S/PV.9626 Security Council

In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia to participate in this meeting. I request the Protocol Officer to escort His Excellency Mr. Denis Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, to his seat at the Council table. In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Christian Schmidt, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, to participate in this meeting. In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I also invite His Excellency Mr. Stavros Lambrinidis, Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, to participate in this meeting. The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda. I give the floor to Mr. Schmidt. Mr. Schmidt: This is now the third year that I have addressed the Council as High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since my appointment on 27 May 2021, I have submitted to the Secretary- General of the United Nations and the Security Council six reports on the implementation of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Collectively, my reports contain a plea not only for continued international attention but also for more robust international support to Bosnia and Herzegovina. That support is essential for Bosnia and Herzegovina to be set irreversibly on the course to sustainable peace, stability and progress and to prevent its fall into a vortex of instability, economic hardship and social decay. To achieve progress, the country must be able to rely on effective instruments of democratic, non-discriminatory, reliable structures and rely on its Constitution, as contained in annex 4 of the Peace Agreement. As noted in my two previous briefings (see S/PV.9029 and S/PV.9319), there are many challenges and unfulfilled promises to be reported about Bosnia and Herzegovina. But today allow me to begin with good news. On 21 March, the European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina. I congratulate Chairman of the Presidency Bećirović on behalf of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina on that immensely important step, which could be a watershed — a decisive moment for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Presidency, the Council of Ministers, under the engaged leadership of Chairwoman Borjana Krišto, and the Parliament must be commended for their intense work and the passing of many important decisions. I would like to include all parties of the State coalition  — the Croat Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Social Democratic Party, Naša stranka, Narod i Pravda, the Union of Independent Social Democrats — and the constructive opposition, in which we can note a great deal of constructive contribution. First and foremost, the decision of the European Council is a geopolitically justified one. The people are afraid of any war. They want and deserve a commitment to peace and stability. It is a step that gives the citizens a perspective that might strengthen a common effort on the way forward. By transcending individual, party, ethnic or entity interests, the perspective of European Union (EU) membership offers an opportunity for the communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina to work together. And there must be a great deal of investment in citizens’ trust in the political class. That would be a good start. I must say that the process has not yet finished, it has just started. The ownership of the process of achieving stability and European integration is with the people, the citizens. Political leaders have received their mandate from them. That is therefore an encouragement for the citizens to stay, rather than leave in dramatic numbers. The number of those who have left the country in the past 10 years is approximately 600,000, out of 3.2 million. With an annual depopulation rate of an estimated 45,000 and a natural decrease because of low fertility rates, Bosnia and Herzegovina may soon lose its key driver of change: its young and dynamic citizens. That is the main challenge. I thank the United Nations Population Fund for preparing a report on the demographic situation. To seize the opportunity, Bosnia and Herzegovina must counter threats, restore stability and broaden and accelerate reforms. The starting point is the Peace Agreement. It must be respected and fully implemented. It is the basis on which we build. The Peace Agreement safeguards the sovereignty, territorial integrity and internal structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina. That includes the unwavering commitment to maintaining stability and fostering the respectful coexistence of both entities and the Brčko District, the condominium between both. The Peace Agreement underpins the achievements that have laid the groundwork for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s path to EU accession. The structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina is guaranteed by the General Framework Agreement for Peace, and I personally adhere to it in my mandate. To effectively hasten the country towards that goal, the Peace Agreement instruments and EU institutions must work hand in hand, complementing and reinforcing each other. From the perspective of European integration and the reduced importance of borders, which is part of the sense and idea of European integration, it will be a good opportunity to develop, step by step, a post- Dayton climate without giving up security, guarantees or confidence. But it must be respected. Opening EU accession negotiations is, as I said, a watershed moment. But it is a watershed moment that is at risk. The threats are coming from some authorities of Republika Srpska but also other authorities, who actively subvert the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina, its competences and its institutions and therefore the Dayton Peace Agreement. Threats to paralyse the work and decision-making of the State authorities aim to undermine the functionality of the State and its ability to carry out its responsibilities. Equating the inter-entity boundary line — an administrative line — with a kind of international border attempts to promote the idea of secession. Of further grave concern is the unprecedented pressure on judicial institutions, reflected, among other things, by efforts to promote abolishing the Court and Prosecutor’s Office and to undermine the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. That has not garnered majority support. Instead, we are coming closer to something like a vetting process for judges and prosecutors with the so-called High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council law, so we hope to be able to report on a strengthening of the judiciary’s independence. Challenges to the Constitutional Court are particularly serious. They are politically motivated and have a direct impact on the functioning of the Court. Failing to address them may render the Court dysfunctional. The Venice Commission has issued an opinion about that. According to that opinion, a viable, lasting solution can be found only through the bona fide engagement of all relevant political stakeholders, in particular the authorities of the two entities. I take the announcement made by Croatian Democratic Union leader Čović that the Federation will appoint a new judge to the Constitutional Court as a good step in that direction. I encourage the Parliament and the Federation to go ahead with it. As the final interpreter of the Dayton Peace Agreement, I am of the view that the Republika Srpska authorities are contributing significantly to a grave violation of the Agreement. If pursued, that anti-Dayton agenda could lead to the de facto secession of Republika Srpska. That is a scenario with grave consequences, not only for Bosnia and Herzegovina, but for the entire region. We, the international community, and the State institutions must observe and, if necessary, act together. Overall, the security situation cannot be regarded as unstable. Rather it is fragile and could deteriorate rapidly. I hail the responsible approach by the political, religious and civic leaders who have refused to respond to provocations. The way forward starts from the understanding that Dayton and the EU reform path reinforce, rather than contradict, one another. They are complementary, not competing. Everybody must acknowledge and respect the simple axiom that no one demolishes the foundations of a house while attempting to build it. The way forward also calls for unity and decisiveness in using available instruments. The Office of the High Representative, my Office, must continue to be able to be an effective key instrument of peace implementation until I am finally able to recommend to the Steering Board of the Peace Implementation Council a positive assessment based on Bosnia and Herzegovina’s full compliance with the Dayton Peace Agreement. That is not yet the case. We could be closer. With the progress made in acceding to the EU, the role of the Office will focus more on safeguarding basic values, on non-discrimination and on overcoming the bad experiences of the past. I may warn of an understanding that the transfer to European integration is a formal equation in a fixed framework. We see the understanding that it is not automatic and must be encouraged and worked out among the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the political structures. The European Union military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR-Althea) must retain its executive mandate and the capacity to deploy troops at short notice. That is my experience based on our cooperation, and I am aware that the Security Council will consider EUFOR-Althea in another meeting. I would support and see as inevitable the continuation of EUFOR-Althea. Better empowering the institutions and the citizens to counter challenges themselves is also fundamental to generating positive change. The first step is strengthening election integrity, which is a long-standing obligation of the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As there had been no results, on 26 March, I signed the decision enacting the law on amendments to the election law. Those amendments have been broadly recognized, and the preparations for the municipal elections on 6 October are progressing very well and intensely. I also introduced the prohibition against persons convicted by any international or domestic court of the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes standing as candidates for elections or holding any elected or appointed office. It is my view — a view also shared by the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide and by victim associations  — that the prohibition is indispensable to trust-building, both in institutions and among communities. With your acceptance, Mr. President, I will diverge from my report to discuss an event that took place yesterday. Unfortunately, there are reports that some of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s top military officials, including the Deputy Defence Minister and the Deputy Commander of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, along with a group of members of the armed forces of the Republika Srpska structures, caused a scandal — or so we hear — after bowing and paying tribute in front of a monument to Ratko Mladić, who was convicted of war crimes at The Hague. The aforementioned event took place yesterday in Kalinovik, the birthplace of war criminal Ratko Mladić. As can be seen in the photographs, members of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Armed Forces performed the tribute in uniforms bearing Bosnia and Herzegovina State insignia. We must check and corroborate those reported acts, but, if confirmed, this is a severe violation of the meaning and intent of the criminal law of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is no way, in any sense, to accept such behaviour, because it is glorifying war criminals, which is unacceptable. Trust-building is indispensable. I will make two observations. Denying the Srebrenica genocide and other war crimes and glorifying war criminals are not problems only in and of themselves. They have become instruments of politics and of a narrow party calculation that holds that coming to terms with the past is an act of acceptance of collective guilt. First, it is a historical fact that a genocide was committed in Srebrenica in July 1995. That was legally established by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 2004 and by the International Court of Justice in 2007. That is not a matter of opinion. Secondly, there is no such thing as collective guilt under criminal law. It is wrong to extend individual criminal responsibility to a group of people or a nation. Remembrance, memorialization and truth-telling for future generations are preconditions for peaceful coexistence among different groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We have to work to teach the young, pupils and children in Bosnia and Herzegovina that it is about saying “never again” and saying no to hatred, war and criminal offences. Unfortunately, I cannot report to the Security Council that that has been fulfilled in all contexts. There remains a lot of work to be done. I therefore urge all to capitalize on this moment to further integrate the country into the European family, and I would add that we all have a responsibility to work towards a peaceful and prosperous future for the younger generation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We owe them that perspective.

