S/PV.980 Security Council

Ina telegram addressed to the President of the Security Council on 21 November 1961 [8/4994] the Minister for External Relations of Cuba requested that the permanent representative of Cuba to the United Na~ tions, who requested the inscription of the item on the agenda, be invited to participate in the debate. If there are no objections, I will now invite the representative of the Republic of Cuba to take a place at the Security Council table. At the invitation of the President, Mr. Mario Garcia Inchéustegui (Cuba) took a place at the Security Council table,

The Security Council will now take up the question which has just been included in its agenda. I refer to the letter dated 21 November 1961 from the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Cuba addressed to the President of the Security Council, which was disiributed as document S/4992. 3. The first speaker on my list is the representative of Cuba. I now give him the floor. 1, Mr. GARCIA INCHAUSTEGUI (Cuba) (translated ‘rom Spanish): The Revolutionary Government of Cuba ippeals to the Security Council, in view ofthe serious hreat to peace brought about by the aggressive and nterventionist acts of the United States armed forces n the Dominican Republic. "Moreover, it appears that they may be planning an attempt to reassert dictatorial domination of the political and economic life of that country, threatening the recent gains of the Dominican Government and people toward democratization. "On the recommendation of the United States, the Special Committee of the Organization of American States has already postponed further consideration of a proposal on withdrawing the suspension of trade with the Dominican Republic in certain products. "In view of the possibility of political disintegration and the dangerous situation which could ensue, the Government of the United States is considering the further measures that unpredictable events might warrant." 6. After this statement by the Secretary of State, air and naval elements of the United States armed forces, including aircraft-carriers, were sent tothe shores of the Dominican Republic, and United States war aircraft made incursions into the territory of a small State Member of this Organization. 7. On 19 November 1961, Mr. Balaguer, President of the Dominican Republic, made certain public state-~ ments, in which he said: "l appeal to the patriotism of all Dominicans, military and civilian alike, and I call upon them to unite behind the legitimate authorities of the nation to prevent a national disaster and te avert the danger which threatens our sovereignty." I repeat: "to avert the danger which threatens our sovereignty." There can be no doubt that Mr, Balaguer was referring to the United States ships, 8. Mr. Lincoln White, an official spokesman of the State Department, issued the following statement on the morning of 20 November: "From the information we have received, President Balaguer, with the aid of officers loyal to him and to constitutional order and with the support of democratic opposition groups, has weathered what appeared to be a serious attempt to carry off a repressive coup. Not only has President Balaguer succeeded in maintaining constitutional authority, but he has strengthened his position in the country. The Trujillo family's relinquishment of important positions in the Dominican Republic should contribute to reducing tensious within the country and to bringing about a peaceful transition to an increasingly democratic society." 9. Our Government's attitude towards dictatorships is perfectly plain and well known to all Members of the United Nations. However, we are not concerned now to decide who is right in the internal conflict which is convulsing a sister country of Latin America; this 10. The Charter and the principles of international law are violated if any Power tries to intervene by force in strictiy domestic situations in other countries. Such a state of affairs is the more intolerable when the country responsible for this intervention is one of the great Powers of today, and the country interfered with is a small and under-developed State. 11. The situation becomes still more serious when we consider that the interventionist Power has avery bad record where intervention is concerned. If we read the history of Latin America~of which representatives are well aware—we see that much of the last hundred years of this history is marked by the resistance of the small independent countries of Latin America to the aggression of United States imperialism, which intervened with its military forces in our republics whenever this suited its financial interests. Terri~ tories were annexed, sovereign States torn apart, and Goverr rents made and unmade. It is a sad story, becaus’ hese acts of aggression were carried out with great cruelty and with impunity. Yet there is one thing which fils us Latin Americans with pride: in spite of the extreme inequality of strength, our peoples always resisted these acts of intervention heroically, 12. All these experiences led our America—Latin America~-to defend the principle of non-intervention, which came to have the force of a dogma. This is the principle which the United States Government and its military forces are now violating. 13. We should not comment on a domestic issue in a sister country ifwe were not forced todo so by the way in which members of the United States Government and the monopolistic Press of that country have distorted the events taking place there. Inorder to clarify the situation, I must mention certain facts. 14. The statements of Mr. Rusk, the sending of troops, and the editorials in The New York Times all suggest that the United States Government is giving military aid to Mr. Balaguer because the Trujillo family is trying to return to power. Yet Mr. Balaguer does not speak of such aid in his statements, and he calls upon the military and upon civilians to supporthim "to avert the danger which threatens our sovereignty" when the proud Yankee ships are in plain sight of the whole Dominican people. It is obvious that these ships are there to strengthen his hand and that Mr. Balaguer, yeing faced with a strong current of popular opinion vhich threatens his dictatorship, is using their yresence to intimidate his people. Mr. Rusk himself idmits this when he speeks of "the possibility of i0litical disintegration". [5. Yet another doubt occurs to us. The United States 1aS no diplomatic relations with the Government of 3alaguer because it voted for, andagreed to, sanctions igainst his Government. Why, then, is it helping a sovernment with which it has no diplomatic relations? 