S/PV.475 Security Council

Before taking up the agenda, I should like to we1come, on behalf of the Council, the new representative of the United Kingdom, Sir Gladwyn Jebb. Sir Gladwyn JEBB (United Kingdom~: I wish to thank the President very much for his welcome. I am afraid that it is, from my point of view, not exactly the right time to arrive at a moment'snotice. 1 should have preferred to arrive in other circumstances, but, as the members of the Council know, my Government wanted me to come very urgently, and I have COUle at a moment's notice prepared to do my best. The members of the Council must forgive me if I fling myself into matters which are not altogether within my full knowledge, and I hope that they will also forgive me if I am not entirely adequate.

Just before we adjourned the last [474tll] meeting, the representative of Egypt, after explaining why' he was unable ta participate in the voting, regcrveù his right to make a further statement after rect:~ving instructions from his Government. 1 shaU riow caU upon him to ,let the Council know whether he has had any further instructions. Mahmoud FAWZI Bey (Egypt) : 1 am now in a position to state, on behalf of myGovernment, that Egypt would have abstained from voting on the resolution adopted by the Security Council on 27 June [474th meeting] had the representative of Egypt been able to participate in the voting. This attitude is dictated by the foUowing two reasons: first, the confliet under consideration is in fact but a new phase in the series of divergences between .the western and eastern blocs, divergences whieh threaten world peace and security; secondly, there have been several cases of aggression against peoples and violations of the sovereignty and unity of the territories of States Members of the United Nations. Such aggressions and violations have been submitted to the United Nations, which did not take any action to put an end to them as it has done now in the case of Korea.

Speaking as the representative of INDIA, 1 have to say that, like the representative of Egypt, 1 did not participate in the voting upon the resolution which was adopted by t!te Security Council on 27 June on the ground that 1 h'acf not received the instructions of my Government. Since then, my Government has had an opportunity of considering the resolution and of expressing its views thereon. The statement issued by my Government is contained in document S/1520, copies of whieh are in thehands of the members of the Council. 1 do not think it necessary to read out the whole of that statement; 1 shaU confine myself to the most important part: "The Government of India have given the most careful consideration to this resolution of the Security Council in the context of the events in Korea and also of their general foreign policy. They are opposed to any attempt to settle international disputes by resort to aggression. For this reason Sir Benegal N. Rau, on behalf of the Government of India, voted in favour of the first resolution of the Security Council. The halting of aggression and the quiek restoration of peaceful conditions are essential preludes ta a satisfactory settlement. The Government of India therefore also accept the second resolution of the Security Council. This decision of the Government of India does The delay in the receipt of these instructions has led toa certain amount of misunderstanding and even misret>resentatiqn. l should therefore like to explain briefly why the delay was inevitable. My Government saw for the first time the text of the actual resolution on the morning of 28 June Indian time, which corresponds to 7 or 8 p.m. of 27 June New York time. It will be remembered that the vot~ was taken here at about 10.45 p.m. on 27 June. It was humanly impossible for the Government of India to ?iscuss .the .resolution and send out the necessary mstructlOns m a matter of two or three hours. Actually, as we find from a news item in this morning's New York Times, the Indian Cabinet spent two whole ~ays-na.me1y, 28 and 29 June-considering the resolutIon. ThIS should not be a matter for surprise because, as l said at the last meeting, India is very close to the scene of the conflict. What is known as the Far East it: this part of the. world is the very near East to Indta. My Government had therefore to give its most serious consideration to the resolution, its implica.tions an.d all its possible consequences. That, l hope, wIll explam to the Council why l was not able to obtain instructions before the matter was put to the vote on ~he night of 27 June. Speaking as PRESIDENT, l wish to inform the members Q)f the Council that the Secretary-General has received a number of communications from various other Governments; I.shall now calI upon the. Assistant Se.cretary-General to give the Council a briefrésumé of those communications. , The ASSISTANT SECRETARY-GENERAL IN CHARGE OF SECURITY COUNCIL