I thank Mr. Schmidt for his important briefing to the Council. I shall now give the floor to those members of the Council who wish to make statements.

I thank the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Schmidt, for his briefing. I also welcome the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Bećirović, as well as the representatives of Croatia and Serbia to today’s meeting. This is the second time in a short period of two weeks that we are addressing the subject of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Let me therefore begin by recalling the strong support expressed by Security Council member States for the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country, the primacy of the Dayton Peace Agreement and the steadfast backing for the mandate of the European Union military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina to maintain peace and security in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, we also recognize the Bosnian leaders’ commitment to keeping and advancing the country on its European path. Against that backdrop, I would like to make the following points. First, the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the European Union (EU). Not only because the EU would want it to be thus, but most importantly, because a majority of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, across all ethnic groups, desire it to be thus. The opening of EU accession talks provides a strong incentive to carry out the necessary reforms that would allow all people, especially the youth, to envision a prosperous future within their country. The EU membership project also holds an opportunity to bridge divides and foster long-term stability, peace and development  — not only in Bosnia and Hercegovina, but for the entire Western Balkans region. Slovenia recognizes that Bosnia and Herzegovina has achieved more progress over the past months than in the previous decade. We especially commend the recent reforms regarding migration, border management, anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism, and it is crucial for that positive momentum to continue, as much work still lies ahead. In the coming months, Bosnia and Herzegovina will face two key challenges: how to raise the standards for conducting local elections this autumn and how to support its public institutions to ensure their uncompromised functionality. We call on Bosnia and Herzegovina to do its utmost to overcome those challenges. My second point highlights the threats to transitional justice posed by the politicization of issues and by the resurgence of secessionist rhetoric and hate speech, which undermine the hard-earned progress towards reconciliation and sustainable peace in the region. Additionally, deep-seated mistrust and attempts to deny the atrocities committed during the war, such as the Srebrenica genocide, fuel escalating tensions, and it is imperative to acknowledge the facts. In that context, Slovenia underlines the importance of regional cooperation in fostering reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We call upon neighbouring countries and regional actors to refrain from any actions that could escalate tensions or undermine the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also essential to combat disinformation. All political actors must contribute to maintaining a stable security environment in the country. Finally, Slovenia welcomes the report submitted by the High Representative and expresses ongoing support for his Office and his work. At the same time, we underscore the importance of making political decisions within Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a strong emphasis on local ownership. In conclusion, we reiterate that Slovenia remains strongly committed to Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU perspective. Through dialogue, collaboration and compromise, political leaders have demonstrated their capacity to drive the nation forward. Leaders must continue their work in good faith and put people’s needs and interests over their individual agendas. Bosnia and Herzegovina cannot afford to lose momentum in implementing the necessary reforms. In conclusion, let me stress one thing: dialogue is key. We need to talk more to one another and less about one another.

I would like to thank the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Christian Schmidt, for his briefing and report. We support his efforts to implement the civilian aspects of the Dayton Accords. We regret that recent months have not seen more tangible progress in the implementation of the 5+2 agenda, which remains the agreed condition for the closure of the Office of the High Representative. I would also like to extend a welcome to the Chairman of the collegial Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the representatives of the European Union, Serbia and Croatia. Almost 30 years have passed since the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords, which laid the foundations for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and established a commitment to a sovereign State with territorial integrity. Switzerland remains firmly committed to those principles. I would like to emphasize three points. First, it is essential that the influential leaders of all entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina formulate common interests for their country and its future. People, especially young people, need prospects for themselves and their families. The European Council’s recent decision to open accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina offers an important opportunity to accelerate progress towards reform. Switzerland calls on all political actors to engage constructively in genuine dialogue in order to preserve the country’s unity and political stability. That will also contribute to combating brain drain and labour migration. Secondly, confidence in the functioning of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s central institutions, respect for its constitutional and legal order and the protection of fundamental freedoms are the foundations of a democratic, peaceful and stable society. Republika Srpska’s recent measures to transfer competences from the State to the entity level and to create a parallel electoral system contravene those principles. Switzerland welcomes and is actively involved in initiatives supported by the Peacebuilding Fund, which focuses on community dialogue and confidence-building in institutions. As Bosnia and Herzegovina prepares for municipal elections, Switzerland stresses the importance of implementing the necessary reforms to ensure the integrity, transparency and fairness of the electoral process. We also reiterate the need for greater representation of women in the political arena. Switzerland also opposes any attempt to restrict civic space or undermine human rights, in particular freedom of expression, freedom of association and freedom of the media. All legislation must conform to the international and national standards to which Bosnia and Herzegovina is bound. Civil society, journalists and human rights defenders must be able to practice their trade freely and without intimidation. Thirdly, all parties must redouble their efforts to promote peaceful coexistence and reconciliation. We are deeply troubled by the prevalence of divisive rhetoric, hate speech and threats of secession. Our common European history teaches us to assume a specific responsibility in that respect — a responsibility to combat historical revisionism, the glorification of war criminals and the denial of genocide. Dealing with the past, respecting international and local judicial decisions and ensuring accountability are necessary to prevent violence and build lasting peace. Switzerland reaffirms its commitment to supporting Bosnia and Herzegovina on the road to peace, stability and prosperity, and to building a united future for the younger generation.

I thank you, Mr. President, for convening this debate. We thank Mr. Christian Schmidt, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina for his comprehensive briefing. We welcome the participation of His Excellency Mr. Denis Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the Representative of Serbia and the Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, in this meeting. Sierra Leone would like to take this opportunity to commend the High Representative and the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the remarkable achievement of opening European Union accession negotiations. We believe that deepening regional and economic integration will provide the necessary impetus for building lasting peace and undertaking governance and economic reforms for sustained socioeconomic development, thus heralding the new dawn to which the Dayton Accords aspire. Sierra Leone recalls that peace, security, stability, political inclusion, strong governance institutions, infrastructure and economic development and all the tenets of the Dayton Accords are designed to herald this new dawn  — a united and inclusive Bosnia and Herzegovina reflective of the aspirations of all its people. Sierra Leone is therefore deeply concerned about inflammatory rhetoric, disruptive actions and efforts to derail, undermine and unravel the progress made so far in the achievement of lasting peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We urge all parties to refrain from divisive rhetoric, which has markedly increased tensions and threatens the lives and livelihoods of the multi-ethnic people of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the proper functioning of State institutions. We also deplore threats or attacks against the person or Office of the High Representative. We emphasize the importance of preserving the sanctity of the lives of officers of the United Nations and its ancillary and associated bodies. We urge the High Representative to continue to dispense his functions with integrity and in a manner that is inclusive and credible for the successful implementation of the outstanding aspects of the 5+2 agenda in order to support the country’s transition away from international oversight. Furthermore, Sierra Leone is deeply concerned about actions that erode the established facts, decisions and legacy of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). Drawing from our own experience with a prolonged civil conflict, the successful transitional justice process and mechanisms, including the Special Court for Sierra Leone, played an important role in restoring peace and justice as we rebuilt our society. We strongly believe that upholding the rule of law and not relying on individual political sentiments or interests guarantees a just, peaceful, and secure State. Sierra Leone affirms the legitimacy of the ICTY’s contributions to the development and application of international law, its role in providing access to justice for the victims of grave violations of international law and ensuring accountability for those bearing responsibility for the atrocities committed in the Balkans in the 1990s, as well as its residual mechanism for preventing impunity. We note with concern the increasing tensions and rhetoric that may seems to dismiss the multicultural characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina and, thus, impair its vision for a united, diverse and progressive State. We call on the key stakeholders to refrain from taking steps that would create parallel governance structures and to, instead, collaborate and support proactive actions towards the safe return, healing and reconciliation of all peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the achievement of a common reform agenda that prioritizes human capital development. We urge the equal, safe and active participation of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s diverse people, particularly its women and young people, in the upcoming elections and all political processes, ensuring their representation at all levels in the governance system. We especially urge accelerated progress on the administration of Brčko District and the establishment and operationalization of the institutions necessary for its functionality. Sierra Leone therefore reiterates its call for the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina to embrace institutional and legal reforms necessary not only to meet European Union-related legislative requirements, but also to strengthen its governance and service delivery mechanisms for sustained development and to create a reliable macroeconomic environment that positions the State for a prosperous future. In conclusion, Sierra Leone acknowledges the role of regional security apparatus and international financial institutions in supporting governance and security reforms in the country. We commend the interventions of the Peacebuilding Fund for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Peace Implementation Council Steering Board and continue to entreat them to sustain peacebuilding initiatives in the country.