16. Mr. Trujillo collaborated with the United States intervention in his country in 1916—before I was born— ‘and as a reward for his having beena collaborationist Washington agreed that he shouldbe President for life, with elections and all. Even now the Trujillo family is warmly received in the United States, and we have even heard—although we have not verified this—that a member of the family was appointed as an adviser to the Dominican delegation to the United Nations. Even if we assume that Mr. Balaguer has repudiated all responsibility for the Trujillo dictatorship and has been transformed overnight into an ardent democrat, what right has the United States Government to decide that the man who held the highest office in the State under the dictatorship is now a convinced democrat? And what entitled the United States to use the whole array of its strength and military power to support this arbitrary judgement? 17. The reports which reach us vary considerably. We hear that the Dominican people, in a tremendous popular movement, is trying to rout out completely the Trujillo dictatorship, which had been, and still is, personified by Mr. Balaguer, and that the United States Government which knows that this régime is disintegrating—I repeat, this régime is disintegrating (these are Mr. Rusk's own words)—is trying to save it by sending the marines to "democratizeTM Mr. Balaguer. Of course some may feel thatthe news I have received reflects one particular view of the matter, and I want to be as objective as possible. It is not the business of the United Nations to find out whether or not Balaguer is a democrat, but to ensure—and this is the task of the Security Council—that the domestic issue which has arisen in Santo Domingo is solved by the Domin« icans alone, and that no Power, especially if itis a great military Power, should exercise such a guardianship over a State Member of the United Nations, which we take to mean a sovereign State. 18. Dictatorships are not produced by spontaneous generation; they are the product of an unjust and socially unbalanced society. When peoples understand this they fight against the causes of dictatorship, and this is why financial interests are beginning to be anxious and trying to frustrate the will of the people. 19. A dictatorship does not disappear with the physical elimination of a tyrant. The causes which have produced it must also be removed, but this does not interest the United States, because the state of polit~- ical vassalage is the result of the state of economic vassalage in which the great financial interests of the United States hold many of our peoples. ft does not matter to them if a dictator should disappear; they replace him with another, and sometimes they even give him a democratic halo. 21. What is certain—whatever the United States representative may think—is that his Government is’ now making fresh plans for the invasion of our country and that mercenary forces are being trained in various camps in the area and at United States bases in the Caribbean. Our people is on its guard and is waiting for the mercenaries; but what willhappen ifthe United States Government, which thought that Balaguer wasa democrat, thinks that we are not, as it has already said many times, and decides once more to settle the question in the most violent manner, by sending ships, marines, aircraft and aircraft~carriers, as ithas just done in the case of Santo Domingo? a2, We know what will happen then. A serious conflict will break out very near the country which is the seat of the United Nations. This may happen tomorrow or next month, and it will be more likely to happen if a srecedent for intervention is set in the Dominican Republic. This is why we too feel threatened by this Interventionist aggression. 23, The United States leaders seem to believe that they have a monopoly on truth; and this would not matter so nich if they kept it to themselves. The ‘rouble is that they try to impose it, and by force. 14, If Mr. Balaguer has asked for help, what better xroof could there be that he does not have the support £ his people? And if he has not asked for help, what ire Yankee ships and aircraft doing in what is sup~ 1osed to be a sovereign territory? ‘5. We denounce the plans of the United States Govrnment, whose main purpose is to obstruct the Doninican people's struggle against dictatorship, while etting a precedent which will allow it to send the ame forces against Cuba. 6. The situation is serious because of the threat to eace involved in the aggressive acts of the United tates and because of the disaster to which these acts vay lead. Members of the Security Council should tudy this question in the light of the principles of the harter. 7. If States are equal in law, what right has one ower to prejudge domestic political events inanother, mmmittee, 1231st meeting. 28. We ask the Security Council to condemn the United States as an aggressor and to demand the immediate withdrawal of these forces from the coasts of the Dominican Republic. 29. This aggressive intervention has now been completed, because the presence of these troops was intended to coerce a people and to enable a dictator to use the threat of intervention in order to remain in power against the people's will. This does not mean that the Dominican people will yield to this coercion; but the offence against international law has been committed. Nor has the danger disappeared. On the contrary, according to our information it is increas~- ing, and it is very likely that the United States will intervene once more in the Caribbean at any moment. 30, On behalf of the small States, in the name of the United Nations Charter, in the name of the thousands of Latin Americans who were murdered by the marines in earlier landings and in order that a great Power may not mock the principles of the Charter, we ask the members of the Security Council to stop the inter~ vention at Santo Domingo.