AFFAIRS: The following are communications rece.ived from celiain :Member States of the United Nations: United Kingdom: letter dated 28 June (S/1515) from the deputy representative. of the. United Kingdom, transmitting the text of a statement by the Prime Mil:ister in t?e House of Commons on 28 June 1950, statmg that, m pursuance of the Security Council resolution, His Maje.sty's Government has de.cided to place its naval forces in Japanese waters at the disposaI of the United States authorities to operate on behalf of the Security Council in support of South Korea. Uruguay: letter dated 28 June (S/1516) from the permanent representative of Uruguay, transmitting the text of a declaration by his Govermllent, declaring that it will resolutely support the measures adopted by this Organization. Udon of Soviet Socialist Republics: cablegram dated 29 June (S/1517) from the Deputy Minister for India: cablegram dated 29 June (5/1520) from the Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Government of India, stating that the Government of India is opposed to any attempt to settle international disputes by resort to aggression and will therefore accept the 5ecurity Council resolution of 27 June. China: letter dated 29 June (5/1521) from the permanent representative of China, transmitting a' communication from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of China, stating that, in compliance witf~ the 5ecurity Council resolution, the Chinese Government has taken steps to furnish Buch assistance as is within its power to the Republic of Korea. New Zealand: cablegram dated 29 June (5/1522) from the permanent representative of New Zealand, transmitting the text of a statement by the Prime Minister of New Zealand on 29 June, stating that the New Zealand Government is prepared to make available units of the Royal New Zealand Navy, should this form of assistance be required. Czechoslovakia: cablegram dated 29 June (5/1523) {rom the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia stating that the decisions of the 5ecurity Council of 25 and 27 June, concerning Korea, are illegal. Australia: note dated 29 June (5/1524) from the Acting Head of the Australian Mission to the United Nations, transmitting a communication from the Australian Government, stating that the Australian Government has decided to place Australian naval vessels, now in Far Eastern waters, at the disposaI of the United 5tates authorities, on behalf of the 5ecurity Council, in support of the Republic of Korea. Brazil: letter dated 29 June (5/1525) from the permanent representative of Brazil, stating that the Brazilian Government is prepared to meet, within the means at its disposaI, the responsibilites contemplated in Article 49 of the Charter. Netherlands: letter dated 29 June (5/1526) from the permanent representative of the Netherlands, transmitting .a statement of the Netherlands Government, stating that the Netherlands Government is considering the relinquishment of sea forces for participation in the necessary measures to be taken in the area concerned. Dominican Republic: cablegram dated 28 June (5/1528) from the 5ecretary of 5tate for Foreign Affairs of the Dominican Republic, stating that, as far as its resources permit, the Government of the Domini- ?S United States of America: note dated 30 June (S/1531) from the representative of the United States, stating that the United States Governmertt has instituted an embargo on all United States exports to the North Korean area, effective at 4 p.m. (eastern daylight saving time), 28 June 1950. Argentina: cablegram dated 29 June (S/1533) from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Argentine Republic, stating that the Argentine Government re-affirms its resolute support of the United Nations as the only means of achieving effective and lasting peace. El Salvador: cablegram dated 29 June (S/1534) from-the Minister for Foreign Affairs of El Salvador, stating that the Government of El Salvador resolutely supports the decisions of the Security Council. Venezuela: cablegram dated 29 June (S/1535) from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Venezuela, stating that the Government of Venezuela supports the Security Council resolution of 27 June and remains firmly resolved to fulfil the obligations deriving from Venezuela's· membership in the United Nations. Honduras: cablegram dated 29 June (S/1536) from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Honduras, stating that Honduras, as a Member of the United Nations, is prepared to furnish such co-operation as is within its power with a view to the restoration of peace in Korea. Mexico: cablegram dated 29 June (S/1537) from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Mexico, stating that the Governmentof Mexico will faithfully fulfil the obligations incumbent upon it as a Member of the United Nations. Canada: letter dated 30 June (S/1538) from the acting