I thank High Representative Christian Schmidt for his briefing. I welcome to the Chamber Mr. Denis Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Mr. Marko Štucin, State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovenia. Ecuador recognizes and appreciates the progress made by Bosnia and Herzegovina in its transition to a peaceful society since the end of the conflict in 1995. We note positively the country’s recent progress towards European integration, especially the decision of the European Council to open accession negotiations. We encourage it to continue to take the necessary steps to fulfil the recommendations of the European Commission. However, the statements and actions that contradict those developments are concerning. Secessionist rhetoric, the incitement of hate speech and genocide denial, among other threats, aggravate existing divisions and hinder the necessary national reconciliation. Therefore, the authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina must abandon divisive discourse and any actions that could erode trust between the communities, as a peaceful and secure coexistence in the country can be promoted only through respectful dialogue and a commitment to the rule of law. It is alarming that certain political leaders threaten to paralyse State institutions and unilaterally deviate from normative frameworks. I therefore join in the call to maintain calm, act with prudence and respect the spirit and the letter of the Dayton Agreement, which is a fundamental instrument for regional stability and progress. Ecuador expects that the local elections scheduled for October will be conducted with full transparency and integrity, thereby strengthening citizen confidence in democratic institutions, in particular its electoral system. The authorities must take concrete steps to ensure the full, equal and meaningful participation of women in politics and in the peace process in general. Their inclusion is key to overcoming the current political crisis. Furthermore, it is important that more decisive measures be taken to protect returnees, including more effective law enforcement and judicial response to incidents of violence, through policies that promote their social and economic integration. Fostering an inclusive environment, where citizens feel safe and valued, is crucial to healing the wounds of the past and building a brighter future for all communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In conclusion, I reaffirm Ecuador’s support for the mandate of the High Representative in monitoring the civilian aspects of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its commitment to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, international law and the Dayton Agreement.

I thank Mr. Christian Schmidt for his thorough briefing and welcome His Excellency Mr. Denis Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the representatives of Serbia, Croatia and the European Union, to this meeting. I would like, at the outset, to reiterate Algeria’s clear and steadfast position with regard to the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, based on respect for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international law. Algeria also notes that the Dayton Agreement, signed in December 1995, and its annexes remain the only consensus framework that guarantees the maintenance of peace and security in Bosnia and Herzegovina and progress towards reconciliation and peaceful coexistence among all elements of the country. Algeria firmly believes that the most effective political solutions and the ones most likely to enjoy wide acceptance and commitment are those dictated by the pressing needs of the people and drafted by their elected representatives within democratic and legal frameworks. I would like to emphasize the following three points in our debate today. First, Algeria encourages all political actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina to assume their responsibility and lead the country towards the choices that fulfil the aspirations of the people, without hatred, divisiveness and narrow calculations. Secondly, Algeria calls on the political actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina to respect and implement the provisions of the Dayton Agreement and work to accelerate the necessary political, economic and legal reforms that would enable the country to achieve the desired stability, progress and well-being for all citizens without discrimination on the basis of ethnicity or religion. Thirdly, it is clear that the political divisions and differences of opinion between the most effective actors in the country are prolonging the current stage and delaying the reconciliation and progress that everyone seeks. Therefore, it is important for everyone to be guided by inclusive and constructive dialogue and to consider different opinions to enrich the debate instead of pursuing discriminatory and entrenched positions that mostly lead to political stalemates. Only constructive dialogue in good faith and comprehensive and genuine negotiations can overcome political differences and narrow the gap between divergent opinions in order to move forward towards a better future.

I welcome His Excellency Mr. Denis Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the representatives of Serbia, Croatia and the European Union (EU), to today’s meeting. At present, Bosnia and Herzegovina is facing difficult challenges, including sluggish economic growth, high inflation and accelerated population outflow. The situation with regard to the country’s economy and the people’s well-being is not encouraging. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a multi-ethnic country. In order to achieve economic growth and social stability, it must rely on all ethnic groups to strengthen unity, enhance mutual trust and live in harmony with each other and work towards a common goal. For some time now, the process of national reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been challenged. From time to time, rhetoric has been expressed and actions have been taken that fuel ethnic tensions and undermine national unity. That is a matter of concern to China. As a country that has been traumatized by protracted fighting, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since its independence, has been on an arduous quest for peace and development. The international community should remain attentive to the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and continue to help the country cope with various challenges. In that respect, the European Union, and the countries in the Western Balkans in particular, should play an active role. In the process, it is important to maintain an impartial stance, adopt a balanced and prudent approach and promote national reconciliation among all communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Efforts should be made to refrain from taking sides and imposing solutions, and especially from applying unilateral sanctions and interfering in the internal affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. China’s position on the issue of the High Representative remains unchanged. We are concerned about the controversies that have arisen in recent years over the appointment of the High Representative and the use of the Bonn powers. In March this year, Mr. Schmidt used the Bonn powers to amend the election law of Bosnia and Herzegovina, giving rise to new tensions and divisions within the country. Recently, the tripartite consultative system provided for in the Dayton Peace Agreement was violated. The arrangement whereby the Presidency collectively decides on foreign policy has been challenged. And yet Mr. Schmidt notes in his report that there has recently been a degree of greater harmony in the conduct of foreign policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. That is clearly at odds with the facts. I would like to reiterate here that the affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina should ultimately be decided and managed by the people of the country themselves and that the High Representative system and the Bonn powers are special arrangements for a special era. As such, they cannot be considered long-term, let alone permanent. Next week, the General Assembly will take action on the draft resolution (A/78/L.67) entitled “International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica”. China has repeatedly called on the sponsors of the draft resolution to engage with the key parties and Member States to conduct full consultations and move the process forward on the basis of consensus. For the time being, there are still major differences with regard to the draft resolution. Forcing it through is inconsistent with the spirit of promoting reconciliation and harmony within Bosnia and Herzegovina and among the countries of the region, inconsistent with the desire to maintain peace and stability in the Western Balkans and the European region as a whole and inconsistent with the original purpose of demonstrating Member States’ unity through such an international day. It is our hope that the parties concerned will strengthen their communication and promote a proper solution of the matter. Before I conclude, I would like to reiterate that China respects the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as the independent choice of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With regard to the future of the country, we hope that all communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the interest of the country and the people as a whole, will strengthen dialogue, enhance mutual trust and achieve reconciliation, so as to jointly maintain the political stability and economic growth of the country. China will continue its commitment to developing friendly relations with the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina and will play a constructive role in maintaining peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region.

I thank you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting. I also thank High Representative Christian Schmidt for his report on the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We welcome the participation of the Chairman of the Presidency, His Excellency Mr. Denis Bećirović, and of the representatives of Serbia, Croatia and the European Union. Guyana welcomes the positive developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, notably the March 2024 decision of the European Council to open accession negotiations. We view accession as an important step that can contribute to transforming the socioeconomic landscape of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We therefore commend the authorities for their work thus far towards European Union integration and encourage continued collaboration to achieve that common goal. While we note the positive developments, we remain concerned about the reported divisive rhetoric, which, among other things, exacerbates ethnic tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the wider Balkan region and jeopardizes gains made in the peacebuilding process. Guyana underscores the importance of upholding the provisions of the General Framework Agreement for Peace and urges all relevant stakeholders to act in accordance with those provisions. As a multiethnic society, Guyana understands the potential of divisive rhetoric to disrupt social cohesion and harmony and to threaten multiculturalism. We urge the political leaders to prioritize the national interests of all citizens. Special attention should be paid to the younger generation, while equipping them with the necessary tools so they can contribute to building a society of cultural and ethnic unity. In that regard, Guyana stresses the importance of constructive dialogue to address divergent views in a peaceful manner. Guyana acknowledges the 26 March decree issued by High Representative Schmidt to amend the election law of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We note that those measures are aimed at modernizing the electoral system and bolstering electoral integrity by, inter alia, enhancing gender equality, electronic ballot counting, electronic voter identification and video surveillance. We welcome any measure that will enhance political stability and enable all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina to have equal rights in an electoral process. We are concerned by the report of the High Representative about the low participation of women at different levels of Government. Given the important contributions that women make to the development of a country across all sectors, Guyana encourages their representation and full participation in decision-making processes at all levels. We wish the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina a successful preparation for, and conduct of, the local elections to be held in October. The year 2025 will mark 30 years since the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement, which continues to provide a solid framework for reconciliation, peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina. While progress has been achieved, its implementation has been uneven. The coming year will be an opportune moment for the Council to further analyse the shortcomings in implementation and bolster our efforts to support the country towards a path of lasting peace and stability. Guyana reaffirms its commitment to the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina and urges the international community to remain steadfast in its support to foster an environment where peace can flourish and where the sovereignty of the country is respected.

