A/41/PV.11 General Assembly

9.  GENERAL DEBATE GENERAL DEBATE Mr. AZIZ (Iraq) (interpretation from Arabic): It gives me pleasure to Mr. AZIZ (Iraq) (interpreta tion from Arabic): It gives me pleasure to convey to you, Sir, my most sincere congratulations on your election as President convey to you, Sir, my most sincere congratulations on your election as President of this session of the General Assembly. We find your election even more of this session of the General Assembly. We find your election even more gratifying since you represent a country with which my country has enjoyed a long gratifying since you represent a country with which my country has enjoyed a long history of fr iend1y re1a tions and common interests. I am convinced that your history of friendly relations and common interests. I am convinced that your ability and your long experience will guarantee that this session will be ability and your long experience will guarantee that this session will be successful and that positive results will be reached. I should also like to successful and that positive results will be reached. I should also like to express our appreciation for the efforts made by ::i'our predecessor, express our afoprecia tion for the efforts made by }Four predecessor, Ambassador de Pinies. J\rnbassador de Pin ies. This session is being held at a time marked by complex international relations This session is being held at a time marked by complex international relations caused by moun ting in terna tiona1 tension, an escala tion in the arms race, caused by mounting international tension, an escalation in the arms race, particularly the nuclear arms race, increasing interference in the internal affairs particularly the nuclear arms race, increasing interference in the internal affairs of States, the use of aggression and force and the threat of such use, in various of Sta tes, the use of aggression and force and the threat of such use, in various forms and ways. Finally, it is also due to the grave deterioration of the forms and ways. Finally, it is also due to the grave deterioration of the in terna tional economy, which afflicts us all. international economy, which afflicts us alL One of the most important objectives of this Organization is the preservation One of the most important objectives of this Organization is the preservation of peace - the peace that ensures sovereignty, security and the dignity of all of peace - the peace that ensures sovereignty, security and the dignity of all peoples. It is no mere chance, therefore, that the Charter of the united Nations peoples. It is no mere chance, therefore, that the Charter of the United Nations has placed on us the collective responsibility of safeguarding this noble human has placed on us the collective responsibility of safeguarding this noble human objective. objective. The responsibility of preserving peace obliges us to make further efforts to The responsibility of preserving peace obliges us to make further efforts to alleviate tension between the super-Powers in order to provide the stability alleviate tension between the super-Powers in order to provide the stability necessary for the developnent of international relations. It is our duty therefore necessary for the developnent of international relations. It is our duty therefore to urge the two super-Powers to come together and work for the establishment of to urge the two super-Powers to come together and work for the establishment of (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) inter!".ational oetente l without which no solid foundaticn for international peace inter!".ational oetent.e l without tr.lhich no solid foundatioo for international peace and security can be established. There is no doubt that disarmament, particularly and security can be established. There is no doubt that disarmament, particularly nuclear disarmament, ccntinues to be an important factor in achieving the stability nuclear disarmament, cootinues to be an important factor in achieving the stability that must be achieved in international relations because of the great mater ial and that must be achieved in international relations because of the great mater ial and human potential that it will release to the development process. We should not human p:>tential that it will release to the development process. We should not forget, in this regard, to refer with appreciation to the positive initiatives of forget, in this regard, to refer with appreciation to the positive initiatives of the SO'liet union in the field of disarmament. We hope the united states will meet the SOITiet union in the field of disarmament. We hope the united States will meet those initiatives with a positive response. those initiatives with a p:>sitive response. Our collective responsibility in the achievement of peace dictates that we Our collective responsibility in the achievement of peace dictates that we should also resolve the problems confrcnting some regions by peacefUl means and should also resolve the problems confrooting some regions by peaceful means and through negotiations based on the pr 0'1 is ions of the Charter of the united Nations through negotiations based on the prOlTisions of the Charter of the united Nations and international law. That is why we c~ll for a peaceful solution to the problems and international law. That is why we c~ll for a peaceful solution to the problems of Cyprus, Afghanistan, Kamp.1chea and Central America on the basis of respect for of Cyprus, Afghanistan, Kampuchea and Central America on the basis of respect for sovereignty, ncn-interference in internal affair s and the ter ritor ial integr ity of sovereignty, noo-interference in internal affairs and the territorial integrity of all States ccncerned. This will enable the peoples of those States to strengthen all States concerned. This will enable the peoples of those States to strengthen their unity and face up to the challenges of reconstruction and developnent. their unity and face up to the challenges of reconstruction and developnent. We must also live up to our responsibilities in confronting all forms of We must also live up to our responsibilities in confronting all forms of foreign domination and in liberating the peoples of southern Africa from the yoke foreign domination and in liberating the peoples of southern Africa from the yoke of the oppressive policies of apartheid and racial discrimination imposed by the of the oppressive policies of apartheid and racial discrimination imposed by the Pretoria regime, which persists in flagrantlj violating the human principles of Pretoria regime, which persists in flagrantly violating the human principles of equality among all men by its continued occupation of Namibia and its perpetration equality among all men by its cootinued occupation of Namibia and its perpetration of acts of aggression against the front-line States. of acts of aggression against the front-line States. (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) In accordance wi th the pr inciples laid down in the uni ted Nations Char ter , In accordance with the principles laid down in the united Nations Charter, Iraq strongly supports the Namibian people in their struggle for independence under Iraq strongly supports the Namibian people in their struggle for independence under the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), their sole the leadership of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), their sole legi timate representative, and stands by the black people of South Afr iea in their legi timate representative, and stands by the black people of South Afr iea in their legitimate struggle for equality, liberty and dignity. We also support the legitimate struggle for equality, liberty and dignity. We also support the imposition of sanctions upon the apartheid regime, which would be consonant with imposition of sanctions upon the apartheid regime, which would be consonant with the principles of the Charter. the principles of the Charter. Our region, and my country in particular, being continually subjected to Our region, and my country in partiCUlar, being continually subjected to aggression, are among the areas in the world most greatly in need of peace, aggression, are among the areas in the world most greatly in need of peace, stability and the implementation of the principles upon which this Organization was stability and the implementation of the principles upon which this Organization was founded. founded. The Palestine people, homeless now for decades, is being subjected in exile to The Palestine people, homeless now for decades, is being subjected in exile to repeated military raids and acts of genocide which aim to erase its national repeated military raids and acts of genocide which aim to erase its national identi ty. The Palestinians are being subjected to all kinds of pressures and identi ty. The Palestinians are being subjected to all kinds of pressures and manoeuvrec in an attempt to distort the facts and impose solutions of submission manoeuvrec in an attempt to distort the facts and impose solutions of submission and sur render upon it and upon the Arab nation. and sur render upon it and upon the Arab nation. zionism and Israel have been perpetrating these violations and inhuman zionism and Israel have been perpetrating these violations and inhuman practices in complete disregard of humanitarian principles and of the United practices in complete disregard of humanitarian principles and of the United Na tions Char ter and its resolutions. Practices such as these have reduced the Arab Nations Charter and its resolutions. Practices such as these have reduced the Arab region to a state of continuing cr isis, and the region is thus in urgent need of region to a state of continuing cr isis, and the region is thus in urgent need of peace, security and stability. zionist terrorism and Israeli violations have not peace, security and stability. zionist terrorism and Israeli violations have not been limited to the Palestinians of the diaspora, but have also affected those been limited to the Palestinians of the diaspora, but have also affected those I iv ing under Israeli occupa tion and facing the Zionist policies of viola tion of living under Israeli occupation and facing the zionist policies of violation of human rights, racial discrimination, deportation, displacement, confiscation of human rights, racial discrimination, de1X>rtation, displacement, confiscation of property, the establishment of zicnist settlements on Arab lands and all kinds of property, the establishment of Ziooist settlements on Arab lands and all kinds of measures which aim to distort and erase the identity and cultural heritage of the measures which aim to distort and erase the identity and cultural heritage of the Palestinian people. Palestinian people. (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) Peace and stability in the Middle East ©annot be achieved without the Peace and stability in the Middle East cannot be achieved without the Palestinian people exercising its inalienable national right to return to its Palestinian people exercising its inalienable national right to return to its homeland, determine its own destiny and establish its own State in accordance with homeland, determine its own des tiny and es tabl ish its own Sta te in accordance wi th its own independent will. Iraq supports most vigorously the Pal~stine Liberation its own independent will. Iraq supports most Vigorously the Palastine Liberation Organization (Pill), the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, Organization (POO), the sole legi tiuate representative of the Palestinian people, in its just struggle for the achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the Arab in its just struggle for the achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the Arab people of Palestine. people of Palestine. Thus the Israeli and Ziooist acts of aggression against the Arab nation have Thus the Israeli and Zionist acts of aggression against the Arab nation have become an obvious reality; but Israel no longer stands alone in perpetrating such become an obvious reality; but Israel no longer stands alone in perpetrating such acts in the area, for CNer the past seven years it has had an ally that shares with acts in the area, for over the past seven years it has had an ally that shares with it the same objectives and methoda of terrorism, aggression and distortion of it the same objectives and methodo of terrorism, aggression and distortion of facts, which aim to dominate the Arab region, destroy its unity and tear it apart facts, which aim to dominate the Arab region, destroy its unity and tear it apart into sectar ian and racist mini-Sta tes at war wi th one another, de pr iving it of its into sectarian and racist mini-States at war with one another, depriving it of its historic opportunity for reconstruction and progress. historic opportunity for reconstruction ana progress. This similarity is clearly demonstrated by what is happening today in Lebanon, This similarity is clearly demonstrated by what is happening today in Lebanon, where the Tel Aviv and Teheran regimes are spreading disorder, anarchy, killing and where the Tel Aviv and Teheran regimes are spreading disorder, anarchy, killing and destruction. It is only in such a political climate that these two anomalous destruction. It is only in such a political climate that these two anomalous regimes and their agents can spread their influence in this misery-stricken regimes and their agents can spread their influence in this misery-stricken country. We therefore stand firmly by the Lebanese people in its struggle for country. We therefore stand firmly by the Lebanese people in its struggle for peace, stability and national unity, its struggle to end the zionist occupation of peace, stability and national unity, its struggle to end the Zionist occupation of its territory and to outside interference in its internal affairs. its territory and to outside interference in its internal affairs. At the other end of the region, the Iranian regime is pur suing the same At the other end of the region, the Iranian regime is pur suing the same objectives as those of the zionist regime, by similar methods. Iran is trying to objectives as those of the zionist regime, by similar methods. Iran is trying to impose its racist hegemony through distortion of facts, aggression, expansion, and impose its racist hegemony through distortion of facts, aggression, expansion, and war. It was with this aim that the Iranian rulers launched their wide-scale war. It was with this aim that the Iranian rulers launched their wide-scale aggression against Iraq on 4 September 1980, and have continued it ever since. aggression against Iraq on 4 September 1980, and have continued it ever since. (Hr. Az iz, Iraq) The Iranian armed aggression against Iraq has entered its seventh year, and The Iranian armed aggression against. Iraq has ent.ered it.s seventh year, and although the facts of this aggression have been placed, on more than one occasion, although the facts of this aggression have been placed, on more than one occasion, before this Organization, I find it necessary to remind the Assenbly of them not before this Organization, I find it necessary to remind the Asseubly of them not for the sake of r epeti tion, but because what is hapPening today is in actual fact a for the sake of repetition, but because what. is happening today is in actual fact a repetition in itself of the events that took place around this time in 1980. repetition in itself of the events that took place aromd this time in 1980. Indeed, what is happening now explains what happened then. Indeed, what is happening now explains what happened then. During 1979, the year in which the present regime took over power in Iran, Our ing 1979, the year in which the present regime took over power in Iran, Iraq's interests were, as they have always been, very much linked to the Iraq's interests were, as they have always been, very much linked to the preservation of security and stability in the area and to the maintenance of the preservation of security and stability in the area and to the maintenance of the most amicable relations possible with its neighbours and with the world at large. most amicable relations possible with its neighbours and with the world at large. Iraq had no interest whatsoever in stirring up troubles with its neighbours or with Iraq had no interest whatsoever in stirring up troubles with its neighbours or with any other country. any other country. The Khomeini regime, on the other hand, adopted a policy which it has The Khomeini regime, on the other hand, adopted a policy which it. has enshrined in its new constitution, by which it assigned itself sectarian religious enshrined in its new constitution, by which it assigned itself sectarian religious jurisdiction over the affairs of all Muslims. The regime began exporting this jurisdiction over the affairs of all Muslims. The regime began exporting this policy by military force and found in :r:raq its first target. policy by military force and found in :':raq its first target. The policy of exporting revolution, which represents the cornerstone of the The policy of exporting revolution, which represents the cornerstone of the Iranian regime, is a fact that the Iranian Government does not deny. Indeed, the Iranian regime, is a fact that the Iranian Government does not deny. Indeed, the Iranian rulers see in their policy their prime objective to which they have geared Iranian rulers see in their policy their prime objective to which they have geared all Iran's potential and resources, and in pursuit of which they have employed all Iran's potential and resources, and in pursuit of which they have employed agents not only in the Islamic world but in the world at large. In pursuing this agents not only in the Islamic world but in the world at large. In pursuing this course, Iran has adopted the ill-famed opportunistic doctrine: "The end justifies course, Iran has adopted the ill-famed opportunistic doctrine: "The end justifies the means". the means". Proceeding from this aggressive policy, which is alien to the spir it of an age Proceeding from this aggressive policy, which is alien to the spirit of an age that had long ago rid itself of nazism and fascism, the Iranian regime began a that had long ago rid itself of nazisrn and fascism, the Iranian regime began a persistent campaign of aggression against Iraq throughout 1979 and the first nine persistent campaign of aggression against Iraq throughout 1979 and the first nine months of 1980, a campaign that led to the outbreak of war between two neighbouring months of 1980, a campaign that led to the outbreak of war between two neighbouring (Hr. Aziz, Iraq) . countries that had succeeded fa!: years in est~lishin9 good neighbourly relations (Hr. Aziz, Iraq) countries that had succeeded fa!: years in est~lish!n9 good neighbourly relations between them. between them. The Khomeini regime astSigned to itself the overthrow of Iraq's socio-political The Rhomeini regiJle aSlSigned to itself the overthrow of Iraq's socio-political system as a basic task which it considered to be a divine duty and an system as a basic task which it considered to be a divine duty and an unquesticnable right. The Iranian regime attempted to spread acts of terr~rism and unquesticnable right. The Iranian regime attempted to spread acts of terr~rism and subversion inside Iraq by employing Iranian nationals to carry out such acts and by subversion inside Iraq by employing Iranian nationals to carry out such acts and by inci ting civil disobedience in Iraq with a view to paralysing the Government and inciting civil disobedience in Iraq with a view to paralysing the Government and its apparatus. The rulers of Iran:>penly called for the assassination of high its apparatus. The rulers of Iran :)Penly called for the assassination of high government officials in Iraq and actually sent out Iranian agents to carry out that government officials in Iraq and actually sent out Iranian agents to carry out that task. The Iranian regime invited the puppet Barzani clique back into Iran and task. The Iranian regime invited the puppet Barzani clique back into Iran and began providing it with the assistance and the means to carry out subversive began providing it with the assistance and the means to carry out subversive operations against Iraq. Since that ccntravened the 1975 Agreement requiring Iran operations against Iraq. Since that ccntravened the 1975 Agreement requiring Iran to refrain from supporting the said clique, it amounted to a brazen declaration to refrain from supporting the said clique, it amounted to a brazen declaraticn that Iran was no longer prepared to abide by the said Agreement. These acts and that Iran was no longer prepared to abide by the said Agreement. These acts and measures were accompanied by i.,numerable, almost daily, Iranian public statements measures were accompanied by i..,numerable, almost daily, Iranian public statements threatening aggression against Iraq, and against its sovereigntT./ and security, and threatening aggression against Iraq, and against its sovereigntT.I and security, and promising the overthrow of its legi timate Government. promising the overthrow of its legi timate Government. (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) Furthermore, Ira."1ian officials vied, with each other in the pursuit of this Furthermore, Ira."1ian officials vied, with each other in the pursuit of this course, as they still do today. It has always been the case that the noisier and course, as they still do today. It has always been the case that the noisier and more blatantly belligerent an Iranian official is in supporting the Iranian more blatantly belligerent an Iranian official is in supporting the Iranian regime's policy of aggressial the better chance he stands of securing the approval regime's policy of aggressioo the better chance he stands of securing the approval and support of Rhomeini. and support of Khomeini. Alalq with this, there was during 1979 and 1980 a series of military Aloog with this, there was during 1979 and 1980 a series of military violations of the Iraqi border. Over the period fran February 1979 to violations of the Iraqi border. OI7er the period fran Febcuary 1979 to september 1980, Iranian mil itary aireraft comitted 249 violations of Iraqi september 1980, Iranian military aircraft cotllDitted 249 violations of Iraqi airspace. Acts such as cross-border firing and attacks against Iraqi border posts, airspace. Acts such as cross-border firing and attacks against Iraqi border posts, artillery shelling, obstruction of navigation in the Shatt-el-Arab River, Iraq's artillery shelling, obstruction of navigation in the Shatt-el-Arab River, Iraq's vital artery, and bODDardment of civilian centres, totalled 244 over the period vital artery, and bomardment of civUian centres, totalled 244 over the period from June 1979 to september 1980. Iraqi civilian aircraft were fired on three from June 1979 to september 1980. Iraqi civilian aircraft were fired on three times during the period fran August 1980 to septeJIber 1980. Iraqi ecooomic pla."lts times during the period fran August 1980 to septeuber 1980. Iraqi eccnomic pl8."lts and oil installations were shelled seven times over the per iOO from January to and oil installations were shelled seven times over the per iOO from January to septenber 1980. septenber 1980. ThrOUghout the time when these deliberate acts were being colill1itted, Iraq ThrOUghout the time when these deliberate acts were being comnitted, Iraq tried to communicate with the Iranian rulers through diplomatic channels and warn tried to communicate with the Iranian rulers through diplouatic channels and warn them against continuing the course of aggression that they had acbpted in the hope them against continuing the course of a99ression that they had acbpted in the hope that they might listen to reason and canply with the principles of international that they might listen to reason and canply with the principles of international law, so much so that the official notes sent by the Iraqi Government about Iranian law, so much so that the official notes sent by the Iraqi Government about Iranian violations nUJIbered 293, all of which were of no avail. violations nunbered 293, all of which were of no avail. On 4 September 1980 the situation witnessed a grave developnent when the On 4 September 1980 the situation witnessed a grave developnent when the Iranian armed forces used heavy 175 millimetre artillery in shelling the Iraqi Iranian armed forces used heavy 175 millimetre artillery in shelling the Iraqi towns of Khartaqin, Mendili, Zurbatiya and Naft-Khaneh. The shelling was done from towns of Khartaqin, Mendili, Zurbatiya and Naft-Khaneh. The shelling was done from Iraqi territories which were to have been returned to Iraq in accordance with the Iraqi territories which were to have been returned to Iraq in accordance with the 1975 Agreement. Having refused to hand back those territories, the Iranian regime 1975 Agreement. Having refused to hand back those territories, the Iranian regime began massing troops on them instead, thus