permanent representative of Canada, transmitting the text of a statement by the Prime Minister of Canada in the House ofCommons on 30· June, stating that naval units of Canada, which were to proceed to European waters for sorne exercises, will be suspended and the move will now be made into western Pacific waters where the ships will be doser to the area where b The following communications have been received from the United Nations Commission on Korea: Cablegram dated 28 June (S/1514) from the ~o.m­ mission at Camp Hakata, Kyushu, Japan, transmlttmg the text of the Commission's resolution of 28 June, stating that it decides to send immediately an advance party to Pusan, Karea, to make snch arrangements as may be necessary to enable the Commission to resume its functions in Korea. Cablegram dated 29 June (S/1518), transmitting a report from the United Nations field observers. The fQllowing communication has also been received from the Korean People's Democratie Republic: Cablegram dated 29 June (S/1527 and S/1527/ Corr.1) from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Korean People's Democratic Republic, stating that his Government does not recognize the discussion and decisions of the Security Council on the Korean question as lawful. Mr. CORREA (Ecuador) (translated from Spanish) : The following should be added to the reports we have just heard from the Assistant Secretary-General. On 28 June, there was a meeting in Washington of the Councii of the Organization of American States, a regiQnal body of which the twenty-one Ameriean republics are members, and a resolution was adopted Of! the situation in Korea. For the information of the Secnrity Council, and for inclusiop. .in the record, l shall, with your permission, read the resolution. "1. In accordance with article 1 ef the Charter of the Organization of American States, 'within the United Nations, the Organization of American States is a regional agency'; "2. In accordance with article 53 (e) of the Charter, it is the dutY of the Council 'to promote and facilitai.:: collaboration between the Organization of American States and the United Nations'; "3. In view of the grave events that have recently oceurred on the Peninsula of KQrea, the Security Council of the United Nations has adopted two impor- tant .decisions, that of 25 June and that of 27 June of the present year, the latter of which 'recommends that the members of the United Nations furnish such assis- tance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary ta repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security in the area'; "Resolves "1. To declare its firm adherence to the decisions of the competent organs of the United Nations; "2. Solemnly to reaffirm on this occasion the pledges of continental solidarity which unite the American States." Mr. CHAUVEL (France) (trallslated jr011t French) : The French delegation is particularly glad to welcome the statement just made to the Council by the repre- sentative of India.As a result of the position he has adopted, a largè majority now supports theCoundl's resolution of 27 June. That majority is inspired and uphe1d by a common understanding of the situation which has arisen from the attack against South Korea, It is founded on the spirit of solidarity and the sense of responsibility which we expect from the United Nations. These sentirnents, l need hardly say, have also been expressed by Ml'. Henri Queuille, President designate of the Fren:-h Council of Ministers, in open- ing the debate on the confirmation of his own appeint- ment in the National Assembly. The spirit of solidarity in the action undertaken has, perhaps,. a more immedi- ate and real meaning for France than for other coun- tries because, for the past three years, France has been carrying out similar action in the same part of the world. At this time, when expressions of the moral support of people are reaching us from aU quarters, we should have liked to hear n0 dissenting voÎces. That would have been too much to hope for. At this point l can deal only \Vith what we have heard from one of the dissenting parties, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In his cablegram to the Secretary-General [SllSl7], Ml'. Gromyko advances three arguments to contest the validity of the Council's decisions. The first is that the second of those resolutions was adopted by only seven votes, one of which is chal- lenged by Moscow.