A/36/PV.51 General Assembly

I wish to express the appreciation of the United States delegation for the Director General's comprehensive and excellent re- port on the activities of the Agency over the past year. This report raises many subjects and issues which we all will be discussing and considering during the year to come. 25. We have noticed how the status report on nuclear power raises many questions on the future role of the atom in meeting world energy demands. In this regard I should like to quote for the Assembly an excerpt from the plenary address given by the United States delegation at the twenty-fifth regular session of the General Conference of lAEA in September: "Under the leadership of President Reagan and working in close partnership with United States indus- try, we are endeavouring to breathe new life into our domestic nuclear power programme, bearing in mind its considerable significance to our national energy pic- ture. We recognize that we have lost momentum in the last several years and we are determined to create a climate tbat will permit a revitalization of nuclear power. We are deeply aware that we live in a highly interdependent world and that others may be seriously affected by our domestic energy and nuclear policies, as well as by our approach to nuclear exports. We are determined to be a major participant in international nuclear affairs and to co-operate actively with other na- tions in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy within a framework of appropriate safeguards. Om' ~licy is based on the premise that nuclear power is &.n t~ssential element in enhancing energy security and (~coJmmic de- velopment in many nations. We believe that the full benefits of peaceful nuclear energy can be realized only if the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, so carefully and painstakingly constructed over many years is maintained and strengthened."3 26. I believe the preceding statement expresses our con- fidence in the future role of nuclear power and underlines our own determination to make a vigorous contribution to that role. It corresponds nicely to the very first words in the Director General's fine report: "On several occasions during 1980, many of the world's leading statesmen as wen as senior officials re- sponsible for energy planning and representatives of countries in all parts of the world reaffirmed that a ma- jor and steady expansion of nuclear power was indis- pensable for future economic well-being."4 27. The American delegation is pleased that the Com- mittee on Assurances of Supply is beginning to focus on practical steps to improve the securit¥ of supply in the short term. We hope that the Committee's progress will clear the way for an international consensus on conditions for supply in the longer term. My delegation is also pleased by the continuing contributions made by the Ex- 28. The United States i~ committed to the re-establish- ment of its role as a dependable supplier of nuclear equip- ment, fuel services and technology to other countries un- der appropriate non-proliferation safeguards. We seek to restore confidence, trust and promptness to the United States export licensing process in an effort to improve sta- bility in our nuclear exports. We recognize that consum- ing nations making large capital investments in nuclear facilities must enjoy both long-term confidence and pre- dictability in their nuclear supply arrangements. The United States nuclear export policy is fully consistent with this objective. It will be carried out in a manner designed to facilitate long-term programme planning by our co-operating partners. 29. At the same time, we intend to adhere to a vigorous policy of countering nuclear proliferation risks. The se- curity of all nations would be adversely affected by any further spread of nuclear weapons. Such an event would also jeopardize the ability of many nations represented in the Assembly to share in co-operative arrangements for the full benefits of peaceful nuclear power. Accordingly . we hope and trust that the great majority of Member States will work tirelessly to prevent any furdler prolifera- tion. 30. The American delegation fully shares the view of many other delegations on the importance of the Agency's co-operative activities. We stress our strong support for the technical assistance programme, and it is our intention to continue to make important contributions to that effort. 31. Our role as sponsor of well-attended international training courses will continue. We have also been work- ing with the IAEA secretariat in the development of new programmes for manpower training, a crucial aspect of emt:;"gmg national nuclear programmes. My Government welcomes the announcement of the Director General of lAEA concerning renaming the Department of Technical Assistance and Publications of IAEA the Department of Technical Co-operation. We think that this emphasis on co-operation rather than assistance more accurately re- flects"the true nature of the existing programme. We also believe that greater recognition needs to be given to how this programme increasingly involves technology tr,msfer to the developing countries in a variety of ways anii tech- nical support for their peaceful nuclear programmes. In short, we believe it is timely and appropriate to empha- size "technical co-operation", "technical support" • "technology transfer" and other similar terms to describe this aspect of IAEA, which is of vital importance to many Member States. 32. The United States commitment to IAEA ,over many years is a clear matter of public record. It began with President Eisenhower's speech to this body in December 1953,S in which he proposed the creation of IAEA. Since then our support for IAEA has never waned. 33. The American delegation therefore particularly re- grets the unprecedented degree of political polarization that characterized much of the last IAEA General Con- ference. We are excee~iilgly concerned that this trend. if continued. could endanger support for IAEA, justas sim-. ilar politicization would do with each and every United 34. The United States believes that it is of critical im- portance for all IAEA member States to work together constructively'anJ in good faith to resolve these issues and to restore the spirit of co-operation, mutual respect and consensus that has been the IAEA hallmark in the past. 35. My Government remains committed to supporting and strengthening IAEA and will do everything in its power to help iAEA achieve its statutory objectives in a way that is acceptable to all Member States. We are con- vinced that all Member States do benefit and will benefit from a strengthened IAEA. We urge others to join with us in making this possible in a spirit of goodwill and co- operation. 36. In closing, I wish on behalf of my Government to pay a special tribute to Mr. Eklund, who is retiring after 20 years of dedicated service as Director General of IAEA. Few other men have played such an impressive and important role in expanding the peaceful uses of nu- clear energy around the world and in developing the fab- ric: of agreements and safeguards that underpin co-opera- tive ties in the nuclear field. 37. The world community owes him a debt of gratitude, and I t,ink it is fitting that this body is prepared to pro- vide appropriate recognition to him in the draft resolution now befor.e us. We fully support that draft resolution as it now stands, and we heartily thank him for a job well done.-

The Hungarian delega- tionhas studied with great attention and interest the report of'IAEA and considers that it adequately reflects the ever- widening range of its important activities. May I express my 'delegation's th~nks and appreciation to the Director General, Mr. Sigvard Eklund, for his valuable and thought-provoking introductory statement, in which he gave an overall evaluation of the nuclear scene during the last 20 years. 46. In both the Security Council and IAEA the Hun- garian representative condemned most strongly the Israeli attack on the nuclear research centre in Iraq as an attack against the Agency and its safeguards regime, which is : the foundation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. We have always been and remain con- vinced that the universalization of the Treaty and the ex- tension of the application of the safeguards regime would be the most feasible arrangement for preventing the fur- ther spread of nuclear weapons. 39. In my delegation's view, the role and significance of the Agency cannot bvt grow in the two main areas of its activity, notably in promoting international co-operation in th~ peaceful uses of nuclear energy and in discharging the responsibilities connected with safeguards for the non- proliferation 'regime. 40.. The world energy situation and the so far limited possibilities offered by new sources of energy give addi- tional importance to the further development of interna- tional co-operation in the use of nuclear energy for peace- ful.purp{)ses a~many countries try to solve their energy' problems"by .constructing nuclear power plants. 42. In the peaceful uses of nuclear energy significant benefits are offered by international co-operation, which we are seeking to make the most of within the framework of both the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and IAEA, which have a long tradition of playing an impor- tant and special role in the promotion and co-ordination of international co-operation in the peaceful uses of nu- clear energy. 43. My Government attaches paramount importance to the efforts being made to prevent the proliferation of nu- clear weapons. At the same time, we maintain that such efforts should not restrict the right of States to the peace- ful use of nuclear energy. An effective means for com- pliance with this double requirement is provided by the application of IAEA safeguards, an activity which we consider to be a most important area of the Agency's work. 44. The Hungarian delegation welcomes the fact that in 1980 two more non-nuclear-weapon States acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons [resolution 2373 (XXII), annex], thus increasing the num- ber of States parties to 110. In 1981 we witnessed and welcomed the ratific~tion of the Treaty by Egypt. It is likewise significant that the safeguards agreement was in operation with 69 non-nuclear-weapon States that are' par- ties to the Treaty, and 11 non-nuclear-weapon States that are not. It should be added, however, that in the latter case the value of such agreements is unfortunately vitiated by the fact that in'some States unsafeguarded nuclear fa- cilities are in operation or under construction. 45. The international community is particularly con- cerned about the nuclear activity and ambitions of South Africa and Israel. In this connection, I should like to re- callresolution 35/146 A, ip which the General Assembly, inter alia, "Demands that South Africa submit all its nu- clear instaHat!ons to inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency". Following the military attack on the nuclear research centre in Iraq, Israel was also strongly called upon by the international community to submit its nuclear installations to IAEA control. The Se- curity Council, in its resolution 487 (1981), "Calls upon Israel urgently to place its nuclear facilities under the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency". 47. Similarly, we attach great importance to the provi- sion of technical assistance, anC)ther major area of ,. the Agency's activity. In our judgement, the Agency is mak- 48. Another important field of the Agency's activity is the quest for a solution to the problem of how nuclear supplies can be assured on a predictable and long-term basis and in strict accordance with an efficient non-pro- liferation regime. We hope that the Committee on the As- surance of Supply, which was established to further the solution of this problem, will succeed in its work. 49. Although in a brief statement I cannot deal with all areas of the Agency's activity, I should like to record our high appreciation of the efforts being exerted by "'~EA in the fields of nuclear safety, environmental protection, ag- riculture and the food industry, medical science and the exchange of information. - 50. Outstanding services in the Agency's record of achievements have been rendered for 20 years by Mr. Sig- vard Eklund, retiring Director General of IAEA, to whom we should like to take this occasion to express our thanks and sincere appreciation. May I also wish Mr. Hans Blix, the newly-elected Director General of IAEA, every suc- cess in performing the difficult duties of his responsible post. 51. In conclusion, my delegation supports draft resolu- tion A/36/L.1O, introduced by japan on behalf of the del- egations of Czechoslovakia, Indonesia and Japan, and ex- presses the hope that it will be adopted by consensus.