wilfully threatening the sovereignty and began massing troops on them instead, thus wilfully threatening the sovereignty and (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) (Hr. Az iz, Iraq) security of Iraq on two oounts~ first: by the wilful military occupation of its security of Iraq on two oounts~ first: by the wilful military occupation of its territor ies~ and secondly, by wilfully shelling Iraqi towns with heavy artillery territor ies~ and secondly, by wilfully shelling Iraqi towns with heavy artillery fran those same occupied Iraqi territories. from those same occupied Iraqi territories. Notwithstanding the fact that on 7 September 1980, Iraq drew Iran's attention Notwithstanding the fact that on 7 September 1980, Iraq drew Iran's attention to this cooduct which was cootrary to Iran's international obligations and asked to this cooduct which was cootrary to Iran's international obligations and asked the Iranian Government to desist from its military encroachments upon Iraqi the Iranian Government to desist from its military encroachments upon Iraqi territory, Iranian shelling cooti.nued unabated. Iraq was then left with no other territory, Iranian shelling cooti.nued unabated. Iraq was then left with no other alternative but to exercise its right to legitimate self-defence under the Charter alternative but to exercise its right to legitimate self-defence under the Charter and international law and remOl7e the Iranian occupiers. Thus Iraq was careful to and international law and remove the Iranian occupiers. Thus Iraq was careful to cormnunicate with the Iranian Government on 8 and 11 september 1980, trying on each cormnunicate with the Iranian GovernlOOnt on 8 and 11 september 1980, trying on each of these occasions to draw the Iranian GOI7ernment's attention to the necessity of of these occasions to draw the Iranian Government's attention to the necessity of adhering to its international obligation, including the llgreement of 1975. adhering to its international obligation, including the llgreement of 1975. In the light of such clear evidence about Iran's attitude, and having waited In the light of such clear evidence about Iran's atti tude, and having waited for six whole days following the delivery of its note of 11 S'eptember 1980, the for six whole days follCNing the delivery of its note of 11 feptember 1980, the Iraqi Government was left with no doubt about the Iranian Gwernment's deliberate Iraqi Government was left with no doubt about the Iranian G:Jvernrnent's deliberate violatioo of the 1975 Agreement and of the elements of the comprehensive settleme~t violatioo of the 1975 Agreement and of the elements of the comprehensive settlement ellbodied therein. Iran had unilaterally abrogated that Agreement in OIder to eliDodied therein. Iran had unilaterally abrogated that Agreement in o~der to extr icate itself from its obligations, relating to the demarcation of the border extr icate itself from its obligations, relating to the demarcation of the border and ·non-interference in Iraq's internal affairs, and so that it could continue its and non-interference in Iraq's internal affairs, and so that it could continue its military operations against Iraqi towns and installations, with a view to achieving military operations against Iraqi towns and installatioos, with a view to achieving Khomeini's OI7erriding objective of OI1erthrowing the legi timate GOI7ernment in Iraq Khomeini's overriding objective of overthrowing the legitimate Government in Iraq and turning our country into an Iranian prOl7ince. Hence, Iraq, having seen Iran and turning our country into an Iranian province. Hence, Iraq, having seen Iran abrogate the 1975 Agreement by word and deed, was left with no other choice but to abrogate the 1975 Agreement by word and deed, was left with no other choice but to consider that agreement as null and void in accordance with its fourth paragraph consider that agreement as null and void in accordance with its fourth paragraph and with article 4 of the Treaty on International Frootiers and and with article 4 of the Treaty on International Frootiers and Good-Neighbourliness, which was based on it. Good-Neighbourliness, which was based on it. (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) (Mr. Az iz, Iraq) Iraq' s diplomatic and legal initia tive of 11 septelfber 1980 fell on deaf ear 8 Ircq' s diplomatic and legal initiative of 11 septelfber 1980 fell on deaf e& 8 in I ran. In fact Iranian leaders called it a conspiracy organized by the Shah. in Iran. In fact Iranian leaders called it a conspiracy organized by the Shah. Their response was further Iranian use of military force and even graver threats to Their response was further Iranian use of military force and even graver threats to the safety and s~curity of Iraq. the safety and s~curity of Iraq. The Iranian Government continued to escalate the military conflict and, with The Iranian Government continued to escalate the military conflict and, with effect fran 19 septenber 1980, began intensifying its heavy artillery shelling and effect fran 19 septenber 1980, began intensifying its heavy artillery shelling and air bombardment of residential areas and vital economic installations in Iraq, as air bombardment of residential areas and vital economic installations in Iraq, as well as Iraqi and foreign commercial vessels entering and leaving the Shatt-el-Arab well as Iraqi and foreign commercial vessels entering and leaving the Shatt-el-Arab River, its navigable channels and its inlets into the Arab Gulf. The Iranian River, its navigable channels and its inlets into the Arab Gulf. The Iranian authorities announced Iran's airspace closed to civil aviation and the Straits of authorities announced Iran's airspace closed to civil aviation and the straits of Bormuz closed to Iraqi sh ipping, and at the same time it declared general Bormuz closed to Iraqi sh ipping, and at the same time it declared general mobilization, massed large mUi tary forces on the borders and began a large-scale mobilization, massed large military forces on the borders and began a large-scale military action in which its regular armed forces were used openly. Beginning on military action in which its regular armed forces were used openly. Beginning on 18 septenber 1980, the Iranian armed forces issued four military comml.l'liques on 18 septenber 1980, the Iranian armed forces issued four military communiques on their activities. In the third conmunique, issued on 19 september 1980, the their activities. In the third conrnunique, issued on 19 september 1980, the Iranian au thori ties boasted about setting ablaze the Naft-Khaneh oilfields, one of Iranian authorities boasted about setting ablaze the Naft-Khaneh oilfields, Cl'le of Iraq's important oil-producing areas. In the fourth conmunique in 1980 the Iranian Iraq's important oil-producing areas. In the fourth conmunique in 1980 the Iranian au thori ties boas ted about demol ish ing more than 14 tanks, apart from setting an authorities boasted about demolishing more than 14 tanks, apart from setting an oilfield ablaze. oilfield ablaze. Iran's acts and attitudes prior to 22 September 1980 constitued as a whole a Iran's acts and attitudes prior to 22 September 1980 constitued as a whole a flagrant violation of the principles and prOl1isions of the international li:'w flagrant violation of the principles and prO'lisions of the international li:'W governing friendly relations among nations as laid down in the General Assembly's governing friendly relations aJOOng nations as laid down in the General Assembly's Declaration on friendly relations aoopted by consensus in resolution 2526 (XXV), on Declaration on friendly relations aCbpted by consensus in resolution 2526 (XXV), on 24 October 1970. Among the salient principles embodied in that declaratioo are the 24 October 1970. lWong the salient principles embodied in that declaratioo are the principles and pr 011isions of good-neighbourliness, of non-interference in internal principles and prO'lisions of good-neighbourliness, of non-interference in internal affairs, of sOl1ereign equality of States, and the duty of implementing in good affairs, of sO'lereign equality of States, and the duty of implementing in good faith international obligations. faith international obligations. (Hr. Az iz, Iraq) (Mr. Az12, Iraq) PurtherllOl:e, the end result of the series of Iranian aggressive acts and PurtherllOl:e, the end result of the series of Iranian aggressive acts and lIleasures, aanifested in the first place in Iran's initiation of the use of military lleasures, aanifested in the first place in Iran's initiation of the use of military force against Iraq with .effect froll 4 septemer 1980, coaes mder the concept of force against Iraq with -effect froll 4 Septemer 1980, coaes mder the concept of armed aggression, direct or indirect, as defined in General Assembly resolutioo armed aggressim, direct or indirect, as defined in General Assembly resolutioo 3.:i14 (XXIX), acbpted by consensus on 14 DeceDlber 1~74. 3.,;14 (XXIX), adopted by consensus on 14 DeceDber 1~74. (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) The measures taken by the Government of Iraq since 4 September 1980 to face up The measures taken by the Government of Iraq since 4 September 1980 to face up to Iran's continued aggression have been in ~onformity with the right of to Iran's continued aggression have been in conformity with the right of self-defence in view of the fulfilment of the two cOnditions of necessity and self-defence in view of the fulfilment of the two conditions of necessity and reasonableness set by international law for the legitimate exercise of such rights. reasonableness set by international law for the legitimate exercise of such rights. The essential difference between the positions adopted by the two parties has The essential difference between the positions adopted by the two parties has been clear since 1979. It was as clear during the period prior to the outbreak of been clear since 1979. It was as clear during the period prior to the outbreak of the war as it has been throughout these six years of fighting. One partyg Iraq, the war as it has been throughout these six years of fighting. One partyg Iraq, believes in international law and good-neighbourly relations, rejecting the policy believes in international law and good-neighbourly relations, rejecting the policy of tutelage over others and seeking to safeguard its sovereignty, security and of tutelage over others and seeking to safeguard its sovereignty, security and right to determine its own way in life. The other party, on the other hand, right to determine its own way in life. The other party, on the other hand, believes in an ideology alien to the laws of the age, a fanatic, aggressive, believes in an ideology alien to the laws of the age, a fanatic, aggressive, expansionist ideology the imposition of which on others, by any means available, is expansionist ideology the imposition of which on others, by any means available, is considered to be a divine duty. considered to be a divine duty. Iran is the party th~t, in the pursuit of its objectives, has used all Iran is the party th~t, in the pursuit of its objectives, has used all possible methods, including armed force, murder, lies and fabrication. Those possible methods, inclUding armed force, murder, lies and fabrication. Those methods, while condemned by mankind, seem quite legitimate to the Iranian regime as methods, while condemned by mankind, seem quite legitimate to the Iranian regime as long as they help it attain its desired objectives. What happened during 1979 and long as they help it attain its desired objectives. What happened during 1979 and 1980 has been repeat€d over the six years of the war. Indeed, it is being repeated 1980 has been repeat€d over the six years of the war. Indeed, it is being repeated today. The Iranian regime is now beating the drums of war and perpetrating armed today. The Iranian regime is now beating the drums of war and perpetrating armed aggression against Iraq, reiterating the same old slogans of 1979 and 1980. After aggression against Iraq, reiterating the same old slogans of 1979 and 1980. After six years of war, that regime has neither changed its course nor given up its six years of war, that regime has neither changed its course nor given up its ambitions. Its business is to wage war, and its aim is to expand. ambitions. Its business is to wage war, and its aim is to expand. Iranian representatives to this Organization and to other forums try, through Iranian representatives to this Organization and to other forums try, through deception and fabrication, to distort the facts. They claim that Iraq invaded deception and fabrication, to distort the facts. They claim that Iraq invaded their country to overthrow the regime in Tehran. That was what they said recently their country to overthrow the regime in Tehran. That was what they said recently in Harare before the representatives of 101 non-aligned States. We challenge them, in Harare before the representatives of 101 non-aligned States. We challenge them, (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) as we did in Harare, to produce any evidence to this effect. There is an endless as we did in Harare, to produce any evidence to this effect. There is an endless catalogue of evidence beginning in February 1979 and continuing to this day which catalogue of evidence beginning in February 1979 and continuing to this day which shows that the Iranian regime has always had th~ overthrow of Iraqis political shows that the Iranian regime has always had th~ overthrow of Iraqis political system at the centre of its objectives. 'here is a mass of evidence, too, of system at the centre of its objectives. 11ere is a mass of evidence, too, of Iranian attempts to destabilize other Governments in the region. But we challenge Iranian attempts to destabilize other Governments in the region. But we challenge the Iranian r3gime to produce evidence substantiating its claims against Iraq. the Iranian r~ime to produce evidence substantiating its claims against Iraq. Confident of our position and of the justice of our cause, confident too that Confident of our position and of the justice of our cause, confident too that we have always been faithfu~ to the principles and values cherished by this we have always been faithful to the principles and values cherished by this Organization and the international community, we have over the years challenged the Organization and the international community, we have over the years challenged the Iranian regime to accept United Nations arbitration, or that of any other Iranian regime to accept United Nations arbitration, or that of any other international organization or forum, on the two questions relating to the internatiol~al organization or forum, on the two questions relating to the initiation of the aggression and the continuance of the war, so that no doubt may initiation of the aggression and the continuance of the war, so that no doubt may linger in this respect. The General Assembly is well aware that the Iranian regime linger in this respect. The General Assembly is well aware that the Iranian regime has always rejected, and does today, that proposal, which is in conformity with the has always rejected, and does today, that proposal, which is in conformity with the principles of the Charter, international law and the practice ~f States, simply . because it cannot prove its allegations or substantiate its lies. All it can principles of the Charter, international law and the practice ~f states, simply because it cannot prove its allegations or substantiate its lies. All it can afford to do is to live under the shadow of war, immersed in a blood-bath and afford to do is to live under the shadow of war, immersed in a blood-bath and amidst the corpses of its dead. amidst the corpses of its dead. The representatives of the Iranian regime claim in this and other The representatives of the Iranian regime claim in this and other international forums that the war was imposed upon them. We ask this: which party international forums that the war was imposed upon them. We ask this: which party is it that regards the war as a divine mission? Is it Iraq or Iran? How can a war is it that regards the war as a divine mission? Is it Iraq or Iran? How can a war be imposed upon a State when the State itself considers it a godsend and insists be imPOsed upon a State when the State itself considers it a godsend and insists upon its continuance as a divine duty and a perpet~al mission? What the rulers of upon its continuance as a divine duty and a perpet~al mission? What the rulers of Iran used to state six years ago and repeat hysterically today is in itself Iran used to state six years ago and repeat hysterically today is in itself sufficient evidence as to the party that started the aggression and initiated the sufficient evidence as to the party that started the aggression and initiated the war. war. (Mr. Aziz, Iraa) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) This fundamental difference between the positions of the two parties has been This fundamental difference between the positions of the two parties has been clearly demonstrated throughout the six years of the armed conflict. From the clearly demonstrated throughout the six years of the armed conflict. From the outset, Iraq has expressed its readiness to settle the dispute u~ peaceful means, outset, Iraq has expressed its readiness to settle the dispute ~~ peaceful means, according to the rules of international law and on the ba~is of respect for the according to the rules of international law and on the ba~is of respect for the sovereignty of each people and its right to determine its own political and social sovereignty of each people and its right to determine its own political and social system. Ira~ has always accepted United Nations jurisdiction over the dispute. system. Iraq has always accepted United Nations jurisdiction over the dispute. For its part, the Iranian regime has rejected all this and insisted on continuing For its part, the Iranian regime has rejected all this and insisted on continuing the war while declaring its intention to overthrow the Government in Iraa and the war while declaring its intention to overthrow the Government in Iraq and impose its tutelage over the people of Iraq and the other peoples of the region. impose its tutelage over the people of Iraq and the other peoples of the region. During the last session of this Assembly I explained in detail how the Iranian During the last session of this Assembly I explained in detail how the Iranian regime had rejected peace immediately after starting its war against Iraq and set regime had rejected peace immediately after starting its war against Iraq and set absurd pre-conditions for ending its aggression, pre-conditions that are in sharp absurd pre-conditions for ending its aggression, pre-conditions that are in sharp contravention of the rules of international law and the principles regulating contravention of the rules of international law and the principles regulating relations among States; pre-conditions, indeed, that reflect accurately the nature relations among States; pre-conditions, indeed, that reflect accurately the nature of the Iranian regime, which is both anomalous and alien to our world, and the of the Iranian regime, which is both anomalous and alien to our world, and the aggressive, expansionist, evil dilections of that regime. aggressive, expansionist, evil dilections of that regime. I also referred to the international efforts made to resolve certain questions I also referred to the international efforts made to resolve certain questions arising from the dispute so as to lessen its complexity, in the hope that step by arising from the dispute so as to lessen its complexity, in the hope that step by Otep a comprehensive peace could be achieved. I explained how the Iranian regime Otep a comprehensive peace could be achieved. I explained how the Iranian regime had responded to those efforts in an opportunistic way as long as they served its had responded to those efforts in an opportunistic way as long as they served its plans to prolong the war and achieve its morbid dreams o~ dominating Iraq and the plans to prolong the war and achieve its morbid dreams o~ dominating Iraq and the countries of the region. I pointed out to the General Assembly that the common countries of the region. I pointed out to the General Assembly that the common denominator in Iran's methods of tackling the various aspects of the dispute was denominator in Iran'S methods of tackling the various aspects of the dispute was the adoption of a selective approach to the Charter and international law, taking the adoption of a selective approach to the Charter and international law, taking only such elements of the law as suited its self-interest and served its plans for only such elements of the law as suited its self-interest and served its plans for continuing the war, while rejecting the elements that called for peace, justice, continuing the war, while rejecting the elements that called for peace, justice, (Mr. Azlz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) respect for sovereignty, good-neighbourliness, non-interfererlC4t in internal respect for sovereignty, good-neighbourliness, non-interference in internal affairs, and renunciation of the concepts of hegeJlOnY and tutelage and the IIlethods affairs, and renunciation of the concepts of hegellOnY and tutelage and the ethods of violence, terror and aggression. of violence, terror and aggression. It was Iran's strange conduct that led us to respond with great caution to the It was Iran's strange conduct that led us to respond with great caution to the efforts to find partial solutions to the problems arising frOM the dispute. I efforts to find partial solutions to the problellS arising frOll the dispute. I announced here in the General AsseJlbly, and repeat today, that it was on the basis announced here In the General Assembly, and repeat today, that it was on the basis of that stance on our part, a stance ste.ming from experience corroborated by fact, of that stance on our part, a stance ste..ing from experience corroborated by fact, that we conducted our discussions with the Secretary-General in 1985 both in that we conducted our discussions with the Secretary-General in 1985 both in New York, following his eight-point proposal to the two parties, and during his New York, following his eight-point proposal to the two parties, and during his visit to Baghdad. visit to Baghdad. (Mr. AZiz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) What happened, however, as the Assembly is well aware" was that the courtesy What happened, however, as the Assembly is well aware" was that the courtesy and appeasement with Which the Iranian regime was treated impeded the sound and appeasement with which the Iranian regime was treated impeded the sound implementat.ion of the principles of the united Nations Cha~ter and international implement~t.ion of the principles of the united Nations Chatter and international law, for it lifted the political pressure alread~' exercised on this aberrant regime law, for it lifted the political pressure alread~' exercised on this aberrant regime and hence encouraged it, in effect, to continue its aggressio~. Allow me to stress and hence encouraged it, in effect, to continue its aggressio~. Allow me to stress once more that to be courteous ~o aggressive and expansionist regimes neither helps once more that to be courteous ~o aggressive and expansionist regimes neither helps in the establishment of peace, nor contributes to the strengthening of security and in the establishment of peace, nor contributes to the strengthening of security and stabilityJ for such regimes usually see in any international appeasement or stability; for such regimes usually see in any international appeasement or courtesy extended to them a willingness to overlook their crimes and violations of courtesy extended to them a willingness to overlook their crimes and violations of the rules governing relations among States. Appeasement and courtesy, therefore, the rules governing relations among States. Appeasement and courtesy, therefore, encourage such regimes to persist in aggression and subversion, which is what has encourage such regimes to persist in aggression and subversion, which is what has actually happened with Iran. actually happened with Iran. On the night of 9-10 February 1986, the Iranian regime launched a big military On the night of 9-10 February 1986, the Iranian regime launched a big military offensive which resulted in its forces occupying the Iraqi port of Faw. Iran began Offensive which resulted in its forces occupying the Iraq~ port of Paw. Iran began speaking of -the liberation of Iraq- and issuing threats against the Arab Gulf speaking of -the liberation of Iraq- and issuing threats against the Arab Gulf States advising them to deal with the invasion forces as their new neighbour. The States advising them to deal with the invasion forces as their new neighbour. The Security Council, as the Assembly is aware, spent many days discussing this Security Council, as the Assembly is aware, spent many days discussing this development. During the discussion Iraq declared that it was not prepared to development. During the discussion Iraq declared that it was not prepared to accept any course that was not in line with the provisions of the United Nations accept any course that was not in line with the provisions of the united Nations Charter, international law and inter-State practice in the settleme~t of Charter, international law and inter-State practice in the settleme~t of international disputes. Iraq also called for an end to be put, once and for all, international disputes. Iraq also called for an end to be put, once and for all, to the selective and partial approaches to the question, to vague statements, and to the selective and partial approaches to the question, to vague statements, and to the efforts that fail to emphasize the pivotal issue of ending the war in to the efforts that fail to emphasize the pivotal issue of ending the war in accordance with international rules. We also made it clear that erroneous accordance with international rules. We also made it clear that erroneous diplomatic jUdgements have cost us rivers of blood and untold devastation, and diplomatic judgements have cost us rivers of blood and untold devastation, and encouraged the Iranian regime to persist in its war with an arrogance unprecedented encouraged the Iranian regime to persist in its war with an arrogance unprecedented in the history of the United Nations. in the history of the United Nations. (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. AZiz, Iraq) The result of the Security Council deliberations was the unanimous adoptia'l on The result of the Security Oouncil deliberations was the unanimous adoptia~ on 24 February of resolution 582 ~l986) which contained a comprehensive framework f~~ 24 February of resolution 582 «1986) which contained a comprehensive framework fo~ the settlement of the dispute. Despite the fact that the Oouncil adopted this the settlement of the dispute. Despite the fact that the Council adopted this resolutions without being influenced by the attitudes of the two parties, the resolutions without being influenced by the att!tudesof the two parties, the Iranian regime refused to abide by it. Iranian officials declared time and again Iranian regime refused to abide by it. Iranian officials declared time and again that they would carry on with their war against Iraq in execution of a -divine that they would carry on with their war against Iraq in execution of a -divine duty- by which they were entrusted with -the liberation Qf the Iraqi people." They duty" by which they were entrusted with -the liberation Qf the Iraqi people." They also announced that they were making preparations for a new invasion of Iraq in also announced that th.y were making preparations for a new invasion of Iraq in further discharge of that dutYJ and new offensives were actually launched against further discharge of that dutYJ and new offensives were actually launched against the northern and southern parts of Iraq on the nights of 31 August-l September and the northern and southern parts of Iraq on the nights of 31 August-l September and 10-11 September. Then the Iranian tulers pointed out that these offensives were 10-11 September. Then the Iranian lulers pointed out that these offeftsives were only a prelude to what they described as -the decisive offensive.