\Ve see today that eight members of the Conncil support the text. The second argument, which is not very different from the first, concerns the validity of the credentials of the Chinese delegation. l think we should recall that, while each member of the Council may have his own opinion on this subject, it is for the Coundl alone and not for any one of its members ta take a decision in the matter. Respect of the majority is the law of assemblies. It seems strange that this elementary principle is overlooke(1 by a Government which always daims to be the champion of democracy. The third argument, based on the Charter, is that in order for a resolution of substance ta be valid, the total number of votes cast must inc1ude those of a11 "The representative of the USSR \Vent even fur- ther. In conformity with the precedent established by his predecessor, \vhen the Council refused to follow his advice, he left the Council table and the Council chamber. l cannat conceal the fact that my delegation considers that conduct open to very serious criticism. The members of the Council are endowed with a two- fold mission. Each of them represents his Govermnent on the Council and, as such, normally and legitimately receives his instructions from that Government. But that representation is in the interests of the United Nations. vVithin the framework of the United Nations and under the terms of the Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. That responsibility is collective and joint. Furthermore, it constitutes a mandate conferred, not by the eleven Governments represented on the Couneil, but by aU the Member States, now fifty-nine in number. That mandate \Vas permanently assumed by the five Powers who stood as guarantors of the Charter when they agreed to its provisions, and is assumed by each State elected to serve 'on the Council, at the time of its election and for the duration of its membership. "In those circumstances, it is difficult to see how one of the delegations on the Council can shirk the dis- charge of a collective and jbint responsibility because the opinion expressed on behalf of its Government has not been followed." The next day [461st meeting] 1 added: "That delegation has succeeded, forty-two times l believe, in nullifying the decisions of the Council by exer- cising the right of veto. It does not seem possible ta recognize that it has the right totally to paralyse the worle of the Council. l stress that these are ,general remarks and have no special referene!e to the problem before us today." I do not inflict upon the Council this reading of its own records for the pleasure of repeating my own words but in order to make it quite dear that this is not a theory improvised for the occasion, a position hastily established to meet the particular case which conironts us today. Many of us here are acquainted with that old adage of Roman lmv, nemo audi#w prop1'iam turf}itudinem allegans-no one may invoke his own mistakes to his own advantage. In other words, the delegation of the Soviet Union, by aban- doning the Council, hasabandoned the Charter. When it returns to the one and to the other, it will find again its right .of speech, of criticism, of vote and of veto. So long as it has not done 50, the USSR Gov- ernment has no legal or moral basis for contesting the action of the United Nations. Sir Gladwyn JEBB (United Kingdom).: My dele- gation greatly welcomes the decision of the Govern- ment of India tb accept the resvlution of 27 June, and On the other hand, we can, I think, only re{!ret the decisionof the Government of Egypt ta abstain on this crucial issue. The aUegation that in certain cases the United Nations has failed ta restrain aggression in the past is scarcely-in the view of my delegation at any rate-a reason for failing ta resist aggression when it is flagrant and undoubted, and indeed not con- tested, as 1 believe, by' the representative of Egypt himself. Moreover, it is sUl'ely irrelevant, if 1 may say so, to ascribe aIl our ills ta, the sole existence of two rival blocs. 1s it thought that if we aU took this vie\\' aggression would actuaUy cease? On the contrary, as we think, it would simply flourish, like the wicked, as a green bay tree. 1 suggest that, as sa many of our statesmen have pointed out, there is now only one safe path, which is ta see ta it that the latest instance of aggression does not pay the aggressor. Oi course, there should be agreement between the two parts of the world which are now, broadly speak- ing, unhappily divided. And we, for our pait, shaU never. give up striving ta obtain such agreement. But we think that such agreement simply cannot be reached if aggression is condoned or compounded and if the principles of the Charter to which we have aU'sub- scribed are abandoned. We must go forward on our path, and I am only sarry that we cannot aU of us go forward united. Ml'. AUSTIN (United States of America) : As a near and friendly neighbour of the United Kingdom, the United States joins the President of the Security Council in heartily welcoming Sir Gladwyn Jebb, the successor in office in the Security Council and e1se- where af Sir Alexander Cadogan, whom we honour for his long and brilliant career. vVe wish, and we expect of, his successor great service in the cause of the principles on which we are aIl united and ta which wc strive ta give life. 1 appreciate the perception of Ml'. Chauvel in saying that we, at this table, have a dual mission and repre- sent, on the one hand, our Governments and, on the other, the collective entity called the United Nations. 