At the very outset, may I convey on behalf of the Polish delegation our congrat- ulations and cordial felicitations to Mr. Hans Blix on his election to the high office of Director General of IAEA. Knowing his outstanding experience, particularly in the field of disarmament, and his diplomatic skill and dedica- tion, we are deeply convinced that under his able guid- ance the Agency will score further success in its work, which is of such importance to the eniire interna~ional community. 53. Let me also extend our warmest words of gratitude to his predecessor, Mr. Sigvard Eklund, whose abilities and tireless efforts have contributed so much to the Agency's achievements. His 20 years of service as Direc- tor General of the Agency, spent in guiding it both during its formative period and in the period of its development, will be remembered by all of us as years of promotion of the cause of peaceful international co-operation. 54. The report of the Agency has always b"een one of the most important items on the agenda of every session of the General Assembly. Its importance becomes even greater today. There is no need to explain how meaningful is the role played by the Agency in managing the utiliza- tion of nuclear energy for peaceful purpo&es in the inter- est of all mankind ,n accordance with the letter and the spirit of its statute. There is no need to emphasize the significance of monitoring the observance of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in the contem- porary world, for in our age of nuclear weapons and mis- siles the very survival of the human race depends on 56. In the provisions of the Non-Proliferation Treaty strictly observed, made universal and given world-wide binding power, we have always seen possibly the most effective instrument so far adopted for use against the danger of the direct or indirect spreading of nuclear weap- ons. We think-and we have said this on differentocca--, sions-that basically its effectiveness depends _upon its· ability to prevent the horizontal spreading of such weap- ons. However, for all the great importance of that Treaty in the context of efforts to stop the nuclear arms race and avert the threat of nuclear war, we have alway~) realized that no 100 per cent guarantee has yet been achieved against the proliferation of nuclear weaplns and their de- velopment or against plans to make them even more deadly, more efficient and more inhuman. 57. Some recent developments cannot but deepen con- cern in that respect. The deterioration of the international climate as a result of the intensified arms race, the re- emergence of the cold-war policies from positions of strength, the tensions arising out of numerous regional and Il)cal disputes, new hotbeds of conflict, decisions concer .:ling the deployment of new medium-range nuclear weapons in Western Europe, decisions to start the produc- tion and stockpiling of neutron weapons, attempts to achieve supremacy, new doctrines of the admissibility and the possibility of conducting a limited nuclear conflict-. these cast a long and ominous shadow over the prospects for the future of mankind. Undoubtedly, these highly un- favourable conditions of the international situation cannot contribute to enhancement of the lofty goals of the Agency. The implementation of its statutory tasks re- comes more and more difficult. 58. Not so long ago the world saw an unprecedented act of international terrorism: the bombing by the Israeli Air Force of the Iraqi nuclear centre. This armed attack against peaceful installations led directly to a furtherag- gravation of the already exceptionally tense and explosive situation in the Middle East. Polish public opinion, Polish society and the Polish Government deplored with indigna- tion this act of open aggression constituting a flagrant violation of all norms of international law. The Israeli ar- gument of an alleged threat to_.the security of Israel was unfounded and could not mislead anybody. The Iraqi nu- clear research centre was not-and this was repeatedly stated by the authorities of that country-designed to serve military purpm'es. This fact has· been corrOborated by the declarations of experts of IAEA which supervise the nuclear programme of Iraq. Being directed at the nu- clear installations of a State party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, that attack also dealt a heavy blow to the Agency's safeguard system. 59. Recent -developments on the international scene and ail international situation which is becoming more and more complex and tense confirm once again the necessity of strengthening the supervisory role of the Agency,of making it more active and of developjng further its .safe- . guard system. . , 61. Therefore we ~hall continue to spare no efforts to promote the further oevelopment of the IAEA safeguards system and specifically the universal application of full- scope safeguards. This is one of the Agency's top pri- orities, as the safeguards system is a principal component of the non-proliferation regime. 62. Our assessment of the report of the Agency for 1980 is positive. We gave it our approval at the twenty- fifth regular session of the General Conference in Septem- ber this year. In particular those parts of the report which concern the implementation of the safeguards system and which confirm its effectiveness and the full and strict ob- servance of the key provisions of the Non-Proliferation Treaty are highly valued by Poland. 63. The Polish delegation has noted a significant in- crease in the Agency's outlays for technical assistance in 1981 and their further growth planned for 1982. We fully appreciate this important sphere of the Agency's ac- tivities. The Agency's achievements in rendering technical assistance to th,e developing countries in line with their national interests and needs are highly applaudable. Con- sequently, Poland has participated to the extent of its pos- sibilities in creating the Technical Assistance Fund. Po- land fully shares the position of those countries which support the concept of the fully voluntary character of contributions to this Fund and of making payments in na- tional currencies. Our stand on these issues was reflected in the joint statement of the socialist countries made at Vienna during the twenty-fifth regular session of the Gen- eral Conference of IAEA. 64. We find the proposed budget and also the pro- gramme of the Agency's activities for 1982 commendable and think they should be approved. It is noted with satis- faction that the draft budget for 1982 is, like previous budgets, again one of zero real growth; as such it meets the postulates of the majority of IAEA members and con- forms with their abilities to pay. Poland favours the con- tinuation of this approach in the future. 65. Draft resolution A/36/L.I0 emphasizes, inter alia, the .Hlportance of enhancing the role of IAEA in the pro- motion of the application of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the role of making the benefits of nuclear power available to all nations, and the work of IAEA in the im- plementation of the provisions of the Non-Proliferation Treaty. 66. The Polish delegation will vote for the draft resolu- tion, confident that it will bring about a further strength- ening of the productive work of the Agency to the benefit of the entire international community.

IAEA, whose report is the subject of our careful study, several weeks ago marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of its existence. In the course of that period of time the Agency, the founding members of which include Czechoslovakia, has been 68. The Agency's history is connected with the mer- itorious and remarkable work of Mr. Sigvard Eklund, its Director General for many years, to who~e profound and inspiring statement we listened with the utmost attention today. We should like to use this opportunity to express to him our sincere gratitude and to extend lO him our cordial congratulations on the bestowal upon him of the title Di- rector General Emeritus of that important international or- ganization. At the same time, we extend our best wishes for sUCcess to the succeeding Director General, Mr. Hans Blix. 69. As a country consistently implementing a policy of peace and peaceful co-operation among nations and as a country developing intensively its nuclear energy pro- gramme, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic is doubly interested in the successful and constructive work of IAEA. 70. The peaceful devdopment of nuclear energy and the simultaneous creation of reliable safeguards against the misuse of that energy for military purposes constitute two inseparable aspects of the entire activities of IAEA, pre- determined by the very nature of nuclear energy. At the present time when through the fault of the most rear!ioh- ary forces of imperialism and militarism the risk of the catastrophe of a nuclear war is growing, the IAEA tasks relating to the strengthening of the nuclear non-prolifera- tion regime and the implementation of the Agency's safe- guards system loom in the foreground with increasing prominence. 71. IAEA is an organization whos~ .nembe:s, as is well known, have undertaken te develop and use nuclear en- ergy for peaceful development, not to fan the fires of a nuclear war. But the series of dangerous measures re- cently undertaken by certain countries is in direct contra- diction to the goal of increasing mankind's prosperity by taking advantage of the immense potential of nuclear en- ergy, which is the' very purpose of IAEA. These steps have markedly increased the risk of a nuclear war. That is why, in our view, the declaration on preventing a nuclear catastrophe, proposed at the current session of the Gen- eral Assembly by the Soviet Union [A/36/241], is of ex- traordinary timeliness. It is a proposal aimed at eliminat- ing the greatest danger-a nuclear attack-and at refuting the senseless theory that the aggressor in a nuclear war I could win, which is a dangerous insanity, as was once - again fittingly pointed out by the President of the Pre- sidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev. This is precisely where the practical value of the Soviet proposal lies. If indeed the world could rid itself of the danger that somebody would ignite the nu- clear fuse, much m,lre strength "and means could be ex- pended on the pe~ceful development of nuclear energy. 72. A task of extraordinary importance in that respect is the maintenance and systematic strengthening of the nu- 73. This year the non-proliferation regime was gravely challenged by the outrageous piratical attack by Israeli air-craft on peaceful nuclear facilities in Iraq, a country which is a party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty and whose entire nuclear activities are covered by lAEA safe- guards. We emphatically demand the implementation of the resolutions which have been adopted in that connec- tion by the Security Council and the IAEA General Con- ference. 74. Recently the Agency has been exerting considerable efforts to increase the effectiveness of the verification of nuclear facilities and of the overall system of safeguards. As attested to by the report which has been submitted to the Assembly and by Director General Eklund's state- ment, further measures have been adopted within the Agency to perfect its work in this field. It is of great importance, in our view, to complete speedily the elab- oration of an overall set of methods and procedures for the application of safeguards to all types of nuclear facili- ties, in particular the sensitive stages of the nuclear fuel cycle. Of the highest priority also is the strengthening of the material and technical bases of the safeguards. 75. We also appreciate that positive development has furthermore been achieved in improving the system for the physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities. 76. Czechoslovakia attaches great importance to ques- tions of technical assistance and co-operation extended through IAEA, and it is actively contributing to the devel- opment and improvement of the Agency's activities in that respect. We appreciate the great contribution made by the Agency, both to the overall development of nuclear en- ergy throughout the world and in granting technical as- sistance and other forms of support to developing coun- tries in the implemt;ntation of their nuclear energy and scientific programmes. That contribution is borne out by the annual growth of the Technical Assistance fund, based on voluntary contributions by States members of the Agency. In an effort to make a maximum -contribution to the endeavours undertaken in this field, the Czechoslo- vak Socialist Republic decided to increase its voluntary contribution to the Technical Assistance fund fivefold- to the amount of almost 1,500,000 koruny in national currency. Apart from that we are allocating further funds that will be used for training specialists from developing countries in Czechoslovakia. 77. An outstanding success of IAEA is represe nted by the rapidly developing activities of the International Nu- clear Information System [INISl, which for more than a 78. Of great merit also are the many-faceted activities of the Agency in the fields of research and the dissemination of information on questions concerning the reliability of nuclear power plants, the improvement of nuclear safety and environmental protection. It is this kind of work which helps to overcome certain sceptical views on the future of nuclear energy which in recent years have even caused a certain slow-down in the rate of its development on a world-wide scale. 79. We are convinced that IAEA will make all neces- sary provisions for the good preparation and implementa- tion of another international conference on nuclear energy, to be held next year, and we trust that its results will mark significant progress in the clarification of a number of important questions and prerequisites concerning the positive development of nuclear energy for peaceful pur- poses. 80. The Agency faces important tasks also in connec- tion with its participation in the preparation and holding of the United Nations Conference on the Promotion of International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, to be held in 1983. We are of the view that this Conference too can play a significant and constructive role proVided, however, that the questions of international co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy are considered comprehensively, with due regard to the task of strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime and the application of the system of safeguards. 81 . The discussion of the report of IAEA shows that this important international organization continues, even in the current complicated conditions, the active and suc- cessful fulfilment of its mission. further progress along these lines requires realism, political gqodwill and the de- termination of all members of the Agency and States Members of the United Nations to halt nuclear armament and to avert the threat of a nuclear catastrophe and to ensure the utilization of the great potential of atomic en- ergy exclusively for the sake of mankind's peaceful ad- vancement. There is no lack of such goodwill on the part of Czechoslovakia and other countries of the socialist community, and we are ready. in this spirit to continue to make an all-round contribution to the Agency's activities. 82. In conclusion, I should like to voice our supportfor the draft resolution on the IAEA report contained in doc- ument A136/L.I0, of which the Czechoslovak delegation is a sponsor, and to express the conviction that it will be adopted by consensus.