I also thank High Representative Schmidt for his briefing, and I welcome the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Denis Bećirović, and the representatives of Serbia, Croatia and the European Union (EU) to the meeting. Malta welcomes and commends the good progress achieved by Bosnia and Herzegovina, which led to the opening of EU accession negotiations by the European Council on 22 March 2024. That is a historic step for the country and its people towards achieving the goal of EU membership. Malta will continue to support Bosnia and Herzegovina’s European integration process. In that context, we appreciate the positive reforms already undertaken. Furthermore, we maintain our encouragement for Bosnia and Herzegovina to persist in its efforts and uphold its commitment to further reforms aimed at strengthening the country’s constitutional, electoral and judicial frameworks. Reforms that prioritize inclusivity and uphold the rule of law, including the representation of women in all Government institutions, are important. We urge authorities to implement credible and genuine measures to uphold human rights and the freedom of expression in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also essential to recognize the vital role played by a free media and civil society. Malta reiterates its steadfast support for the Dayton Agreement and urges all parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina to fully adhere to its principles. Furthermore, we reaffirm our unwavering support for the mission and mandate of the High Representative. The European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina has an important role in maintaining security and stability and its presence is crucial for preserving the present stable situation. The presence of inflammatory rhetoric and divisive actions that undermine Bosnia and Herzegovina’s territorial integrity and the Dayton Peace Agreement is a matter of significant concern. Reconciliation stands as a cornerstone of achieving lasting peace. Denial of genocide not only disrespects the memory of victims but also impedes genuine healing. Malta underscores the importance of the country’s leadership refraining from inflammatory rhetoric and divisive actions, which pose significant threats to peace and stability in the region. We maintain our concerns regarding any legislative initiatives or actions by one of the parties that contradict the constitutional order of the country and that deviate from the path towards EU integration. Of particular concern is the draft law labelling societal groups as foreign agents. At this juncture, it is imperative to channel all efforts towards reconciliation. Addressing differences constructively and positively is crucial to prevent them from derailing the progress towards shared objectives. As Chair-in-Office of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) for 2024, Malta also encourages all parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina to make full use of the OSCE presence on the ground and of its very relevant toolkit to defuse tensions and promote dialogue at all levels of society. Dialogue remains key, as does a commitment to engage in good faith in order to preserve peace and stability, for the benefit of all citizens in the country. In conclusion, Malta reaffirms its steadfast support for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity. We respectfully encourage responsible and prudent leadership in the country, leadership that is dedicated to fostering cooperation and respecting all segments of society, with a clear commitment to EU accession. We are confident that, through inclusive dialogue and strong political will from all stakeholders, Bosnia and Herzegovina will advance peaceful co-existence, enhance cohesion and realize its full potential.

I thank High Representative Christian Schmidt for the detailed inputs. We are also very appreciative of his Office’s recent report shared with the Council. We would like to reassure him of Japan’s unwavering support for him and his office. I also welcome the participation of the Chairperson of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Denis Bećirović. I would also like to welcome the representatives of Croatia, Serbia and the European Union (EU) to this meeting. First of all, Japan welcomes the European Council’s decision in March to open accession talks with Bosnia and Herzegovina as a major positive development towards its long-held goal. At the same time, as we stated last month in this Chamber (see S/PV.9621), Japan is also deeply concerned about heightened political tensions in the country. We echo the concerns indicated in the report by the High Representative about the escalation of statements and actions by one entity, Republika Srpska, challenging the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity in a way that would undermine the foundations of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We strongly urge all political parties to engage in constructive dialogue, make the reforms necessary to consolidate the Dayton Peace Agreement and prepare for the EU accession process. We take this opportunity to reiterate our strong support for the activities of the Peacebuilding Fund (PBF) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those projects aim to promote mutual understanding and trust among the people while advancing the women and peace and security agenda and the youth, peace and security agenda. Additionally, the projects promote the effort to combat historical revisionism and deepen people’s understanding of what happened during the war based on facts, countering the denial of war crimes and genocide. As one of the top donors to the PBF and a member of the Peace Implementation Council, Japan has contributed to nationwide and national reconciliation efforts since the end of the war. We strongly support any action that helps the efforts of people on the ground. Japan once again expresses its sturdy commitment to working with Bosnia and Herzegovina on the path to peace, stability and prosperity for the country and for the Western Balkans as a whole, which will also lead to the country’s EU membership.

I thank High Representative Schmidt for his informative briefing. The Republic of Korea continues to support his valuable efforts to ensure the implementation of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. My delegation also welcomes the participation of the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the representatives of the European Union, Serbia and Croatia at today’s meeting. Twenty-nine years have passed since the signing of the Dayton Agreement. However, sustainable peace still remains elusive, and the territorial integrity and political independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina continue to face threats. Indeed, at the Security Council meeting last month (see S/PV.9621), we heard detailed accounts of the political confrontations and conflicts that Bosnia and Herzegovina is experiencing, even if they have not reached the level of a security threat. In 1996, when the Republic of Korea was serving as a member of the Security Council, I had the chance, as a Council expert in charge of the issue, to visit Sarajevo for 10 days to participate in an international monitoring mission of the general election in the wake of the Dayton Agreement. At the time, I witnessed the countless scars that four years of civil war had left and the tremendous challenges facing the country, in addition to the potential for reconciliation and peace. In particular, it was impressive to hear that Bosnians, Serbs and Croats had all lived together in peace as neighbours in the same villages and cities before the war. Thus, it is sad — despite some ups and downs over the years — to see little sign of genuine reconciliation today between peoples, even after nearly three decades. Today my delegation would like to focus on the following three points. First, we oppose any action or rhetoric that undermines the Dayton Peace Agreement. Dangerous political speech, including the recently increased separatist rhetoric and past atrocity denial, threaten the ongoing transitional justice and truth and reconciliation efforts. Commitment to the unity of Bosnia and Herzegovina as one sovereign country, which is the central foundation of the Dayton Agreement, should be upheld by all actors. To turn a new page, political leaders must encourage tolerance and inter-ethnic understanding and learn lessons from history. Secondly, we welcome the European Union’s decision to initiate accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina in March. That decision is an acknowledgment of the country’s achievements thus far and an expectation that the country should continue to move in a desirable direction in the future. It can provide Bosnia and Herzegovina with an opportunity for a more peaceful and prosperous future. We expect Bosnia and Herzegovina to continue to expedite the required political and economic reforms to that end, despite the many challenges along the way. Thirdly, we reiterate our firm support for the mission of the European Union military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR-Althea) in contributing to a safe and secure environment. EUFOR-Althea is crucial to ensuring regional peace and security at a time of rising political tensions across the region. To conclude, the Republic of Korea strongly supports the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We appeal to all parties to avoid all actions that inflame the situation and to take further sincere efforts in charting a positive future. Nearly 30 years has not been enough time for true reconciliation to take root in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite that, we must continue to be patient in order to achieve lasting reconciliation among the peoples in the country.