- In spite of all only a prelude to what they described as -the decisive offensive." In spite of all this the United Nations and its competent organs are still reluctant to axercise this the United Nations and its competent organs are still reluctant to axercise their authority seriously and to discharge the responsibility entrusted to them in their authority seriously and to discharge the responsibility entrusted to them in the Charter. Resolution 582 (1986) still awaits earnest attention and practical the Charter. Resolution 582 (1986) still awaits earnest attention and practical implementation. implementation. An essential difference between the two parties is also seen in their An essential difference between the two parties is also seen in their reSPeCtive positions on the issue of security and stability in the region. All respective positions on the issue of security and stability in the region. All States in the region have expressed concern over Iran's policy of destabilization States in the region have expressed concern over Iran's policy of destabilization and disturbance. The Organization may recall the complaint filed by the States of and disturbance. The Organization may recall the complaint filed by the States of the Gulf Co-operation Council in 1984 against the Iranian regime following Iranian the Gulf Co-operation Council in 1984 against the Iranian regime following Iranian acts of aggression against commercial vessels trading with these countries. The acts of aggression against commercial vessels trading with these countries. The Security Council then adopted resolution 522 (1982) which was subsequently rejected Security Council then adopted resolution 522 (1982) which was subsequently rejected by Iran in the same way as it had rejected the Oouncil's resolutions on the by Iran in the same way as it had rejected the Council's resolutions on the Iran-Iraq dispute. Iran continued its acts of aggression and piracy against Iran-Iraq dispute. Iran continued its acts of aggression and piracy against (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) shipping in the Gulf. I should like to refer in this connection to the state.ents shipping in the Gulf. I should like to refer in this connection to the statements issued by the Gulf CO-operation COuncil during their meetings of 1-2 March 1986 and issued by the Gulf Co-operation Council during their meetings of 1-2 March 1986 and 26-27 August 1986. 26-27 August 1986. The Iranian and Zionist r~imes have become the two main sources of threat to The Iranian and zionist r~imes have become the t~o main sources of threat to the security and stability of the region. They are the only regimes in the region the security and stability of the region. They are the only regimes in the region which flout the resolutions adopted by the Security COuncil and the General which flout the resolutions adopted by the Security Council and the General Assembly. They are the only regimes which use force in pursuit of their Assembly. They are the only regimes which use force in pursuit of their territorial ambitions and in imposing their tutelage on the peoples of the region. territorial ambitions and in imposing their tutelage on the peoples of the region. They are unrivaled in the art of lying, misrepres~ntationand the distortion of They are unrivaled in the art of lying, misrepresontation and the distortion of facts. While adopting similar ideologies, they both use methods that are absolete facts. While adopting similar ideologies, they both use methods that are absolete and contrary to the spirit of the age in justifying their policies and deluding and cont~ary to the spirit of the age in justifying their policies and deluding their followers. No wonder, therefore, that not only have they found strong allies their followers. No wonder, therefore, that not only ha\fe they found strong allies in each other, but they are also conducting a common fight against Iraq, in Lebanon in each other, but they are also conducting a common fight against Iraq, in Lebanon and in other areas. The Zionist regime exploited the circumstances of the war and in other areas. The Zionist regime exploited the circumstances of the war waged by Iran against Iraq and in Jur.e 1981 attacked the Iraqi nuclear reactor waged by Iran against Iraq and in Jur.e 1981 attacked the Iraqi nuclear reactor intended for peaceful uses. Arms co-operation between the two regimes is as intended for peaceful uses. Arms co-operation between the two regimes is as extensive as the stories about it have become commonplace in the world press. Like extensive as the stories about it have become commonplace in the world press. Like all hypocrites and impostors, tae representatives of these two regimes come to this all hypocrites and impostors, t~ representatives of these two regimes come to this fo~um to exchange abuse in order to deceive the international community. However, forum to exchange abuse in order to deceive the international community. However, the light of truth cannot be hidden behind a web of lies and misrepresentation of the light of truth cannot be hidden behind a web of lies and misrepresentation of the kind employed by the rulers of Tel Aviv and Tehran. the kind employed by the rulers of Tel Aviv and Tehran. The political struggle of the peoples of the region should be geared towards The political struggle of the peoples of the region should be geared towards putting an end to the Zionist and Iranian aggression, and towards confronting the putting an end to the Zionist and Iranian aggression, and towards confronting the common campaign of racism and expansion conducted by the forces of zionism and common campaign of racism and expansion conducted by the forces of zionism and Khomeinism, so that these peoples may live in security, peace and freedom. Khomeinism, so that these peoples may live in security, peace and freedom. (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) Our people has demonstrated throughout six years of fighting its undoubted Our people has demonstrated throughout six years of fighting its undoubted capability to crush the aggressors, protect its independence and sovereignty and to capability to crush the aggressors, protect its independence and sovereignty and to abort the expansionist dreams of the Iranian regime. Despite the s&crifices made abort the expansionist dreams of the Iranian regime. Despite the s&crifices made by our valiant people in its pursuit of peace and in defence of its freedom and by our valiant people in its pursuit of peace and in defence of its freedom and dignity against the Iranian aggression, our people has never hesitated to eRtend dignity against the Iranian aggression, our people has never hesitated to extend its hand to peace time and again. Our most recent call for peace came in the open its hand to peace time and again. Our most recent call for peace came in the open letter addressed by President Saddam Hussein to the rulers of Iran on letter addressed by President Saddam Hussein to the rulers of Iran on 2 August 1986, in which he invited them to an honourable peace based on the 2 August 1986, in which he invited them to an honourable peace based on the following principles: first, a total, comprehensive and unconditional withdrawal following principles: first, a total, comprehensive and unconditional withdrawal to the internationally recognized boundaries, secondly, a total and comprehensive to the internationally recognized boundaries; secondly, a total and comprehensive exchange of prisoners of war, thirdly~ the signing of a peace and non-aggression exohange of prisoners of war; thirdly~ the signing of a peace and non-aggression treaty between the two countries, fourthly, non-interference in each other's treaty between the two countries; fourthly, non-interference in each other's internal affairs and mutual respect for each country's choices; fifthly, both Iraq internal affairs and mutual respect for each country's choices; fifthly, both Iraq and Iran must be positive elements in all that might contribute to the and Iran must be positive elements in all that might contribute to the establishment of stability and security in the region as a whole, and in the Arab establishment of stability and security in the region as a whole, and in the Arab Gulf in particular. Gulf in particular. Although these principles should have been sufficient to safeguard the Although these principles should have been sufficient to safeguard the legitimate rights of both parties, the Iranian regime rejected them, and resorted legitimate rights of both parties, the Iranian regime rejected them, and resorted to raising doubts about the possibility of a renewed escalation of the war in an to raising doubts about the possibility of a renewed escalation of the war in an attempt to justify its anomalous attitude. In order to remove all doubt, we attempt to justify its anomalous attitude. In order to remove all doubt, we announced our willingness to accept a guarantee from the five permanent members of announced our willingness to accept a guarantee from the five permanent members of the Security Council concerning mutual non-aggression between the two parties. We the Security Council concerning mutual non-aggression between the two parties. We also expressed our readiness to have the agreement on such a guarantee properly also expressed our readiness to have the agreement on such a guarantee properly documented at the United Nations, and further stated that if this proposal was not documented at the United Nations, and further stated that if this proposal was not to meet with Iranian acceptance, then we would propose an alternative: that the to meet with Iranian acceptance, then we would propose an alternative: that the guarantee for mutual non-aggression should come from 60 countries, 30 of which guarantee for mutual non-aggression should come from 60 countries, 30 of which (Hr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) would be selected by Iran and 30 by Iraq. We also prO!"Osed another alternative would be seleo~ecJ by Iran and 30 by Iraq. We also prOiJOsed ano~her alternative according to which thG guarantee for Mutual non-aggression could co~e from member acc:crding to which thG guarantee for mutual non-aggression could COHle from member States of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. This was In addition to States of the Organization of the Islamic Conference. This was in addition to Iraqis readiness to be par~ to a treaty of non-aggression and good-neighbourliness Iraq's readiness to be party to a treaty of non-aggression and good-neighbourliness involving all States on the Arab Gulf besides Iraq and Iran. involving all Sta~es on ~he Arab Gulf besides Iraq and Iran. (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) Such a treaty ~hould st~te in clear and basic terms that, if any signatory State Such a treaty ~hould st~te in clear and basic terms that, if any signatory State perpetrated aggression against a fellcw state~ then all states parties to the perpetrated aggression against a fellcw state~ then all States parties to the Treaty should use military force to put an end to the aggression. Treaty should use military force to put an end to the aggression. Iran also rejected these proposals, a fact which expos~d yet agein the Iranian Iran also rejected these proposals, a fact which expos~d yet agein the Iranian regime's false claims about the guarantees. Iran's rejection confirm~d once again regime's false claims about the guarantees. Iran's rejection confirm€d once again that the sole objective of its regime was to wage war, nothing but war. that the sole objective of its regime was to wage war, nothing but war. Those have been our attitudes and those of Iran. Our demands are clear and Those have been our attitudes and those of Iran. Our demands are clear and simple: we want an honourable peace that safeguards the rights and interests of simple: we want an honourable peace that safeguards the rights and interests of both parties on the basis of the Charter of the United Nations and of international both parties on the basis of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law and practice. That has always been our policy with regard to Iran from the law and practice. That has always been our policy with regard to Iran from the very beginning, and it will continue to be our policy regardless of the sacrifices very beginning, and it will continue to be our policy regardless of the sacrifices that our people has to make in defending its dignity and honour and in safeguarding that our people has to make in defending its dignity and honour and in safeguarding the sovereignty, territorial integrity and cultural heritage of our country. the sovereignty, territorial integrity and cultural heritage of our country. The United Nations cannot, and should not, remain neutral vis-a-vis two such The United Nations cannot, and should not, remain neutral vis-A-vis two such sharply contrasting stands: one totally committed to the Organization, its Charter sharply contrasting stands: one totally committed to the Organization, its Charter and its principlesJ the other scorning it, rejecting its resolutions, and using it and its principlesJ the other scorning it, rejecting its resolutions, and using it merely as a forum for promoting its lies and as a means for continuing the war and merely as a forum for promoting its lies and as a means for continuing the war and threatening the security and stability of the region. It is incumbent upon the threatening the security and stability of the region. It is incumbent upon the United Nations, on the basis of its Charter and in accordance with tt-a United Nations, on the basis of its Charter and in accordance with tt-a responsibilities entrusted to it, to abandon its old negative stand in favour of a responsibilities entrusted to it, to abandon its old negative stand in favour of a new one, a serious and responsible stand that would warn the party insisting on war new one, a serious and responsible stand that would warn the party insisting on war against such insistence, and would show that the Organization was prepared to against such insistence, and would show that the Organization was prepared to punish the perpetrator and exert all kinds of pressure upon it to make it desist punish the perpetrator and exert all kinds of pressure upon it to make it desist from the aggression and accept peace. from the aggression and accept peace. The United Nations and its various bodies should also endeavour to establish The United Nations and its various bodies should also endeavour to establish peace on the basis of the resolutions of the Security Council, the organ entrusted peace on the basis of the resolutions of the Security Council, the organ entrusted (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) (Mr. Aziz, Iraq) with the task of preserving peace. It would be a gr~ve violation of the Charter if with the task of preserving peace. It would be a grave violation of the Charter if the Council's resolutions were in any way ignored in favour of partial diplomatic the Council's resolutions were in any way ignored in favour of partial diplomatic proposals and appeals, or useless statements of the kind that we have heard proposals and appeals, or useless statenents of the kind that we have heard throughout the six years of the conflict. throughout the six years of the conflict. We look forward to seeing the united Nations shoulder its responsibility for We look forward to seeing the United Nations shoulder its responsibility for the maintenance of peace through the position it takes on what has now become the the maintenance of peace through the position it takes on what has now become the longest war of the century. It is only by liVing up to its reaponsibilities that longest war of the century. It is only by living up to its reaponsibilities that this Organization can justify its existence and deserve the confidence of the this Organization can justify its existence and deserve the confidence of the PeOples of the world. peoples of the world. Mr. DIZDAREVIC (Yugoslavia): I should like to extend to you, Sir, Mr. DIZDAREVIC (Yugoslavia): I should like to extend to you, Sir, warmest congratulations on your election as President of the united Nations General warmest congratulations on your election as President of the United Nations General Assembly. It is indeed a great pleasure to greet in this high office the Assembly. It is indeed a great pleasure to greet in this high office the representative of Bangladesh, a country to which we are linked by bonds of representative of Bangladesh, a country to which we are linked by bonds of friendship, joint commitment to the policy of non-alignment, and mutual and broader friendship, joint commitment to the policy of non-alignment, and mutual and broader co-operation. co-operation. I should also like to express my appreciation to Mr. Jaime de Pinies, a I should also like to express my appreciation to Mr. Jaime de Pinias, a distinguished representative of friendly Spain, for his successful conduct of the distinguished representative of friendly Spain, for his successful conduct of the deliberations of the fortieth anniversary session of the General Assembly. deliberations of the fortieth anniversary session of the General Assembly. Our appreciation also goes to the Secretary-General, Our appreciation also goes to the Secretary-General, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, for his continued efforts to solve international Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, for his continued efforts to solve international problems and, in particular, his endeavours to preserve and strengthen the role of problems and, in particular, his endeavours to preserve and strengthen the role of the United Nations at this critical juncture for our Organization and for the United Nations at this critical juncture for our Organization and for multilateral co-operation in general. multilateral co-operation in general. The anniversary session of the General Assembly last year prOVided the right The anniversary session of the General Assembly last year prOVided the right opportunity for us to ask ourselves what we had done in the past 40 years to opportunity for us to ask ourselves what we had done in the past 40 years to implement the objectives we had set before ourselves in creating the United implement the objectives we had set before ourselves in creating the United (Mr. Dizdarev!c, Yugoslavia) Nations. Our joint assessaent was that the world had undergone enorllOus changes in Nations. Our joint asses_en~ was that ~he world had undergone enorllOus changes in the past 40 years, that progress had been achieved in all areas of mankind's the past 40 years, that progress had been achieved in all areas of mankind's development, and that a vital contribution had been made by the United Nations. development, and that a vital contribution had been made ~ the United Nations. Together we assessed that we still owed a great debt to those aspirations of Together we assessed that we still owed a great debt to those aspirations of the world enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations more than 40 years ago. the world enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations more than 40 years ago. They are aspirations for a world free for alll a peace lasting and secure for all, They are aspirations for a world free for all; a peace lasting and secure for all, a world in which the differences in development would be diminished and the a world in which the differences in development would be diminished and the progress of all would be ensured, a world without divisions into blocs, a world in progress of all would be ensuredJ a world without divisions into blocs; a world in which we should all bear in mind that we share a common present and future, and which we should all bear in mind that we share a common present and future, and that it is only by jo~nt efforts that we can make them-better. that it is only by jo~nt efforts that we ean make them-better. In the anniversary year we proclaimed 1986 the Inte~national Year of Peace. In the anniversary year we proclaimed 1986 the Inte~national Year of Peace. We are faced with the question: What have we done this year to b~ing about peace? We are faced with the question: What have we done this year to b~ing about peace? What steps have been taken and what steps could or should we have taken to move What steps have been taken and what steps could or should we have taken to move with greater confidence along the road leading to lasting peace? with greater confidence along the road leading to lasting peace? All the dangers, contradictions and conflicts that have plagued the world for All the dangers, contradictions and conflicts that have plagued the world for years still prevail and threaten our very survival. The values and achievements years still prevail and threaten our very survival. The values and achievements that we have patiently built up through joint endeavours in the struggle for peace, that we have patiently built up through joint endeavours in the struggle for peace, security and eauitable international co-Operation are threatened today, perhaps security and eauitable international co-operation are threatened today, perhaps more than ever before. Confrontations, the arms race, crises, the spread of more than ever before. Confrontations, the arms race, crises~ the spread of poverty and the Underdevelopment of a large part of humanity, the attempts made by poverty and the Underdevelopment of a large part of humanity, the attempts made by some of the most powerful countries to resolve global political and economic some of the most powerful countries to resolve global political and economic problems, denials and