by the West Punjab Government themselves. The diffi- culties with regard to banking facilites were caused by lack of staff in the various banks and cannat AU these West Punjab banks were non-Muslim banks. It is. not that they were either Govemment banks or Muslim banks; they were non-Muslim banks. So, if they were not honouring their obli- (Jations, it wasnot their fault. But as a matter of fact, they were not wilfully refusing to honour their obligations. Owing to aIl these disturbances, it. was very difficult to get a staff to attend to business; banks remained closed most of the time and couldnot transact business. The telegram from the Governor-General of Pakistan contïnues : "Your Government's complaints regarding Press reports and telegrams by priyate persans are aIso wide of the mark. Your Government do not realize the fact that there is no censorship in West Punjab. The complaint about local and provincial authorities is thus wholly unfounded. It is a tra- vesty of the truth to call the promises of the Cen- tral Government paper promises as YoU! Govern- ment alleges. My Govemment adhere to those assurances and have every intention of carrying out the stalldstill agreement. 1 .. In order to remove the various difficulties relating to communications and supply of goods, my Government suggested long aga that repre- sentatives of the Govemments of Pakistan and Kashmir should meet. That request was ignored. In the circumstanc~s 1 am reluctantly forced to the conclusion that these unfounded allegations and accusations are only a smokescreen to coyer the rea! aim of your Govemment's policy. A recent instance of this policy is the differential treatment accorded to leaders of the Kashmir National Con- ference and the Muslim Conference. On the one hand, your Govemment has released Sheikh Abdullah, who was t..-ied and convicted of high treason, removed the ban on his colleagues and alI9w~d the National Conference organization a free field in :whiph to carry on. their.propaganda. " On the other hand, Mr. Ghu1l.uD. Abbas and his colleagu€::s, whose alleged offence was only that they disobeyedthe order banning the meeting of the Muslim Conference, are still IO~g in jall and the Muslim Conferenee organizatiûll is not allowed its elemeritary right of civilliberties. The course which yOU!. Government is pursuing in s?ppressmg the IIvluslims in every way, the atroci- tIes which are being committedby your troops .. This policy is naturally creating deep resent- ment and grave apprehension among your subjects, 85 per cent of whom are Muslims. The proposai made by my Government for a meeting with your açcredited representative is now an urgent neces- sity. 1 suggest that the way to smooth out the difficulties and adjust matters in a friendly way is for your Prime Minister to come to Karachi and discuss the developments that have taken place, instead of carrying on acrimonious anci bitter controversy by telegrams and correspon- dence. 1 would also repeat that 1 endorse the sug- gestion made in your Prime Minister's telegram of 15 October, and accepted by my Government in their reply of 18 October, to have' an impartial inquiry made into the whole affair'." So far, three steps have been taken. When the trouble fust arose, there were allegations of non- fulfilment of the agreement with regard to sup- plies from the Kashmir side. There were allega- tions of raids in Pakistan territory and the mas- sacre of Muslims inside the State, from the Pakis- tan side, and it was suggested that a representative of the Pakistan Government should go to Kashmir and discuss these matters, on the spot, with the Prime Minister of the Kashmir State. As a matter of fact the Joint Secretary in the Foreign Office at Karachi was dispatched for the purpose. The courtesy shown to him when he arrived was that the Prime Minister refused to hold any discussion with hîm. That was the fust attemnt of Pakistan to sertIe matters by amicable adjustment. The second step was thisrequest, on 15 Octo- ber, by the Prime Minister of Kashmir, for an impartial inquiry. We accepted at once and we telegraphed our acceptance, asking them to nomi- nate their representative and stating that on hearing from'them, we would nominate ours. We heard nothing more about it. This was repeated in the Governor-General's telegram of 20 October. He then made a further suggestion. He said that insf:rad of carrying on these acrimonious and bitter aètusations against each other by telegraph, he still suggested that a meeting take place..He suggested that the Prime Minister might ëome down to Karachi to discuss matters. This was turn~d down. Reports of atrocities and raids in West Pakistan territory continued to be received. Another telegram in regard to the raids reads as follows: .. In our telegram No. 242 R.C./47 dated 12 October 1947 we drew your attention to the series of raids made from Jammu State into Sialkot District and asked you to take immediate and firm action to stop them. In your telegram of 15 October you have said nothing about the action that you are taking to stop these raids which are still continuing. A report from the West Punjab Government dated 