With the many real and urgent problems which confront the United Nations at this time, itseems to me little short of incredible that the time of the members of this Council should be diverted by such irresponsible accusations as we have just heard. I would prefer to think that the Cuban complaint was filed in total ignor~ ance of the facts about the escape frombondage of the Dominican Republic. Otherwise, this complaint is a gross abuse of the Security Council for it is false and absurd on the face of it and an unworthy product of any Foreign Office. 32. The people of the Dominican Republic have been the victims of a reactionary family tyranny for thirtyone years, Today, we are heralding their liberation just as hundreds of thousands of Dominican citizens yesterday celebrated this great step forward in the democratic life of their country. At this time, of ail times, the Cuban representative comes forward with irresponsible charges—irresponsible, yes, and false too, Let us make this unequivocally clear from the outset. This charge that the United States is carrying on a plan of armed intervention in the Dominican Republic is totally without foundation, for at no time—at no time, I repeat—have the land, sea or air forces of the United States been present in the territorial waters or air space of the Dominican Republic. The Cuban charge that our military aircraft have flown over Dominican territory is totally false. The friendly presence of the United States fleet on the high seas of the Caribbean was undertaken with the full knowledge of the constitutional authorities and the responsible leaders of the Dominican Republic, who were struggling so valiantly to free the nation from the years of the dictatorship. The presence of these units of the United States fleet on the high seas in interna- 33. I find it strange, as lam sure most of the members of the Council must find it, that the accusation of intervention is made against us, not by the Dominican Republic, but by Cuba. What has happened is that the sympathetic attitude of the United States, shared by other Governments, toward the efforts to bring about a transition from dictatorship to democracy have been cynically distorted by the Cubans to serve their own propaganda objectives. Cuba evidently is trying to turn the friendship of the Dominican people to the United States to hostility. The Cuban Govern ment seeks, moreover, by this means to obscure in the minds of the Cuban people and in the eyes of the world the great step forward which the Dominican people have taken with the moral support of friendly democratic nations. There is indeed evidence of a sinister alliance between the Trujillos and the agent of Castro in the Dominican Republic, Mr. Lépez Molina, who was fostered and protected by the Trujillo heirs, 84, The fact is that the real threat to the peace and the security of the Western Hemisphere lies at the door of a Government, aided by the communist bloc, which attempts by any means to frustrate the efforts of the Dominican people to achieve a new democratic life for their country. What could be more cynical than the references in the Cuban note to "another American people's struggle for genuine democracy and national freedom" [S/4992]—this from a dictatorship which has destroyed the liberty and the freedom to which its own people aspire. 35. The facts regarding developments in the Dominican Republic are well~known to the members of the Organization of American States. But it is important, I suppose, to set the record straight for those mem~ bers of the Security Council who may not be familiar with the recent course of events. The situation in the Dominican Republic has been the subject matter of' many meetings of the OAS, in case the representative of Cuba is not aware of it. 36. Because of the attitudes and policies of the then sovernment of the Dominican Republic, the Sixth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States in August 1960 imposed sanctions involving severance of diplomatic relations ind prohibition of exports of arms and implements of war of every kind against the Dominican Republic. n addition, the Council of OAS resolved on 4 January \961, that it was desirable to stopthe export of petroeum, petroleum products, trucks and spare parts to he Dominican Republic by member Governments. The Jnited States supported the action taken at the Sixth “eeting and was instrumental in proposing steps taken y the Council in January 1961. A special committee vas set up to carry out the responsibilities of the JAS Council growing out of the Sixth Meeting. 38. The sub-committee's report, after this visit, expressed the opinion that appropriate recognition should be made of the encouraging degree of change in the character and policies of the Government of the Dominican Republic which had taken place since the sub-commitiee's previous report. Its report, which at present is before the special committee, also observed, however, that it was necessary that the course of developments in the Dominican Republic continue to be kept in close and constant observation. 39. Finally, on 14 November 1961, just a little more than a week ago, the United States representative on the Special Committee of OAS stated that recognition should be given to the constructive efforts that have been made by the Government of the Dominican Republic. He proposed withdrawal of the formal indication made on 4 January 1961, that it was desirable to suspend trade with the Dominican Republic in certain items. An important consideration in this problem was the fact that "key figures closely associated with the former régime", to quote the words of the report, had departed from the country. However, the Govern~ ment of the United States expressed its conviction in the statement of 14 November that the sanctions imposed in August 1960 on the Dominican Republic by the Sixth Meeting, to which I have referred, of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American States should not be removed as long as leading figures closely associated with the repressive measures of the former dictatorship continued to be able to dominate the political and economic life of the Dominican Republic. 40. Shortly after this meeting, two of the leading figures, members of the Trujillo family, returned to the Dominican Republic from their brief sojourn abroad. As a result of this development, which clearly appeared to be a backward step, the United States representatives recommended postponement of a deci~ sion regarding the date on which the Special Committee of OAS would vote on the above problem. And this was accepted by the Committee. 41, On 18 November, the Secretary of State of the United States issued the following statement: "It has been confirmed that leading figures who were closely associated with the repressive measures of the former dictatorship in the Dominican Republic and who had departed from that country returned to Ciudad Trujiilo on 15 November. Moreover, it appears that they may be planning an attempt to reassert dictatorial domination of the political and economic life of that country, threatening the recent gains of the Dominican Government and people toward democratization. 42, As the political disintegration became manifest, the possibility of an even more dangerous situation increased. The association of the Trujillos with the agent of Castro intensified this danger. As I have stated, the presence of the United States fleet in the area on the high seas of the Caribbean was undertaken with the full knowledge of the constitutional authorities and responsible leaders ofthe Dominican Government, 43. May I point out the sharp contrast with the record of the Castro régime during the past three years with respect to the Dominican Republic. 44, It is interesting to recall that in June 1959, an expedition which had been organized, trained and equipped in Cuba with the undoubted assistance of Cuban officials, invaded the Dominican Republic. An officer on active duty with the Cuban rebel army was one of the expedition leaders. The Cuban navy escorted the three landing craft used by the invading force on their voyage to the Dominican Republic. 45, The principal leader of the invasionDelio Garcia Ochoa—was captured and eventually allowed by the Trujillos to return to Cuba. Lopez Molina, a Dominican closely associated with the Castro régime, was personally protected by the Trujilios and encouraged to form a Castro-type political party atthe same time that the Trujillo régime was persecuting the democratic opposition. Now President Balaguer has acted against both totalitarian elements—the Trujillo clan has been forced to abandon the country, while Lopez Molina has been arrested for deportation. 46. Ina televised interview on 8 January 1961, shortly after his return from behind the iron curtain, Ernesto "Ché" Guevara referred to Trujillo "who is now our friend". The understanding between the Castro dictatorship and the Trujillo dictatorship illustrates once again the historical affinity of totalitarian systems of the extreme right and the extreme left. 47. In closing, I would make one brief point. If the Dominican Government believes that its peace and its security has been endangered, let its representative come into this Council and record his complaint. That Government is represented in the United Nations. For its part, the United States believes thatalltruly demo~ cratic countries throughout the world applaud the end of the Trujillo era, and support the Dominican people and President Balaguer in their difficult effort to build a constitutional democracy in the Dominican Republic. 48. The United States did not object to this meeting of the Council because we have never been loath to answer charges levelled against us. We remain com= mitted to the belief upon which our democracy was founded, that out of the market place of free speech the truth will ultimately come. These absurd charges, if made at all, should however have been confined to