efforts to push aside the achievements and emancipation of problems, denials and efforts to push aside the achievements and emancipation of peoples and countries: all these things bring home the bitter truth of the world peoples and countries: all these things bring home the bitter truth of the world in which we live. in Which we live. Is it possible to say that we have taken a step towards peace this year even Is it possible to say that we have taken a step towards peace this year even though nothing has been done at least to start eliminating the causes of the crises though nothing has been done at least to start eliminating the causes of the crises (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) in so~thern Africa, the Near and Middle East, South-West and South-East Asia, and in so~.Jthern Aftica, the Near and Middle East, SOuth-West and South-East Asia, and Central America; while the problems of Cyprus and the reunification of Korea remain Central America, while the problems of Cyprus and the reunification of Korea remain unresolved; and while new tensions, demonstrations of force and the use of force unresolved, and while new tensions, demonstrations of force and the use of force and dal1gers for peace emerge, as is the case in the Mediterranean? and dangers for peace eBerge r as is the case in the Mediterranean? A just and lasting solution of these crises calls for renunciation of the A just and lasting solution of these crises calls for renunciation of the policy of fait accompli and of the positions acquired by force, withdrawal of policy of fait accompli and of the positions acquired by force, withdrawal of occupation forces, the cessation of all intervention and interference in internal occupation forces, the cessation of all intervention and interference in internal affairs and, above all, the exercise by peoples of the right to self-determination, affairs and, above all, the exercise by peoples of the right to self-determination, independence and free development. independence and free development. However, there were certain developments in this International Year of Peace However, there were certain developments in this International Year of Peace that raise hope and call for further efforts. The representatives of that raise hope and call for further efforts. The representatives of 100 non-aligned countries have come here from their summit conference in Harare, 100 non-aligned countries have come here frem their summit conference in Rarare, from a large meeting of peace and co-operation, resolved to make a contribution to from a large meeting of peace and co-operation, resolved to make a contribution to the relaxation of tension-and the renewal of detente, disarmament, the overcoming the relaxation of tension-and the renewal of detente, disarmament, the overcoming of crises, and the quest for solutions to development problems• of crises, and the quest for solutions to development problems• The suramit Conference worked out a progr_e for the involvellent of the Movement of The sURlnit Conference worked out a progr_e for the involveaent of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries in the struggle for peace and deve1opllent. It ~ook clear Non-Aligned Countries in the struggle for peace and cJevelOpltent. It ~ook clear positions, launched initiatives and called for co-operation in the resolution of positions, launched initiatives and called for co-operation in the resolution of international problems. The decisions of the eighth BUDit Conference are a international problerus. The decisions of the eighth sUR8it Conference are a reflection of the determination of non-aligned countries to continue and strengthen reflection of the determination of non-aligned countries to continue and strengthen their involvement. their involvement. This year has also seen a continuation of the dialogue between the two This year has also seen a continuation of the cJialoque between the two super-Powers. We still expect it to bring about concrete results. There is a super-Powers. We still expect it to bring about concrete results. There is a widespread readiness in the world to support and make a contribution to the success widespread readiness in the world to support and make a contribution to the success of that dialogue. However, there is an i~ression that mutual mistrust and rivalry of that dialogue. However, there is an i~ression that mutual mistrust and rivalry are so deeply rooted that it is difficult to turn away from confrontation and are so deeply rooted that it is difficult to turn away frOll confrontation and towards negotiation and agree~~nt. The ~tOrld is plagued by continuous uncertainty towards negotiation and a9ree~~nt. The ~n)rLd is plagued by continuous uncertainty as to whether the orientation towards dialogue and negotiations will survi~e, as to whether the orientation towards dialogue and negotiations will survi~e, whether the progress that is being made will be maintained. It lives in fear that whether the progress that is being made will be maintained. It lives in fear that the fate of peace, co-operation and development will become lost in the maze of the fate of peace, co-operation and development will become lost in the maze of negative tactical moves. All experience shows that negotiations bear fruit only if negative tactical moves. All experience shows that negotiations bear fruit only if they are directed towards solving problems. After all, that is what negotiations they are directed towards solving problemc. After all, that is what negotiations are all about. are all about. It is encouraging that in the year between two Assembly sessions a number of It is encouraging that in the year between two Assembly sessions a number of proposals and initiatives have emerged, aimed at halting the arms race and reducing proposals and initiatives have emerged, aimed at halting the arms raee and reducing and eliminating nuclear or conventional ar1llS, which constitute a realistic basis and eliminating nuclear or conventional arms, which constitute a realistic basis for fruitful negotiations. Further, it is encouraging that the first stage of the for fruitful negotiations. Further, it is encouraging that the first stage of the Conference on Confidence and Security Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe Conference on Confidence and Security Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe was successfully completed. That is telling proof of the vital interest of all was successfully completed. That is telling proof of the vital interest of all European countries in co-operation and in overcoming bloc barriers. Europe has no European countries in co-operation and in overcoming bloc barriers. Europe has no The coming alternative but to strengthen understanding and co-operation. alternative but to strengthen understanding and co-operation. The coming (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) follow-up meeting in Vienna to the COnference on 3ecurity and cn-operation in follow-up meeting in Vienna to the Conference on 3ecurity and Co-operation in Europe will provide an opportunity and ~se an obligation to continue along this Europe will provide an opportunity and ~se an obligation to continue along this road, in the interest not only of Europe, but of all. road, in the interest not only of Europe, but of all. From their meeting in Barare the non-~11gned countries addressed an appeal to From their meeting in Barare the non-~11qned countries addressed an appeal to the super-Powers to undertake urgent measures to prevent the outbreak of nuclear the super-Powers to undertake urgent measures to prevent the outbreak of nuclear war, to discontinue confrontation and conflicts and to move along "the road of war, to discontinue confrontation and conflicts and to move along "the road of dialogue with a view to bringing about the cessation of the arms race and reaching dialogue with a view to bringing about the cessation of the arms race and reaching substantive agreements in the field of disarmament, including an immediate nuclear substantive agreements in the field of disarmament, including an immediate nuclear test ban and early agreement on preventing the arms race in space. test ban and early agreement on preventing the arms race in space. Last year, at their summit meeting in Geneva, the United States and the Soviet Last year, at their summit meeting i~ Geneva, the United States and the Soviet Union committed themselves before the world to accelerating the negotiations, with Union committed themselves before the world to &ccelerating the negotiations, with the following aim: the following aim: -to prevent an arms race in space and to terminate it on earth, to limit and -to prevent an arms race in space and to terminate it on earth, to limit and reduce nuclear arms and enhance strategic stability-. (A/40/1070, p. 3) reduce nuclear arms and enhance strategic stability-. (A/40/1070, p. 3) The world is expecting decisive steps. It supports every effort of the two The world is expecting decisive steps. It supports every effort of the two super-Powers leading in that direction, 'le hope that another summit meeting super-Powers leading in that direction, "le hope that another summit meeting between the Soviet Union and the united States will take place and that it will between the Soviet Union and the United States will take place and that it will make a concrete contribution to the process of relaxation of tension and make a concrete contribution to the process of relaxation of tension and disarmament. disarmament. The summit Conference of non-aligned countries in Barare and the recently The summit Conference of non-aligned countries in Barare and the recently concluded special session of the General Assembly on Namibia reminded us once again concluded special session of the General Assembly on Namibia reminded us once again how much we owe it to the peoples of southern Africa to remove the vestages of a how much we owe it to the peoples of southern Africa to remove the vestages of a dark past. Nowhere in the world today are human rights, fundamental fceedoms and dark past. Nowhere in the world today are human rights, fundamental fceedoms and human dignity so ruthlessly suppressed as in South Africa and occupied Namibia by human dignity so ruthlessly suppressed as in South Africa and occupied Namibia by the apartheid regime• the apartheid regime• (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) The international community has only one choice: either to accept a situation The international community has only one choice: either to accept a situation in which mass bloodshed is unavoidable and of which the proportions and the final in which mass bloodshed is unavoidable and of which the proportions and the final outcome are \lnforeseeable or to resort without delay to the last available peaceful outcome are \lnforeseeable or to resort without delay to the last available peaceful means - the impc~ition of sanctions under Chapter VII of the United Nations means - the impo~ition of sanctions under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charte~. The appeal of the non-aligned countries from Barare was addressed Charte~. The appeal of the non-aligned countries from Barare was addressed primarily to tbose that still hesitate to join in the general request for the pr~arily to t~se that still hesitate to join in the general request for the imposition of s~nctions. Th~ opposition to sanotions cannot be justified by imposition of s~~ctions. Th~ opposition to sanotions cannot be justified by alleged concern that their consequences would affect the black popUlation of South alleged concern that their consequences would affect the black popUlation of South Africa. After all, no curse is worse for them than apartheid. The people of South Africa. After all, no curse is worse for them than apartheid. The people of South Africa and Namibi~ ask to be saved not from sanctions but from racial Africa and Namibi~ ask to be saved not from sanctions but from racial discrimination; lawlessness and slavery. discrimination; lawlessness and slavery. It iz ,~~ illusion to think that by opposing sanctions the narrow interests of It i~ ,~~ illusion to thin~ that by opposing sanctions the narrow interests of individual c.~untries in southern Africa can be preserved. They will be consumed by individual c.~untries in southern Africa can be preserved. They will be consumed by the fire set by apartheid. Only a southern Africa rid of apartheid and colonialism the fire set by apartheid. Only a southern Africa rid of apartheid and colonialism can open vi$tas for co-operation, which is possible only between free countries and can open vi$tas for co-operation, which is possible only between free countries and peoples and in which everybody can find, preserve and realize his interests. peoples and in which everybody can find, preserve and realize his interests. The continuation of the crisis in international economic relations and its The continuation of the crisis in international economic relations and its ever more difficult consequences for developing countries make it incumbent upon ever more difficult consequences for developing countries make it incumbent upon our General Assembly not only tG jevote greater attention to these problems but our General Assembly not only tG ~evote greater attention to these problems but also to initiate the necessary action. International co-operation in solving the also to initiate the necessary action. International co-operation in solving the economic problems of the world is in crisis. In the absence of dialogue between econ~ic problems of the world is in crisis. In the absence of dialogue between North and South, the differences in the level of development may grow into North and South, the differences in the level of development may grow into political divisions and confrontations. In disarray and mutually confronted, political divisions and confrontations. In disarray and mutually confronted, guided by narrow interests, we shall not curb negative trends in world economic guided by narrow interests, we shall not curb negative trends in world economic relations and development. relations and development. (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugo8lavia) (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) The developing countries are exposed to the devastating consequences of The developing countries are exponcJ to the devastating consequences of factors over which they have a1llost no influence. One of the IIOIIt difficult factors over which they bave almost no influence. One of the 1I08t difficult problems besettingtheJI is that of debt. At the sue tiJle this is one of the IIOst problems besetting th.. is that of debt. At the sue tiJle this i8 one of the IIOst pressing political, economic and financial problems world wide. Debt has become-a pressing- political, economic and financial problems world wide. Debt has become' a means of extracting enormous profits frOll developing countries. Objectively, it means of extracting enorllOu8 profits frOll developing countries. Objectively, it maintains and deepens the differences in development. In the 1981-1985 period maintains and deepens the differences in developtllent. In the 1981-1985 period alone, the developing countries paid the developed ones about $Us 340 billion in alone, the developing countries paid the developed ones about $US 340 billion in interest payments, none the less their overall debt increased by a further interest payments, none the less their overall debt increased by a further sus 300 billion. The postponement of a genuine solution obviously only exacerbates Sus 300 billion. The postponement of a genuine solution obviously only exacerbates the problem of debt. It was therefore high tilae to include this issue as a the problem of debt. It was therefore high tilae to include this ls8ue as a separate item in the agenda of the General Assembly. separate item in the agenda of the General A88elllbly. (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) we expect the General Assellt'lly to take pc:lSitions wich will guide all the we expect the General Asseli:lly to take positions ....icb will guide all the institutions within the United Nations system that are directly and concretely institutions within the United Nations system that are directly and concretely dealing with these problems. we are deeply convinced that it is necessary to dealing with these problems. we are deeply convinced that it is necessary to proceed, first and foremost, from the need to ensure a stable and accelerated proceed, first and foremost, from the need to ensure a stable and accelerated development of debtor countries, alleviate the conditions for the service of debts development of debtor colmtries, alleviate the conditions foe the service of debts to the maximum extent, and launch a process of a genuine solution of interrelated to the maximum extent, and launch a process of a genuine solution of interrelated issues of mmey, finance, debt, trade and raw materials. issues of mooey, finance, debt, trade and raw materials. The recent Eighth SUnmit Conference of Non-aligned Countries in Barare has The recent Eighth SUnmit Conference of Non-aligned Countries in Harare has COOfirmed ooce again that the MoV'ement of Non-Aligned COlXltries remains consistent confirmed alea again that the MOV'ement of Non-Aligned COlntries remains consistent in its independent orientation, authentic principles, and the goals it opted for at in its independent orientation, authentic principles, and the goals it opted for at its First Swnmit Cooference in Belgrade twenty-five years ago. its First Swmnit Cooference in Belgrade twenty-five years ago. In the p)sitions the Barare SUnmit has taken, the policy of nen-alignment is In the ~sitions the Rarare SUlllDit has taken, the policy of non-alignment is yet again asserted as a factor in the relaxation of tension and in active and yet again asserted as a factor in the relaxation of tension and in active and peaceful co-existence. It was and remains a force deeply ColllDitted to the peaceful oo-existence. It was and remains a force deeply CoIIIDitted to the OI7ercoming of coofrQ'ltation and the strengthening of co-operation. Naturally, it overcoming of confrmtation and the strengthening of co-operation. Naturally, it has resolutely opposed and continues to oppose each and every threat to peace, has resolutely opposed and continues to oppose each and every threat to peace, freedan, equality, independence and a free development of all coUl")tries, not freedan, equality, independence and a free development of all COUlitries, not because it seeks confrootation, but rather because it seeks to remove from because it seeks oonfrootation, but rather because it seeks to remove from international relations all causes of coofrontation and threats to peace and the international relations all causes of confrmtation and threats to peace and the free developnent of all countries. free developnent of all countr ies. The ~vement aspires to overcome the bloc and all other divisions in the world The z.bvement aspires to overcome the bloc and all other divisions in the world which lead to coofrootation and impede the progress of the world and its OI7erall which lead to confrmtation and impede the progress of the world and its overall relations. The Movement can evaluate the policy of any country ooly en the basis relations. The Movement can evaluate the policy of any country only on the basis of its substance, on the strength of its cootributioo, at each particular moment, of its substance, on the strength of its contribution, at each particular moment, (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) (Mr. Dizdarevic, Yugoslavia) and on each specific questial, to peace, coaoperatial, equality, relaxation of and on each specific questicn, to peace, co-operatlcn, equality, relaxation of international tensials, disarma_nt, unha.pered develoraent of all countr ies, international tensicns, disar_ant, unba.pered developaent of all countries, cwerCQIing of differences in developllent and coaoperation between North and SOUth. owercaling of differences in developllent and co-operation between North and SOUth. After all, the value of a specific policy can only be raeasured against deeds. After all, the value of a specific policy can only be raeasured against deeds. The Olited Nations is the best expcession of ale of the greatest achievements The ~ited Nations is the best ex~ession of me of the greatest achievements in the develoPlent of international relations: equitable parbcipatiQ1 of all in the develoPlent of internationa1L relaticms: equitable parti..cipation of all countries in the solution of questions that concern the destiny of the whole coWluies in the solution of questions that ccmcern the destiny of the whole world. we .ust safeguard and pr~te this ac:hievettent. we, therefore, do not world. we .ust safeguard and prOllOte this acbieveaent. we, therefore, do not accept the atteapts to deter.ine the rights of the thited Nations Hemers according accept the atteapts to deter.me the rights of the thited Nations Menbers according to their llight and wealth. to their aigb t and wealth. we do not close our eyes to the shacte:ollings of the world Organization. What we do not close our eyes to the shortco1li.ngs of the world Organization. What we need is COIIJI(D ccncern and joint efforts to eliminate them. We have already we need is comacn cmceen and joint efforts to elimina te them. We have already taken the initial steps and we should continue alcng these lines. taken the initial steps and we should continue alQ'lg these lines. T~.e tllited Natians was created and can survive only as an acganization of T~le united Natiens was created and can survive only as an organization of independent and sovereign States, acting on an equitable basis in the quest for a independent and sOl7ereign States, acting cm an equitable basis in the quest for a better wacld today and a better tomorrow. better world today and a better tolllorrow. The wor Id has lcng been living betweeh confr on ta ticn and co-operation, The world bas lQ'lg been living betweeh confrontation and co-operation, conflicts and aCCQlMl)datioo, mistrust Md Wlderstanding. we live in a world beset ccnflicts and aCCOOlJlOdation, mistrust Md Wlderstanding. we live in a world beset by deep-rooted divisicns; however, we all live in this one and only war Id. Wi thout by deep-rooted divisiQ'ls; hOiever, we all live in this one and only world. Without faith in our COIIlJIIon survival and pcogress, without iiiltual understanding, we are all faith in our commcm survival and progress, without iiiltual understanding, we are all equally threatened. What has been said so far from this rostrum strengthens our equally threatened. What has been said so far from this rostrum strengthens our hopes that we can and must confront resc;lute1y the legacy of the past and the hopes that we can and Dust ccnfrcmt res~:i.utely the legacy of the past and the challenges of the present, and build a future with shared responsibility for our challenges of the present, and build a future with shared resplnsibility for our common destiny. coauuon destiny. Mr. MWA~ (Kenya) ~ Permit me, on behalf of 1J'1f delegation and on ITtJ Hr. MWA~ (Kenya); Permit me, on behalf of my delegation and on IftJ own behalf, to coogratulate you, Sir, most warmly on your election to preside over own behalf, to congratulate you, Sir, most warmly on your election to preside over the deliberatioos of the forty-first sessioo of the General Assembly and the the deliberations of the forty-first session of the General Assembly and the recently concluded fourt'!enth special session 00 the Question of Namibia. 