The annual report for 1980, introducc:.d so instructively by the Director General of IAEA, .f\.ir. Eklund, gives ex- pression to the great efforts that have been made by IAEA to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to pre- vent the further spread of nuclear weapons. In accordance with the objectives of IAEA as stated in its statute, throughout the 25 years of the activities of the organiza- 85. Every country has the right to develop the peaceful use of nuclear energy on the basis of the principle of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. This principle has been expressly stated in the statute of IAEA as well as in the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Israel, however, tries by means of armed force to deny other States the exercise of that right. The Israeli aggression, which has been reso- lutely condemned by the majority of States, is a violation of international law, jeopardizing peace in that region and all over the world. The aggression was directed not only against Iraq but against the entire system of non-prolifera- tion of nuclear weapons. The imperialist States that are continuously supporting and encouraging the Israeli pol- icy of aggression are to a high degree responsible for that act of ~errorism pursued Oh the level of State policy. 86. At the twenty-fifth regular session of the General Conference of IAEA, the overwhelming majority of States voted in favour of a resolution6 decisively condemning the Israeli aggression, calling for the discontinuance of tech- nical assistance and the prevention of the supplying to Israel of any nuclear material that could be used for the production of nuclear weapons ~nd announcing a possible decision of the twenty-sixth regular session of the General Conference with regard to suspending Israel's membership in IAEA. 87. We are convinced that the strengthening of the re- gime of the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is indis- pensable, particularly in the face of the present exacerba- tion of the international situation. The new round of the arms race instigated by imperialist forces assumes new dimensions in the nuclear field. The production of the neutron bomb and the intended deployment of medium- range American nuclear missiles in Western Europe con- tribute towards further lowering the nuclear threshold and increasing the risk of the outbreak of a nuclear war. The authors of the doctrine of a limited nuclear war are mak- ing untiring efforts to get people accustomed to the thought of such a war. One of them is now revealing the adventurous version of a nuclear explosion "for demon- stration purposes" against the USSR or another Warsaw Treaty member State. 'The growing indignation of the pub- lic in many countries at such irresponsible gambling with the fate of peoples is all too understa~dable. It is relevant in this connection to recall the Treaty on the Non-Pro- liferation of Nuclear Weapons, which begins with the words: 88. We would refer also to article VI of the Treaty, which obligates the Pdrties to the Treaty to pursue nego- tiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament. 89. The non-proliferation regime has to be strengthened as a part of the process of consolidating international se- curity and solving international conflicts by peaceful means. To foment tension and to expand imperialist mili- tary alliances under the pretext of eliminating in this way the motives other States might have for the acquisition of nuclear weapons is a road that leads in a false direction. 90. Activities to be carried out by the United Nations against the imminent danger of a nuclear war are highly impo~ant for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The adoption of a declaration, proposed by the USSR, on an international ban with regard to first use of nuclear weapons would be of particular topicality. The opening of genuine negotiations on the implementation of tasks exist- ing in the field of nuclear disarmament, which were in- cluded on the agenda of the tenth special session of the General Assembly-the first devoted to disarmament- would be very much in line with endeavours to strengthen the non-proliferation regime. 91 . The report of the Director General of IAEA notes that in 1980 no diversion of nuclear material was de- tected. This is an encouraging sign. On the other hand, we are seriously concerned about the fact that such States as Israel and South Africa are still pursuing important nu- clear activities beyond the safeguards of !AEA and that nevertheless, flOW as before, various States are. co-operat- ing with them in the nuclear field. 92. An improvement in the safeguards could be brought about by appointing a sufficient number of inspectors, shortening reaction time in unclear cases, making the re- porting system more effective and using the latest scien- tific and technical equipment. The German Democratic Republic supports the tasks of IAEA in the safeguards field by holding training courses for lAEA inspectors in the nuclear plants of our country. 93. In the past year the Convention on the Physical Pro- tection of Nuclear Material was concluded. The German Democratic Republic acceded to it and wa.s one of the first States to ratify that Convention. It is an important instrument for strengthening the non-proliferation regime, for enhancing nuclear safety and for promoting the co- operation of States in using nucl\;ar energy for peaceful purposes. We hope that that Convention will soon enter into force and that many States will accede to it. . I 94. The Committee on Assurances of Supply has started its work. It is imperative for the Committee's' successful activity that every recommendation or any proposal made by it is seen in the light of the existing non-proliferation l~gime, including especially the IAEA safeguards system. This will enable the Committee eto combine the establish- ment of rules for nuclear transfer and safe supply of nu- clear material, equipment and technology with the imple- mentation of safeguards controls. The results of the \York in the Committee will be an important pre~quisite for the 95. That Conference should analyse international co-op- eration in the nuclear field and contribute to a wider use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes on the basis of strengthening the non-proliferation regime and effective safeguards. Th~ Agency should, both in the preparatory phase and durmg the Conference itself, play a decisive role in both the substantive and the organizational re- spects. Further development of international co-operation in the nuclear field is best served by increasing the role of the Agency. Nuclear energy is irreplaceable in coping with the energy-supply demands in the future, and it will play an ever-increasing role in electric power and heat supply. We share the Agency's view that there is currently no safety factor restricting the use and development of nuclear energy-if, of course, that is done with the nec- essary sense- of responsibility. This is confirmed by the world-wide experiences in the handling of nuclear energy. The progress made under the Nuclear Safety Standards programme shows the importance the Agency attributes to the issues of nuclear safety. We consider the convening in 1982 of a conference on nuclear power experience to be an important step in the interest of further developing nu- clear power. 96. The Agency's activities in the field of technical as- sistance are a significant contribution to the increased use of nuclear power in the developing countries. We support the wish of these States for the extension of technical as- sistance and for a guarantee of its financing from predict- able and reliable sources. This is particularly important for long-term planning of the development of the peaceful use of nuclear energy by these States. The socialist coun- tries have increased their contributions to technical as- sistance from year to year. The list of indicative planning figures for 1981 to 1983 has been approved by us. We still hold the view that the donor country itself should determine in what currency it will make its contribution. This results from the principle of the voluntary nature of technical assistance and complies with the Agency's stat- ute. Financing on a v(lluntary basis has proved effective in the past, and we are confident that this method pro- vides the best basis for the increased effectiveness of technical assistance on a predictable and guaranteed foun- dation. The contributions of the socialist countries are a substantial component of multi-year projects and are ef- fectively utilized. 97. In conclusion, I should like to seize this opportunity to express to the outgoing Director General of IAEA, Mr. Sigvard Eklund, the high appreciation of our country for his most valuable efforts for the sake of the peaceful use of r'lclear energy. We should also like to express to his staff the gratitude and appreciation of the German Demo- cratic Republic for the excellent quality of work done in the past year. . 98. The newly elected Director General, Mr. Hans Blix, has our best wishes for success in his responsible office. 106. I should like to make a comment on the portion of the annual report of the Agency that deals with safeguards and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weap- 99. Mr. SINGH (India): I should like to express my del- ons. I refer to both the introduction and the chapter en- egation's appreciation of the annual report for 1980 of the titled "Safeguards". This part of the report for 1980-as Agency, presented so ably by Mr. Sigvard Eklund, the indeed was the case in the report for 1979-makes refer- Director General of the Agency, earlier today. The intro- ence to unsafeguarded nuclear facilities in, exclusively, ductory statement contains valuable additional information some non-nuclear-weapon States. There is no reference to relating to developments in the Agency's activities during unsafeguarded nuclear facilities and materials in nuclear- 1981. weapon States. In the view of the Government of India, it 101. The Government of India has welcomed the ap- pointment of Mr. Hans Blix to succeed Mr. Eklund. I should like to take this opportunity to assure him of In- dia's continued support for him and for the Agency in the fulfilment of the tasks assigned to it by its statute. 102. I should also like to express my appreciation of the Agency's efforts in promoting international co-operation in the development of atomic energy for peaceful pur- poses. Unfortunately, the assistance provided by the Agency has remained restricted owing to the lack of ade- quate resources. There is an imbalance between the reg- ulatory and the promotional activities of the Agency. This is reflected in the expenditures on account of safeguards and promotional programmes. This imbalance should be rectified. The Agency should not give preference to its role under one part of the statute over the role assigned to it by another part. Nor should the Agency be used for the furtherance of the nuclear objectives of certain countries or a group of countries. 103. At present the technical assistance programmes are funded largely by voluntary contributions. My delegation is pleased to note that the Agency is currently considering tne formulation of appropriate measures for the funding of technical assistance through predictable and assured re- sources. If this is n<?t done quickly, the concept of zero growth of the budget will further widen the undesirable gap between promotional activities and regulatory ac- tivities. 104. The promotional activities of the Agency, as my delegation pointed out last year, continue to be subjected to extraneous and restrictive consideral.ions. The guide- lines for promotional activities are discriminatory and are hindering the promotion of atomic energy on a universal basis for all the member States of the Agency. India par- ticipates in the Agency's technical assistance programme as a donor, and we attach considerable importance to the Agency's promotional activities. India has also continued to make voluntary contributions for the success of the technical assistance programme of the Agency. 105. My delegation support's the Agency'~ role and pro- gramme in the field of nuclear safety. We participated in the International Conference on Current Nuclear Power . Plant Safety Issues held at Stockholm from 20 to 24 Oc- tober 1980, and we shall continue to co-operate with the Agency in this important area. ' 107. As regards the work of the Committee on As- surances of Supply, my delegation would like to empha- size the fact that any multilateral solution for assurances of supply has to take into account unequivocally the exist- ing bilateral rights and obligations. An assurance of sup- ply that does not respect the existing bilateral agreements is no assurance at all. 108. My delegation would like to point out that there has not been sufficient progress on paragraph. 8 of Gen- eral Assembly resolution 35/17, This matter came up be- fore the General Assembly in 1978, and the Assembly expressed the hope that the matter would be given thor- ough, prompt and'fair consideration. My delegation is aware of the recent resolutions of the General Conference of the Agency relating to the amendment of article VI A 2 of the statute of the Agency and staffing of the Agency's secretariat and hopes that when the Agency's annual report for 1981 is discussed at the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly we s.hall be shown that some concrete steps have been taken to rectify the ineq- uitable representation of the under-represented areas. 109. .Draft resolution A/36/L.1O includes references to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. My delegation would support the adoption of the draft resolution by consensus. Our support is without prejudice to our well-established position on that Treaty and should also be seen in the context of the views that I have ex- pressed on other aspects of the draft resolution before us and of the views on the annual report expressed by the Indian representative in the General Conference of the Agency. 110. I shall turn now to agenda item 14 (b) and make some brief comments. Ill. The first organizational session of the Preparatory Committee for the 1983 United Nations Conference on the Promotion of International Co-operation for the Peace- ful Uses of Nuclear Energy was held at Vienna from 3 to , 7 August 1981. The Preparatory Committee at its first session decided that the Conference should be held at Geneva for two weeks, from 29 August to 9 September 1983. The Committee also decided to hold its second ses- sion at Vienna from 21 to 25 June 1982, when it will also decide whether or not a further session at Vienna in 1982 would be necessary. Another final, one-week session of the Committee will discuss the rules of procedure, the provisional agenda and the documentation for the Con- ference. 113. The Preparatory Committee devoted considerable time to the identification of a possible agenda for the Conference. We are of the view that the basic aim of the Conference has been clearly laid down in General Assem- bly resolution 351112. The attempt to list suggestions which are divergent and topics with varying emphasis on individual subjects will not be fruitful, and the Prepara- tory Committee should devote more time to arriving at a consensus. The agenda should necessarily reflect the im- portance of and constraints in the promotion of interna- tional co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. 114.' India, with its active and demonstrated interest in the peaceful uses of atomic energy, is co-operating ac- tively with all the other members of the Preparatory Com- mittee in its work and in making pos~ible a successful outcome of the 1983 United Nations Conference. 115, The PRESIDENT (interpretation from Spanish): Before giving the floor to the next speaker, I wish to in- form you that the representative of Iraq has asked to be allowed to speak in order to present the amendments to draft resolution A/36/L.IO, which are contained in docu- ment A/36/L.12, and I now call on him.