Today we will hear a statement by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Denis Bećirović. However, we should consider the statement in the context of the letter submitted by the Serbian member of the Presidency, Ms. Željka Cvijanović, and circulated among Security Council members on 14 May, which stated that the statement to be delivered by Mr. Bećirović was not even discussed by the Presidency, and it therefore does not reflect the opinion of all the constituent peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. I regret to say that that is not an unfortunate incident, but a consistent policy of some Bosnian elites acting at the instigation and with the patronage of Western countries. The policy is aimed at undermining the role of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the supreme voice of the consensus position of the multi-ethnic society of Bosnia and Herzegovina on major issues. It formed a parallel, extraconstitutional, unlawful and anti-democratic system, whereby decisions are adopted and implemented by representatives of only one of the entities on behalf of the entire country. I underscore that the system based on the role and procedures of the Presidency of the balanced interests of the three constituent peoples and the distribution of powers among various tiers of Government lies at the heart of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Dayton Agreement, approved by resolution 1031 (1995). It was the Dayton Agreement that put an end to the brutal inter-ethnic conflict, and it remains a fundamental document for maintaining peace and stability in the region. Now, contrary to the Dayton Agreement, Western States are seeking to impose on the society of Bosnia and Herzegovina aspirations to centralize and unitize the country, in line with the sly civil society formula. The disregard for the interests of Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose autonomy hinders the achievement of Western interests, not only circumvents the authority of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency. Legally elected Serbian representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina and their families are subjected to illegal sanctions, threats and blackmail and politically motivated criminal prosecutions. Humanitarian projects are being shut down for political reasons, and pressure is being exerted on the financial system to create socioeconomic difficulties, provoke a crisis and pass it off as public discontent. Republika Srpska and the Serb population of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been made outcasts in their own country. They are assumed to have separatist goals and are stigmatized in many ways, including being labelled as a genocidal people. When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina, the principles of democracy and the inclusiveness of political processes, which are very well known in the United Nations, are completely discarded. No one should be misled by the Serbophobic fabrications of so-called Western experts, as Banja Luka has repeatedly reaffirmed at the highest level its principled position in defence of the Dayton-based Bosnia and Herzegovina, in favour of the constitutional distribution of powers, the equality of the three peoples and the two entities. We suggest that Security Council members carefully read the report of the Government of Republika Srpska on the developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It contains an objective account of the situation. We are witnessing consistent efforts by several Western countries to destroy all the achievements of the post-conflict years, create an atmosphere of mutual distrust among the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina and heighten inter-ethnic discord. There is a wish to turn the country into a colonial entity that can be easily manipulated from Washington, London, Berlin and Brussels. We firmly believe that Mr. Schmidt is an important tool in that colonial policy. This German citizen has no right to speak in the Security Council. He does not enjoy the support of all the constituent peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina, he has not gone through the consensus approval procedure of the Steering Board of the Peace Implementation Council and, most important, he does not have a mandate from the Security Council. Moreover, his illegal actions are causing irreparable damage to inter-ethnic relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and are dangerous for the situation in the region. His participation in Security Council meetings discredits this organ. With his so- called reports, which actually represent his personal opinions that are rather detached from reality, he is misleading the entire international community. We firmly believe that it would contribute immensely to stabilizing Bosnia and Herzegovina if the Office of the so-called High Representative were shut down as soon as possible, without additional conditions, as a mechanism for external management of a sovereign European State, which does not — and cannot — have a place in the modern world. We are also disappointed at the fifty-seventh report of the European Union military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the situation in the country; contrary to its mandate, it includes a biased political aspect that is not reflective of the real situation. As we have said on many occasions, expansion of the operation on the ground is also counterproductive. Today another flagrant violation of the Dayton Agreement is taking place, and Germany is behind it. That violation was the subject of our discussion on 30 April (see S/PV.9621). I am talking about the draft resolution of the General Assembly on an international day of remembrance of the tragic events in Srebrenica in July 1995 (A/78/L.67), which was put forward in circumvention of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency. Submitting that draft resolution without the agreement of all entities directly contradicts the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and it therefore constitutes a grave violation of the Dayton Agreement and relevant Council resolutions. The fact that the draft resolution does not enjoy the consensus support of the Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency was confirmed during the Security Council meeting on 30 April by Ms. Cvijanović, the Serbian member of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s highest governing body. The draft resolution has already worsened the situation on the ground. People have taken to the streets to protest against it, while Germany and the co-sponsors claim to care about reconciliation. It is not surprising that not only does the draft resolution fail to call for the full implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreement, but it does not even mention it. The provocative text poses a threat to peace and security in the country and the region as a whole. The question arises as to why Germany is behind the draft resolution. The advocate of the rights of the victims of the genocide in Srebrenica is the country that twice fuelled world wars in the twentieth century, not only bringing about a genocide that killed tens of millions of people but also a real hell on Earth, including on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, not to mention its participation in the bombing of Yugoslavia and Sarajevo. What are Berlin’s goals? Apparently, it is not satisfied with having just one tool with which to stir up discord in the Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely, Mr. Schmidt. It also wants to reopen old wounds from the civil war and encourage a part of the Bosnian elites to violate the Dayton Agreement. Against that backdrop, the attempts by NATO members to erase from the pages of history the shameful evidence of their bombing of the former Yugoslavia in 1995 and 1999, shifting all the blame to the Serbs, look quite logical and even more immoral. Here in the Security Council, our Western colleagues refuse to discuss the crimes that they committed 25 years ago, saying that they are just a page in history. At the same time, Western States praise in every way possible the initiative on Srebrenica, which is fraught with escalation and concerns historical events. We are strongly opposed to the gross interference of external forces in the internal affairs of sovereign Bosnia and Herzegovina. The behaviour of the Western community, which is abusing its diplomatic presence in Sarajevo and multilateral mechanisms, such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Council of Europe, with a view to imposing its selfish agenda on the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is frankly unacceptable and contrary to the Charter of the United Nations. The start and end point of this journey can only be the Dayton Peace Agreement, its principles of the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the equality of the three constituent peoples and the two entities with broad constitutional powers, which are embodied in the role and powers of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is only in the framework of that consensus-based system, which ended the deadly civil war, that the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina can make independent decisions about the future of their multi-ethnic country. We have before us many examples of the gross and irresponsible violation of international treaties and agreements and the crisis of respect for them and for Security Council resolutions. That can lead to nothing but a resumption of conflict. We suggest that Security Council members take a responsible approach to assessing the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina to prevent a negative outcome.

I thank High Representative Schmidt for his briefing and for his recent report on the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We also welcome the participation today of the current Chairman of the Presidency. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s stability is essential to preventing regional conflict and ensuring peace and security in Europe. Nearly 30 years ago, the Dayton Peace Agreement brought an end to a terrible war. The Office of the High Representative and the mandate for the European Union (EU) Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina were rooted in the Dayton Agreement and remain critical to maintaining the country’s stability, sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Office of the High Representative continues to play a central role in ensuring the implementation of the civilian aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement. The High Representative and his Office have been instrumental in ensuring that key institutions continue to function, despite the efforts of certain politicians to undermine them. The High Representative and his Office merit the full support of the Council and the international community. The United States remains steadfast in our support of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s sovereignty, territorial integrity and multi-ethnic character. We fully support the High Representative and his ability to exercise all necessary authorities, including the Bonn powers, until the 5+2 agenda has been fulfilled. The High Representative’s use of Bonn powers is complementary to the EU accession process. Their use facilitates the country’s efforts to make the reforms required to advance along the EU path. We agree with the High Representative’s report that the European Council’s decision to open accession talks is a “game changer”, in terms of presenting opportunities for all the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The risk of missing those opportunities cannot be overstated. Of the many challenges confronting the country, none is greater than escalatory rhetoric, especially secessionist talk and actions. Republika Srpska’s President, Milorad Dodik, in particular, has acted to undermine State institutions. He regularly calls for the dissolution of the country. Dodik’s dangerous actions and secessionist rhetoric threaten peace and stability in the region. The international community must push back against such rhetoric. Genocide denial also prevents reconciliation. Let me be clear — it is a historical fact that genocide was committed in Srebrenica. That is a settled legal conclusion, confirmed by international criminal tribunals and the International Court of Justice. Commemorating historical truths and accepting facts is important and moves the region forward on a path towards reconciliation, and honouring the victims of genocide reinforces the values reflected in the Charter of the United Nations. The United States will continue to use all available tools, including sanctions, to promote accountability for those who enable corruption and act to destabilize the country. We encourage the international community to take a more active role in supporting the Office of the High Representative, as well as in countering efforts to undermine its authority. The citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina have chosen a secure, democratic and prosperous future, firmly anchored in the Euro-Atlantic community of nations. The Council should support them in achieving that future.

I thank High Representative Schmidt for his briefing, and I welcome the participation of the representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and the European Union (EU) in our meeting today. I would like to make three bold points. First, the United Kingdom believes that it is for the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina to choose their own future. We fully support the Government’s ambition to achieve greater Euro-Atlantic integration. The decision by the EU to grant accession status is an important step in that direction, which opens new opportunities for a brighter future. We hope that this will serve as a strong incentive for political actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina to work together on the necessary reforms and refrain from activity that could undermine progress. Secondly, the greatest threat to that positive future and to the Dayton Peace Agreement itself lies in the efforts of some Republika Srpska politicians to subvert the State and its institutions. Those include threats to unilaterally withdraw from the constitutional, legal and institutional framework of the State and moves to establish a parallel framework in the Republika Srpska; efforts to introduce legislation restricting the engagement of many civil society organizations; and steps to undermine the Bosnia and Herzegovina Constitutional Court. Against that backdrop, the Office of the High Representative continues to play an integral role, as prescribed by Dayton itself, to uphold the Dayton Peace Agreement. We fully support the High Representative’s efforts to address those challenges and urge all political actors to work constructively with his Office. Thirdly, we are concerned about reports of a more fragile security and political situation. That includes the rise in genocide denial, the glorification of war criminals and attacks on returnees. Those actions have no place in a peaceful, multi-ethnic society, and we welcome all efforts to promote reconciliation. We also firmly support a strong European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to maintain a safe and secure environment. It has been almost 30 years since the Dayton Peace Agreement brought an end to the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We urge all political actors to transcend party, ethnic or entity interests and work together to uphold Dayton and to achieve a more peaceful, stable and prosperous future for all the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