1 am recently concluded fourt~enth special session on the Question of Namibia. I am particularly pleased to see you, a soo of Bangladesh, a country with which Kenya particularly pleased to see you, a son of Bangladesh, a country with which Kenya shares a common historical experience and fruitful bonds of friendly relations, shares a common historical experience and fruitful bonds of friendly relations, assume the high office of the presidency of our Organization. We are confident assume the high office of the presidency of our Organization. We are confident that your vast experience and diplomatic dexterity, coupled with the assistance of that your vast experience and diplomatic dexterity, coupled with the assistance of your able officers, will guide our deliberations to a successful conclusion. Let your able officers, will guide our deliberations to a successful conclusion. Let me also take this opportunity to extend a well deserved tribute to your me also take this opportunity to extend a well deserved tribute to your predecessor, Ambassador Pinies of Spain, for his able stewardship of the fortieth predecessor, Ambassador Pinies of Spain, for his able stewardship of the fortieth anniversary session of the United Nations General Assenbly and the thirteenth anniversary session of the united Nations General Assenbly and the thirteenth special session'on the critical economic situatioo in Africa. special session'on the critical economic situation in Africa. Similarly, I should like to pay tribute to Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, the Similarly, I should like to pay tribute to Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, the Secretary-General, and his staff, for the good service they have faithfully Secretary-General, and his staff, for the good service they have faithfully cootinued to render to the international community. We reco90ize that the work of continued to render to the international commll'lity. We reo:>~ize that the work of this body would be impossible to accomplish without the able and dedicated service this body would be impossible to accomplish without the able and dedicated service of the secretariat staff led by the secretary-General, who, in the execution of his of the secretariat staff led by the secretary-General, who, in the execution of his important responsibilities, has demonstrated both foresight and tenacity of purpose. important responsibilities, has demonstrated both foresight and tenacity of purpose. Last year the international community celebrated the fortieth anniversary of Last year the international commll'lity celebrated the fortieth anniversary of the united Natioos, when statesmen and other leaders reaffirmed their dedication to the united Nations, when statesmen and other leaders reaffirmed their dedication to the noble and high ideals that inspired the founding fathers of our organization. the noble and high ideals that inspired the fOll'lding fathers of our Organization. Kenya reiterated its commitment, highlighting some of the achievements of the Kenya reiterated its commitment, highlighting some of the achievements of the Uni ted Na tions, such as the implemen tation of the process of decol00 ization , Uni ted Na tions, such as the implemen tation of the process of decol00 ization, prevention of global conflict, peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with prevention of global conflict, peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with (Hr. Mwangale, KenX!) (Mr. Mwangale, KenX!) the accepted nctllS and principles of international law, pt01llOtion and respect of the accepted ncrllS and principles of internatiOnal law, prOlllOtion and respect of hUIIan rights and fostering of international econosi.c c:o""Operation. we also hu.an rights and foster ing of international econO!!ic co""Operation. we also reflected on Wlat we felt were significant shortcomings which impede the full renected on '!hat we felt were significant shortcomings which impede the full realization of the lofty goals enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. realization of the lofty goals enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. REgrettably, during this forty-first session, we still find many long-standing ~9rettably, during this forty-first sessicn, we still find many loog-standing disputes eluding solutiClns and strong resistance in the negotiatiCXl process to disputes eluding solutions and strong resistance in the negotiation process to bring to an end such evils as apartheid and the last vestiges of colClnialism. On bring to an end such evils as apartheid and the last vestiges of colonialim. On the econCllic scene, we find the economies of many countr ies still crushed under the the econc.ic scene, we find the economies of many countr ies still crushed under the weight of unfavourable terms of trade and external debt crisis. weight of unfavourable terJIIS of trade and external debt crisis. The Charter of the United Nations exhorts States to adhere to and act in The Charter of the United Nations exhorts States to acl1ere to and act in cClnforllity with the obligations imposed by international law, and respect the conformity with the obligations imposed by international law, and respect the fundamental pcincipll!S enunciated in the Charter. However, we note with a tinge of fundamental principll!S enunciated in the Charter. However, we note with a tinge of sadness the emergence of a dangerous trend, where nations are abandcning the sadness the emergence of a dangerous trend, Wlere nations are abanccning the machinery laid down by the Charter in favour of acts which sometimes amount to machinery laid down by the Charter in favour of acts which sometimes amount to coerciCln, aggression and illegal .use of armed force. My delegation wishes to coercion, aggression and illegal .use of armed force. My delegation wishes to re-emphasize the need to Uphold the supremacy of law in the conduct of re-emphasize the need to uphold the supremacy of law in the conduct of international relations. international relations. (~~angale, Kenya) (~rMangale, Kenya) Wlen the many dlallenges which continue to face the world are viewed against Nlen the many dlallenges whidl continue to face the wodd are viewed against our exper ience over the past several decades, the process of multilateralism and our experience over the past several decades, the process of multilateralism and the role of the united Nations in that process become both apparent and the role of the united Nations in that process become both apparent and C)mpelling. Yet just when the, world needs to strengthen multilateralism and the compelling. Yet just when the. world needs to strengthen multilateralism and the united Nations, both seem to have come under cynical attack. we are witnessing United Nations, both seem to have come under cynical attack. we are witnessing more instances of unilateralism and the erosion of support for the United Nations, more instances of unilateralism and the erosion of support for the United Nations, as evidenced by the crisis through which the Organization is going and which as evidenced by the crisis through which the Organization is going and which necessitated the resumption of the fortieth session of the General Assembly. necessitated the resumption of the fortieth session of the General Assembly. Although the crisis is described as financial, it must be quite obvious to all Although the crisis is described as financial, it must be quite obvious to all of us by nC7fl that the United Natioos is facing one of its worst political cr ises of us by nC7fl that the United Nations is facing one of its worst political er ises yet, a crisis of whidl the financial difficulties being encountered are mere yet, a crisis of which the financial difficulties being encountered are mere symptoms. It is therefore incunDent upon all Member States to demonstrate their symptoms. It is therefore incument upon all Member States to demonstrate their faith and commitment to out Organization in deeds rather than in words. Kenya, for faith and commitment to out Organization in deeds rather than in words. Kenya, for its part, welcomes the repor~ of the Group of High-level Intergovernmental EKperts its part, welcomes the repor~ of the Group of High-level Intergovernmental Experts entrusted by the General Assellbly at its fortieth session with stUdying ways and entrusted by the General Assellbly at its fortieth session with stUdying ways and means of enhancing the effectiveness of the financial and administrative means of enhancing the effectiveness of the financial and administrative capabilities of the United Nations. In the group's recommendations, we find a capabilities of me united Nations. In the group's recommendations, we find a number of positive· elements which deserve ser ious consideration by th is Assembly. number of positive- elements which deserve ser ious consideration by th is Assembly. we look forward to working wi th others to find durable and generally acceptable we look for:ward to working wi th others to find durable and generally acceptable solutions to the problems facing the Organization so that it may better serve the solutions to the problems facing the Organization so that it may better serve the international community. However, if that endeavour is to succeed, we must all international community. However, if that endeavour is to succeed, we must all accept and rec:>gnize the fundamental fact that ours is first and foremost a accept and recognize the fundamental fact that ours is first and foremost a political organization with many tasks. At the same time, our efforts to refor'TI political organization with many tasks. At the same time, our efforts to refor'll and reactivate the Organization must be ste ictly in accordance wi th the Char ter. and reactivate the Organization must be str ictly in accordance wi th the Char ter. (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Mr. Mwangale, Renya) In Africa we are deeply cUsturbed that our continent is currently facing a In Africa we are deeply aisturbed that our continent is currently facing a greater threat to its political stabUity than ever before. That threat stems from greater threat to its 1X)1itical stability than ever before. That threat stems from the fact that the omoxious racist regime in SOUth Africa has not only intensified the fact that the obloxious racist regime in South Africa has not only intensified its brutality against thoae seeking freedom and justice within its b~ders and in its brutality against thoae seeking freedom and justice within its borders and in Namibia but has also arrogated to itself the right to laWlch aggression and inflict N8IIibia but has also arrogated to itself the right to latmch aggression and inflict l'Jurder and destruction against its immediate neighbours. we in the rest of Africa I!lurder and destruction against its ill1llediate neighbours. we in the rest of Africa cannot remain indifferent ~en our brothers and sisters cootinue to be subjected to cannot remain indifferent when our: mothers and sisters Caltinue to be subjected to vicious assaults for cr mes of which they are innocent, and to constant threats to vicious assaults for cr imea of which they are innocent, and to constant threats to their national security. The front-line States ccntinue on a daily basis to suffer their natiQ'lal security. The fralt-line States ccntinue on a daily basis to suffer from the racist regime's acts of destabilization and direct military aggression, a from the racist regime's acts of destabilizatiQ'l and direct military aggression, a flagrant breach of the principles of the thited Nations Charter relating to respect flagrant breach of the principles of the U\ited Nations Charter relating to respect for the sovereignty and territor ial integr ity of all States. These aggressive and for the sovereignty and territor ial integr ity of all States. These aggressive and illegal acts brutally committed by the racist regime have led to increasing loss of illegal acts brutally committed by the racist regime have led to increasing loss of innocent life ana of property beyond that regime's borders. innocent life ana of property beyond that regime's borders. In south Africa itself, an explosive situation currently obtains, a situation In SOUth Africa itself, an explosive situation currently obtains, a situation without any doubt as a direct result of the continued existence of the evil system without any doubt as a direct result of the continued existence of the evil system of apartheid, which has been universally coodemned and which has been declared a of apartheid, which has been universally ccndemned and which has been declared a er ime against mankind. Moreover, having carefully scrutinized the policies of crime against mankind. MoreO'll'er, having carefully scrutinized the policies of apartheid, the international community loog ago coocluded that apartheid is an evil afar theid, the interna tional community lalg ago ccncluded tha t afar theid is an evil which cannot be reformed and which must, therefore, be dismantled. In that which cannot be reformed and which must, there'fore, be dismantled. In that connection I wish to emphasize the words spoken by my President, His Excellency connection I wiSh to emphasize the words spoken by my President, Ris Excellency Mc. Daniel 'l'oroitich ar.ap Moi, when he addressed the General Assembly at its Mc. Daniel 'l'oroitich ar.ap Moi, when he addressed the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session in his capacity as then Chairman of the Organization of thirty-sixth session in his capacity as then Chairman of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Be stated that Afr iean Unity (OAU). Be stated that "Across the whole spectrum of impact and meaning, apartheid lies as an "Across the whole spectrum of impact and meaning, apartheid lies as an anguish upon the conscience of all civilized men. It violates those anguish upon the conscience of all civilized men. It violates those (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) tmiversal principles of human dignity and ccndlct which the tbited Nations has tmiversal principles of human dignity and CClftdJct which the thited Nations has been authorized to codify and to harness. And there is no chubt that it been authorized to codify and to barness. And there is no chubt that it affrents the very fOmldation of internatimal law. on those ~bree groWlds affrcnts the veryfomldation of internaticnal law. On those ~hree grounds alcne, and there are many more, the only conclusim to be reached is that alClfte, and there are Jlany more, the only conclusim to be reached is that apartheid must be destroyed. In any case, there should never be any apartheid must be destroyed. In any case, there should never be any compromise with evil - and apartheid is, in every 8l!lpect, evil.· compromise with evil - and apartheid is, in every ~pect, evil.· (A/36/PV.ll, p. 11) (A/36/PV.11, p. 11) Those words are as vali:d today as they were then. Those words are as valtd today as they were then. By now it is clear that consensus has emerged at the international level that By now it is clear that consensus has emerged at the international level that the system of apartheid 'fIust be dismantled. Regrettably, hOiiever, the various the system of apartheid must be dismantled. Regrettably, however, the var 10us measures proposed to accelerate the demise and destruction of apartheid have met measures proposed to accelerate the demise and destruction of apartheid have met with stubborn resistance, particularly by the racist regime itself and by those who with stubborn resistance, particularly by the racist regime itself and by those who have chosen to make caBpromises wi th apar theid, par ticularly the regime'sallies have chosen to make caBpromises wi th apar theid, par ticularly the regime I sallies and major trading partners. That resistance has made it impossible for the and major trading partners. That resistance has made it impossible for the security Council to agree unanimously on the measures necessary to undo apartheid. security Council to agree unanimously on the measures necessary to undo apartheid. We firmly maintain that there is a moral duty cm the part of every country and We firmly maintain that there is a moral duty en the part of every country and people to do its utmost to achieve the total destruction of this abhorrent system. people to do its utmost to achieve the total des truction of tit is abhorrent sys tern. To make compromises with it would lead us to catastrophic situaticms that we should '1':> make compromises with it would lead us to catastrophic situations that we should all live to regret. all live to regret. Attempts to induce the security Council impose comprehensive sanctions against Attempts to induce the security Council impose comprehensive sa."\ctions against racist South Africa because of the racist regime's arrogant defiance of the will of racist South Africa because of the racist regime's arrogant defiance of the will of the international coIllllunity to dismantle apartheid have time and aga in been the international conmunlty to dismantle apartheid have time and aga in been subjected to vetos. \'IlUe the security COlDcil remains in a stalenate on this subjected to vetos. lril Ue the security COlmcil remains in a stalema te on this questioo the situaticm in SOuth Afr ica has continued to deter iorate. The racist questioo the situatioo in SOuth Afr iea has continued to deter iorate. The racist Pretor ia regime has shamelessly and relentlessly intensified its repress ive Pretor ia regime has shamelessly and relentlessly intensified its repress ive measures aga inst all those opposed to the evil system, especially the black measures aga inst all those opposed to the evil system, especially the black (Hr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Hr. ""angale, Kenya) population of the COWltry. It has entrenched its brutality, particularly by the population of the COWltry. It has entrenched its btutali ty, particularly by the recent proclamatiQl of a state of emergency in a nWllber of black townships and recent proclamatioo of a state of emergency in a nUlllber of black townships and districts. In this way the racist regime hopes to frustrate and impede the rising districts. In this way the racist regime hopes to frustrate and impede the rising tide of resistance and the escalation of the liberatiQ'l struggle. Yet despite all tide of resistance and the escalation of the liberatim struggle. Yet despite all this the struggle has gained JIOmentum and int~nsity in the effort to secure freedom this the struggle has gained lIOmentura and intt!nsity in the effort to secure freedom and independence in a free, multiracial SOuth Africa. and independence in a free, lllultiracial SOuth Africa. We are keenly aware of the enormous sacri fiees the oppressed and suffer ing We are keenly aware of the enormous sacrifices the oppressed and suffering peoples of South Africa and Namibia are called upon to mak~ because of an peoples of SOuth Africa and Namibia are called upon to mak~ because of an unfortunate, deliberate -accident B of history. we say this because most unfortunate, deliberate -accident- of history. we say this because most delegatiats from former colQ'lial oountr ies represented here have had their share of delegatials from former colmial o>untries represented here have had their share of experience in the freedom struggle or are the offspring of freedom fighters. For experience in the freedolll struggle or are the offspring of freedom fighters. Foe them, the tr ibulatims of a liberation struggle need not be emphasized. them, the tr ibulatic:ns of a liberation struggle need not be emphasized. Independent Africa has prOlTed to the world tha t racial har111Q'lY and respect for Independent Africa has proved to the world tha t racial harma'ly and respect for human rights can be achieved even after extreme intolerance and brutality. With human rights can be achieved even after extreme intolerance and brutality. with this experience behind us, we find it imperative to remind the SOUth African regime this experience behind us, we find it imperative to remind the South African regime and its allies that majority rule does not of necassity lead to acrimonious and its allies that majority rule does not of necessity lead to acrimonious rela tions. At this juncture it is pertinent to tnderscore the fact that the relations. At this juncture it is pertinent to tnderscore the fact that the l1beratim struggle cannot and must not be confused with terrorism or liberation struggle cannot and must not be confused with terror ism or indiscriminate violence, which we all cmdem. The liberation struggle going on in indiscriminate violence, which we all caldem. The liberation struggle going on in that part of the world is the last resort of an oppressed people denied all other that part of the world is the last resort of an oppressed people denied all other peaceful avenues. Moreover, history has demonstrated very clearly that a war of peaceful avenues. Morecwer, history has demonstrated very clearly that a war of liberatim against colooialism and racism will always triumph, because it is a just liberation against colooialism and racism will always triunph, because it is a just war. war. In the struggle to liberate SOuth Afr ica and Namibia from the tentacles of In the struggle to liberate SOuth Afr iea and Namibia from the tentacles of apartheid we salute, and declare our unwavering solidarity with, the peoples of apartheid we salute, and declare our unwavering solidarity with, the peoples of South Africa and Namibia in their struggle against oppression, exploitation and the South Africa and Namibia in their struggle against oppression, exploitation and the (Kr. MIIangale, Kenya) (Mr. MloJangale, Kenya) denial of the exercise of their lnal ienable right of self-deterllinatial. we denial of the exercise of their in<:11 ienable right of self-determinaticn. We therefore demand the unconditional Md immediate release of Nelscm Mandela and all therefore demand the unconditional Md immediate release of Nelsoo Mandela and all other political prismers and detainees, so that they can participate fully in the other political prisooers and detainees, so that they can partici~te fully in the political process in South Afr ieal the immediate lifting of the state of emergency political Process in South Africa,; the immediate lifting of the state of emergency and other oppressive measuresl the lifting of the ban on the liberation 1I01Feaents and other oppressive measures; the lifting of the ban on the liberation movements operating both ins ide and outs ide South Afr lea, and the immediate and complete operating both inside and outside South Africa, and the immediate and complete dismantling of apartheid. dismantling of apartheid. Since the raci,t regime has consistently defied with impunity the call by the Since the raci,t regime has consistently defied with impunity the call by the international commmlity to dismantle apartheid, the only peaceful alternative is international commlmity to dismantle apartheid, the mly peaceful alternative is the imposition of sanctions against the obnoxious racist regime. we must the impositim of sanctioos against the obnoxious racist regime. we must uncanPromisingly insist that the security COmlcil impose canpreh'ensive mandatory uncanPromisingly insist that the Security COlmcil impose canpreh-ensive mandatory economic sanctions against South Afr iea in accordance with the provisions of economic sanctioos against South Afr ica in accordance with the provisions of Chapter VII of the Char ter of the uni ted Ra tions, as called for at the world Chapter VII of the Char ter of the uni ted Nations, as called for at the world Ccmference on sanctions against Racist South Afriea, recently held at Paris. Cooference on sanctions against Racist South Africa, recently held at Paris. It is clear to everyme that the arrogance of the minority racist regime in It is clear to everyooe that the arrogance of the minority racist regime in South Africa stems from its relative military superiority, coupled with the South Africa stems from its relative military supericxity, coupled with the eCQ'lomic and political support it enjoys from a numer of its western allies and eCQ'lomic and political support it enjoys from a nunber of its western allies and fr iends. That support to the racist regime has fostered the false bel ief that the friends. That support to the racist regime has fostered the false belief that the regime can cmtinue indefinitely to defy the rest of the world with impmity. That regime can cmtinue indefinitely to defy the rest of the world with impmity. That arrogance must be brought to an end~ we must act now. arrogance must be brought to an end,; we must act now. (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Hr. Mwangale, Kenya) The Asselllbly is meeting at a most CIt~cial period in the history of southern The Assembly is meeting at a mast cr~cial period in the history of southern Afr ica~ it is meeting against a background of a rapidly deter iorating situatioo in Afr iea,; it is meeting against a background of a rapidly deter iorating situation in that region. South Africa has been experiencing the most widespread, persistent that regime SOUth Africa has been experiencing the most widespread, persistent and destructive unrest in its post-war history. In the past two years alone, more and destructive unrest in its post-war history. In the past two years alone, more than 2,000 PeOple have lost their lives, many in clashes with the so-called than 2,000 people have lost their lives, many in clashes with the so-called security forces or through State-inspired violence. Thousands have been injured. security forces or through State-inspired violence. Thousands have been injured. Since the Gcwernment declared a new state of emergency in June this year, at least Since the GoI7ernment declared a new state of emergency in June this year, at least 12,000 people have been indefinitely detained. SChool&ildren of all ages, 12,000 people have been indefinitely detained. SChool&ildren of all ages, including some as young as six years, estimated to nullber 2,000, are today including some as yOlDlg as six years, estimted to numer 2,000, are today languishing in detentioo ~mps in oonditioos reminiscent of Hitler's ooncentratioo languishing in detentioo Onpl in oonditions reminiscent of Hitler's ooncentration camps. camps. Unfortunately, while these violations of human rights are going on in SOuth Unfortunately, while these violations of human rights are going on in SOuth Africa and Namibia, and MlUe this obnoxious regime cootinues its repressive Africa and Namibia, and ~ile this obnoxious regime continues its repress ive defence of the sta~s quo, the burning moral issue of human rights violations is defence of the sta~s quo, the burning moral issue of human rights violations is being deliberately watered down by a highly dramatized opposition to the efficacy being deliberately watered down by a highly dramatized oppcsition to the efficacy of sanctions, without any definition by those who profess to value democracy, human of sanctions, without any definition by those who profess to value democracy, human rights, individual liberty and equality of M,at alternative measures should be rigbts, individual liberty and equality of M,at alternative measures should be taken to fulfil the moral obligatioos. '1b dismantle this universally condemned taken to fulfil the moral obligatioos. '.l\:) dismantle this universally condemned system of race classificatioo and subjugatioo, coodemation and expression of system of race classification and subjugation, coodemation and expression of repugnan~ alale aLe not sufficient. Vocal opposition without tangible measures is repugnan~ alC:le aLe not sufficient. Vocal opposition without tangible measures is hollow. In any case, change in south Africa will come about, and it is a question hollow. In any case, change in south Africa will come about, and it is a question of vital importance hQrl it comes about. we hope members of the Assembly will be of vital importance h"'" it comes about. we hope members of the Assembly will be counted Q"l Afdca's side. We salute an ever-growing section of the world community counted at Africa's side. we salute an ever-growing section of the world community that has been taking a principled stand by imposing various forms of sanctions. that has been taking a principled stand by imposing various forms of sanctions. With regard to the international Territory of Namibia, illegally occupied by Wi th regard to the in ternatiooal Terdtory of Namibia, illegally occupied by the racist regime of South Africa, much has been said oyer the years in various the racist regime of South Africa, much has been said over the years in various (Mr. Mifanqale, Kenya) (Mc. Mliangale, Kenya) irrternat10nal fotu_, including this body" It is therefore not my intention to irtternational forums, including this body, It is therefore not my intention to reheerse it a91n or dwell on the sad history of South Africa's illegal occ::u~tiQ1 rehe~rse it a9in or dwell on the sad history of SOuth Africa's illegal ocoupltioo of Namibia. But let lIle amderline a few points that are crucial to this question of Namibia. But let lie tmderline a few points that are crucial to this question and that the Assembly should always bear in mind as we deliberate on the course of and that the AsSembly should always bear in mind as we deliberate on the course of actim that now must be taken to ensure that Namibia lllO\7es to genuine independence action that now must be taken to ensure that Namibia lllO\Tes to genuine independence within the shortest time possible. within the shortest time possible. First, from the moment the league of Nations gave South Africa the Mandate to First, from the moment the league of Nations gave South Africa the Mandate to administer the then South West Africa, the racist regime tock to flouting the terms administer the then South West Africa, the racist regime took to flouting the terms of that Mandate. Under the Mandate South Africa was, in particular, required to of that Mandate. Under the Mandate South Afr ica was, in particular, required to promote the poll tical, eCQ1omic, social and emcational advancement of the promote the poli tical, ecooomic, social and ecilca tiooal advancement of the inhabitants of the Trust Territory and their progressive development towards inhabitants of the Trust Territory and their progressive development towards self-government or independence~ to encourage respect for human rights and for self-government or independence~ to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or fundamental freedoms for all without distinctioo as to race, sex, language or religicn~ and to ensure equal treatment in social, eccmomic and commercial religion~ and to ensure equal treatment in social, eCa'lomic and commercial matters. What happened over the years in that Territory, hQiever, was a complete matters. What happened over the years in that Territory, hOfiever, was a complete breach of the terms of the Mandate. Consequently the Ulited Nations in 1966 breach of the terms of the Mandate. Consequently the U1ited Nations in 1966 abroga ted it. abrogated it. Secondly, even after the International Court of Justice and the security Seoondly, even after the International Court of Justice and the secur ity Council further cQ1firmed the illegality of South Africa's cQltinued presence in Council further coofirmed the illegality of SOuth Africa's continued presence in Namibia, the racist regime defiantly refused to evacuate the Territory. Namibia, the racist regime defiantly refused to evacuate the Territory. Thirdly, efforts by the United Nations to persuade South Africa to allow the Thirdly, efforts by the United Nations to persuade South Africa to allow the United Nations to assume its full responsibility over the Territory of Namibia and United Nations to assume its full responsibility over the Territory of Namibia and implement Security COlmcil resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) have met with the implement security Council resolutions 385 (1976) and 435 (1978) have met with the obstinate and arrogant defiance of SOuth Africa, and to date Namibia remains obstinate and arrogant defiance of SOuth Africa, and to date Namibia remains illegally occupied and its independence has been unduly delayed. illegally occupied and its independence has been unduly delayed. (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) Even friends and allies of South Africa must now agree with us that SOUth Even friends and allies of SOUth Africa must now agree with us that SOUth Afr tea has no intentim whatsoever to relinquish its control over NatAibia Afr iea has no intention whatsoever to relinquish its control over Namibia peacefully. It is now imperative foe this Organization 10.0 use coercive measures, peacefully. It is now imperative f<x this Organization to use coercive measures, as plOl1ided for in the Charter, to force SOuth Africa to evacuate the Territory of as provided for in the Charter, to force SOuth Africa to evacuate the Territory of Namibia and thus enable the Organization to implement security Council resolutioo Namibia and thus enable the Organization to implement security Council resolutioo 435 (1978). The 5ecretary-General reported that the prcnisions of the resolutioo 435 (1978). The 5ecretary-General reported that the pr 011isions of the resolutioo had been agreed upon by the parties directly concerned and that all the outstanding had been agreed upon by the parties directly cCXlcerned and that all the outstanding issues relevant to the resolution had been resolved by November 1985. Hence, we issues relevant to the resolution had been resolved by November 1985. Hence, we reject any attempts to delay Namibia's independence any longer on account of reject any attempts to delay Namibia's independence any longer on account of irrelevant and extraneous issues such as the attempts to link the independence of irrelevant and extraneous issues such as the attempts to link the independence of that Terdtory to the withdrawal of Ct.ban troops fran Angola. In addi tion, it is that Territory to the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. In addition, it is intolerable that the racist regime has continued to engage itself in creating intolerable that the racist regime has continued to engage itself in creating futile institutions in the Territory with Ylich it hopes to circumvent the terms of futile institutions in the Territory with lobich it hopes to cirCUD1'1E!1t the terms of secur ity CoWlcil resolutioo 435 (1978). 8ecur ity Council resolutiCXl 435 (1978). The world has for a loog time been treated to a ser ies of decei tful manoeuvres The world has for a loog time been treated to a series of deceitful manoeuvres and tactics all designed to delay indefini tely the genuine independence of Namibia and tactics all designed to delay indefinitely the genuine independence of Namibia or replace it with a puppet administration subservient to and controlled by the or r:eplace it with a puppet administration subservient to and controlled by the racist regime in South Africa. These evasive moves by South Africa to delay racist regime in South Africa. These evasive moves by SOUth Africa to delay Namibia's independence further must be brought to an end. In this regard, my Namibia's independence further must be brought to an end. In this regard, my delega tien fully accepts and supports the recommenda tions of the Par is wocld delega tion fully accepts and supports the recommenda tions of the Par is wocld Conference on sanctioos against Racist South Africa and the International Conference on sanctions against Racist SOuth Afr iea and the International Cooference for the Immediate Independence of Namibia, which culminated in the Conference for the Immediate IndePEndence of Namibia, tlhich culminated in the holding of the recently concluded fourteenth special session of the General holding of the recently concluded fourteenth special sessioo of the General Assembly, on the ques tion of Namibia. we joined in the call by that special AsseJIt)ly, on the question of Namibia. we joined in the call by that: special sessioo to the 5ecur ity Council to convene immedia tely and take a firm decision sessioo to the 5ecur ity Council to convene immediately and take a firm decision wi th respect to the implementation of 5ecuri ty Council resolution 435 (1978), which with respect to the implementation of 5ecurity Comcil resolution 435 (1978), which (Mr. Mwangale, ~nya) (Hr. Mwangale, ~nya) remains the aaly internationally accepted basis for the independence of Namibia. remains the only internationally accepted basis f« the independence of Namibia. we nQl expect the secur ity Council to adopt an enabling resolution to tr igger off we nOlI expect the secur ity Council to adopt an enabling resolutioo to tr igger off the implementation of the (hi ted Hations plan for Namibia •s independence. the implementation of the O1i ted Hations plan for Namib fa •s independence. On the Middle East, we have consistently supported the just and legitimate On the Middle East, we have consistently suppor ted the just and legi timate demands of the Palestinian PeOple for a homeland and a state of their own. We demands of the Palestinian people for a homeland and a State of their own. We oonsider the right to self-determination which the Palestinians have for so long oonsider the right to self-determination which the Palestinians have for so long been denied to be the core of the problem in the Middle East. we should recall been denied to be the core of the problem in the Middle East. we should recall that the emrcise of the right to self-determination constitutes one of the basic that the e2llercise of the right to self-determination cnnstitutes one of the basic principles of the United Nations we, in this regard, are obliged to caltinue to principles of the united Nations we, in this regard, are obliged to cootinue to support the just demands', of the people of Palestine and to reject tot:&l1y the support the just demandE of the people of Palestine and to reject totally the Israeli practice of a<XJuir ing and occupying territories by threat or use of force. Israeli practice of aCC)uiring and occupying territories by threat or use of force. We in Kenya firmly hold the view that no naticn should ever attempt to justify its We in Kenya firmly hold the view that no natioo should ever attempt to justify its own existence at the expense of others. Thus, we insist that all Sta tes in the own existence at the expense of others. Thus, we insist that all States in the region have an equal right to coexist in peace and security and within region have an equal right to coexist in peace and security and within internationally recngnized and secure bo~ders. internationally recognized and secure bo~ders. Elsewhere in that area, Kenya is gravely concerned about the prolonged and Elsewhere in that area, Kenya is gravely concerned about the prolonged and destructive war between Iran and Iraq. The war represents a negation of ale of the destructive war between Iran and Iraq. The war represents a negation of cne of the cardinal principles of the Charter of our organization - that is, the peaceful cardinal principles of the Charter of our organization - that is, the peaceful settlement of disputes. We hope that wiser counsel will socn prevail. we believe settlement of disputes. We hope that wiser counsel will sooo prevail. we believe that tone united Naticns has a vital role to play in this and we reiterate our that \:..he united Natioos has a vital role to play in this and we reiterate our appeal to the parties ccncerned to br ing this fratricidal war to an end. appeal to the parties cQlcerned to bring this fratricidal Wcl!' to an end. In Lebanoo, a civil war continues to inflict untold suffer ings. It is our In Lebanoo, a civil war continues to inflict untold sUfferings. It is our hope that all the parties ccncerned will do every th ing poss ible to facili ta te the hope that all the parties coocerned will do everything possible to facilitate the restoraticn of peace in that tormented country. In this oonnectioo, we must restoration of peace in that tormented country. In this oonnectioo, we must express our stroog opposition to foreign intervention or interference in the express our stroog opposition to foreign intervention or interference in the internal affairs of sovereign, independent States. We believe that parties to any internal affairs of sovereign, independent States. We believe that parties to any (Hr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Mr. MWangale, Kenya) displte should seriously endeavour to resolve the disp.lte peacefully ip a spirit of disPJte should seriously endeavour to resolve the dispute peacefully il' a spirit of good-neighbour liness and respecting each other's sOl7ereiClf!ty. !ndependenca and good-neighbourliness and respecting each other's sOI7erei9l'lty ~ !ndependenca and territorial integrity. we hold this positiCXl firll1y as it also relates to the territorial integrity. we hold this positim firaly as it also relates to the situation in Afghanistan, to KallPUchea and Cyprus and to the unstable situation in situation in Afghanistan, to KallPUchea and Cyprus and to the unstable situatiat in Cen tral America. Central America. Kenya is convinced that disanu\!Il'Ient is a moral imperative LI\ this m:clsr age Kenya is convinced that disarmalll'lent is a aoral imper<ttive in this m:cl~r age if the basic purpose of the United Nations Charter - that is, the maintenance of if the basic purpose of the united Nations Charter - that is, the maintenance of internatiooal peace and security - is to be achieved. It is self-evident by nOl international peace and security - is to be achieved. It is self-evident by nOt that the continued accumulation of sophisticated, lethal weapons, partieularly that the continued accumulation of sophisticated, lethal weapciias, partieularly nuclear weapons, does not provide additiooal security. On the contrary, the arms nuclear weapons, does not provide aCSditiatal security. On the contrary, the arms race has further jeopardized international peace and even brought mankind close to race has further jeopardized internatiatal peace and even brought mankind close to the precipice of self-destruction. The situation clearly demands dialogue and the precipice of self-destruction. The situation clearly demands dialogue and meaningful ne3Qtiations, ant:: :.~.t is in that context that we have expressed our meaningful ne3Qtiations, ant ~.t is in that context that we have expressed our appreciation at the ongoing bilateral negotiations between the super-Powers in appreciation at the ongoing bilateral negotiations between the super-POlfers in Geneva and elsewhere. It is our earnest hope that their negotiations will h~ve a Geneva and elsewhere. It is our earnest hope that their negotiations will hAve a favour able impac\: on the 9100al disarllallen t efforts and on the lessen10g of wor Id favourable impac\,; on the global disarmament efforts and at the lessening of world tension. Indeed, we take note that the United States and the SOI7iet Union have now tension. Indeed, we take note that the United States and the Soviet Union have now embraced the idea of reductioos of offensive weapon systems. embraced the idea of retiJctions of offensive weapon systems. we, on our part, reject the notion that increased armament superiority between we, on our part, reject the notion that increased armament superior!ty between the two super-Powers is a means to achieve peace. Today, nuclear-weapon States and the two super-Powers is a means to achieve peace. Today, nuclear-weapon States and other mili tar ily signi ficant Sta tea spend colossal financial resources annually on other mili tar Uy significant Sta tes spend colossal financial resources annually on the manufacture, improvement and acquisition of arms. the manufacture, imprCNement and acquisitiat of arms. (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Mr. MW8nga1e, Kenya) This indeed is a deliberate waste of the world's resources, which should be This indeed is a deliberate waste of the world's resources, which should be redirected to the improvement of the well being of mankind, particularly the poor redirected to the improvement of the well being of mankind, particularly the poor and underprivileged. At a time wben tbe world is reeling under severe economic and underprivileged. At a time when tbe world is reeling under severe economic strains, when the level of poverty in developing countries staggers the strains, when the level of poverty in developing countries staggers the imagination, the two leading super-ltowers fail to heed tbe passionate pleas of the imagination, the two leading super-~owers fail to heed the passionate pleas of the ~rld O-~un!ty for a h~lt to tbe arms race. ~r1d c-"'m!!!un!ty fo!: a h~lt to the arms race. Tbe current economic situation continues to reflect persistent structural The current economic situation continues to reflect persistent structural imbalances between the countries of the Nortb and the South. Tbese imbalances have imbalances between the countries of the North and the South. These imbalances have been compounded by growing protectiQnism~ deterioration of the terms of trade, been compounded by growing protectiQnism~ deterioration of the terms of trade, mounting external debt, inability in the international monetary system, and the mounting external debt, inability in the international monetary system, and the emerging reverse transfer of net resources from the developing to the developed emerging reverse transfer of net resources from the developing to the developed countries. Against tbis backround the gap between the developed and the developing countries. Against this backround the gap between the developed and the developing countries continues to widen, posing a tbreat to international peace and security. countries continues to widen, posing a threat to international peace and security. The crisis is not merely a cyclical phenomenon but a symptom of the deep-rooted The crisis is not merely a cyclical phenomenon but a symptom of the deep-rooted structural imbalances that afflict the world economic system. structural imbalances that afflict the world economic system. In that regard the existing economic system requires thorough reform, In that regard the existing economic system requires thorough reform, including the restructuring of the international monetary, financial and trading including the restructuring of the international monetary, financial and trading systems for the mutual benefit of the developed and the developing countries. systems for the mutual benefit of the developed and the developing countries. International trade is going through one of the most disturbing periods in InternatIonal trade is going through one of the most disturbing periods in history. Current trends of protectionism and threats of unilateral restrictive history. Current trends of protectionism and threats of unilateral restrictive actions comparable to those which plunged the world into the depression of the actions comparable to those which plunged the world into the depression of the 1930s are increasingly being erected in most develOPed countries to the point where 19305 are increasingly being erected in most develOPed countries to the point where protectionism seems to be the order of the day. While tariff barriers are the most protectionism seems to be the order of the day. While tariff barriers are the most obvious of all protective measures, non-tariff barriers have, under many obvious of all protective measures, non-tariff barriers have, under many euphemisms, become more and more insidious and widespread. The international euphemisms, become more and more insidious and widespread. The international community has a duty to ensure the smooth working of the international trading community has a duty to ensure the smooth working of the international trading (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Hr. Hwangale, Kenya) system and to correct inherent disparities. In working out modalities for free system and to correct inherent disparities. In working out modalities for free trade, the necessary measures should be taken to accelerate development and to trade, the necessary measureS should be taken to accelerate development and to ensure the distribution of accruing benefits to all the peoples of the world. In ensure the distribution of accruing benefits to all the peoples of the world. In this regard Kenya looks forward to the new round of multilateral trade negotiations this regard Kenya looks forward to the new round of multilateral trade negotiations as well as to the seventh session of the United Nations Conference on Traae and as well as to the seventh session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD VII), both of which will provide an opportunity for the search Development (UNCTAD VII), both of which will provide an opportunity for the search for solutions to the problems hindering the growth and expansion of world trade. for solutions to the problems hindering the growth and expansion of world trade. For our part, we shall make every effort to contribute to the success of the new For our part, we shall make every effort to contribute to the success of the new round of multilateral trade talks and of UNCTAD VII by approaching the negotiations round of multilateral trade talks and of UNCTAD VII by approaching the negotiations in a spirit of compromise. We believe such an attitude is necessary for the in a spirit of compromise. We believe such an attitude is necessary for the realization of the objectives of those important conferences relating to trade and realization of the objectives of those important conferences relating to trade and development. development. Kenya continues to emphasize the urgent need to recognize the Kenya continues to emphasize the urgent need to recognize the interrelationship of problems in the areas of trade, development, finance and interrelationship of problems in the areas of trade, development, finance and monetary systems, inclUding the indebtedness of developing countries. It was most monetary systems, inclUding the indebtedness of developing countries. It was most appropriate that at its second regular session, held in Geneva this year, the appropriate that at its second regular session, held in Geneva this year, the Economic and Social Council focused its attention on the interrelated issues of Economic and Social Council focused its attention on the interrelated issues of money, finance, resource flows, debt, trade, raw materials and development. My money, finance, resource flows, debt, trade, raw materials and development. My delegation shares the view that a political dialogue should be established between delegation shares the view that a political dialogue should be established between the Governments of creditor developed countries, international financial and the Governments of creditor developed countries, international financial and banking institutions and developing countries in order to reach a global and banking institutions and developing countries in order to reach a global and equitable arrangement on relieving the debt burdens of developing countries. For equitable arrangement on relieving the debt burdens of developing countries. For the same reason, due to the prevailing uncertainties in the international monetary the same reason, due to the prevailing uncertainties in the international monetary system my delegation reiterates its support for the convening of an international system my delegation reiterates its support for the convening of an international conference on money and finance. Such a conference would address itself to many of conference