20 October states that a Jammu State jatho armed with Bren guns and rilIes attacked Sialkot border villages. They killed 18 persans and bumt one village after loot. Sîmi- larly two Muslims and one Christian killed by Jammu soIdiers firing near Suchetgarh and several villages near State border bumt. Muslims of border villages are evacuating. This is a most serious state of affairs to which your Government must put a stop." Several other telegrams were dispatched with reference to raids which had taken place. ,Mer. the so-called accession which took place on 26 October, the Government of India troops IDIded in Kashmir on 27 October. The Security Council is now aware of the geographical and economic situation which exists in Kashmir and Pakistan. It is also aware that Kashtnir had concluded a standstill agreement with Paldstan. There was a standstill agreement which existed between Pakistan and the Govemment of 'India. This request for accession was made anct'accepted as set forth in the written statement which was read out by the Indian representative as con- tained in the letter to Lord Mountbatte~and Lord Mountbatten's acceptance of that request [227th meeting]. . ' , .demande There was no intimation either from the Gov- ernment of Kashmir or from the Government of India to the Pakistan Government !:hat this was taking place or was about to take place. If the By their own action, the Government of India now makes a complaint that Pakistan should have joined them in settling the problem. However, by their own action the Govemment of India put any kind of joint action or settlement out of the question. 1 should repeat that proposaIs from our side for joint action \Vere made. The only intima- tion' that was received was after the troops had landed in Kashmir on 28 October. On 28 October the following telegram was received from the Prime Minister of India by the Prline Minister of Pakistan: .. 1 have communicated to YClll the text of the telegram sent tothe Prime Minister United Kingdom regarding the Kashmir situation. 1 have also sent to you the text of the correspondence with the Governor~General of India and the Maharaja of Kashmir regarding accession of Kasbmir State to Indian Union. 1 have sent a forther message to the Prime Minister of United Kingdom iL.f.Jrming him. of imminent peril to Srinagar and Kashmir from raiders and of action we hav~ taken to give protection to people there. 1 want to. invite your Govemment's co-operation in stopping the raiders entedng Kashmir territory from Pakistan. These raids have already resulted in wide-scale death and destruction and if not stopp·ed immediately willlead to min of Kashmir. The consequences of succe3S of such irresponsible raiders anywhere will before long reach all over India. Therefore, in the interests of Pakistan and Inma, SUCll raids must be .stopped. As !::rlders come across Pakistan territory, it should be pos- sible to stop them there. .. 1 wish to assvre you tb,atthe actionthat the Government of India has taken has been forced upon them by cirêumstaTl~.eswhich put y l~ nagarin imminent and grave danger. We have no desire to interfere in affairs of Kashmir State after. raiders have been driven awaYand law an4 order established. "In regard to accession also, it has been made clear that this is subject to reference.to people of State and their decision. The Govemmel1t of India has no desire to imposeany decision and will abide by the people's wishes, but.these cannot be ascertained until peace and law and order prevail. Protection of Kashmir from armed raiders· thus \

Excuse me for interrupting you. It has been pointed out to me that the verbatim record will be very difficult to make because of the rapidity with which you are l'eading your quotations. Your statement up till now will cause some difficulty. 1 should be glad if you would not speak sa quickly when you are reading the quotations. Sir Mohammed ZAFRULLAH KHAN (pakistan) : This is the reply from the Prime Minister of Pakistan : .. 1 have received your telegrams, including that of 29 October, to which 1 replied. The position is that Sikh attacks on Muslims in East Punjab in August greatly inflamed feeling throughout Pakistan and it was only with greatest diffi.- culty that Pathan tribes were' prevented from entering West Punjab to take revenge on Hindus 'and Sikhs. In Poonch, Muslims were attacked, and those in Jammu massacred by mobs led by Kashmir State forces, and when it was ev.r.dent that there was to he a repetition in Kaslnr.il' of what had happened in East Punjab, it bfcame impossible wholly to prevent tribes from e1.tering that State without using troops who wou!.d have created a situation on the frontier that might well have got out of control. " y ~ur recent action of sending troops to Kas~ on the pretext of accession has made things infinitely worse. The whole of the frontier is. stirr!ng. and the feeling of resentment amorig 1ubes IS mtense., The responsibility for what is ~18ppening is entirely yours. There was no trouble ~ ~oonch C?r Jammu unill State troops started killing Muslims. AlI along, the Kashmir Government has been in close touch witb. you. At the sCI;IDe time. they ignored or refused our offers of friendly discu~sion. On 2 October, 1 suggested that .both ~akistan. and Kashmir should appoint· representatives .to discuss supplies to· Kashmir and m,:~al alIegations of border raids. The Prime Minist~r Q{ !