I thank High Representative Christian Schmidt for his briefing, and I welcome the presence, in this morning’s meeting, of the Chairman of the collegial Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the representatives of the European Union, Serbia and Croatia. The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina has not evolved substantially since the Security Council held an emergency meeting on this matter two weeks ago (see S/PV.9621), at Russia’s request. The High Representative characterized then, as he did again today, the security situation as stable, even if fragile. France is committed to the stability of Bosnia and Herzegovina and contributes to that stability through its participation in the European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (EUFOR-Althea), for which it is provides strategic command. Since its launch in 2004, EUFOR-Althea has played a crucial role in maintaining stability and a secure environment in the country. The main destabilizing factors we are concerned about today are the nationalist rhetoric and threats of secession by the leaders of Republika Srpska. France once again condemns the adoption, on 19 April, by the Republika Srpska National Assembly, of draft laws on elections, referendums and immunity, which undermine Bosnia and Herzegovina’s constitutional order, the functionality of its central institutions and its unity. France is concerned about the draft law on foreign agents, which undermines the preservation of a favourable environment for civil society, the media and freedom of expression. France calls on the leaders of Republika Srpska to put an end to those initiatives, which harm the country’s prospects of joining the European Union. As a witness to the Dayton-Paris Accords, France will continue to support the unity and territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The decision by the Heads of State and Government of the European Union to open accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina on 21 March is a message of encouragement and confidence. The future of Bosnia and Herzegovina and of the Western Balkans as a whole lies in the European Union, for the benefit of all its citizens. The European project is founded on the values of peace, justice, reconciliation among peoples, freedom and democracy. There is therefore no place for Holocaust denial, historical revisionism or the glorification of convicted war criminals in a country and a region that have expressed their wish to join the European Union. It is up to all of us to use the draft resolution of the General Assembly on the designation of an international day of reflection and commemoration of the 1995 genocide in Srebrenica (A/78/L.67) as an opportunity to work together for the reconciliation of memory on the basis of respect and solidarity with all the victims, regardless of their ethnicity or religious beliefs. There can be no lasting peace or European future without reconciliation. There is nothing in the draft resolution that targets any particular people, as criminal responsibility for the crime of genocide concerns individuals. France is of the view that the international presence in Bosnia Herzegovina remains necessary for the stability of the country and the region, in accordance with the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The European Union is playing a fundamental role in that respect with the European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As far as the civilian component is concerned, France supports the High Representative’s mandate. France calls on all actors in Bosnia Herzegovina to refrain from any provocation that could sow discord and calls on all the political forces in the country to work together to get back on track the reforms needed to ensure that Bosnia Herzegovina continues on its European trajectory.

I shall now make a statement in my capacity as the representative of Mozambique. We thank Mr. Christian Schmidt, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, for his important and insightful briefing. We acknowledge the presence of His Excellency Mr. Denis Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in this meeting. We also wish to welcome the presence of the Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, as well as the representatives of Serbia and Croatia. We have taken note of the statements made in this Chamber today which largely testify to the ongoing efforts towards peace, reconciliation and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We are conscious of the fact that challenges persist to ensure that justice and reconciliation are fully materialized. It is our conviction that addressing the historical legacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina requires additional and sustained efforts. There is a need to rebuild the tissue of trust, tolerance and understanding that binds societies. Only then can a reconciled country move beyond its painful past and create conditions that can prevent the rise of suspicion, antagonism and violent extremism. We consider the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the constitutional framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina an important milestone as it brought an end to armed conflict and hostilities. But it also shows the limits of legal engineering if the social construct of entrenched ethnic divisions is not based in a culture of peace and tolerance. In that connection, we deplore the political tensions that persist and the sporadic outbreaks of violence that continue to plague the country. Those are compounded by economic difficulties and geopolitical and internal challenges which continue to have far-reaching consequences for its citizens. In that context, we are of the view that political leadership is of paramount importance — a leadership that fosters national unity and cooperation of the entire people of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to address the unresolved tensions and promote progress for the multi-ethnic society that characterizes the country. We believe the model of the European Union to which the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina aspire to accede to is based precisely on the tenets of peace, democracy, diversity and cooperation. We therefore are of the view that the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina demands continued collaborative action at the local, national and international levels to overcome the challenges posed by its complex history, fragmented composition and current political landscape. We note with concern that the rights to freedom, peaceful assembly and association, which are cornerstones of democracy and reconciliation, are not sufficiently guaranteed and protected with the relevant legislation. In that regard, the introduction of comprehensive transitional justice measures and rule-of- law reforms are crucial. In some parts of Africa, our beloved continent, experience shows that commitment to nation-building requires not only economic progress, but also genuine reconciliation, trust-building and unwavering political dedication to national unity and mutual accommodation. It is our belief that the international community’s sustained support remains crucial to promote peaceful and multi-ethnic coexistence in the country. We reiterate our call upon the concerned parties to continue working closely together towards a sustainable peaceful society, stability and inclusive development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. I now resume my functions as President of the Council. I give the floor to the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chairman Bećirović: First of all, I wish you, Mr. President, a successful presidency of the Security Council in these turbulent times. Furthermore, I extend my greetings to all the Ambassadors present, including Mr. Christian Schmidt, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. His report contributes to the understanding of the current situation in our country. I would like to especially emphasize that the High Representative is the only high official authorized to present a report to the Security Council. Entities within the sovereign State of Bosnia and Herzegovina and other subnational Governments do not possess that right. That is why the so-called reports originating from the Republika Srpska entity are legally unfounded. The Charter of the United Nations stipulates that States address United Nations organs and bodies. The only subject of international law is the independent and sovereign State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Allow me to outline the key issues, challenges and risks facing Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with feasible strategies for resolving the present crisis. I am addressing the Council on behalf of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose strong, unbroken historical roots reach back over a millennium. In the last 29 post- Dayton years, Bosnia and Herzegovina has once again confirmed its strength and resilience. Despite numerous blockades, obstructions and pressure, the development of our country has continued, demonstrating that in both war and peace, the destruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina is not possible. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a full member of the United Nations and the Council of Europe, and a country located at the threshold of the European Union (EU) and NATO. In March of this year, an important step was taken towards EU membership — the European Council decided to open EU negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a huge encouragement for the citizens of our country. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the EU and NATO for their commitment and support to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The world needs to know the truth. The key problems of Bosnia and Herzegovina originated not within our country but outside its borders. That was determined by the highest courts of the United Nations. Last year, the tribunal in The Hague defined the legal nature of the war waged against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in its judgments against the leaders of the State security apparatus of the Republic of Serbia. The final judgments of that United Nations court confirmed that there was no civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but that an international armed conflict was waged. Thus, the policies of partitioning Bosnia and Herzegovina were universally condemned. Those judgments of United Nations courts are of enormous importance because they reveal what the essential problem was and continues to be: attempts from outside to weaken and destroy our country. That is the essence of all the problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past four decades. In July, we will commemorate the twenty-ninth anniversary of the genocide committed against Bosniaks in and around Srebrenica. It is a horrifying reminder of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s recent past, but also a warning that we must remain vigilant. Judgments by the highest courts of the United Nations established that genocide was committed. That is a legal fact. Unfortunately, the leaders of the Republika Srpska entity do not respect the judgments of the United Nations courts. Moreover, they are glorifying convicted war criminals and expressing their intent to continue implementing the policies of said war criminals. That can be understood as a threat of a new genocide. For humankind, the adoption by the General Assembly of a draft resolution (A/78/L.67) on reflection and commemoration of the 1995 genocide in Srebrenica will be significant. The draft resolution is of the highest importance for spreading the truth and awareness about the genocide committed against Bosniaks. It is an important civilizational step forward in the fight for truth and justice. The authorities of the Republika Srpska entity are failing to respect the full extent of the Dayton Agreement and its annexes. They selectively interpret the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and undermine the independence, sovereignty and statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With such irresponsible policies, they threaten peace and stability. The High Representative’s most recent report underscores that a dangerous attack on the constitutional order and the Dayton Agreement is under way. Peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina are severely threatened by the anti-Dayton policies of the authorities of the Republika Srpska entity. They have for years been attempting to change the fundamental provisions of the Dayton Agreement through legal violence. Two key institutions of the Dayton Agreement are being openly attacked — the Office of the High Representative and the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The authorities of the Republika Srpska entity are trying to block those two institutions. They do not hide the fact that they want to become the supreme interpreters of the Dayton Agreement. It is a unilateral attempt to destroy that international agreement. The international community has a clearly defined obligation and responsibility in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has all the necessary instruments, including executive powers, to guarantee peace and stability. In the first post-Dayton decade, High Representatives made decisive and justified interventions that helped the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina to live peacefully. Those decisions did not threaten the sovereignty of Bosnia Herzegovina, but preserved peace. That is why it is of essential importance to strengthen the institution of the High Representative. The decisions of the High Representative must be implemented throughout the entirety of the territory of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. That must be ensured de jure and de facto. The authorities of the Republika Srpska entity are advocating dangerous deceptions. The first deception of the political leadership of the Republika Srpska entity relates to sovereignty. An entity within a sovereign State does not possess sovereignty. There is only the sovereignty of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Allow me to underline  — sovereignty is mentioned nine times in the Dayton Agreement and exclusively refers to the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The second deception concerns the issue of continuity. That is precisely resolved in article I of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only Bosnia and Herzegovina has continuity. The entities in the country have existed only since the signing of the Dayton Agreement. The third deception of the authorities of the Republika Srpska entity relates to the issue of resolving constitutional disputes. They cannot be resolved by the entities. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina stipulates that they are the competence of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and that its decisions are final and binding. The fourth deception concerns the final interpretation of the Dayton Agreement. That was resolved by annex 10 of the Dayton Agreement, and that role was assigned to the High Representative. The fifth deception refers to the anti-Dayton attempt to represent neighbouring Serbia as a guarantor of the Dayton Agreement. Serbia is not a guarantor of the Agreement, but one of the three parties thereto. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a peace-loving country committed to strengthening regional cooperation. We seek to have positive relations, founded on mutual appreciation and respect, with our neighbouring countries. To that end, we actively engage in various regional initiatives, with the aim of enhancing cooperation within the region. Regrettably, there is an intense level of militarization in our neighbouring countries. Therefore, it is imperative for me to underscore the critical importance of upholding the military power balance in the region, as outlined in annex 1B of the Dayton Agreement. The extension of the mandate of the mission by the Security Council in November 2024 is important for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The continued presence of the European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina plays a vital role in maintaining peace and stability, particularly in safeguarding the safety of returnees in the Republika Srpska entity, who are targeted in multiple attacks. The future of our country is tied to implementing the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. The judgments require Bosnia and Herzegovina to change the entire political paradigm and harmonize it with democratic standards. In addition, Bosnia and Herzegovina is obliged to safeguard the individual rights of citizens, rather than focusing solely on the collective rights of peoples. A particularly important legal fact to emphasize is that State property belongs to the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Article 1 of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina defines the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the sole successor of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which includes the continuity of ownership of State property. In addition, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the owner of assets in its possession, in accordance with the Agreement on Succession Issues. The international multilateral agreement established the sovereign equality of Bosnia and Herzegovina and other successor States of the former Yugoslavia. According to the principle of pacta sunt servanda, all successor States, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, must respect and implement the Agreement. Entities are not even mentioned in this international agreement. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s ownership of State property was confirmed by the final and binding judgments of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s argumentation is based on international and national law. Let us not forget that one of the key demands of the then-President of Serbia, Slobodan Milošević, in Dayton was to divide the State property among the entities. Milošević did not achieve that objective in Dayton. Today some politicians from the Republika Srpska entity seek to achieve in times of peace what Milošević could not attain during the aggression. The international community must not allow that. We should pay special attention to the danger of politics that advocate changing State borders in South-East Europe. The President of the entity Republika Srpska publicly advocates for the unification of Serbia, the entity Republika Srpska and Montenegro. Therefore, he is directly calling for the destruction of several States Members of the United Nations. That is a serious threat to European peace and States Members of the United Nations. Finally, on behalf of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, I sincerely thank the friends of our country. Bosnia and Herzegovina appreciates and will not forget the help received from many United Nations Member countries. That is why I invite all Member States to act together to preserve peace and stability in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region. I am convinced that it is in the interests of both Bosnia and Herzegovina and the United Nations.