My delegation has asked to be allowed to speak in order to introduce amendments to draft resolution A/36/L. 10. 117. A draft resolution which aspires to strengthen the effectiveness of IAEA and the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes through international co-operation should not, in our view, ignore a very serious act which undermined the very objectives of the draft resolution. I refer specifically to the Israeli armed attack on the Iraqi nuclear installations, which the Security Council, in its resolution 487 (1981), considered as constituting ..a se- rious threat to the entire safeguards regime of the Interna- tional Atomic Energy Agency". 118. Moreover, the Board of Governors of IAEA con- sidered that act to' be one that could do great harm to the development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and expressed grave concern at the far-reaching implications of the military attack on the peaceful nuclear facilities in a member State. That is included in the resolution adopted by the Board of Governors on 12 June 1981.7 119. The General Conferer.::e of lAEA, in its resolution adopted on 26 September 1981,6 considered the Israeli act to constitute an attack against the Agency. 120. Mr. Sigvard Eklund, in his statement on 21 Sep- tember 1981 to the twenty-fifth regular session of the General Conference of IAEA, referred to the aerial attack by saying that it pointed out the urgent need for enlarging the scope of the Additional Protocol of 1977 to the Ge- neva Conventions of 12 August 1949. In its present form, Mr. Eklund said, that Protocol prohibits military.attacks against nuclear power plants, and the Committee on Dis- 122. The representatives in the Assembly have no doubt noted that the amendments submitted by Iraq and con- tained in document N36/L.12 arc based on the aforemen- tioned consideration. Tbe language of the amendments conforms to the obligations of Member States under the Charter and, hence, falls within the framework of the draft resolution under consideration and the objectives which it seeks to achieve.

Allow me at the very outset to express my delegation's appreciation of the an- nual report of IAEA, which provides a clear and detailed picture of its activities throughout 1980. I should also like to thank Mr. Eklund most sincerely for his lucid and comprehensive introductory statement, which gave us ad- ditional information on the wide range of the activities of the Agency during the past year and the important tasks that lie before it. Both the findings of the report and the content of the statement are convincing evidence of the fruitful efforts exerted by the Agency to carry out all the tasks stemming from its statute. It is worth noting that these efforts have been made in a thoughtful manner without prejudicing one or other of the many and diversi- fied aspects of the work of the Agency. 124. I wish now to dwell on some of those aspects which, in the view of my delegation, deserve special at- tention. 125. First of all, we at.tach special importance to the Agency's successfully carrying out those of its functions which have a direct bearing on the strengthening of inter- national peace and security, that is, the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the maintenance and consolidation of the regime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The responsibilities of IAEA in this field should be consider- ably enhanced, especially in the present worsened interna- . tional climate. 126. In parallel with the efforts to avoid a.new and ex- tremely dangerous round of the arms race, particularly the nuclear arms race, and to proceed with n~al disarmament, the prevention of the further spread of nuclear weapons has grown ever more vital. The importance of this ques- timl is not to be judged only in terms of its military di- mensions. It is beyond any doubt that the promotion of broad and fruitful co-operation in the field of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy in the interests of all countries can be attained only if there is a reliable safeguards system capable of eliminating the danger of the proliferation of nuc.lear weapons. Moreover, experience so far has amply' 127. My delegation notes with satisfaction that in the period under review the Agency's system of international guarantees against the possible diversion of nuclear mate- rials for unauthorized uses has functioned faultlessly. Convincing evidence of the efficiency with which the Agency is carrying out its functions in the field of safe- guards is provided in the findings of the report to the effect that no diversion of considerable quantities of nu- clear material under safeguards for other than peaceful purposes was reported. In this connection, the efforts of IAEA further to improve and enhance the effectiveness of the methods and machinery for control and supervision· of all nuclear installations under the Agency's safeguards de- serve positive appraisal and encouragement. 128. During the forthcoming period the efforts to im- prove and enhance the effectiveness of the safeguards sys- tems and of the non-proliferation regime should be con- tinued. That conclusion stems from the objective fact that the peaceful uses of nuclear energy are rapidly growing, which increases the number of fusion installations and the quantity of nuclear materials and equipment covered by the IAEA safeguards. The further sophistication of nu- clear technology has emphasized the technical aspects of safeguards. The findings of the report regarding the con- tinued increase in the quantity of nuclear materials also deserve special attention. 129. The political aspects of non-proliferation are of sig- nificant importance. The fact that, though at a slow pace, new States continue to accede to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, is beyond any doubt a posith·; one. However, it comes as no comfort to us, since there are many States which have not ratified or acceded to the Treaty as yet, and a growing number of States are operating or con- structing unsafeguarded nuclear facilities capable of providing material for nuclear devices. The gravest con- cern springs from the danger that States which are hot- beds of tension might acquire nuclear capability. The plans of Israel and South Africa for the production of nu- clear weapons as an instrument of their aggressive pol- icies are well kllown. My country has condemned the pi- ratical raid by Israel against the nuclear research centre in Iraq which, as a party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, has placed its nuclear programme under the IAEA safeguards. This criminal and adventurist act has also impaired the non-proliferation regime as well as the authority andcred- ibility of the Agency. 130. These events indicate that the efforts to improve and enhance the effectiveness of the non-proliferation re- gime should continue on a priority basis. The ratification of or the accession to the Non-Proliferation Treaty by all States without exception would be a decisive step in that direction. 131. The adoption of a convention on the strengthening of guarantees for the security of non-nuclear-weapon States and a convention on the non-stationing of pU~le¥ weapons on the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States 133. Faced with a growing energy shortage, more and more countries, both developed and developing, will con- vert to nuclear energy as the most immediate and practi- cal alternat~v~energy source. This tendency has be,come more obvious and despite all fluctuations will continue to gain in substance. This will naturally enhance both the role and'the authority of the Agency. The International Nuclear roel Cycle Evaluation has examined a range of fields in which international co-operation is not only nec- essary but indeed vital. We anticipate with interest the results of the forthcoming conference on nuclear power experience, which will come up with answers to many questions raised by practical experience. 134. The report reaffirms the importance which IAEA attaches to the principles governing the export of nuclear materials and the need for a concerted joint policy with regard to their implementation. We are confident that' the Committee on Assu:3nces of Supply, established in 1980, will work successfully in the field of the supply of nu- clear material: equipment, technology and services on the basis of non-proliferation objectives. 135. I wish to note, without elaborating, that we deem it necessary that the work of the Agency in such impor- tant fields as nuclear safety and the protection of the en- vironment, food production and agriculture, health serv- ices, scientific research, personnel training and the exchange of scientific information benefit all countries. In our view, the direct and active participation of IAEA in preparing and convening the United Nations Conference for the Promotion of International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, to be held in 1983 un- der the auspices of the United Nations, is a guarantee of the success of the Conference. We think that the decisions to be adopted by the Conference will truly be in' the inter- ests of the international community only if due account is taken of the objective and indispensable necessity of strengthening the safeguards against the danger of pro- liferation. 136. Finally I should like to point out that my country is successfully carrying out a broad and multifaceted na- tional programme for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Here I wish to give as an example the tasks in the field of nuclear'energy which my country has undertaken. The theses for the socio-economic development of the People's Republic of Bulgaria until 1990, adopted at the Twelfth ' Congress of the Bulgarian Communist Party, stipulate that the "relative share of the electricity generated by nuclear power should reach 25 per cent by 1985 and 40 per cent by 1990". 137. All of this underlines the commitment of my coun- try to the promotion of international co-operation in peaceful us~s,.of..nuclear energy and its active participa- tion' in such co-operation. '. 139. I should like also to congratulate Mr. Hans Blix on his appointment to the post of Director General of the Agency and to wish him success in his important and responsible work. May I assure him of my country's read- iness to continue and to enhance its co-operation with the Agency and to contribute to the strengthening of the Agency's effectiveness in the name of peace and the so- cio-economic progress of all nations.