<ashmir replied that he was too busy. \Vhen m splte of this wc sent Shah Joint Secretar.r~stry of Foreign Affairs and· States to ~~h~. the Prime Minister refused to discuss ." On 15 October, the Prime MiDisterof Kash.. ~ t;hrea.ten~d that unless we agrèedto an impartial mqUh'Y. mto what J'as happening he would ask. forasslstance ta Wlthstand aggression on ms ?oI'd.ers. ~e inùnediately agreed to an impartiaI mqwry. Smce then no more has been heard from Kaslnnir of this proposaI. .. It wouId seem rather to have been made after failure of their troops to suppress the people of Poonch and in anticipation of the reaction which they expected to their mat~sacre of Muslims in Jammu. "J, in my tum, appeal to you to stop the Jammu killings, which still continue. Yesterday West Punjab was again invaded by a well-armed moh, who, after a fight with villag~~rs, retreated, leaving two Gurkha soldiers in unifonn dead behind them. As long as this sort of thing conti nues, passion are bound to become further inflamed." At that time it was suggested that a conference shouId now take place at Lahore, where the Govemor-GeneraI of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of Pakistan both were then-and they were both ill-to which the Govemor-General of India, Lord Mountbatten, and the Prime Minister Qf India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, together with the representatives of Kashmir, shouId be parties. An intimation of this was conveyed to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who was perturbed over the turn that the affairs had taken and was anxious that the situation shouId be resolved by mutuaI discussion and adjustments. The fust suggestion for this conference WliS 29 October, but it could not take place as Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was not weIl enough to be able to travel from Delhi to Lahore. tt was therefore postponed to 1 November, at which time it was hoped that all six-the three Prime Ministers, the two Govemors-General, and the Maharaja of Kashmir-wouId be able to attend. On 1 November Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was still unable to attend, but Lord Mountbatten came ta Lahore. There was a discussion between Lord Mountbatten, the Govemor-General, and the l'rime Minister of Pakistan. What transpired i' contained in the following telegram, addressed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan ta the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom : ," 1 thank you for your telegram No. 327 of 31 October and further message of same date regarding situation in Kashmir. The conference, which was arranged to be held in Lahore on 1 November, did not take place becausesuddenly, on morning of 1 November. Lord Mountbatten telephanically infarmed the Govemor-General of Pakistan that Pandit Nehru was not weIl enough to go ta Lahore and that, therefore, he alone was coming to attend the meeting of the Joint Defence COlmcil, of which he is chairman; thathe hoped ta take the apportunity of meeting the Gavemor- General of Pakistan; that since he was only a constitutional Govemor-General he could not negotiate a settlement. In this' way the idea of a conference has receded roto the background so We have been charged by the representative of India with refusing to co-operate in trying to bring about a settlement of this situation. We offered to send a representative for discussion in Srinagar, the Joint Secretary of the Foreign Department, who also deals with the States. The Prime Minister of Kashmir did not extend to him even the courtesy of discussing the situation. We were then ~~ked ta agree ta an impartial inquiry. We agreed ta an impartial inquiry, and we asked that Kashmir nominate its representative and said that we should also do sa. We heard nothing more about it. The Governor-General of Pakistan llimself then suggested to the Maharaja of Kashmir that he asIe bis Prime Min!s!!:!r to come ta Karachi for personal discussions with the Pakistan Govemment so that some amicable way out of the situation might be found. Then we suggested a conference. In the meantime, the troops having been landed and the accession haVing been staged, we suggested a conference at Lahore among the three parties. The suggestion was at first accepted, but as the Prime Minister of India was unable to travel to Lahore, owing to an indisposition, the conference was not held on the date originally suggested. It was postponed until three days later. Again it could not be held, as the Prime Minister was still unable to make the joumey. However, as explained in this telegram, with the situation so grave, if the Prime Minister himseIf w~\S unable to make the journey, surely there was .