I thank Chairman Bećirović for his statement. I now give the floor to Mr. Lambrinidis. Mr. Lambrinidis: I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union (EU) and its member States. The candidate countries Türkiye, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania and the Republic of Moldova, as well as San Marino, align themselves with this statement. Allow me to begin by thanking High Representative Christian Schmidt for his statement. The future of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its citizens lies within the European Union (EU). On 22 March 2024, the European Council decided to open EU accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina. After that historic decision — a decision of hope — the EU expects all political actors to focus on dialogue and on the key priorities to deliver reforms in line with the established EU expectations and the expectations of the citizens. Working together towards EU accession is key to live up to the aspirations of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina to be part of the European Union. The European Union is seriously concerned about legislation and initiatives in the Republika Srpska entity that run counter to the EU path of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They include secessionist rhetoric and questioning the constitutional order of the country, such as the laws on elections, on referendums and on immunity. Regarding the draft law labelling civil society groups as foreign agents, the EU restates its concern as firmly expressed in the Council’s 12 December 2023 conclusions on enlargement. Respect for human rights, the freedom of expression, media freedom and pluralism, as well as the freedom of operation of civil society organizations, are key pillars of a democratic society. The European Union emphasizes that the sovereignty, territorial integrity, constitutional order, including Constitutional Court decisions, and the international personality of Bosnia and Herzegovina need to be respected. Any action against those principles would lead to serious consequences. The European Union urges all political actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina to refrain from and renounce provocative divisive rhetoric and actions, including questioning the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the country; to end the glorification of convicted war criminals and genocide denial; and to actively promote reconciliation. (spoke in French) The European Union reaffirms its full support for the European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which continues to assist the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina in maintaining a safe and secure environment for all citizens. The European Union reaffirms the importance of continued cooperation among international actors and expresses its support for the mission and mandate of the High Representative and his Office. (spoke in English) The European Union reiterates its unequivocal commitment to Bosnia and Herzegovina’s EU perspective as a single, united and sovereign country.

I now give the floor to the representative of Serbia.