It gives me pleasure to address the Assemb!y on the report of IAEA. Aus- tralia's active participation in the work of the Agency, and in particular our membership of the Board of Governors since its inception in 1957, demonstrates the importance we place on the work being carried out on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The Agency is, we consider, one of ~he more successful organizations within the United Nations systt""ll, and this despite the limited resources made available l~ it. It has an impressive record of meet- ing its two primary responsibilities: the development and application of safeguards required under the nuclear Non- Proliferation Tre:lty and other arrangements, and the de- velopment of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, including in particular the provision of technical assistance to develop- ing countries. 141. Australia attaches .high importance to the respon- sibilities of the Agency in the development and applica- tion of safeguards required under the Non-Proliferation Treaty. The question of the peaceful uses of nuclear en- ergy cannot be considered without also considering the prevention of the proljferation of nuclear weapons. It has long been the Australian Government's belief that univer- sal adherence to the Non-Proliferation Treaty would pro- vide the most etlective international political regime for preventing the future spread of nuclear weapons. At the same time, Australia fully recognizes the importance to many countries, including developing countries, of ade- quate opportunities for the peaceful development of nu- clear power. The task facing the international community is therefore to achieve compatibility between the peaceful development of nuclear energy and the prevention of nu- clear proliferation. My Government is fully conscious of these urgent needs and has taken steps to help meet the problem. 142. Australia has very large reserves of natural ura- nium and is now entering the international uranium mar- ket as a major supplier. Exports from newly developed mines in Australia are already making their contribution to world energy needs. However, in view of our concern 143. Australia has. also decided that exports of uranium to nuclear-weapon States for peaceful purposes should be subject to undertakings that uranium will not be diverted to military or explosive purposes and will be covered by IAEA safeguards. In addition, Australia pursues a policy of giving preference to parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty in the provision of nuclear technical assistance out- side the regular programme of IAEA. 144" Australia considers the Agency to be an important forum for monitoring developments in international atti- tudes towards the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. In ad- dition to its role in the development of safeguard tech- niques, the Agency's assessments of the benefits of nuclear power, its research into the problems of nuclear technology, such as reactor safety and waste management, and its technical assistance to developing countries will have an important bearing on developments in the peace- ful uses of nudp.~r energy. 145. With this in mind, Australia has continued to play an active role in the work of IAEA and, as I have pointed out, attaches particular importance to the non-proliferation role in implementing effective international safeguards and in refining and improving safeguard techniques. We therefore attach special weight to the three major current Agency initiatives in which the Agency and its members are involved, and we continue 1.0 part'dpate actively in them. I am referring to the Committee on Assurances of Supply, international plutonium storage and the interna- tional spent fuel management study. 146. We consider that the Committee on Assurances of Supply, which has made some progress over the past year, is developing into a valuable forum for the continuing discus3ions of nuclear supply and non-proliferation ques- tions. We also believe that its work has an important con- tribution to make to preparations for the 1983 United Nations Conference for the Promotion of International Co- operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. We are disappointed that more progress has not b~en made in in- ternational plutonium storage in building upon the sub- stantial measures of agreement which already exist. We nevertheless continue to give the work of the Expert Group on International Plutonium Storage high priority, aimed as it is at helping reduce the risks of proliferation. Positive progress is being made by the Expert Group on International Spent Fuel Management, whose examination of the issues will provide a valuable basis for improving spent fuel management in the future. 147. IAEA, through its safeguards system; offers the confidence the international community seeks about the peaceful use of nuclear energy and provides the basic framework for international nuclear trade and international co-operation. All States have a fundamental stake in the effective and stable operation of the Agency, which, to operate successfully, continues to need the full support of all member States. 148. Australia's commitment to nuclear technical as- sistance is reflected both in bilateral programmes and through our support for the Agency's Asian Regional Co- 149. Australia's active support for the Agency is also demonstrated in the encouragement we have given. to measures which have narrowed the distinctions and dis- criminations between the two classes of States: nuclear- weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States. In this re- gard, we welcomed last year the steps which the United Kingdom, the United States and France took to accept IAEA safeguards of their civil nuclear programmes. We hope the other nuclear-weapon States will follow suit. 150. Australia will continue to work for the further evo- lution of co-operative arrangements which are vital to trust and a safe nuclear world. We are glad to reaffirm our commitment and contributions to the efforts of IAEA to improve and develop safeguards systems and enhance international co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, especially technical assistance to developing countries. 151. Before concluding my remarks on the work of the Agency, I should like to comment on a disquieting event be~ring directly on the Agency's role. There has been a military attack by one member State on the nuclear facili- ties of another member State. Australia's attitude to this action has been made clear in other forums, including'the IAEA General Conference in September this year and the Committee on Disarmament at Geneva, where we joined a number of other delegations in expressing our condem- nation of the attack. Such military operations not only are detrimental to efforts to restore peace and stability in the region but also hamper efforts by the international com,: munity, based on the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the as- sociated safeguards system administered by IAEA, to pre- vent a further ~pread of nuclear weapons. 152. In conclusion, it is a privilege for me to be able to join all other delegations by expressing the Australian Government's appreciation of the work done by the outgo-' ing Director General, Mr. Sigvard Eklund, whose. work has ensured the effective development of the Ag~ncy. We wish to congratulate Mr. Eklund on the decision made at the end of the twenty-fifth regular session of. the General Conference of the Agency to confer upon him the title of Director General Emeritus of the Agency. Mr. Eklund hai discharged his responsibilities with unthing dedication and deserves the highest praise and gratitude from all member States. At the same time, I have pleasure, on behalf of the Australian Government, in congratulating the new ·Director General of the Agency, Mr. Hans Blix. Australia looks forward to continuing its cl(jse'c6;:6peia~ tion with the Director General. ." i:' :~ :' .'t 154. My delegntion has studied the annual report of the ·1\gen~y,and we note with satisfaction the assistance sup- plied by the Agency to more than 40 developing coun- ~es. We also note the existence of co-operation and co- ordination in the field of research between the Agency and several scientific institutions in developing countries. This relationship illustrat~s .the attention paid by the Agency to agricultural and livestock production, eradica- tion of agricqltural diseases and pests, public health, cc •. servation of food, protection of the environment, natural .sciences and organization of a data base. 155.. Undoubtedly all these concerns will lead to posi- tive results which will benefit many countries, especially the developing countries, which certainly need to improve their agricultural and livestock production and intensify the eradication of agricultural diseases and pests, since agriculture is the main source of food in those countries. 156. We also note the existence of a food crisis affect- ing the whole world. especially the African continent. We resolutely denounce all campaigns on the part of the Western media against the efforts by the developing coun- tries to benefit. from nuclear power in their economic de- velopment. We also denounce all political and economic pressure and the hindrances being placed in the way of the efforts of those countries to obtain nuclear technology, because all these efforts go against progress and are doomed to failure. The developing countries will persist in wishing to emerge from their economic underdevelop- ment by using aB means to achieve comprehensive eco- nomic development, including the use of nuclear power for peaceful purposes. 157. We are convinced of the importance of the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, and therefore my country has adhered to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to the safeguards system associ- ated with that Treaty. At the same time, we believe that there is a need for greater efforts on the part of the Agency for a better future, in order that it may achieve its obj~ctives, doing so by submitting all nuclear facilities to its control. However, we note with great regret that certain countries refuse to recognize the resolutions of the inter- national community and continue try defy the international will, which .by every means available is trying to avoid the lJuclear catastrophe threatening all mankind. 158. The General Assembly, in resolution 33171 A, re- lating to military and nuclear colIaboration wi~h Israel, requests the Security Council to caU upon all States "to end an transfer of nuclear equipment or fissionable mate- rial or technology to Israel". The Assembly made a simi- lar call in resolution 34/89, on Israeli nuclear armament. However, the Zionist en,~ity continues to receive assistance . in'the field of nuclear weapons production, which has left 159. Israel, moreover, continues to threaten southern Af- rica by co-operating with a kindred regime, the apartheid regime in South Africa. This co-operation in the nuclear arms field is a serious threat to the security and stability of the States of the African continent. The General As- sembly has called upon South· Africa to submit all. its nu- clear. facilities to Agency control and requested the Se- curity Council to take measures to prevent any kind of nuclear co-operation with the racist regime of South Af- rica. The General Assembly, in resolution 35/206 H, strongly condemned "the continuing and increasing col- laboration by Israel with the racist regime of South Af- rica". which represents grave consequences for the devel- opment of the military potential of South Africa and which constitutes a very grave and dangerous problem. Despite allegations to the contrary, the relations between Israel and South Africa have become more systematized and cover 'several other spheres: military, political, nu- clear, economic and cultural. 160. We must never forget the disturbing role played by the great Powers in the nuclear arms race; this harms peace and security in the world, favours catastrophes and increases suffering. The fact that the United States is con- sidering the production of the neutron bomb constitutes a grave danger to international peace and securit.y. The United States should be fostering efforts for the peaceful utilization of nuclear power. Instead, we see that the United States is giving assistance-experts, technical as- sistance and nuclear materials-and encouragement to the racist regimes of South Africa and occupied Palestine for the production of nuclear weapons. This constitutes a vio- lation of United Nations resolutions and of the principles of IAEA. The great Powers have assumed a grave respon- sibility to put an end to the production of nuclear weap- ons and not to obstruct the efforts of developing countries to benefit from nuclear technology and use it for peaceful purposes. 161. We have great hopes for the United Nations Con- ference for the Promotion of International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy to be held in 1983, and we look forward to positive results emerging from that Conference which will serve the progress of mankind as a whole and especially the economies of developing countries and also allow for the establishment of rules governing peace and security. 162. I should like to stress, in conclusion, one very important issue with respect to the development ('f the potential of developing countries in benefiting from nu- clear technology: namely, the training of the citizens of developing countries in this field. I refer to the possibility of providing those citizens with opportunities to find posi- tions within the Ag~ncy, since such positions would con- stitute a kind of training. The quota for the developing