1 wish to say a few words about our collective duty. 1 know itis impossible physically to divide myself in two, but it is morally possible to emphasize the second- aspect of our functions, namely, our collective duty. Speaking as the representative of a Member of the United Nations and of the Security Council, and as an officer of the United Nations, and having our collective duty primarily at healt, 1 want to express gratitude ta the Government of India for its magnificent response to the questions which could not be communicated to 1 \Vish ta caU the Council's attention ta the fact that, at a meeting \Vith Congressional leaders at the White House this morning, the President of the United States, together with the Secretary of Defence, the Secretary of State and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reviewed the latest developments of the situation in Korea. The Congressional leaders \Vere given a full review ai the intensified military activities. In keeping with the request of the United l'~ations Security Council ior support ta the Republic of Korea in repelling the North Koreau invaders and restoring peace in Korea, the President annaunced that he had authorîzed the United States Air Force ta conduct missions on specifie military targets in North Karea wherever militarily necessary and had ordered a naval blockade of the entire Korean coast. Furthermore, General MacArthur had been authorized ta use certain supporting ground units.. This statement has also been released at the 'White Rouse. In addition ta this, 1 desire ta inform the Cotmeil of the fol1owing statement made yesterday by the Secretary of State: "The President has enunciated the policy of this Government ta do its utmost ta uphold the sanctity of the Charter of the United Nations and the rule of law among nations. We are therefore, in cl.nformity \Vith the resolutions of the Security Council of 25 June and 27 June, giving air and sea support to the troops of the Korean Government. This action, pursuant ta the Security Council resalutions, is solely for the purpose of restoring the Republic of Korea ta its status prior to the invasion from the North and of re-establishing the peace broken by that aggressioll. The action of this Government in Korea is taken.in support· of the authority of the United Nations. Tt 1S taken to restore peace and security in the Pacific area." l should also like to inform the Security Council that the. United States authorities in the Korean area are giving the United Nations Commission on Korea every possible assistance in arder that it may perform its mission. The Commission is·returning ta Korea; l am informed that an advance group of the Commis- sion has already arrived in Pusan. The United States authorities have been requested to make every effort ta procure the necessary facilities so that the entire Commission may function in Korea with the least possible delay. In my capacity as an officer of the United Nations, and in order to assist the United Nations as best l can in its most crucial test since I have been in this posi- tion, 1 think it necessary that certain outstanding facts should be placed on record. They are historical, and probably would not fade from the scene, but it is well for us to characterize these attitudes and these acts in s~tre; it appears before us in the brilliant record jus~ read to us today by the Assistant Secretary-General, succeeding the resolutions which we passed. This devotion to peace, detel'mination to make the sacri- fice, positive wiII to face those \"ho \Vould employ devices of ail ldnds to prevent collective action by the peace-Ioving nations of the \Vorld, mark this period of our history, and those nations will be sur- rounded "vith glory for the action they have taken unhesitatingly, voluntarily and spontaneotlsly. This proves another significant thing, which i5 that the present situation is one between an aggressor and the United Nations; it is the violation of order, it is the tral11plîng upon morality, it is the attel11pt to destroy sl11all countries that has aroused the world-that is, the peace-Ioving, freedol11-desiring· world. By the cOl11mttnications which we have listened to and by the collective acts in various regïons of the globe, the people, through their Govenmlents, have re~ ...1Onded to the bugle caU of the great principles of non-aggression, political independence, personal free- dom and security from violence and lawlessness. It is the reactioll against those deadly foes of freedom, honour and security which has made them come together in this great response, which is a laudable chapter in the history of collective international efforts for peace. Another thing which ought to be marked, .1 think, although