on money and finance. Such a conference would address itself to many of the critical issues which up to now continue to be on the agenda of various the critical issues which up to now continue to be on the agenda of various international forums disjointedly in spite of their interrelationship. international forums disjointedly in spite of their interrelationship• (Hr. Mwangale, Renya) For the first time in the history of our Organization, early this year the For the first time in the history of our Organization, early this year the Assembly convened a special session devoted to the development crisis afflicting Assembly convened a special session devoted to the development crisis afflicting the African continent. The special session focused comprehensively on Africa's the African continent. The special session focused comprehensively on Africa's Priority Programme for Economic Recovery and Development. At the conclusion of its priority Programme for Economic Recovery and Development. At the conclusion of its deliberations at the special session, the General Assembly, inter alia, adopted and deliberations at the special session, the General Assembly, inter alia, adopted and endorsed by consensus the United Nations Programme of Action for Africa's Economic endorsed by consenSU6 the United Nations Programme of Action for Africa's Economic Recovery and Development, 1986-1990. This constitutes an important step that Recovery and Development, 1986-1990. This constitutes an important step that demonstrates the political will of the international community as a whole to taCkle demonstrates the political will of the international community as a whole to tackle Africa's economic problems with renewed determination. However, the implementation Africa's economic problems with renewed determination. However, the implementation phase of the Programme of Action is most crucial for the achievement of its noble phase of the Programme of Action is most crucial for the achievement of its noble objectives. Kenya and other African nations are keenly monitoring assistance from objectives. Kenya and other African nations are keenly monitoring assistance from the developed countries and others in a position to help in that regard. The the developed countries and others in a position to help in that regard. The period 1986 to 1990 is a short one, and we therefore appeal for the expeditious period 1986 to 1990 is a short one, and we therefore appeal for the expeditious adoption of practical measures towards mobilizing the resources necessary for the adoption of practical measures towards mObilizing the resources necessary for the successful implementation of the Programme. successful implementation of the Programme. African countries have individually and collectively embarked on a concerted African countries have individually and collectively embarked on a concerted comprehensive programme to deal with the development crisis. As can be seen from comprehensive programme to deal with the development crisis. As can be seen from the records of the twenty-second summit session of the Organization of African the records of the twenty-second summit session of the Organization of African unity Heads of State or Government recently held in Addis Ababa, from 20 to unity Heads of state or Government recently held in Addis Ababa, from 20 to 31 July, we have committed ourselves to a series of bold and radical measures to 31 July, we have committed ourselves to a series of bold and radical measures to save the African economies from collapse and to ensure fund~ental restructuring save the African economies from collapse and to ensure fundamental restructuring and policy reorientation that will launch the continent on the path to and policy reorientation that will launch the continent on the path to self-sustained development. I wish in this connection to put on record my self-sustained development. I wish in this connection to put on record my Government's appreciation of all the efforts and determination of the Government's appreciation of all the efforts and determination of the Secretary-General, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, during his tenure of office, in Secretary-General, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, during his tenure of office, in search of solutions to the African development crisis. search of solutions to the African development crisis. (Hr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) Economic co-operation and technical co-operation among the developing Economic co-operation and technical co-operation among the developing countries, commonly referred to as ECDCITCDC activities, should be viewed as being countries, commonly referred to as ECDC/~DC activities, should be viewed as being complementary to North-South co-operation. Economic co-operation among developing complementary to North-South co-operation. Economic co-operation among developing countries should not in any way be seen as the application of an isola~ionist countries should not in any way be seen as the application of an isola~ionist policy but rather as a means of widening the scope of international co-operation policy but rather as a means of widening the scope of international co-operation with the objective of accelerating economic growth and increasing the productivity with the objective of accelerating economic growth and increasing the productivity of developing countries. In this context Kenya has endeavoured to work closely of developing countries. In this context Kenya has endeavoured to work closely with other countries of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa in the economic and with other countries of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa in the economic and technological fields. Together with the sister countries of our subregion, we have technological fields. Together with the sister countries of our sUbregion, we have worked out co-operative arrangements which are important instruments for enhancing worked out co-operative arrangements which are important instruments for enhancing economic and technical co-operation among our countries. These arrangements economic and technical co-operation among our countries. These arrangements include the Preferential Trade Area, encompassing 15 countries of East and southern include the Preferential Trade Area, encompassing 15 countries of East and southern Africa, the recently established six-member State Djibouti-based Intergovernmental Africa, the recently established six-member State Djibouti-based Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development and the Northern Corridor Transit Traffic Authority on Drought and Development and the Northern Corridor Transit Traffic Agreement. Agreement. In another area the world today faces another serious problem, one almost as In another area the world today faces another serious problem, one almost as serious as the threat posed by nuclear weapons. I refer to the problems of drug serious as the threat posed by nuclear weapons. I refer to the problems of drug abuse and the associated illicit trafficking. In recognition of the seriousness of abuse dnd the associated illicit trafficking. In recognition of the seriousness of the social problems posed to certain populations of the world community by drug the social problems posed to certain populations of the world community by drug abuse and the illicit trafficking of drugs, this Assembly adopted resolution 40/122 abuse and the illicit trafficking of drugs, this Assembly adopted resolution 40/122 and agreed to convene an International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit and agreed to convene an International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking at the ministerial level in Vienna in 1987. The problem of drugs and Trafficking at the ministerial level in Vienna in 1987. The problem of drugs and drug trafficking is not only social but has deep economic and political drug trafficking is not only social but has deep economic and political ramifications. We look forward to the outcome of the Vienna Conference, which will ramifications. We look forward to the outcome of the Vienna Conference, which will definitely give us all an opportunity to discuss this subject in detail and to map definitely give us all an opportunity to discuss this subject in detail and to map out concrete solutions. out concrete solutions. I am convinced that in the activities of our Organization in the recent past I am convinced that in the activities of our Organization in the recent past we have not in any way been short of declarations, programaes or strategies. We we have not in any way been short of declarations, programaes or strategies. We have., for example, adopted very impressive dOCUDlents like the 1985 Nairobi Forward have., for example, adopted very ilDpressive dOCUllents like the 1985 Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies adopted by the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Looking Strategies adopted by the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the united Nations Decade for Women, and t~e Vienna International Achievements of the united Nations Decade for Wosen, and t~e Vienna International Plan of Action on Aging, and we have marked the International Year of Disabled Plan of Action on Aging, and we have marked the International Year of Disabled Persons, 1987. All have had a serious bearing on social development and its Persons, 1987. All have had a serious bearing on social development and its relationship to economic development. As we proceed individually and collectively relationship to economic development. As we proceed individually and collectively in implementing these programmes and strategies, every effort should be made to in implementing these programmes and strategies, every effort should be made to increase their momentum. increase their momentum. In the area of population, we continue to applaud the good work being done by In the area of population, we continue to applaUd the good work being done by the united Nations Fund for P~pulation Activities. In spite of the progress made, the united Nations Fund for P~pulation Activities. In spite of the progress made, developing countries are still confronted with problems such as urbanization, developing countries are still confronted with problems such as urbanization, internal migration, high mortality rates and environmental degradation. Moreover internal migration, high mortality rates and environmental degradation. Moreover national and international economic problems have jeopardized measures taken to national and international economic problems have jeopardized measures taken to redress adverse population trends. Kenya considers population control to be an redress adverse population trends. Kenya considers population control to be an essential component of development. Solving crucial popUlation-related problems essential component of development. Solving crucial population-related problems requires both national attention and international co-operation. In this requires both national attention and international co-operation. In this connection we welcome the decisions of the recently concluded Barcelona connection we welcome the decisions of the recently concluded Barcelona International Conference on Population and the Urban Future. Rapid population International Conference on Population and the Urban Future. Rapid population growth and a sudden upsurge in urbanization are among the most dramatic trends in growth and a sudden upsurge in urbanization are among the most dramatic trends in Africa's demographic picture. This situation is expected to persist and will Africa's demographic picture. This situation is expected to persist and will certainly increase the demand for employment, housing, health, education and certainly increase the demand for employment, housing, health, education and related services. related services. (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) (Mr. Mwangale, Kenya) Closely related to the population problea is the International Year of Shelter Closely related to the populaticm proble1l is the International Year of Shelter for the HOIIeless, which wHl be observed next year. Kenya is o)BI!litted to the for the Homeless, whieb wHl be observed next year a Kenya is oo..i tted to the mjectives .:o:d strateqy uf tne International Year of Shelter for the Homeless and roject!~e5 =d ztrateq-t uf i::De International Year of Shelter for the Homeless and we have a!t'eady instituted the necessary administrative procewres in preparatia\ we have already instituted the necessary administrative procewres in preparation for the observance of the Year, which will coincide wi th the tenth session of the for the observance of the Year, which will coincide wi th the tenth session of the CoIIIIIission on Human Settlements. CoIIIIIisslon on Human settlements a The fort".i-first session of the Assembly coincides with the observance of the The fort".i-first session of the Assembly coincides with the observance of the International Year of Peace, as proclaimed by the General Assellbly in resolution International Year of Peace, as proclaimed by the General Assellbly in resolution 40/3 of 24 OCtober 1985. There is no doubt that the International Year of Peace is 40/3 of 24 October 1985 a There is no doubt that the International Year of Peace is a landmark in the effort to which we are all CO!IIIIIitted and provides a unique a landmark in the effort to which we are all CO!IIIIIitted and provides a unique opportunity for us all to reaffirm our support for and dedication to the purposes opportunity for us all to reaffirm our support for and dedication to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the Olited Nations. and principles of the Charter of the Olited Nations. It cannot be OI7eremphasized that peace is a universal ideal. The maintenance It cannot be overemphasized that peace is a universal ideal. The maintenance and prO!lOtion of peace constitutes Cl primary purpose of our organization" In and promtion of peace constitutes a primary purpose of our Organization" In observance of the Year we in Kenya have set aside a full month, from 16 SepteJllber observance of the Year we in Kenya have set as ide a full menth, from 16 Septellber to 16 OCtober of this year, during which we are dedicating a few minutes each day to 16 October of this year, during which we are dedicating a few minutes each day to contemplation on the importance for mankind of peace in the world. to contemplation on the impor tance for IlaDk ind of peace in the wor ld a I ca\clude by extending good wishes to all the nations asseubled here today as I concluee by extending good wishes to all the nations asseubled here today as we move ahead in pursuit of world peace, security and co-operation in all our we move ahead in pursuit of world peace, security and co-1:)peration in all our endeavours. endeavours. Mr. AL-SABAB (Kuwait) (interpretation from Arabic): I have the honour, Mr. AL-SABAB (Kuwait) (interpretation from Arabic) ~ I have the honour, Sir, to extend to you on behalf of Kuwait, its Emir, its Government and its people Sir, to extend to you on behalf of Kuwait, its EIIir, its Government and its people our heartfelt congratulations on your electia\ to the presidency of the forty-firs l' our heartfelt congratulations on your election to the presidency of the for ty-fir SI' session of the General Assembly. You come frau Bangladesh, a friendly Muslim session of the General Assembly. You come frem Bangladesh, a friendly Muslim 0)untry with whiCh Kuwait has the strongest ba\ds. we are confident that your country with whiCh Kuwait has the strongest bonds. we are confident that your great skill and long experience will effectively assist us in making the work of great skill and long experience will effectiVely assist us in making the wock of (Hr. Al-Sabah, Kuwait) this session successful. I also wish to COIIlIIend the skill and expertise wi th which this session successful. I also wish to COIIJIend the skill and expertise vi th which Hr. de Pinies "perforllled his task ~B President of the fortieth session of the Hr. de Pinies "perforlled his task ",B President of the fortieth session of the General Assemly and his praiseworthy efforts in directing the affairs of that General Asseubly and his praiseworthy efforts in directing the affa its of that historic session. historic session. I take pleasure, too, in expressing to Hr. Javier Perez de Cuellar our full I take pleasure, too, in expressing to Hr. Javier Perez de Cuellar our full appreciation of his endeavours, good offices and diplomacy in handling the various appreciation of his endeavours, good offices and diplomacy in handling the various complex world issues and of his collllland of the administrative situation in our complex world issues and of his coRllland of the administrative situation in our organization, as reflected in his valuable report to the current session. We organization, as reflected in his valuable report to the current sessial. We welcome his presence today, following his reeuperatioo, and we wish him good health welcome his presence today, following his recuperatial, and we wish him good health for the fu ture • for the fu ture • The General Assembly resumed its fortieth session five months ago to discuss The General Assembly resumed its fortieth sessial five months ago to discuss the most serious financial crisis experienced by the united Nations since its the most serious financial crisis experienced by the United Nations since its inception. Unfortunately, that crisis, which still casts a dark shadow over the inception. Unfortunately, that crisis, which still casts a dark shadow over the activities and future of our wacld Organization, has taken 00 political dimensions activities and future of our wodd Organization, has taken on political dimensions that are already complicating and impeding multilateralism. that are already complicating and impeding multilateralism. Kuwait views with great concern the crisjs l!Ihich the United Nations is Kuwait views with great concern the cris1.s lIt'hich the united Nations is facing. We believe that in order to deal with it fairly and prudently we must all facing. We believe that in order to deal with it fairly and prudently we must all refrain f:..om exploiting the Organizatioo for political purposes - as are certain refrain f~.om exploiting the Organizatioo for political purposes - as are certain countr ies with their own ideas of what'the effective role of the United Nations countr ies with their own ideas of what' the effective role of the United Na Hons should be. Instead, efforts should be focused 00 the definitive fulfilment by all should be. Instead, efforts should be focused on the definitive fulfilment by all countries of their political and financial obligations in accordance with the countries of their political and financial obligations in accordance with the Charter. We hope that the crisis is merely a passing cloud that will not affect Charter. We hope that the crisis is merely a passing cloud that will not affect the pr inciple of collective action and that the role of our wor Id Organ ization will the principle of collective action and that the role of our world Organization will regain the status envisaged for it under the Charter, in the interest of regain the status envisaged for it under the Charter, in th~ interest of international peace and seeur ity and of the survival and continued progress of internat.ional peace and secur ity and of the survival and continued progress of mankind. mankind. we .ust try with all the vigour at our c:omaand to transform that crisis into we must try with all the vigour at our COIIlIIand to transform that crisis into IIlOJlentu. for administrative refor., rationalization of expenditure and the creation IlOJlentua for adIlinistrative refer., rationalization of expenditure and the creation of an exemplary wocld structure within which constant efforts are 1Ilade for the of an exeraplary wocld structure within tro'bich constant efforts are nade for the well-being of all humanity. After all, the viability of the United Nations and the well-being of all humanity. After all, the viabUity of the United Nations and the preservation of its role are in the interest of all mankind and all nations, preservation of its role are in the interest of all zankind and all nations, regardless of narrow political concerns. It is reassuring and auspicious that the regardless of narrow p:)litical concerns. It is reassuring and auspicious that the organization has lately been witnessing the gradual abandonment by critical Merrbers Organization has lately been witnessing the gradual abandonment by critical MeElbers of their intransigence and a renewed recognition on their part of the of theit intransigence and a renewed recognition on their part of the Organization's significance for world stability and the importance of collective Organization's signi ficance for world stability and the :importance of collective action in the sphere of international relations. action in the sphere of international relations. In this regard, we wish to place at record our appreciation of the efforts of In this regard, we wish to place at record our appreciation of the efforts of the Group of High-Level Intergovernmental Exper ts in reviewing the efficiency of the Group of High-Level Intergovernmental Exper ts in reviewing the efficiency of the administrative and financial performance of the united Nations. we hope that the administrative and financial performance of the United Nations. we hope that the General Assembly will ser iously consider and study the Group's recolIIDenda tions the General Assembly will ser iously cons ider and study the Group's recolIIDenda tions in the interest of Ilultilateralism. in the interest of multilateraliSl1. In recognition of the importance of collective international action, whether In recognition of the importance of collective international action, whether in the framework of the united Nations or that of other international or regional in the framework of the United Nations or that of other international or regional forums, Kuwait will host next January the swmnit conference of the Islamic forums, Kuwait will host next January the sunmit conference of the Islamic countries, which is convened fINery three years. we wish to stress that our work countries, which is convened fNery three years. We wish to stress that our wock when we welcome the leaders of Muslim countr ies to Kuwaiti soil will consti tute an when we welcome the leaders of Muslim countries to Kuwaiti soil will constitute an important brick in the edifice of collective international action and a important brick in the edifice of collective international action and a contribution to the consolidation of world peace and security ar.J the solution of oontr ibution to the consolidation of world peace and seour ity ar.J the solution of cauplex global problems. canplex global problems. With this lofty aim of serving world peace and the peoples of the region, we Wi th th is lofty aim of serving wor ld peace and the peoples of the region, we look focward to the forthcoming summit cCl'lference of the leaders of the Arab Gulf look focward to the forthcoming summit conference of the leaders of the Arab Gulf Co-operation Council, which will be convened, God willing, in the Un i ted Arab Co-operation Council, which will be convened, God willing, in the United Arab (Mr. Al-Sabah, Kuwait) Erairates in Ncwe1llber. we are confident that tihat is achiel1ed there will give an Emirates in Ncwe1llber. we are confident that mat is achieved there will give an impetus to the drive towards well-being and peace initiated by States members of impetus to the drive towards well-being and peace initiated by States members of the Council at their first sWIJIlit meeting. the Council at their first sWlJllit meeting. Kuwait is deeply concerned about the continuing intensity of dispu tes, Kuwait is deeply concerned about the continuing intensity of dispu tes, tensions and the arms race, as well as the exacerbation of international political tensions and the arms race, as well as the exacerbation of international political conflicts and econcaic problems and their repercussions, which lea-tJ to the conflicts and econOJlic problems and their repercussions, which lea..eJ to the escalation and extension of disputes and divisions in various regions of the escalation and extension of disputes and divisions in various regions of the world. we are also increasingly concerned that the phenomena of terrorism, war ld. we are also increasingly concerned that the phenomena of terror ism, particularly State-sponsored terrorism, have becose so widespread as to endanger particularly State-sponsored terroriSll, have becose so widespread as to endanger the secur ity of peoples and States alike. the secur ity of peoples and States alike. The most serious threat to the ability of the international community today is The most serious threat to the ability of the international community today is that attention is being distracted from the vital issues of man's survival, that attention is being distracted from the vital issues of man's survival, developnent