At the outset, on behalf of the delegatkm oi Pakistan, I should like to pay our special tribute to the retiring Director General of IAEA, Mr. Sig- vard Eklund, for his illustrious services in the building up and management of the Agency and for promoting the cause of peaceful ·uses of nuclear energy, which has be- come increasingly vital for economic and social progress, particularly of the developing countries. A living testi- mony of Mr. Eklund's outst~nding contribution in this field is the development of the Agency itself, with its wide range of responsibilities and the benefits which it is extending to nume-rous countries in the peaceful applica- tions of nuclear energy. We therefore join others in ap- plauding the decision of the Agency to confer upon Mr. Eklund the title of Director General Emeritus. 164. We also warmly welcome the appointment of the new Director General, Mr. Hans Blix. We are confident that his vast experience and expertise wiII be a most valu- able asset to the Agency in its continued development and in carrying out its responsibilities for the promotion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy with vigour and effective- ness. 165. My delegation wishes to express our gratitude to Mr. Eklund for his eloquent and comprehensive introduc- tion of the annual report of the Agency on its a~tivities for the year 1980. My delegation has noted with satisfac- tion the Agency's record of achiever.•ents in the develop- ment of peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It is a matter of gratification that the total resources available to carry out the Agency's technical assistance programme in 1980 in- creased by 27.3 per cent compared with that of 1979. The assistance provided by UNDP to the Agency~ which regis- tered a sharp increase of 45 per cent over 1979, is indeed commendable and underscores the recognition on the part of the United Nations of the Agency's role and functions in the developmental sector. At the same time, however, we regret to find that the voluntary contributions of the member States pledged to the Agency's fund did not fully meet the target set for 1980. 166. Pakistan is convinced of the growing importance of the peaceful applications of nuclear energy in the deyelop- ment efforts of an increasingly large number of countries 170. The Karachi nuclear power plant, otherwise known particularly from the third world. The International Nu- as KANUPP, has been regularly inspected by the clear Fuel Cycle Evaluation, which finalized its three- Agency's safeguards inspectors. During the last 10 years year-long technical study in February 1980, also con- it has been inspected 62 times, and on each occasion th~ cluded that nuclear energy is expected to increase its role Agency has certified that "the inspection disclosed no de- in meeting the world's energy needs and that nuclear parture from the t~rms of the safeguards agreement cover- technology can and should be widely available to that ing the facilities and materials concerned". There has not end. By the same token, we believe that there will be been a single case of non~complianceor deviation. Earlier corresponding expansion in the scope of activities and re- this year, on 19 January 1981, the Director General re- sponsibilities of the Agency, which has an important role ported to the Board of Governors of lAEA tbat a c~m-, in the promotion of the application of nuclear energy for plete inventory verification of all irradiated fuel had.been peaceful purposes. carried out by the Agency's inspection team and tlie re- ..For the past five years the Agency has been making a detailed statistical analysis and evaluation of the ef- fectiveness of its safeguards operations, and in no ca~e has the Agency detected any discrepancy which would indicate the diversion of a significant amount of safe- guarded material. It has thus concluded that all such material has remained in peaceful nuclear activities or has been otherwise adequately accounted for." [50th meeting. para. J8.] 168. The Israeli attack on the Tamuz nuclear reactor near Baghdad has come as a rude shock to the interna- tional community, which advocates the right of every na- tion to have access to nuclear technology for peaceful pur- poses. The Director General, Mr.. Eklund, has correctly described that attack as an attack on the IAEA safeguards system itself. Besides being an act of unprovoked aggres- sion, the Israeli attack on Tamuz has far-reaching implica- tions. It underlines the imperative need to preserve the Agency's safeguards system and to devise ways and means to protect all peaceful nuclear installations. The recommendation made by Mr. Eklund for enlarging the scope of the 1977 Additional Protocol to the Geneva Con- ventions of 12 August 1949 in order to strengthen interna- tional law prohibiting attacks on all peaceful nuclear facil- ities deserves our serious consideration. 169. Pakistan has always fully supported the IAEA safe- guards system, and, in the context of its own nuclear fa- cilities, it has extended every assistance to the Agency in discharging its safeguards responsibilities. Nevertheless, in the recent past, Pakistan's peaceful nuclear programme .has become the target of an orchestrated propaganda cam- paign. It is being put out that "suspicious" activities have come to light at Pakistan's nuclear power reactor near Ka- rachi and that "anomalies and irregularities" have been detected at the site. These are patently false allegations which even cast doubt on the competence of the Agency itself. These unfounded allegations, in our opinion, should have been tefuted by the Agency itself in the light of its inspections of the Karachi nuclear reactor. We have, however, noted the categorical statement by the Director General of JAEA that the Agency has detected neither any diversion nor any act of non-compliance with its safe- guards regime. 171. Once again, I should like to state that Pakistan is proud to have fully carried out its safeguards obligations, and it will continue to honour all its safeguards undertak- ings. The conjectures regarding diversion of irradiated fuel from KANUPP are therefore totally baseless, mis- leading and contrary to the official statements and find- ings of IAEA. 172. I may also point out that Pakistan has been one of the first few countries to respond favourably to the new proposals made by the lAEA Director General in a recent statement regarding the need for augmenting the existing surveillance equipment with devices still under develop- ment. 173. According to the Agency these proposals are intended to seek improved safeguards measures. Although they are outside the framework of our existing agreements with the Agency, we have agreed to have discussions at the expert level. Obviously we cannot accept the uni- lateral introduction of any measures by the Agency which have not been agreed upon through negotiations. 174. Specifically, the new proposals for upgrading the safeguards system for the Karachi nuclear reactor, and Pakistan's preliminary response to them, can be summa- rized as followS. 175. First, installation of an additional camera set in the spent fuel bay and relocation of the existing cameras in the Karachi nuclear reactor has been proposed. In accord- ance with our agreements with the Agency, two sur- veillance cameras are already in position in the proposed area and are covering the entire area satisfactorily. in ad- dition to these two cameras, we have already agreed to the inst~llation of a television video system at KANUPP for test purposes. This particular .:>y~:em, which has al- ready been installed, goes beyond the stipulations of the existing agreements. We are willing further to consider and undertake discussions at the expert level for the pos- sible relocation of the installed cameras. 176. Secondly, relocation of the present camera set in the decontamination bay has been proposed. We have conveyed our willingness to the Agency to discuss the details of the proposal. 177. Thirdly, it is proposed to install two camera sets and improve the monitoring system in the fuelling ma- chine maintenance area. Although we have not been able to see any justification for this proposal, which is also outside the purview of the existing agreements, we are willing to consider it as long as the new arrangements do not interfere with the normal operation of the reactor. 178. Fourthly, in the case of difficulties with film devel- opment, it is proposed to transfer the exposed film for development and evaluation in Vienna. As regards the de- velopment and processing of films, we have already pro- vided the necessary darkroom facilities for developing films at KANUPP. This arrangement has been working satisfactorily. According to the existing agreements with the Agency, the exposed films are n~t to be removed frol11 KANUPP premises. Any arrangement contrary to that agreement will have to be negotiated. 180. Lastly, it is proposed to install input and output bundle counters. We are willing to consider the attach- ment of counter monitors in the Hght of our agreements with the Agency. 181. I have taken the liberty of giving some technical details about the so-called irregularities or certain sus- picious activities which are reported to have been noticed at the Karachi nuclear reactor. As is clear from our initial response, Pakistan is willing to hold detailed discussions with the Agency's experts to reach mutual agreement on the new proposals made by the Agency in accordance with the provisions of the existing arrangements. We be- lieve, however, that the existing safeguards system of the Agency provides it with sufficient flexibility for replacing any equipment and instruments as new ones become available. 182. It has been stated that the new proposals by the Agency are based on an assessment of the safeguards sys- tem of KANUPP in the situation which has arisen since the reactor started to be loaded with fuel produced in Pdkistan. I may mention that Pakistan was compelled to develop the manufa~ture of fuel from indigenous sources after the fuel supply was unilaterally cut off by Canada in December 1976, rendering the Karachi reactor virtually inoperational. But the setting up of the fuel fabrication plant was no secret project. A public announcement was made on its completion in September 1980, and later it was duly reported to the General Conference of IAEA. Thereafter the Agency made a complete inventory of the irradiated fuel bundles at the Karachi nuclear reactor with the full co-operation of the Pakistan' side. The subsequent Agency inspections also fully take into account the in- ventory of indigenous fuel. 183. Pakistan's commitment to nuclear non-proliferation is a matter of public record. The Government of Pakistan has repeatedly declared that its nuclear programme is de- voted to the technological, industrial and economic devel- opment of the country. Pakistan has also been consistently advocating the strengthening of the non-proliferation re- gime, not only on a global basis, but also in our own area, such as through the establishment of a nuclear- weapon-free zone in South Asia. Towards that end Petkistan has made several proposals, including a joint declaration by States of the region on the non-acquisition Gf nuclear weapons and bilateral reciprocal inspections of respective nuclear facilities. 184. The concern for nuclear non-proliferation should : not militate against the inherent right of the developing countries to benefit from peaceful nuclear technology on a universal and non-discriminatory basis. Furthermore, we believe that nuclear proliferation cannot be prevented by placing unilateral restrictions on access to nuclear technol- ogy; it can be achieved throughJ a genuine political con- sensus embracing nuclear and non-nuclear countries, as called for by the tenth special session of the General As- sembly, devoted to disarmament [see resolution 5-10/2]. It is for this reason that Petkistan welcomes the establish- ment by lAEA of th~ Committee on Assurances of Sup", 185. I should like to take this opportunity to offer some brief comments on draft resolutions A/36/L. 10 and L. 11 . Pakistan is a sponsor of draft resolution N36/L.II, which relates to the United Nations Conference for the Promo- tion of International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, scheduled for 1983. We attach great im- portance to the ne.ed for adequate preparations for that Conference. The draft resolution has fully underlined this imperative, and it also affirms the principles which should guide the preparations for the Conference. Those are, first, that the use of nuclear energy for peaceful pur- poses is of great importance for the economic and social development of many cuuntries; secondly, that all States have the right, in accordance with the principle of sov- ereign equality, to develop their programme for the peace- ful uses of nuclear technology for economic and social development in conformity with their priorities, interests and needs; thirdly, that all States, without discrimination, should have access to, an~ should be free to acquire, technology, equipment and materials for the peacefui uses of nuclear energy and, lastly, that international co-opera- tion in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy should be un- der agreed and appropriate international safeguards ap- plied through IAEA on a non-discriminatory basis in order effectively to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. 186. We also share the view of other sponsors that the subject of the Conference deserves consideration as a sep- arate item on the agenda of the thirty-seventh session of the General Assembly. 187. We have noted with interest the contents of draft resolution A/36/L.1O, which relates to the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency. That draft resolu- tion has specifically highlighted the significance of the role of the Agency in the introduction of nuclear power for peaceful purposes as well as in the application of nu- clear science and technology, particularly in the fields of agriculture, medicine and industry in the developing countries. The draft resolution has noted with satisfaction the several continuing endeavours of the Agency to fulfil its obligations under its statute. The draft resolution also calls for support for the efforts of the Agency, pursuant to its statute, to further the peaceful uses of nuclear power, improve the effectiveness of safeguards and promote nu- clear safety. Those efforts must, however, be pu'rsued within the framework of the relevant intemationally recog- nized principles. 188. In conclusion, I should like to say that Mr. Eklund has preser~ed in a most eloquent manner the perils as well as the promises which the nuclear age offers man- kind. He has brought out in his report and in his state- ment both his deep concern over the spiralling nuclear arms race and his deep conviction of the peaceful role of nuclear energy. We fully share his concern and his con- viction, and we hope that eminent personalities such as he

At the outset, I ~hould like to express my delegation's appreciation to Mr. Sigvard Eklund, Director General of IAEA, for his important statement at the 50th meeting, in which he presented the annual report on the Agency's activities during 1980. I also wish to take this opportunity to pay a special tribute to Mr. Eklund for his dedication and tireless efforts over the past 20 years in helping IAEA to evolve into an in- stitution that commands the respect and appreciation of the international community. 190. It is universally acknowledged that energy is an es- sential ingredient in the process of development and pro- gress. With the shift towards small capital-intensive modes of production, energy has become all the more crucial. Even in developing countries where labour-inten- sive modes of production are still dominant, the trend to- wards capital-intensive modes of production-not only in the modem sector of the economy, but in the traditional sectors as well-has become an established fact. Such a development has in itself brought about severe disloca- tions in the economies of developing countries and is fur- ther aggravated by the paucity of energy resources in the developing countries and their dependence on the technol- ogy of developed countries. 191. Nuclear energy offers the best viable shOit-term solution to the energy crisis for all States, regardless of their stage of development. Developing countries, how- ever, are not so fortunate, for the technology and re- sources required for the production of nuclear energy are not readily available to them, owing to their lack of the required financial resources and technology, as well as be- cause of certain restrictive practices that have been hinder- ing international co-operation in this field. It is precisely in this respect that IAEA should play an important role. A balance must be struck between assuring access to nu- clear energy by all States and the need to curb the pro- liferation of nuclear weapons. The non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons have made good on their undertaking not to acquire nuclear weapons, whereas the nuclear- weapon States have yet to live up to their obligations to cease vertical proliferation and to take measures to ensure that the potential benefits derived from the peaceful ap- plication of nuclear energy be made available to non-nu- clear-weapon States on a non-discriminatory basis. 192. It is time, we believe, for the nuclear-weapon States, if they wish the Non-Proliferation Treaty regime to be effective, to work earnestly towards fulfilling their ob- ligations under the Treaty. They must undertake effective measures to curb the nuclear arms race and, at the same time, to encourage in a concrete way internatio~al co-op- eration in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. 193. Since its establishment IAEA has played a major role both in checking the proliferation of nuclear weapons through its safeguards system and as a catalyst in foster- ing international co-operation in the peaceful uses of nu- clear energy. We "hope the Agency will continue in the future to discharge that important role with effectiveness. My delegation fully supports the safeguards system and would like to see it strictly respected and widely applied. We attach equal importance to the role of the Agency in the field of international co-operation in the peaceful uses 194. Another aspect of the role of IAEA in international co-operation with regard to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy is that of technical assistance. My delegation con- siders the Agency's technical assi§tance programme as vi- tal in the efforts of developing countries to utilize nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. 195. It is for this reason that we are concerned at the size of the programme in relation to the increasing re- quirements of the developing countries. We are also con- cerned that such a programme continues to be financed from extra-budgetary resources. We should like to see the technical assistance programme as part of the regular bud- get of the Agency. This, we feel, would bring about the stability required for the Agency to establish a long-term programme more attuned to the needs of developing coun- tries. 196. Developing countries have a major stake in IAEA. It is therefore only appropriate that their representation be augmented on the Board of Governors of the Agency, as well as in its secretariat, in particular in the corps of in- spectors. 197. International co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy will, we hope, enter a new phase with the holding of the United Nations cunference devoted to this matter. Egypt, as a member of the Preparatory Committee for the conference, will spare no effort in ensuring ade- quate preparation for it. To this end, it is our view that the Preparatory Committee should meet twice during 1982 so that it may undertake the substantive prepara- tions, including the preparation of a draft declaration and programme of action to be adopted by the conference. My delegation also holds the view that the preparations for the conference, as well as the conference itself. must be guided by the principles contained in General Assem- bly resolution 32/50 if the conference is effectively to fulfil its role in the promotion of internationalco-opera- tion in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. 198. Faced with the imperative need to establish a long- term energy programme to sustain its economic develop- ment, Egypt has embarked on a nuclear energy pro- gramme to generate the necessary electrical power. To this end, in February of this year we ratified the Non-Pro- liferation Treaty, and in June of this year we also con- cluded a safeguards agreement with IAEA. We have con- cluded bilateral agreements with a number of countries for co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. We therefore look with great anticipation to the United I Nations Conference for the Promotion of International Co- operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. It is our hope that the Conference will result in a regime that will govern in a constructive and equitable manner inter- national co-operation in this field. 199. Egypt is a sponsor of draft resolution A/36/L.ll. We hope it will be widely supported, in the interests of the future peaceful use of nuclear energy and for the ben- efit of all. At the same time, we consider that draft reso-