it should not be el11phasized over the funda- mental principles that are vindicated in this action, is signifiC<1.nt because it differs s0l11ewhat from our past history. It is that the freedol11-loving people of the w{)r1d have overcome every obstacle that ha.s been erected in their minds or in their politics in order to take this strong, dear and definite position. By these aets they have overCOlUe timidity, they have overcome the fear that they might perhaps violate some tech- nicality or some strict c{)nstruction raised solely for the purpose of paralysing or even killing collective action hy the United Nations to attain its noble pur- poses. For this reason the record made here today is luminous and will throw light into the dark places of L :~he world. Ta me it is a notablething that these messages should have been received from Member States in the western hemisphere, which have also, in a formaI man- ner, and as an act of their regional jurisdiction and obligation under the Charter of the United Nations, taken action as indicated by the representative of Ecuador at this meeting. 1 shall not abuse the gènerosity of the Council by talking much longer, but 1 must say, because 1 feel this deeply, that this is in accord with the living'spirit in the western hemisphere, the spirit of peace. It is not long since 1 visited the Carribean area and had the great pleasllre of heal'ing it said that if the United States exerted the leadership that it owes to the world, on the theory that ta Wh0111 much has been given, of him 111uch .is required, we should have the skies, the waters and the lands of Latin America fighting side by side with us within the United Nations in the cause of peace. How quickly that assurance has been carried out is exhi'bited by the several communications from the States Members and by the joint action in the Coundl of the Organization of American States. 1 feel that the occasion may have its substantive effect beyond collective action in the United Nations. 1 cel'tainly hope it will, and that, above everything else, the great value of what we are witnessing and partidpating in today is the moral power of united public opinion, and that that may be strong enough to bring peace without more shedding of blood. Mahmoud FAWZI Bey (Egypt): The Council will recaU that Egypt voted for the resolution adopted on 25 June [4731'd meeting]. That resolution had for its object pence and its re-establishment, and it did not imply action by the United Nations which went as far as the action stipulated in the resolution of 27 June. In voting for the resolution of 25 June, the representative of Egypt referred to the previous laxities and delays in the action of the Security Couneil on several occa- sions, including the premeditated and savage attack and aggression of politieal world Zionism on the still bleed- ing innocent people of Palestine. I referred then ta otller cases, to which I may refer later. As regards the resolution of 27 June, a most careful consideration had to be given to it by my'Government. It has continued to consider the matter most carefuUy from 27 June to the present time. It was only after that that my Government teached the conclusion of which the Council was informed at the beginning of this meeting. We 'have not been hasty in reaching this decision. We have pondered the matter during all the time avail- able and in the light of our conditions and of our experience. Some do not seem, however, to reconcile themse1ves to the idea tlIat we are a sovereign State, that we are free ta decide our actions in international matters. May I, in this connexion, point out, among several things, that the resolution of the Security Council in its operative part, whieh is the last para- graph, "recommends". It does not order; it recom- mends. This meant that each Government, according to its circumstances and its own judgment and in the lightof the Charter and of internationallaw, \Vas free to decide ho\V far it could go. The President did well in welcoming ta the table of the Council on behalf of us all the newly arrived representative of the United Kingdom. The ineidence of events and happenings has willed that at the first meeting he attends we are, in a way, to cross swords at the table of this Council. The rep"~sentative of the United Kingdom does not seem to Jll(C the decision reached by the Gover111nent of Egypt. He is entirely free not to like it; I amalso entirely free not to like his not liking it. Sir Gladwyn JEBD (United Kingdom): l quite agree. Mahmoud FAWZI Bey (Egypt): l should have hoped, however, that our colleague from the United Kingdom would be the last one ever to think of saying that Egypt is failing in its dutY towards the United The other one will readily come ta mind. It is the case of my own country, Egypt, which the British entered ta "pacify" many, many years ago, long, 1 am sure, before the representative.of