I have received a letter from the Permanent Mission of the Dominican Republic in which the permanent representative of the Dominican Republic requests permission to take part in the discussion at this meeting of the Council. This letter will shortly be distributed. 50. If there are no objections by members of the Council, I shall invite the representative of the Domin=- ican Republic to take a place at the Council table. At the invitation of the President, Mr. Carlos Sanchez y Sanchez, (Dominican Republic), took a place at the Security Council table.

Icall on the representative of the Dominican Republic.

I would ask the President to have the Secretariat read out my letter (S/4996] to him requesting a hearing for the Dominican Republic in this debate, because in that letter the Dominican Republic asked for a delay, however short, in which to prepare its statement, since we are sure that what we have to say will be of great interest to the debate and in guiding the Security Council in its deliberations. 53. Cuba prepared its statement, its petition, without our knowledge. Everything has been done at lightning speed and since the Security Council cannot operate on the basis of such tactics and legal stratagems, the Dominican Republic requires a reasonable time in which to study the Cuban speech and the remarks of the United States representative before stating its own conclusions. That is what I ask of the Council. At the invitation of the President, the letter from the Permanent Representative of the Dominican Republic (S/4996) was read. The text was the following: "I request in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of the Charter of the United Nations that my country should be heard on the charge brought before the Security Council by the Cuban Government against the Government of the United States of America concerning an alleged threat of interven= tion in my country. "Since this question directly affects the dignity and sovereignty of my country and arrangements have been made for its examination this very afternoon, I hope that you will immediately submit this request to the Security Council for consideration and that I shall be allowed time to make a siate-