We have carefully studied the annual report of IAEA on its activities in 1980. The statement made by the Director General of the Agency, Mr. Eklund, contributed to the better understand- ing of the important issues elaborated in the report before us. 201. As my delegation has already had the opportunity to express its views concerning the report of the Prepara- tory Committee while introducing draft resolution N361 L. II at the 50th meeting, I shall now limit myself to some comments on the report of the Agency. 202. At the beginning I want to pay a well-deserved tribute and express the gratitude of my delegation to Mr. Sigvard Eklund for his exceptional performance and untir- ing efforts during his 20 years as Director General of the Agency. We wish him all the best in the future. To his successor, Mr. Blix, we offer our congratulations and good wishes. 203. My country, like almost all other countries today, particularly the developing ones, attaches great impor- tance to the issues of the development and nuclear energy for peaceful uses and of the elimination of all problems hindering the promotion of international co-operation in that field. As a member of IAEA and of its Board of Governors for the past two-year term, Yugoslavia h~s at- tempted to contribute to its utmost to the work of the Agency. We fully support the activities of the Agency, particularly those directed towards the promotion of the application of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and its assistance to developing countries in accelerating their nuclear energy programmes aime9 at meeting the acute and urgent energy requirements of their development. 204. Co-operation in all fields between the Agency and Yugoslavia has been fruitful. We owe particular gratitude to the Agency for the technical assistam:e provided during the construction of the first Yugoslav nuclear power plant. We hope that this co-operation will also successfully con- tinue in the future. 205. On this occasion, I should like to congratulate the Director General and the secretariat of the Agency on the work accomplished in 1980, the results of which are cov- ered in the report. Reviewing all Agency activities in the past year, the report clearly points to the increasing sig- nificance of the application of nuclear energy in many fields of human activity, to the problems connected to it and to the ways of solving them. 206. As in previous years, the report underlines the fact that a major and steady expansion of nuclear power is indispensable to the future economic well-being of all countries, particularly developing ones. The present en- ergy crisis makes this fact exceptionally relevant. To this end, it is important to devote further constant attention to the question of nuclear safety, J which is included in the programme of action of the Agency. In this connection, an important event in 1980 was the convening by the Agency of the International Conference on Current" Nu- clear Power Plant Safety Issues, at Stockholm, whic~ 208. Regrettably, the well-known events in June this year posed a grave threat to the safeguards system of the Ag~ncy and undermined confidence in that system. Is- rael's military attack on the research reactor in Iraq was not only a totally unjustified act of aggression, for which Israel was condemned by the entire international commu- li1ity, but also an attack on the safeguards system of the Agency and on the system of international co-operation and trust in general. 209. My country attaches great importance to the setting up of the Committee on Assurances of Supply and con- siders that the questions it is considering-that is, ways and means in which supply of nuclear material, equip- ment and technology can be assured on a predictable and long-term basis-are of paramount importance for the promotion of international co-operation in the field of nu- clear energy. We hope that the Committee will soon achieve concrete results. 210. The problem of technical assistance is for develop- ing countries one of the most important aspects of the Agency's activities. For those countries the relation be- tweeD technical assistance on the one hand, and the reg- ulatory activities of the Agency or the other, is still not satisfactory. We support the endeavours of the Agency to achieve a higher degree of predictability of resources for technical assistance by long-term planning of its funds and thus enable the recipient countries to plan well in advance. We expect that the justified proposals of devel- oping countries that technical assistance funds be included in the regular budget of the Agency will eventually be accepted and that those funds will be more or less at the level of the Agency's expenditures on safeguard meas- ures. 211. Yugoslavia fully supports the demand for the cor- rection of the existing disproportion in the membership of the Board of Governors of the Agency, in the sense of a more equitable geographical distribution which would lead to the increase of representation of developing coun- tries in it. We also support the demand for a more equita- ble representation of developing countries in the Agency's secretariat, especially in the high-ranking positions, where that disproportion is felt the most.

The Director General's statement at the 50th meeting focused the attention of the General Assembly in a most lucid way on the wide range of activities described in the Agency's annual report. The Director General and the secretariat of the Agency are to be congratulated .on their continuing commitment and contribution to the effectiveness of the Agency and its programmes. 214. The report recognizes the central role of IAEA un- der its statute in promoting the peaceful uses of nucle~ energy and underlines the importance of its many respon- sibilities, particularly in the areas of technical assistance, safeguards and nuclear safety. We note that the IAEA Committee on Assurances of Supply is meeting this week at Vienna, and we hope that progress in its work will greatly contribute to the success of the 1983 United Nations Conference for the Promotion of International Co- operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. 215. The Agency is charged with the task of accelerat- ing and enlarging the contribution of nuclear energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. Can- ada is pleased to note that IAEA is emphasizing projects designed to have a significant social and economic im- pact. We have also noted with satisfaction that technical assistance provided by the Agency to developing coun- tries has again increased substantially. 216. Canada considers the Agency's safeguards opera- tions essential to the promotion of an effective interna- tionally agreed non-proliferation regime and will continue strongly to support those efforts. We welcome the conclu- sion that again in 1980 nuclear material under Agency safeguards "remained in peaceful nuclear activities or was otherwise adequately accounted for". 8 However, if confi- dence is to be sustained in such conclusions, the Agency must continue to upgrade the effectiveness of its safe- guards, taking into account the latest technological ad- vances. 217. In .conclusion, I wish to echo the many tributes paid to Mr. Eklund and the good wishes extended to his successor, Mr. Blix. The Agency faces many challenges, but can count on Canada's continued full support. . 218. Mr. LIDGARD (Sweden): IAEA is commonly said to have three main fields of activity. They can be entitled "safeguards", "technical co-operation" and "nuclear safety". 219. Th~ first of these, safeguards, means ensuring that nuclear energy is used exclusively for peaceful purposes. I am happy to note that the Agency's annual report for 1980 confirms, as in previous years, that nuclear material under Agency safeguards remained in peaceful nuclear ac- tivities or was otherwise accounted for. At the same time, however, we are all too aware that this does not mean that the non-proliferation regime that the safeguards system is to uphold is without serious political problems. The con- trary is in fact the case. 220. In June this year the safeguards system was chal- lenged by a country that does not submit all its nuclear activities to international safeguards. When Israeli bomb- 221 . One step in such a direction has already been iden- tified many times-namely, the application of IAEA safe- guards to all nuclear facilities in non-nUclear-weapon States as well as civilian facilities in the nuclear-weapon States. There is no valid reason not to accept such full- scope safeJjuards. I have already mentioned Israel as one of the countries which do not subscribe to full-scope safe- guards. There are several others. If we wish effectively to discourage future proliferation of nuclear weapons, which would undoubtedly entail great risks to regional and inter- national peace, it is of vital importance that all non-nu- clear-weapon States now take steps to introduce IAEA safeguards on all nuclear materials in their possession. 222. Another step that has particular bearing on the at- tack on the Iraqi reactor is the prohibition of military at- tacks on civilian nuclear facilities. The Additional Pro- tocol of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 concerning respect for human rights in armed con- flict contains restrictions on military attacks on nuclear power stations. This Protocol has been ratified by 20 na- tions. The June attack clearly indicates the relevance of this Protocol and the need for wider support. An extended prohibition has been proposed by :uy Government for in- clusion in the draft international convention prohibiting the development, production, stockpiling. and use of radi- ological weapons, which is now under consideration by the Committee on Disarmament. The proposal has met with considerable support and we hope that it will soon become ·the basis for positive action. 223. Turning now to the second main field of activity of IAEA, namely, technical. co-operation, I shall limit my- self to expressing satisfaction at the outcome of informal talks on this subject at the recent General Conference of the Agency. All members of the Agency are now well aware of the importance that should be attached to this task and the need for predictable and adequate financing. For the financing of its programme of technical co-opera- tion, as well as for its regular budget, the Agency already applies methods of medium-term indicative planning. These methods provide a good basis for further advances in this area. 224. I should like to state my Government's support for proposals for an extended role for IAEA in the field of alternative sources of energy supply. A research centre within the IAEA framework could contribute towards the development of new technology in this field, which is of particular importance for the developing countries, as was emphasized at the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy, held at Nairobi from 10 to 21 August 1981. 225. The third main activity of IAEA concerns nuclear safety. My country warmly welcomes the fact that the Agency gives increased attention to this matter of funda.. mental importance, which must be properly addressed if 226. IAEA has a role of fundamental importance in the multilateral efforts to make nuclear energy available for peaceful purposes to all nations of the world. The estab- lishment of the Committee on Assurances of Supply and the Expert Groups on International Plutonium Storage and International Spent Fuel Management are examples which testify to the vigour of the Agency and its active presence in areas of importance to the further development of the potential of nuclear energy in relation to all parts of'the fuel cycle. 227. This success is to a high degree due to the Agency's Director General for 20 years, Mr. Sigvard Eklund. With the assistance of his expert staff he has achiev~d a situation in which IAEA stands unchallenged as the sole international organization responsible for pro- moting and also safeguarding the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. During his many years of international service Mr. Eklund has shown himself to be the skilful admin- istrator of a large agency and a seasoned diplomat finely tuned to the political realities among which he has had to guide IAEA. 228. Finally, I want to state that my country feels deeply honoured by the many expressions of appreciation which have been addressed here today to my compatriot, Mr. Eklund, for his outstanding services as an interna- tional civil servant.