the United Kingdom was barn. Until now, they have maintained troops an the territory of my country. The case of Egypt came to the Security Council in 1947 [159th meeting] and, if the members will look at document S/1512, dated 26 June, it will be found that item 7, concerning Egypt, is still pending. l da not \Vant ta elaborate an this case, although it concerns my own country, because we da not have this case ttnder review at the present moment. l wish, how- ever, ta remind the members .that the freedom of Egypt and its own Government ta take their own deci- sions in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations and the best usages of international law must be respected. At the same time, l should like ta remind you of the continued effolts and loyalty of my country for peace. We believe in peace. We have no imaginable interest whatsoever in working for anything but peace. We are not looking round for territories ta conquer. We have na colonies to suffocate, to stifle and to stop from seeing light and freedom. We are not seeking any hegemony over the world. AIl our interest is peace; this is the only conceivable thing for anybody who wants fairly to see matters as they actuaIly are. 1 should therefore like to conclude this statement by reminding aIl around this table and even ail outside who may be concerned that we have our own circum- stances, that we know them and feel them; we have our own rights ttnder the Charter, we have our sovereignty as an independent nation and as a Member of this Organization, and aIl these must be respected. Egypt, in aIl eircumstances, and according to its own judgment and the maximum of its possibilities, will continue to work for peace. Sir Gladwyn JEBB (United Kingdom) : It is indeed unhappy for me that on this the first occasion when l sit down at the table of this great gatl1ering, l should cross swords with anybody, and more particularly with a representative who is obvîously soredoubtable an antagonîst. Indeed, perhaps l might have been better advised not to say anything at aIl. What 1 did, and this was my main intention, was ta express regret- Still less do 1 dispute, and still less would any of us here dispute, the complete right of Egypt to take any decision it desires to take. That is the main point l should like to make. Of course, under the resolution adopted, every Government is perfectly at liberty to accept or not to accept its recommendations. l should not dispute that for a moment and, if 1 suggested any- thing to the contral'y, l withdraw it at once. In the meantime, l can only say that 1 hope shortly to meet my Egyptian colleague privately and perhaps we shaH be able to continue this discussion in private. He may be able to convince me, or 1 may perhaps convince him. Ml'. TSIANG (China) : 1 wish, first of aIl, to express my greatappreciation of the decision which the Gov- ernment of India made in accepting the resolution of the Council of 27 June. Realizing the important posi- tion of India in a matter of this kind, l took occasion on 25 June [4731"d meeting] to make a special appeal to the representative of India, who is also the President of the Security CounciI. 1 do not claim that the deci- sion of his Government has anything to do with my appeal; nevertheless, l must put on record the satis- facti0n of my delegation in hearing the final decision that India made in regard to this resolution. In the second place, 1 wish to say a few words about the note of the Soviet Union Govetnment. It appears obvious that it is intolerable for one Member of the United Nations to claim to decide on the validity of the vote of another Member. Such dictatorial attitudes cannot be tolerated. It is also obvious that if the United Nations is to serve the purpose for which it was created, we cannot allow one Member to nuIlify the efforts of the entire worId. Finally, I should like to give the Council some of my ideas regarding the Korean crisis. I am not blind to the existence of the so-called conflict between East and West. I think the Korean crisis does have some reIa., tion to that confliet, but to me the Korean crisis is much more than that. In the second place, as the representative of China, l have in mind, of course, China's interest. China has a vital interest in this crisis. Our interest requires that we should have on our boundary a free and indepen- dent Korea; a free and independent Korea serves the interests of China much better than a satellite Korea. In the third place, when l come here to discuss the Korean question, l have in mind the principles of the Charter. What is happening in Korea may happen at any time elsevvhere. Indeed, peace is indivisible; security is indivisible; communism in its ambition exempts no country. l do not know the plans for world conquest. There might be a time-table; the only difference is that some countries are put in an earlier part. of that ti111e-table, other countries are put in a later part. What is happening is this, that a relatively early victim of communist aggression is receiving today the help and support of o.thers who most likely will be its later victims. l take a sensible view of this question. l recognize the existence of this conflict between East and'ifvest, but certainly a country like the United States would most likely be ntunbered a1110ng the later victhus. If we take a short view of the problem, one country in the world today can most afford to observe an attitude of neutrality in this con- flict, andthat country is the United States. Today' the United States is contributing the most to help the Republic of Korea. 