In an attempt to divert the attention of members of the Council, the United States representative has made some absurd charges against my Government. 56. Representatives at the United Nations are aware of the value attached by officials of his own Government to what is said by the United States representative. We are here because the sovereignty of Cuba and of the Dominican Republic is threatened. Seated around this table are the representatives of many independent States. I wonder which of the States they represent accept the "friendly presence"—as the United States representative terms it--of the forces of a powerful country in order to settle their domestic affairs? It is those same friendly forces which time and again have invaded Mexico, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haitiand other Latin American countries. 57, The United States representative has asked why the Dominican representative is not here. The United States representative probably knew better than we why the Dominican representative was not here at the beginning of this meeting, since his Government and the Trujillo tyranny are on such friendly terms. We can assure him that we are here on behalf of Cuba, of the Dominican Republic and of the small States, and through the fault of the United States ships and marines. 58. We listened to the United States representative speaking, in connexion with the subject of disarmament in the First Committee,2/ of the need for the rule of international law. That was in a recent speech by the United States representative in that Committee. 59. Do those displays of power which the United States Government stages against the small Latin American States come within the rule of international law? And how much respect can a ruler who tolerates such intervention expect from his people and world wublic opinion? Besides, why does Mr. Balaguer speak xf serious threats to Dominican sovereignty? 30. It was the United States Government which begot the Trujillo tyranny. Mr. Trujillo, as we have already said, was an officer who, like other CentralAmerican lictators, won his spurs and his influence by serving he cause of United States military intervention in the sountries of our Latin America. It was in return for. hose services that he was permitted to exercise that verpetual Presidency which he held in the Dominican Republic. il, Mr. Balaguer is another puppet of United States mperialism in the Dominican Republic, like so many £ the other dictators and puppets which that impe~ ‘jalism has manipulated throughout its history in nany of our small countries by making use of local ommittee, 1295th meeting.

As I have already said, I am awaiting instructions from my Government before saying anything on the substance of the matier under discussion. I shall not reply to the representative of Cuba, whose words were in keeping with that system of diplomacy by insult which has unfortunately invaded the international world, except to say that I must regretfully refuse him that right to represent the Dominican Republic which he has tried to arrogate unto himself. 64. We are a sovereign and independent country. We are in command of cur own destiny. We owe nothing to anyone. We have had no need for liberators to be sent to help us in our wars of independence. We have known, how to look after ourselves and we have never taken the size of the adversary into consideration when defending our dignity, our sovereignty and our interests. 65. In this case, therefore, it is the Dominican Republic which can come here to relate—as we shall do when given the time—the facts of the matter which this Council wishes to discuss. 66, Cuba doubtless has its reasons. We respect its policy and we respect any régime which it may chose. President Balaguer has already said that. But we shall tolerate no interference by Cuba in Dominican affairs. Dominican affairs are a matter for the Dominicans alone. We can look after them ourselves and we need no protectors or advice. 67. President Balaguer is nobody's puppet, he takes orders from no one and our country has not brought about explosive situations by seeking the help of someone ready to give it. We defend ourselves unaided. 68. I do not want to indulge in polemics. It would have been nice if we had had to thank Cuba and its representative for a friendly gesture and effective help to the Dominican Republic. But I do not believe that Cuba is helping us, or helping the cause of peace, or helping this body to pursue in dignity the purposes for which it was established, by making more trouble here and by using the Dominican Republic as a pawn in its quarrel with the United States. 69. I have no wish to go into further detail because, as I say, Iam asking the Councilfor the right to make a detailed statement so that truth may triumph. The Cuban representative has had time to prepare his statement and to make his case. The representative of the Dominican Republic claims the same right. This is not a forum for recrimination or underhand tactics, and the date for dealing with a question cannot be determined at a moment's notice in such a way that the one arranging it has the right to act at leisure while those who are attacked must remain silent.

I should like to congratulate the representative of the Balaguer Government, the ex-repre-

I should just like to tell the representative of Cuba in a few words that the former representative of the Trujillo Government, now the representative of the Balaguer Government, as he put it in his abusive remark, is a genuine representative of the Dominican people. I would he repre~ sented the Cuban people in the same way. When I say that I am a true representative of the Dominican people I mean it and I can prove it. J represent the Dominican people, in spite of the hired "claque", because the whole people now supports President Balaguer who, with intelligence, skill and integrity, has achieved a complete transition from a terrible dictatorial régime to a working democracy of the people, by the people and for the people, and has attempted to establish freedom in order, order in law and law in justice as an expression of equity. How happy I would be if the same thing could happen in Cuba and uf the Cuban representative could say as much!