•:>thing to stop hini from sending the Deputy Prime Minister, and it so happens that in the Govemment of India the Deputy Prime Minister is the official who is in charge of the States Department. In Pakistan the Prime Minister at that time. who w~s also .Foreign Minister, was in charge of fOlelgn affarrs as weIl as the Indian States Department, and J, as Foreign Minister at thr present time, now am charged with the same responsibilities. However, in the Govemment of India, the Prime Minister is Minister for Forei!!l1 Affairs, but it is the Deputy Prime Minist;r, Sardar Patel, who is the Minister in the States Department. Therefore, it would not have been a. case merely of deputizing. a Prime Minister smce the appropriate Minister biroself could have been present. But nobody came. Ministre Mais .The PRESIDENT (trans[ated from French) : 1 must apologize for interrupting you but 1 should like to ask you how much longer y~u think rour statement will take; J.should like to know that ln arder to organize our future work. Several members of the Council have suggested that we sho;.I1d meet tomorrow môrning. If the Council declded to do so, the necessary arrangements would have to be made now. . rompre, de votre exposé, pour membres séance ainsi, soient (traduit Sir Mohammed ZAFRULLAH KHAN (F1akistan) : As 1 have no statement in writing, 1 am. unable to

Under these eircumstances, would the members of the Council not consider it preferable to adjourn our meeting now, ptovided that the representative of Pakistan has no objection to interrupting his statement, and continuing it at our next meeting. We should then have to decide the day and the hour of our next meeting and particularly whether it should be held tomorrow morning as has been suggested. Mr. NOEL BAKER (United Kingdom) : 1 should like to suggest that the representative of Pakistan should stop at the point which is convenient to him. If he should like to continue the argument in which he is engaged at this moment-and which 1 am following very closely-until he reaches a point at which he might want to break off and start again another time, 1 am sure the Council would be ready to' sit a litt1e longer tonight. But in any case, 1 hope, whatever we may do about that, W~ shall meet tomotrow. It is quite plain that other members of the Security Council will aIso have things to say and' l 'féelsure that we ought to get on withthis matter.

If the Council intends to meet tomorrow morning, this decision oug1;J.t to be made now. Are there any objections ta our meeting tomorrow morning at 10.30? Mr. DE LA TOURNELLE (France) (tr.:r.slated /rom French) : Perhaps we coUld meet tomorrow moming half an hour or even an hour earlier, so as to be sure of not having to meet tomorrow aftemoon.

Are there any objections to our meeting tomOn'ow morning at 10 o'clock? Sir MohammedZAFRULLAH KHAN, (pakistan): Il the business before.the Security Council tomorrow moming is fC''' me.. to conclude my submission, of the repoJ;t to the Security. CotIncil, 1 can guarantee.that if 'the membersof the Secu- 'rlty Council w~ sitat tb.e..usulll ho,ur, thèy will not have to sitin the aftemoon to, continileto 'heàr me. 1 shall certainly' finish before lunch. ~~:)"eYer, it wouldbeve~inconvenient, so far as r am cOncemed-thoughJamnot disposed to put· my convenience befote,that ·of the" Security Cauncil.......;to have· to start any earlier than the usual hour at whichthe Security Couricilconvenes. You will,' latiJ" sure; rea1izethat' it hasbeen a éontinuous'strain' for me sinèe 10'January 1948, when 1 started on my journey frotn'Karachito New York. During the"trip 1 was delayed by engine trouble and badweatherand thenhad 'to' get my factstogether'lasfriight in arder to la pas. d'objection matin,

1 find that there is no objection ta our meeting tomorrow morning at 10.30. nous notre MI. NOEL BAKER (United KIDgdom) : We have not decided not ta meet in the aftemoon. That remains open. in case it is useful for us ta continue our business. représentant quelque s'il au

1 should Iike.to ask the representativ;e of Pakistan if he wishes ta add anything ta the speech he has just made or whether he has any objection ta interrupting bis statement at the present stage. nient Sir Mohammed ZAFRULLAH KHAN (pakistan) : It is quite convenientfoI'me ta stop ai: this' stage. The meeting rose ~t 6.10 p.m. TWOBUNDRED AND TWENTY·NINm MEETING Held at Lake Success, New York, on Saturday, 17 lanuary 1948, at 10.30 a.m. President: ·Mr. F. VAN LANGE.'NHOVE (Belgium). Argentine, France, soviétiques, riç'ue. Present : The representatives of the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Canada, China, Colombia, France, Syria, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, United States of America. 13. ProVisionàl agenda (document SjAgenda 229) 1. Adoption of the agenda. 2. The Jam:.mu. âIid'Kashtnirquestion (a) Letter dated 1 .January 1948 ·from the representative' of India' tôthe President of the Security Council concerning' the situation in Jal11mu. and Kashmir (doctunent S/628)1. (b) Letter dated 15 January' 1948 from the Miliister for Foreign Affairs of Pakistan to the Secretary'-General conceming the situa-" tian, in Jainmu anq Kashmir (document S/646)2. , 2: LSe~.QfficialRecords of· the Security Council, Third Year, Supplement for November 1948, pages 139-144. 2 ibid., pages 67-87.