1 feel it would be entirely unjust to brush aside the action of the Security Council by saying simp1y that it is another phase in the conflict between East and "West. Like other members of the Council, l have iJJeen deeply affected by the spontaneous and widespread response to the caU of the Security Council. l only hope that the aid which the nations have pledged to give to Korea will be effective, and effective in a very short time. ~

There are no other speakers on my list. \ Among the various communications which have already been sUl11marized to the Council by the Assistant Secretary-General, there is a cablegram dated 29 June fram the United Nations Commission on Korea addressed to the President of the Security Coullcil transmitting a report from the United Nations field observer [S/1518]. l think this report is very important, as it bears upon what 1 may caU the very foundation of the action which the Security Council "General situation along parallel. Principal impression left with observers after their field tour is that South Korea anny isorganized entirely for defence and is in no condition ta carry out attack on large scale against forces of north. Impression is based upon following main observations: "1. South Korean army in all sectors is disposed in depth. Paralle1 is guarded on southern side by small bodies troops located in scattered outposts together \Vith roving patrol. There is no concentration of troops and no massingfor attack visible at any point. "2. At several points, North Korean forces are in effective possession of salients on south side parallel, occupation in at least one case being of fairly recent date. There isno evidence that South KOl"ean forces have taken any steps or are making any preparation ta eject North Korean forces from any of these salients. "3. Proportion of South Korean forces are actively engaged in rounding up gtlerrilla bands that have infiltratecl into the mountainous area in the eastern sectors. Tt was ascertained that these bands are in possession of demolition equipment and are more heavily anned than on previous occasions. "4. So far as equipment of South Korean forces conce1'11ed, in absence of annour, air support, and heavy artillery, any action with abject of invasion would, by any military standards, be impossible. "5. South Korean army does not appear to be in possession of military or other supplies that \Vould indicate preparation for large scale attack. In particular, there is no sign of any dumping of supplies or amn1t1nition, petrol, oil, lubricant, in forward areas. Roads generally are little used and apart from convoy four trucks taking company from Kangnung westward ta join rounding up guerillaband, no concentration transport anywhere encountered. "6. In general, attitude South Korean commanders is one of vigilant defence. Theil' instructions do not go beyond retirement in case of attack upon previously prepared positions. "7. There is no indication of any extensive reconnaissance .being carried out northward by South Korean anny or of any undue excitement or activity at divisional headquarters or regimental levels ta suggest preparation for offensive activity. Observers were freely admitted ta all sections various headquarters including operations room. "(Signed) SZU-TU, "Acting Chairmat:! United Nations Commission on Kore;::J 4. Statelllent by the President

1 now come ta a pleasant part of our duty, perhaps the first pleasant dutY that has fallen to me since 1 entered upon my tenn of office as President, namely, ta congratulate my predecessor in office, the representative of France, on the manner in which he discharged his duties during his term. 1 should have done tilis at the very beginning of our meetings, and.now we are very nearly at the end of the month, but amidst aIl the distracting events of the last few days, this matter escaped my memory, for which 1 offer him my sincere apologies. Ml'. CHAUVEL (France) (translated tram French) : 1 should like to thank the President for his kind remarks. My task was easy in comparison with his and 1 did not have the opportunity to show that competence, authority and devotion to the United Nations of which he has givel1. so many examples in the last few days.