Does anyone else wish to speak now? If not, I should like, as the representative of the UNION OF SOVIET SO~ CIALIST REPUBLICS, to make a few remarks in connexion with the question raised by the representative of Cuba. 73. A number of facts have been presented to the Security Council. These facts were not refuted by the representative of the United States; instead, he furaished explarations of them. A great deal of publicity aas been given to these facts in the United States Press. I shall take the liberty of recalling a few of hem. 74, On 19 November the United States cruiser Little Rock and the destroyers Hyman, Bristol and Beatty vere steaming toward the coast of the Dominican Rewublic. They were subsequently joined by eight more ressels of the United States navy, including the air~ ‘raft carrier Valley Forge, which carried a contingent if 1,800 United States marines and ahelicopter group, vhose purpose was to land the marines on the shore. 5. Today, as we are informed in the Press, one of he largest United States aircraft carriers, the ‘ranklin D. Roosevelt, is lying off the coast of the Jominican Republic. The total number of United States aval vessels deployed off the shores of the Dominican tepublic has now reached fourteen. 6. As the Commander of the United States Naval ‘ask Force in the Atlantic has announced, the United tates naval fleet is stationed in the vicinity of the *rritorial waters of the Dominican Republic as a the Dominican Repuktic? 77. Any reasonable person would naturally be surprised to hear the matter presented in that light! But, in that case, why has such a large detachment of the United States navy been sent to the shores of a rather small Latin American country? For what purpose? 78. When he addressed the Security Council today, Mr. Stevenson, the United States representative, said, "at no time have the ..., sea or air forces of the United States been present in the territorial waters ... Of the Dominican Republic". Now that is probably true. We have no reason not to believe the United States representative. But Mr. Stevenson did not dispute the fact that a fleet of fourteen warships has been lying off the coast of the Dominican Republic. He added that the United States fleet had been dispatched to help free the nation from dictatorship. This is the first question which arises invo untarily in the Security Council: why does the United States consider it possible to send naval and air forces to carry out a task which no one asked it to perform, neither the Security Council, nor the United Nations as a whole, and which it has taken on itself? 79. Why does a great Power deem it possible to dis~ patch naval and air forces to deal with the task of liberating a country from dictatorship? 80. This is the first question and it requires a plain answer, The representative of the United States has not given such an answer. As the representative of the Soviet Union, I must say that no Power—and this includes the United States—has the right to take upon itself such a task. This is a violation of the United Nations Charter and of the Charter of the Organization of American States itself, article 15 of which states: "No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, inthe internal or external affairs of any other State." 81. Please expiain to us why you wish to intervene or, if you do not wish to intervene, why are you sending fourteen naval vessels and aircraft to a small Latin-American State which is incapable of threatening you? That is my first question. 82. Icome now to my second question. When he spoke today, the representative of the United States accused the Cuban representative of having raised the question in total ignorance of the true state of affairs in the Dominican Republic and, as I understood from his statement, he wished to exriain to the Cut 1 repre=_ sentative and to all of us aking part ft. this meeting of the Council, what the facts of the situation are in the Dominican Republic. He explained how the previous Trujillo régime—which, incidentally, the representative of the Dominican Republic called a legitimate régime at this meeting of the Council—was overthrown. He also told us what steps had been taken by the OAS to reform that régime, eliminate its abnormal features, and so on; he also told us thatthe present régime, the 838. It is not clear from that statement or from the explanations of the United States representative why the United States is p.ssing judgement at all on the régime in another country and appraising it in a particular way; or why the United States considers it possible to support one régime and not another, to take measures in support of a particular régime or to decide its fate. 84, Furthermore, since the United States representative referred to Mr. Rusk's statement of 18 Novem~ ber 1961, the question inevitably arises: what in fact is this dangerous situation which may develop and in connexion with which the United States Government is considering what further measures may be necessary? Does this mean that events are likely to occur in the Dominican Republic which may jeopardize the security of the United States and in connexion with which the United States Government must take certain measures to strengthen its security? I doubt if any right~thinking persons could be found in this room who would be prepared to say that such might be the case. It can hardly be said that anything which took place inthe Dominican Republic would be capable of threatening the United States generally or its Government. Consequently, it would seem that the issue is not this at all but rather the dangerous situation inside the Dominican Republic. And for whom is that situation dangerous? For the people of the Dominican Republic? My own belief is that the people of the Dominican Republic will settle their own internal problems; they are sufficiently educaced and mature politically to be able to solve all these questions. In any case, why must a special midwife be invited from the United States to assist in the birth of this new baby, the new régime? 85. It is difficult to understand why tne United States passes judgement on the régime in that country and why it is considering what measures to take in order to strengthen this or that régime in that country. This is a question that is bound to arise because, according to the Charter of the United Nations, no State has the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of another State. Why, then, does the United States deem it possible to consider questions relating to intervention in the domestic affairs of another, asmallState? This is the second question which springs to mind and which, too, has gone unanswered by the United States representative, 86. There is a third question which involuntarily springs to mind. The representative of the Cuban Gov- 2rnment, in his letter to the members of the Security Council and in his statement, raised a very acute and d0litically important question, saying that the United States, acting at its own discretion with regard to the Rominican Republic, was creating. a precedent for intervention not only in the internal affairs of that Republic but also in those of other Latin American sountries, including the Republic of Cuba. The question arises, why? Why does the United States Government consider it necessary, in connexion with the raising of an important question of principle concerning a threat of intervention by the United States in the internal affairs of ancther country, immediately to hurl accusations against the Cuban Government and to describe that Government as little short of unlawful, as a Government which is not subject to the will of the people and does not enjoy their support? Why is this? 89. Such a statement by the representative of the United States only confirms the accusation which was made by the representative of the Cuban Government to the effect that the United States Government, in acting unilaterally in connexion with the events in the Dominican Republic, is merely creating a precedent for intervention in the affairs of other Latin American countries, including Cuba, for if that were not the case, he. would have no reason for hurling accusations against the Government of Cuba. What has the Cuban Government to do with these events? Since we are concerned not with Cuba, but with intervention in the affairs of the Dominican Republic, what has the Castro régime to do with it? But it is precisely because the United States has not only long been dissatisfied with the régime established by the Cuban people but has already organized an intervention against Cuba and is continuing that policy that the United States is now levelling new charges against the régime established in Cuba. This only serves to confirm the serious danger now confronting this whole region. Today it is the Dominican Republic, tomorrow it will be Cuba. This danger is now facing the world. The Security Council cannot disregard the question which has been raised by the Government of the Republic of Cuba because this is not a private affair buta serious question of principle: does the United States Government have the right to send its navy and air force against any country merely at its own discretion, or does it not have this right? The Charter of the United Nations prohibits such action, but the United States Govern~ ment is violating this provision of the Charter. 90. That is why, even though we do not yet have full information about what is occurring in the Dominican Republic itself—and the representative of the Domin~ ican Republic has promised to state his Government's views on this question at greater length—what has already been said is sufficient to put us seriously on guard. The Security Council cannot disregard such steps taken by the Government of one of the most powerful and important States of the world which, together with other States, is responsible for the maintenance of peace and security throughout the world, and cannot ignore such actions which are plainly directed against the independence of individual States and are aimed at intervention in their internalaffairs. In any case, the questions which I have raised are 92. The United States representative has said that neither the navy nor the air force has entered the territorial waters of the Dominican Republic or violated its frontiers. 93. I said at the start that I have no reason to doubt what the United States representative has said, but I shall read from the New York Herald Tribune of 20 November 1961 a dispatch which was sentfrom the Dominican Republic by a special correspondent of the Associated Press: "A flight of twelve United States jets flew close to the shore line at a fairly low altitude, and the Dominicans rushed to the rooftops for a glimpse of the attack bombers, identified as A4D's from the Second United States Marine Squadron." Why do twelve jet aircraft fly sorties so close to the. shores of the Dominican Republic that they are visible from the rooftops of houses in the Dominican capital? 94, The special correspondent of The New York Times reported from the capital of the Dominican Republic on 21 November that several naval warships were lying not far off the coast. 95. Yesterday and today New York radio broadcasts have reported that large United States naval vessels were standing three miles off the coast of the Domin~ ican Republic. 96. I have raised a number of questions which arise involuntarily in connexion with these facts and I imagine that it would be of some interestto the mem= bers of the Council to receive a reply to them.