On be- half of the 10 member States of the European Commu- nity, I should like to thank Mr. Eklund for his interesting and informative annual report on the work of the Agency in 1980 and for the fascinating survey he gave us of the development of the Agency and of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy over the past 20 years during which he has served as Director General. I should like now to com- ment on some of the current issues covered in the annual report. 230. The members of the Community gave their full support to IAEA in its important functions of promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy while at the same time insulating such use from the risks of the proliferation of nuclear weapons. We hold the view that continuous and amply available energy is indispensable to the future eco- nomic well-being of mankind. We hope that nuclear en- ergy, together with other sources of energy, will contrib- ute to that end, as well as to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. We note the concern expressed in the report that the development of new nuclear energy programmes is falling short of previous projections and ,that an overriding factor is the question of public accep- tance. In some countries this question is now the object of intensive public debate. 231. In this respect, the member States of the European Community consider the activities of IAEA in the area of nuclear safety to be of the greatest importance. We sup- port the work carried out by the Agency in establishing a set of internationally agreed safety standards for nuclear power plants as well as assisting member States in "the implementation of those standards. 233. The member States of the European Community recognize the importance of the Agency's promotional programmes and in particular the value of the Agency's technical assistance programme to the less developed areas of the world. They welcome the statement in the report that the resources available to the Agency for tech- nical assistance activities in 1980 were 27.3 per cent greater than in 1979 and that, of the $10.5 million agreed voluntary contributions target for 1980, 95 per cent was actually pledged i~ spite of the serious budgetary strin- gency which continues to affect all our Governments. In 1980 a higher target of $13 million for 1981 and even higher indicative planning figures of $16 million for 1982 and $19 million for 1983 were·established. Acceptance of the concept of indicative planning figures has also made possible a more certain and effective source of funding for technical assistance to be established. In addition to their voluntary contributions towards these targets, a num- ber of Community membei· States made available to the Agency other substantial sources of funds as well as as- sistance in kind. 234. All 10 member States of the Community will con- tinue to give their finn support to the Agency's technical assistance programme, and in this connection they re- affirm their belief that the provision of predictable and assured resources for technical assistance to meet the maximum number of technically sound projects can be achieved by voluntary contributions. 235. The Community members would like to record their continuing appreciation of the role .the Agency plays in the application of nuclear science in agriculture and medicine, and especially in the interest of developing countries. We should like to acknowledge once more the important role of the IAEA International Centre for The- oretical Physics at Trieste. We also welcome the co-opera- tion of UNDP in financing projects of IAEA. 236. The members of the European Community would like to reiterate their fullest possible support for the ac- ceptance of lAEA safeguards by all Member States on all their peaceful nuclear activities. We take this opportunity of reaffirming our confidence in the international safe- guards system and of repeating in this context our strong condemnation of Israel's premeditated and unjustified at- tack on Iraq's properly and adequately safeguarded nu- clear research centre. We proclaim the right of any Mem- 241. Indeed, the statement made by Mr. Eklund at the ber State to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes " 50th meeting in presenting the report of IAEA to the under effective and non-discriminatory non-proliferation General Assembly will be recorded as a most valuable arrangements, and we urge all States to recognize and re- contribution towards an understanding of the actual prob- spect that right. lems ~Iated to nuclear energy and its future benefits for mankmd. IAEA, presided over by Mr. Eklund, has been 237. We note that by the end of 1980 98 per cent of the---· at the centre o~ interna!ion~1 nuclear activities' for the last nuclear facilities in non-nuclear-weapon States of which 20 years, and Its growmg Importance need not be further the Agency was aware were under Agency safeguards and stressed here. that no diversion of a significant amount of nuclear mate- rial for weapons ·purposes was detected. We wannly wel- come the fact that two of the six non-nuclear States listed as having unsafeguarded facilities at the end of 1980 have since then agreed to bring these facilities under safe- 238. We welcome the constructive work now begun by the Committee on Assurances of Supply. We have been gratified by the positive way in which the Committee, under the able guidance of its Bureau, has consistently sought to construct consensus. We will continue to play our full part in the Committee's deliberations. We believe they offer the best prospect for supplier and recipient States alike to work towards a more stable and predictable basis for international nuclear trade. 239. Finally, I should like on behalf of the 10 countries of the European Community to pay a very warm tribute to Mr. Eklund on his retirement after no less than 20 years' service as Director General. We believe that this represents a record length of tenure for the executive head of any organization of the United Nations family. The fact that he was asked to remain in the post fora total of five successive four-year terms is a measure of the confidence placed in him by the international community. Under his leadership the Agency has acquired a high reputation among international organizations for the efficiency with which it carries out its tasks. The technical and economic aims of accelerating and enlarging the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world are inextricably intertwined with the political purpose of providing a system of safeguards to verify that it is not being misused. We are deeply grateful to Mr. Eklund for the skill and patience with which he has per- formed this complex and difficult task and we offer him every good wish for his retirement.

May I begin by expressing our deep gratitude and appreciation for the dedication shown and the invaluable work done by Mr. Sigvard Eklund, Director General of IAEA. The commendable achievements of Mr. Eklund in this field certainly cOn- stitute the very basis for future international efforts to- wards increasing the peaceful use of nuclear energy in the world. We also extend our welcome to Mr. Eklund's com- patriot and successor, Mr. Hans Blix, and our wishes for his success in the accomplishment 'of his duties. 242. The Turkish Government attaches considerable im- portance to the work of IAEA as an instrument for suc'- cessful international co-operation in the field of nuclear energy. 244. In the view of the Turkish Government, this con- troversy is becoming more and more of an anachronism in the light of the growing energy requirements of the world community as a whole and particularly of those develop- ing countries deprived of fossil fuel resources. Bearing in mind that towards the end of this century fossil fuel re- sources will have a continuousli diminishing share in the production of energy. nations will have no Blternative but to rely on nuclear power. So the two aspects of the devel- opment of nuclear energy-namely. the danger of pro- liferation of nuclear weapons and the growing need to produce energy for socio-economic development-should be regarded as equally important. It is obvious that, on a global scale, the scarcity of energy resources and the needs of a growing world population will have a very dis- ruptive effect on the existing international order and may in the short run create serious dangers for every State. 245. We think that neither unilateral measures nor the discriminatory practices of a group of States can properly counter this very danger. In our view, the onty way to pre-empt such a dangerous development will be through effective international co-operation. For that purpo~_e._ ev- erything possible should be done to strengthen iAEA on the one hand and, on the other, to esta.blish a new interna- tional consensus on practical ways and means of meeting the legitimate nuclear energy requirements of all nations. 246. During the period covered by the annual report of lAEA important developments have taken place. The es- tablishment of the Committee on Assurances of Supply, the Second Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,2 the con- clusion of the work on the International Nuclear Fuel Cy- cle Evaluation and the decision of the General Assembly to convene in 1983 the United Nations Conference for the Promotion of International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy represent, in our view, the most important events in this ~spect. 247" In relation to the work of the Committee on As- surances of Supply, which is actually under way, we hope that it will be feasible and possible to obtain some pre- liminary results before 1983 in order to provide a basis for fruitful discussions. As for the Second Review Con- ference, I do not want to dwell on the lack of consensus at that Conference. Nevertheless, I must say that the in- creasing number of non-nuclear States which have now become parties to the Non-Proliferation Treaty is testi- mony to the growing awareness of the dangers presented by nuclear weapons. In this respect, as was stated in the Final Document [resolution S-IO/2] adopted by consensus at the tenth special session of the General Assembly-the first devoted to disarmament-the nuclear Powers bear a special responsibility in this field. As is the case with the overwhelming majority of non-nuclear States, Turkey has made a deliberate political choice concerning the dangers of the spread of nucle& weapons. But i must point out that the very legitimate concerns about the discriminatory nature of the Treaty can only be alleviated by concrete and continuing progress in the field of the nuclear arms control {.egotiating process. May I remind the members of the Assembly that Turkey signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty a decade ago, but the process of ratification, nec- 249. As for the convening of the United Nations Con- ference for the Promotion of International Co-operation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in 1983, my delega- tion has not been able to study draft resolution A/36/ L. 11, which was distributed only yesterday, and we do not yet have instructions from Ankara. Nevertheless. I must say that we fully share the concern of the sponsors about the need for the utmost care in the preparation of that important Conference, and with a constructive and flexible approach we shaH make our contribution to the preparatory work for it. 250. As Mr. Eklund pointed out, in the early 1960s there were only a few small nuclear power plants cperat- ing in certain countries. Then he said that at the end of last year, 253 nuclear power reactors were in operation in 22 member States of IAEA. Let us, then. be realistic in imagining the situation at the end of the twentieth cen- tury. We still hold the belief that the inevitable develop- ment of the peaceful use of nuclear energy should be coupled with adequate international co-operative efforts in order to bring about a less disturbed world through the technological advancement of all nations without excep- tion. 251. The Turkish delegation will. present its views on agenda item 130, entitled "Armed Israeli aggression against the Iraqi nuclear installations and its grave conse- quences for the established international system concern- ing the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, the non-prolifera- tion of nuclear weapons and intemational peace and security", when that topic is taken up tomorrow by the General Assembly.

I shall now call on those speak- ers who wish to exercise their right of reply. I would re- mind members that speeches in exercise of the right of reply should not exceed 10 minutes· and should be deliv- ered from their seats. 253. Mr. TAR! (Israel) (interpretation from French): My delegation wishes to eXt~rcise its right of reply following a certain number of statements in this debate. Various rep- resentatives dwelt at length on the operation carried out ,against the Osirak reactor. The question of the Osirak re- o actor is inscribed as agenda item 130, on which the As- sembly will begin discussion tomorrow. It should in no way be introduced into the discussion of the IAEA report. Such an amalgam is seriously detrimental to any con- structive discussion of the true subject before us. Appar- ently certain delegations were unable to resist the tempta- tion to repeat their intemperate defamatory attacks against the State of Israel. We can only protest vigorously once again at this way of proceeding. As to the substance of what was said against Israel with regard to the Osirak

The representative of the Tel Aviv regime has expressed protests and objections at the fact that a number of representatives who have spoken on agenda item l4 have referred to the unprecedented aerial attack that Israel carried out against the Iraqi nu- clear installations. He alleged that this question had noth- ing to do with the item before us. I should like to remind the representative of the Tel Aviv regime that the interna- tional community has already decided that the attack had a direct bearing on IAEA. I should like to refer in partic- ular to resolution 487 (1981), in paragraph 3 of which the Security Council "Further considers that the said attack constitutes a serious threat to the entire safeguards regime of the In- ternational Atomic Energy Agency, which is the foun- d3tion of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons". 255. The Board of Governors of IAEA also, in its reso- lution adopted on 12 June 198I, was "Conscious that this military action. besides affect- ing the security and peace of the region, has shown clear disregard for the Agency's safeguards regime and the Norl-Proliferation Treaty and could do great hann to the development of nuclear energy for peaceful pur- poses, "Gravely concerned by the far-reaching implications of such a military attack on the peaceful nuclear facili- ties of a member State."7 256. The General Conference of IAEA, in its resolution adopted on 26 September 198I. "Considers that the Israeli act of aggression against the safeguarded Iraqi installations constitutes an attack against the Agency and its safeguards regime, which is the foundation of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons".6

I wish to inform the Assembly that a numb~r of delegations have formally requested more time to seek instructions from their Governments regarding the amendments contained in document A/36/ L.12. In accordance with rule 78 of the rules of procedure of the General Assemr!y, the voting on draft resolution A/36/L.IO and the amendments thereto will, therefore, re postponed until tomorrow morning. The voting will be conducted as the second item in the morning after we have heard the speakers inscribed for agenda item 130. It is my intention to close the list of speakers in the debate on this item at 5 p.m. tomorrow. 258. As regards draft resolution N36/L. I 1, the voting will have to be postponed to a later date in order to allow further consultations on the draft as well as consideration of its financial implications by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Fifth Committee. NOTES I International Atomic Energy Agency, The Annual Report for 1980 (Austria, July 1981); transmitted to the members of the General Assem- bly by', note of the Secretary-General (A/36/424). 2 Hel1 at Geneva from 11 August to 7 September 1980. 3 For the summary recOf M of this statement, see GC(XXV)OR.229. para. 6. ~ See international Atomic Energy Agency, The Allnual Report for /980, GC(XXV)/642 and Corr.1 and 2. para. I. 6 See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other De- cisions of the General Conference. Twenty-fifth Regular Session. GC(XXV)/RES/381. I See International Atomic Energy Agency, The Allnual Report for /980, GC(XXV)/642 and Corr.1 and 2. para. 9.