Two weeks have elapsed since the Security Council’s consideration of the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina in an emergency meeting (see S/PV.9621). A regular meeting is on the Council’s agenda today, and we would do well to discuss the true success achieved in the six-month period. Unfortunately, the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is far from regular. Let me point out on this occasion that Serbia attaches great importance to the promotion of regional cooperation and the fostering of good-neighbourly relations. Regional stability and the development of comprehensive cooperation with our closest neighbours are Serbia’s lasting foreign policy priority. Bosnia and Herzegovina is our natural and close partner, with which we work to promote mutual understanding and full confidence. We therefore attach great importance to the stability and prosperity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only through common will and efforts can the conditions be created for full cooperation, a better life and less insecurity in the region. Serbia is ready to do that. Serbia respects the Dayton Agreement and supports Bosnia and Herzegovina as one State with two entities and all decisions being taken in accordance with constitutional competencies and the agreement of the three constituent peoples: Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs. Serbia is committed clearly and firmly to preserving the territorial integrity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and we wish the country stable and democratic development. We continue to believe that the Dayton Agreement made it possible to end the tragic conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to set the stage for a peaceful and stable future. The Dayton Agreement is of special and lasting importance — it is the foundation of all that has been achieved in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the necessary continuation of the reconciliation process. It provides for the equality of the representatives of the two entities and the three peoples and, above all, the principle of decision-making by consensus. The Agreement created the conditions for economic and social recovery, development and progress in the process of European integration and an increase in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s level of cooperation with all its neighbours. Let me point out that Serbia firmly believes that the Dayton Agreement continues to be of paramount importance for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s development even today and for the prosperity of all its entities and constituent peoples. It has been repeated in the Council and in other forums time and time again that Serbia is ready to work with central authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina on strengthening bilateral cooperation. Developing our relations is an important element for the continued stabilization and prosperity of the region. As in the past, Serbia strives to develop relations with Republika Srpska in line with the Dayton Agreement in a transparent manner. Let me also point out that we perceive the intensified cooperation with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an important part of developing relations between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbia will continue to support efforts to find solutions to the open questions in Bosnia and Herzegovina through internal dialogue, convinced that political leaders in Bosnia and Herzegovina can achieve a solution by agreement to the benefit of all and accepted by all. The leaders must not, and need not, be encouraged not to do so. Serbia is against solutions that are imposed without consensus, as they prevent implementation, present a risk to stability and undermine mutual trust. Unfortunately, there have been disagreements in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past six months with respect to issues on which there are various opinions or deep divisions. Some of them are long-standing, while some have taken on serious forms, owing to faulty attitudes and the continuing spiral of unilateral moves by those who are meant to support dialogue and agreement by consensus. Serbia considers that internal questions in Bosnia and Herzegovina can only be solved in an effective and lasting manner by the agreement of political leaders within the existing legal system. In order to move forward, we need a constructive atmosphere, mutual respect and trust. Trust will also be needed in achieving the criteria within the European accession process. It should therefore be guarded and built, not manipulated. It is hoped that the increased readiness of the European Union to support the development of the region and to strengthen the integration process will result in concrete forms and manifestations. The European Council’s recent decision to open accession negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina is an important step in the right direction. Serbia is ready to share its experience in the integration process and in cluster negotiations with Bosnia and Herzegovina and wishes it success in the process. Serbia is committed to further developing economic cooperation with Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also committed to solving all open questions through dialogue and in the spirit of mutual respect and good neighbourliness. Unilateral actions and faits accomplis cannot, and will not, do any good. Members of the Council know that several Member States recently submitted a draft resolution on the International Day of Reflection and Commemoration of the 1995 Genocide in Srebrenica (A/78/L.67/Rev.1), which is to be considered by the General Assembly in May. Unfortunately, the draft resolution was submitted without prior dialogue or the necessary agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina, within its Presidency, contrary to its Constitution, its laws and the Dayton Agreement. Negative reactions and consequences came in thick and fast. The initiative  — unlawfully taken by an individual, the Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the United Nations, without the agreement of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina  — was the reason why the emergency Security Council meeting on Bosnia and Herzegovina was called on 30 April (see S/PV.9621). Such unilateral initiatives do not contribute to the process of reconciliation or confidence-building in Bosnia and Herzegovina. If anything, they run counter to the process. Serbia’s comment to the effect that it is necessary to achieve consensus on the draft resolution, primarily in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to achieve reconciliation for a common future, was met with an irresponsible and inappropriate statement by Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Minister for Foreign Affairs, Elmedin Konaković, who stated that Serbia deserves nothing but contempt and not even a hand of cooperation, going on to say that the country will continue to seek compensation for war damage and the renewal of the review of the judgment against Serbia. Such statements by an official reveal the true intent behind the draft resolution and make no contribution to the stability in either Bosnia and Herzegovina or the region. Serbia has pointed that out from the very beginning. The recent letter from Ambassador Lagumdžija, Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the United Nations, addressed to all Member States, is illustrative in that regard. In the letter, the Ambassador invokes Serbia’s repetitive communication to the sponsors of the draft resolution. Yes, we did ask the same questions continually, but we received no substantial answer. Instead, the sponsors continued to bring up the contents of the draft resolution, never the subject matter of our inquiries or argumentation. Moreover, the insults aimed at Serbia throughout the letter also speak volumes about the intent of the draft resolution. We are all well aware that dialogue is the only way to reach a solution. We must talk, even when we are not in agreement. When individuals in Bosnia and Herzegovina moved to initiate the draft resolution, they seemed to have overlooked the fact that Belgrade is closer than Berlin or Kigali. If Belgrade is far away and there is no desire to talk to Serbia, the officials in Bosnia and Herzegovina are obliged by the Constitution of their country to talk to the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. How will reconciliation come to pass if it does not include Serbs? Short of an agreement among the Bosniaks, Croats and the Serbs, no resolution imposed from the outside will contribute to confidence-building and lasting reconciliation. We probably need more time than the sponsors needed to write the text that we were presented as a finished product. Yet, there is no other way. Let me remind the Council once again that, in 2010, the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia adopted a declaration condemning the crime in Srebrenica. Serbia’s officials, including two Presidents, have paid their respects to the victims in the memorial centre at Potočari. Serbia took part in the United Nations commemorations in New York. We strongly and irrevocably condemn all the crimes committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war, from 1992 to 1995, and condemn the denial of crimes, including the most heinous crime, committed against the Bosniak population in Srebrenica 29 years ago. We express deep regret and respect for the victims. There is no dilemma in that regard. Serbia demonstrated its commitment to the principles of international law by fulfilling all its obligations towards international legal institutions. All Serbia’s efforts are aimed at achieving consensus and bringing about one result — remembering the victims, preventing such heinous crimes from happening ever again and making sure that, where crimes occurred, efforts are made to bring about lasting reconciliation and build a common future. Serbia continually called on the sponsors of draft resolution A/78/L.67 to withdraw the text and bring the entire process back to the beginning — to Bosnia and Herzegovina, where, in fact, it should have begun in the first place. The sponsors, though, dismissed all our appeals. Instead of striving to achieve consensus, the sponsors insisted on submitting the draft even if it meant that the Member States were to decide on the issue by a vote. It is with regret that I note that this initiative has political goals in mind, not least because of the very turbulent moment in which the world finds itself. Most importantly, if adopted, rather than solidifying peace and healing past wounds, it will deepen the gap among peoples and threaten the reconciliation process. I believe that the Member States will keep in mind all the aforementioned arguments and oppose such a unilateral initiative, which sets out to divide and not to unite. Twenty-nine years after the conflict, we cannot retrieve the victims of war and destruction. However, what we can do for the sake of our common future is to condemn all crimes and bring their perpetrators to justice. We can empathize with the loss of life, irrespective of ethnicity and religion, and set the stage for lasting reconciliation, economic and political stability and common prosperity.

I now give the floor to the representative of Croatia.

Croatia welcomes the presence at this meeting of High Representative Schmidt, as well as that of Mr. Bećirović, Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Mr. Štucin, State Secretary of Slovenia. Croatia aligns itself with the statement delivered by the representative of the European Union (EU) on behalf of its members. I would also like to add some remarks in my national capacity. First of all, we would like to wholeheartedly congratulate Bosnia and Herzegovina on the opening, in March, of accession negotiations for membership in the European Union. The EU has decided that the next part of the process will begin right after the completion of all relevant steps set out in the European Commission’s recommendation of 12 October 2022. We encourage Bosnia and Herzegovina to take those steps in a timely manner and to successfully continue with the accession process. That achievement would not be possible without the unprecedented level of legislative and reform output of Bosnia and Herzegovina. We commend Prime Minister Borjana Krišto for her leadership in that regard, but it is clearly also a joint success. It demonstrates how much can be done once there is sufficient political will and cooperation between representatives of the three constituent peoples. We read with great interest the latest report of High Representative Schmidt, and we thank him for his statement. We welcome his engagement to preserve the political stability and functionality of Bosnia and Herzegovina. That was particularly important after the most recent general elections and when the High Representative unblocked the formation of the Government in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina last year. We took note of the decision of the High Representative to amend the election law this March. We fully support his intention to strengthen the integrity of the electoral process. Of course, a local solution for that issue would have been more favourable since it would have demonstrated strong capacity to deal with complex political issues. We would like to point out that there is another aspect of the electoral reform that needs to be addressed urgently. The current electoral system is not enabling Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina to elect their own legitimate representative to the Presidency of the country. That leads to their discrimination and is an obstacle to establishing lasting trust and cooperation among the constituent peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Trust-building is a crucial issue for the political stability of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the international community should promote it. Ultimately, it is up to the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina to assume greater responsibility for the future of their country and its well-being. Some of the separatist initiatives mentioned in the report are concerning. We believe that political solutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina must be based on the existing constitutional order, as established by Dayton–Paris Peace Agreement and in agreement with other constituent peoples. Bosnia and Herzegovina has made a significant achievement and positive developments on its EU path. We hope that this momentum will continue on the basis of cooperation and mutual respect. Croatia will continue supporting Bosnia and Herzegovina politically and diplomatically, as well as through cross-border programmes, development cooperation and transfer of knowledge and experience towards its European integration.

The representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina has asked for the floor to make a further statement. I now give him the floor.

Since my colleague from Serbia referred to me directly and to the communications I had after a lot of similar letters that he and his mentors sent together, I want to be very clear about the reconciliation process and about resolution, which we he spent so much time talking about. The process of reconciliation must consist of an overall recovery of the society in confronting the past, not least through its recognition of genocide crimes and victims and the punishment of criminals, with a focus on an outcome that will promote peace and justice. That is the true essence of reconciliation. But instead of reckoning, we hear denial. Instead of compassion for victims, we are confronted with an utter lack of humanity. Let us therefore not entertain false arguments and concerns warning that resolution can result in instability in Bosnia and Herzegovina. These are nothing but poorly veiled threats made by those whose only goal is to maintain control of truth in the region and to continue to openly glorify and reward convicted war criminals, without repercussions, and to indeed erase victims once again through the action of denial. Let me ask — what part of General Assembly draft resolution A/78/L.67 calls for violence? Who is going to instigate the violence? Why would they do so? Is it because someone finally stood up to the revisionist narrative for the future and for the truth? The culture of remembrance of the victims of the genocide in Srebrenica is not and must not be a culture of denial, but rather a culture of memory so that genocide is never repeated again. Therefore, I call on our colleagues and friends in Serbia to join us in implementing the things that are based on the Charter of the United Nations and United Nations documents. Finally, their proximity to my country does not give them a reason to constantly cause instability and tension based on their self-interest. They can be part of this story only as a part of the Dayton Agreement, and they are not a guarantor, as they have heard so many times, of anything whatsoever. Therefore, they are a part of the conflict, as we were, and as such, we are all obliged to respect the sovereignty of one another.