The representative of the Soviet Union has asked me some questions and I shall try to accommodate him with the answers, 98. I shall comment at this time only by saying once more that the United States hadnot sent forces against the Dominican Republic, Mr. Zorin to the contrary notwithstanding. To say that it has is to be even more careless with the facts than usual. 99, There is no law against lending moral support, to encourage constitutional authorities and responsible leaders and men of goodwill, in a crisis of this kind which involves principles of such deep concern to all who aspire to freedom. The OAS has been doing far more than that against the régime in the D:. .nican Republic for several years, as also pointed .. 100. And is it a purely internal matter? Iremind you that the country which is now complaining about interference, about intervention, actually invaded the Dominican Republic in 1959 under Castro's leadership. And I seem to recall some armed attacks on Panama, with threats against Honduras and Guatemala not long ago, also by Cuba. What has happened before can outside the territorial waters of the Dominican Republic were known to the constitutional authorities and to the responsible leaders of that country, and secondly, the sinister combination between the Trujillos andthe agent of Castro, Lopez Molina. 102. Next, with respect to the precedent mentioned by the representative of the Soviet Union, let me remind him and the members of the Council that the moral support which my Government has given to the people of the Dominican Republic was evidently very welcome by the responsible leaders. But I believe it more appropriate to leave comment on this subject to the Government of the Dominican Republic, after its representative has had an opportunity to prepare his statement, 108. With respect to my so~called attack on the Cuban Government, the representative of the Soviet Union asks: What does Cuba have to do with this. question? I ask the same question exactly. 104. Finally, I had not expected to hear the repre~ sentatives of Cuba and of the Soviet Union so deeply concerned with the protection of the Trujillo régime in the Dominican Republic against an indignant and long~abused people.

It is not easy to defenda false position because one is immediately trapped in contradictions, For example, we now see that the Government which created, glorified, supported and defended the Trujillo tyranny has overnight become its worst enemy, and that the revolutionary Government of a small country which denounced the interventionist acts of that dictatorship backed by the colonialist Government of the United States is presumably the friend of the dictatorship. 106. It is further asserted that little Cuba, a country of 6,700,000 inhabitants, subjected to the manypronged attacks of United States imperialism, has the time and resources not only to cope successfully with those attacks, but to dedicate itself to promoting reyolution in its sister Republics of Latin America. And the kind United States Government, which has never interfered in the affairs of any nation, which has never appropriated a scrap of land of any Latin American country, has to resort to the use of force because a country of six and one~half million people, one of the. small countries of the world, is threatening the freedom and the "made in USA" democracy which the United States is seeking to defend in the Dominican Republic. 107. Anyone who examines objectively these assertions of the United States representative will realize what cynical lies are being told to international organizations. 108. As I stated in my opening remarks, we do not want this Council to discuss th .ternai affairs of the Dominican Republic. That is a matter reserved strictly for the Dominican people. We want respect for the 109. We have not come here to discuss the internal affairs of the Dominican Republic. Let the Dominican people settle the internal problems of the Dominican Republic; but let us put a stop to this "friendly*. pressure heing exerted by the powerful United States navy and, let us not be so ridiculous as to claim that those naval units were sent there to protect the Dominican people from the threat of an imperialist Power=in this case, Cuba.

I have just one question to ask the representative of Cuba. That is, why did Cuba invade the Dominican Republic, which it now seéms to be so concerned with defending? The year was 1959. ill, Mr. GARCIA INCHAUSTEGUI (Cuba) (translated from Spanish): Whenever there is a national liberation movement in Latin America, it is very easy for the political leaders in the United States to blame the Revolutionary Government of Cuba. Moreover, it is a well known fact among Latin Americans that when dictators seek favours from the State Department, they resort to the device of accusing those in Latin America who are fighting dictatorships supported by the United States Government of being pro-Castro or communist. 112. If Cuba—I repeat—if little Cuba, with ali the attacks by the United States Government it has had to bear, had devoted such tremendous energy to export-' ing revolution, as the United States representative claimed, we should really have to believe that the Cubans are supermen. 113. As a matter of revolutionary doctrine, we do not export revolution, because to do so would bea disservice to a country in which the revolutionary process was to be initiated. 114. Revolutionary movements are national move~ ments, and Cuba is not to blame if the exploitation to which -ountries, particularly in the Caribbean, are subjected by the corporations which control the United States Government, produces in them a desire for liberation and a will to put an end to the injustices practised by those corporations, aided and abetted by the marines, in the neo-colonialist territories held by the United States in the Caribbean area.

Were it not for the fact that any matter brought before the Security Council is bound to be serious, I should be highly amused; instead, I am rather worried. I should be amused because, in fact, the Dominican Republic does notfeel itself threatened. We cannot understand why we are being used as an excuse for the airing of personal 117. Intervention is the unlawful interference by a State in the internal and external affairs of another State. That has not happened in my country. 118. There is a maxim of Roman law which states: summum just, summa injuria, that is, the extreme of the law works the greatest injury. In accordance with Article 34 of the Charter, the Security Council may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise toa dispute, in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security. Ut singuli, that is the function of the Security Council: to avert any situation or dispute likely to endanger international peace and security. Such is not the case here, and we all know it, 119. The Dominican Republic does not find it amusing to be used as an excuse for another skirmish in the cold war. In our opinion, the authority of the Council is undermined when wholly unsubstantiated complaints are brought before it. 120. Having said that, all that remains for me to do is to request the Council to grant my country time to study the statements of the representatives of Cuba and the United States, so that it can state its position calmly, clearly, concisely and honestly, in order that this august body may, if not pass judgement, at least have a clear idea of the situation, and of right and justice in this case. 121. I am not denying Cuba or any State Member of the United Nations the right granted it under Article 35 of the Charter; however, I do believe that this right should be exercised with moderation and without prejudice to third parties not involved in the dispute or in outside matters intertwined with private interests. 122. I therefore repeat my request that we should be given time to formulate our position. However, if the Council will permit, [ would venture to say, in order to give greater force to my earlier assurances to this Council, that I truly represent the Dominican Republic and its people, that [ have with me a repre= sentative of the National Civic Union, the most power= ful opposition party in my country, who will have some interesting facts to give the Council, with its permission.

Does anyone else wish to speak? Since there are no other speakers, I should like, as representative of the UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS, to say merely that the reply which the United States representative has given to my questions is completely unsatisfactory to me because in essence he has not replied to my questions. This I should think, is something that the circumstances themselves make it difficult to do, 125. Now, if there are no objections, I should like, in my capacity as PRESIDENT, to propose that our next meeting should be held on Friday morning at 10.30. (26. 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