and prosper ity by regional and international oonfl icts, in which developnent and prosperity by regional and international conflicts, in which precious resources are wasted, innocent blood is shed and lives are lost and which precious resources are wasted, innocent blood is shed and lives are lost and which engender ill will and anmosity that threaten mankind's future. engender ill will and animosity that threaten mankind's future. A case in point is the Iran-Iraq conflict, which has now entered its seventh A case in point is the Iran-Iraq conflict, which has now entered its seventh year. That tragic conflict causes heavy loss of life and saps the resources of two year. That tragic conflict causes heavy loss of life and saps the resources of two States MeDbers of. the Organization. It also constitutes a threat to the security States MeDbers of. the Organization. It also constitutes a threat to the security and stability of the countries of the r'egion and freedom of naVigation in the Arab and stability of the countries of the r"egion and freedom of navigation in the Arab Gulf region as a result of the seizure and botrbing of ships and tankers that belong Gulf region as a result of the seizure and botrbing of ships and tankers that belong to countries not parties to the conflict. to countries not parties to the conflict. (Mr. Al-sabah, Kuwait) (fltr. Al- sabah, Kuwai t) Kuwait's commercial fleet has been affected over the past three years by the Kuwait's commercial fleet has been affected over the past three years by the numerous unjustified attacks, the latest of which was directed against the numerous unjustified attacks, the latest of which was directed against the AI-Funtas tanker en Tuesday, 16 septellber 1986. In cenformity with security al-Funtas tanker on Tuesday, 16 SepteDber 1986. In conformi ty wi th Security Council resolution 555 (1984), we have given the secretary-Genera1 and the Council resolution 555 (1984), we have given the Secretary-General and the President of the security Council a detailed account of that incident. While President of the security Council a detailed account of that incident. While referring to the abOlTe-mentioned Security Council reso1utioo, which is considered referring to the abOlTe-mentiooed security Council resolutioo, which is considered to constitute a framework which the parties to the conflict must observe, Kuwait to constitute a framework which the parties to the conflict must observe, Kuwait believes that the security Council has a special responsibility under the Charter believes that the security Council has a special responsibility under the Charter to maintain Peace and security in the world in general, and to influence the to maintain Peace and security in the world in general, and to influence the hotbeds of conflict in particular, and to ~!!sure that the flames do not spread to hotbeds of conflict in particular, and to ~~gure that the flames do not spread to other States that are not parties to the conflicts. other states that are not parties to the conflicts. We, the small States, look up to the security Council and expect it to We, the small States, look up to the seour i ty Council and expect it to shoulder its responsibilities under the Charter and put an end to this conflict. shoulder its responsibilities under the Charter and put an end to this conflict. The persistence of this tragic conflict has afforded outside Powers the The persistence of this tragic conflict has afforded outside Powers the opportunity to seek to exploit and perpetuate it for in it they found a chance to opportunity to seek to exploit and perpetuate it for in it they found a chance to weaken the lollslim ranks, throw them into disarray, upset the balance of relatioos weaken the !tJslim ranks, throw them into disarray, upset the balance of relations in the Arab world, and undermine the unity and solidarity of the developing in the Ar ab world, and undermine the uni ty and solidarity of the developing nations, which are bound by the fundamental issues of a col'llllon destiny. Being an nations, which are bound by the fundamental issues of a col1ll\on destiny. Being an Arab Gulf country and a menber of the Co-operation Council of Arab Gulf Countries, Arab Gulf country and a mellber of the Co-operation Council of Arab Gulf Countries, we believe that the international efforts at mediatien, in which our world we believe that the international efforts at mediation, in which our world Organization is supposed to play a decisive role, must continue relentlessly and Organization is supposed to play a decisive role, must continue relentlessly and unceasingly until peace and stability have been restored to the region. In unceasingly until peace and stability have been restored to the region. In co-opera tion wi th its s is ter menber coun tr ies of the Gulf Co-operation Council, co-operation with its sister meDber countries of the Gulf Co-operation Council, Kuwait has sought, and still continues to seek, to end this devastating dispute. Kuwait has sought, and still continues to seek, to end this devastating dispute. The international community must also close ranks and work as a whole to bring this The international community must also close ranks and work as a whole to bring this confl iet to a final and immedia te end. We have now come to a crossroads, and confl ict to a final and immedia te end. We have nCM come to a crossroads, and should this danger be allowed to persist, the consequences will doubtlessly affect should this danger be allowed to persist, the consequences will doubtlessly affect everyone and will extend beyond the regiooal scope, with the result that no one everyone and will extend beyond the regimal scope, with the result that no one would stay unscathed from its evil effacts .. would stay unscathed from its evil effacts .. While blessing every well-intentioned endeavour and every constructive While blessing every well-intentioned endeavour and every constructive proposal, by whomsoever it is put forward, to eI'la this conflict, Kuwait declares proposal, by whomsoever it is put forward, to eoa this conflict, Kuwait declares its suppor t for the latest initiative taken by the Government of Iraq because it its supper t for the latest initiative taken by the Government of Iraq because it includes important principles on the validity of which the world community has includes important pr inciples on the validi ty of which the world community has agreed and which would ensure the achievement of a just and lasting solution to the agreed and which would ensure the achievement of a just and lasting solution to the conflict between the two neighbouring countries, a solution that would preserve the conflict between the two neighbouring countries, a solution that would preserve the legitimate rights of both parties in accordance with international conventions and legitimate rights of both parties in accordance with international conventions and laws. Kuwait also calls on the Islamic Republic of Iran to respond favourably to laws. Kuwait also calls on the Islamic Republic of Iran to respond favourably to this new initiative and to all genuine effoLts directed towards putting an end to this new initiative and to all genuine effoLts directed towards putting an end to the: bloodshed, saving the resources of the two Muslim peoples and ensuring a safe the: bloodshed, saving the resources of the two Muslim peoples and ensuring a safe and honourable life for them. and honourable life for them. We must refer in this regard to what the noo-aligned countr ies called for at We must refer in this regard to what the noo-aligned countr ies called for at their eighth summit conference at Harare this mooth in regard to the Iraq-Iran their eighth sununit conference at Barare this mooth in regard to the Iraq-Iran conflict, both in the conunendable statement of the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, conflict, both in the commendable statement of the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, Mc. Robert lotlgabe, at the opening session, or in the final declaration issued by Mr. Robert f.tIgabe, at the opening session, or in the final declaration issued by the conference. the conference. We believe the resources and wealth of Iran and Iraq are being wasted on the We believe the resources and wealth of Iran and Iraq are being wasted on the wrong froot. The right place for those capabilities is the front where the battle wrong froot. The right place for those capabilities is the front where the battle is being fought for the region's future against the cOJlllllon foe, whose four-decade is being fought for the region's future against the common foe, whose four-decade occupation of Palestinian lands has unmasked its true aggressive and expansicnist occupation of Palestinian lands has unmasked its true aggressive and expansiooist intentions towards all countr ies of the region. intentions towards all countr ies of the region. (Mr. Al-8abah, Kuwait) The Zicmist entity, wich was created on the basis of false historical The zicnist entity, which was created on the basis of false historical premises and by virtue of absolute support from well-known western quarters, is the prsises and by virtue of absolute support from well-known western quarters, is the entit-,; that was based Oil tile policy of aggression and expansion at the expense of entit-; that was based Oil we policy of aggression and expansion at the expense of Arab countries, the entity that continues t.o occupy Palestinian and Arab Arab countries, the entity that continues t.o occupy Palestinian and Arab territories, the entity whose activities of State-terrorism have branched out to territories, the entity whose activities of State-terrorism have branched out to various areas inside and outside our region. various areas inside and outside our region. Israel does not declare publicly its rejection of peace: rather it would have Israel does not declare publicly its rejection of peace~ rather it would have Peace on no other bas is than the recogni tion of the fait accanpli, namely its peace on no other bas is than the rec::ogni tion of the fait accanpli, namely its seizure and control of the Arab-occupied territories, those of the west Bank, the seizure and control of the Arab-occupied territories, those of the west Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Syrian Galan Heights and SOUth Lebanon. Not content with this it Gaza Strip, the Syrian Golan Heights and SOUth Lebanon. No~ content with this it blatantly interferes and undermines the secur ity and stability of Lebanon through a blatantly interferes and undermines the secur ity and stability of Lebanon through a series of brutal raids and barbaric military operations. Clearly, had it not been series of brutal raids and barbaric military operations. Clearly, had it not been for this continued aggression and blatant intervention, Lebanon would not have for this continued aggression and blatant intervention, Lebanon would not have remained in the morass of its crisis and internal turmoil. remained in the morass of its crisis and internal turmoil. Israel is required to submit to the will of the international coI1lllunity which Israel is required to submit to the will of the international co1Illlunity which calls for the withdrawal of its troops fran south Lebanon. These troops have calls for the withdrawal of its troops frem South Lebanon. These troops have persistently maintained their illegi timate presence since 1978, either directly or persistently maintained their illegitimate presence since 1978, either directly or by proxy. The menDers of the security Council have the undoubted duty of making a by proxy. The menDers of the security COW'lcil have the undoubted duty of making a concerted and determined effort towards achieving this withdrnwal. We concur with concerted and determined effort towards achieving this withdrnwal. We concur with the secretary-General's recent eaU for them to take immediate action, individually the secretary-General's recent caU for them to take immediate action, individually and collectively, to implement security Council resolution 425 (1978). and collectively, to implement secur ity Council resolution 425 (1978). Wlat we have affirmed in the past, and shat we ccntinue to affirm, is tha t \tI1at we have affirmed in the past, and .mat we caatinue to affirm, is that peace, as we Arabs perceive it, does not mean Israel's mere pledge not to expand peace, as we Arabs perceive it, cbes not mean Israel's mere pledge not to expand its fait accanpli policy, namely not to occupy and annex more Arab terri toties, but its fait accanpli policy, namely not to occupy and annex more Arab terri toties, but rather, in essence and inevitably, the resooraticn of the lands that were usurped rather, in essence and ineVitably, the restoration of the lands that were usurped and the re-establishment of the legi tima te rights of the Palestinian people, and the re-establishment of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, (Hr. Al-sabah, Kuwait) especially their right to self-determination, in order to enable them to create especially their right to self-determination, in order to enable them to create --, - . ~u~"'" their independent State on their own soil under the leadership of tneir --"I _ . ~u~"'" their independent State on their own soil under the leadership of tOeir legi timate repres€;4\tative, the Palestine Liberation Organization {P~). legi timate repres~ltative, the Palestine LibE".ration Organization (Pu) co In spite of Israelis barefacec persistence in coJIIDitting acts of systematic In spite of Israel's barefacec persistence in coltlDitting acts of systematic State-terrorism, namely murder, detention without trial, plunder of lands, State-terrorisn, namely murder, detention without trial, plunder of lands, Judaization, COilonization and other well known Zionist actions, we still hear some Judaization, calcnization and other well knewn Zionist actions, we still hear some Western voices making cries for help on behalf of the party their propaganda Western voices making cries for help on behalf of the party their propaganda por tr ays as the tame Israel i 1allO, while hur ling accusations of ter ror ism and portrays as the tame Israeli lanD, while hurling accusations of terrorism and barbarism at those who have inalienable rights and become targets of aggression barbar ism at those who have inalienable rights and become targets of aggression when they defend themselves against that aggression and try to repulse the weapon when they defend themselves against that aggression and try to repulse the weapon of tyranny and brutality away from their women, children and the elderly. of tyranny and brutality away from their women, children and the elderly. Israel has been, and continues to be~ the first to ignore and bring disgrace Israel has been, and continues to be.. the first to ignore and bring disgrace . upon the Charter of the United Nations and the will and the resolutions of the upon the Charter of the United Nations and the will and the resolutions of the international community, inclUding th<t resolution on the convening of an international conununity, including th,,, resolution on the convening of an international conference 00 Peace in the Middle EaSt, which represents a focal international conference at peace in the Middle EaSt, which represents a focal point for any movement towards a peaceful settlement. Should the point for any mOVE!J"llent towards a peaceful settlement. Should the aggression-oriented and Peace-rejecting entity persist in this course and continue aggression-oriented and peace-rejecting entity persist in this course and continue to make futile attempts to impose the fait accompli policy, under the spell of the to make futile attempts to impose the fait accompli policy, under the spell of the illusions of separate and partial solutions, the consequences will (\angerously illusions of separate and partial solutions, the consequences will dangerously exacerbate the situation with regard to secur ity, regionally and internationally. exacerbate the situation with regard to seour ity, regionally and internatioo&lly. I (Mr. Al-Sabah, Kuwait) (Mr. Al-Sabah, Kuwait) This forty-first session is convened at a time when this year, 1986, has This forty-first session is convened at a time when this year, 1986, has witnessed an intensified escalation both 00 the level of the national struggle witnessed an intensified escalation both CIl the level of the national struggle waged by the oppressed majority in South Africa and by the Namibian people, and waged by the oppressed majority in South Africa and by the Namibian people, and that of the heroic resistance by the front-line States in southern Afr ica as well that of the heroic resistance by the front-line States in southern Afr ica as well as in the international support and sympathy accorded to that legitimate struggle as in the international support and sympathy accorded to that legitimate struggle and honourable resistance. In 1986 two international confer·ences have been and honourable resistance. In 1986 two international confer·ences have been convened under the auspices of the united Nations en Namibia and sanctions against convened under the auspices of the United Nations en Namibia and sanctions against South Africa, followed by a special session of the General Assembly on Namibia, South Africa, followed by a special session of the General Assembly 00 Namibia, which was calc1uded only a week ago, not to mention various other meetings which was calcluded only a week ago, not to mention various other meetings conducted within the multilateral context and devoted to the just causes of conducted within the multilateral context and devoted to the just: causes of southern Africa. southern Africa. We have also seen the leaders of the f.t)vernent of Non-Aligned Countries, a We have also seen the leaders of the ~vement of Non-Aligned Countries, a mcwement which represents the majority of the menbers of our international mOl7ement which represents the majority of the meIlbers of our international COllltlunity, meeting at the beginning of this month in Harare under the chairmanship colIIDunity, meeting at the beginning of this month in Harare under the chairmanship of one of the leaders of the struggle against apartheid and racial discrimination. of one of the leaders of the struggle against apartheid and racial discrimination. That successful sunmit meeting was conclusive evidence of the ultimate and firm That successful sUlIIDit meeting was conclusive evidence of the ultimate and firm solidarity of the broad majority of the international community wit1" the peoples of solidarity of the broad majority of the international community w11:1" tone peoples of southern Afr iea. southern Afr ica. There is no need for us to draw the attention of the wor Id community, whose There is no need for us to draw the attention of the wor Id community, whose representatives are gathered here today, to the crimes the racist Pretoria regime representatives are gathered here today, to the crimes the racist Pretoria regime is perpetrating against the indigenous majority in SOuth 'Africa, its continued is perpetrating against the indigenous majority in SOuth'Africa, its continued occupation of Namibia and evasion of the implementation of the provisions of occupation of Namibia and evasion of the implementation of the provisions of security Council resolution 435 (1978), and its unjustified acts of aggression and security Council resolution 435 (1978), and its unjustified acts of aggression and the blackmail policies it pursues against the froot-1ine States. However, we wish the blackmail policies it pursues against the froot-line States. However, we wish to assert anew from this rostrum that the arrogance and insistence on eschewing the to assert anew from this rostrum that the arrogance and insistence on eschewing the logic of justice, right and peace exhibited by the racist Pretoria regime and its logic of justice, right and peace exhibited by the racist pretoria regime and its supporters is tantamount to the pursuing of a misleading mirage, from which nothing supporters is tantamount to the pursuing of a misleading mirage, from which nothing will be reaped but defeat and loss and which will lead nowhere but to the will be reaped but defeat and loss and which will lead nowhere but to the acceleration of the downfall of such artificial en'Cii;ies g'iat a:~ : legacy gf the acceleration of the downfall of such artificial entities ta'iat al:~ e l~oy of the colonial past. The independence-loving and freedom-loving peoples of the world colooial past. The independence-10V'ing and freedom-loving peoples of the world will not rest until apartheid and racial discr imination are eliminated and major ity will not rest until apartheid and racial discr imination are eliminated and major ity rule instituted in South Africa, and until colonialism in the territory of Namibia rule instituted in SOUth Africa, and until colonialism in the territory of Namibia is uprooted and its people have regained their national legitimate rights under the is uprooted and its people have regained their national legitimate rights under the leadership of the South West Africa People's organization (SWAPO), their sole leadership of the SOuth West Africa People's organizaticn (SWAPO), their sole legitimate representative. legitimate representative. The problem of Afghanistan lingers on despite the lapse of seven years since The problem of Afghanistan lingers on despite the lapse of seven years since the foreign military intervention began in the territories of that peaceful Islamic the foreign military intervention began in the territories of that peaceful Islamic nation. In spite of all the continuous international efforts and resolutions that nation. In spi te of all the continuous international efforts and resolutions that advocate allowing the Afghan PeOple to choose their own polity and determine their adVocate allowing the Afghan people to choose their own polity and determine their own future without foreign interference, Afghanistan exmtinues to suffer under the own future without foreign interference, Afghanistan continues to suffer under the burden of the illegitimate foreign military presence. Kuwait urges the burden of the illegitimate foreign military presence. Kuwait urges the international community and its organizations to continue their endeavours towards international community and its organizations to continue their endeavours towards settling the Afghan problem and solving it peacefully through th.a wi thdrawal of the settling the Afghan problem and solving it peacefully through tha withdrawal of the foreign forces from the Afghan territor ies, non-intervention in the country's foreign forces from the Afghan territor ies, non-intervention in the country's internal affairs, respect for its sovereignty and repatriation of Afghan refugees. internal affairs, respect for its sovereignty and repatriation of Afghan re £Ogees. we hope that the progress towards settling the problem we have noticed dur.ing this we hope that the progress towards settling the problem we have noticed dur.ing this year will lead to the achievement of those goals. year will lead to the achievement of those goals. Our position with regard to foreign intervention also applies to the Our position with regard to foreign intervention also applies to the Kampuchean question. We are firmly convinc..!J that both covert and· overt forms of Kamp,tchean questioo. We are firmly convinc...!J that both covert and· overt forms of intervention pose a grave threat to international peace and security and to the intervention pose a grave threat to international peace and security and to the peoples of the regions afflicted by them. peoples of the regions afflicted by them. The Latin Amer ican States and the region of Centr al Amer iea have not been The Latin American States and the region of Central America have not been immune from painful regional disputes. That region is still turbulent and tense as immune from painful regional disputes. That region is still turbulent and tense as a result of the extension of the great Powers' sphere of rivalry there, and a result of the extension of the great Powers' !;jphere of rivalry there, and I (Mr. Al-Sabah, Kuwait) (Mr. Al-Sabah, Kuwait) il".nocent li'l1es have thus become hoatages of an ideological and political conflict il'.nocent li'Jes nave !:bus beCO::€i hostages of an ideological and political conflict extraneous to the region and incompatible with all its interests. The major Powers extraneous to the region and incompatible with all its interests. The major Powers must respect the national choices of the people of the region and refrain from must respect the national choices of the people of the region and refrain from interfering in their domestic affairs, while all parties concerned must abide by interfering in their domestic affairs, while all parties concerned must abide by the norms of international legality and the noble principles of the Olited Nations the norms of international legality and the noble principles of the united Nations Charter. Kuwait supports all peaceful efforts aimed at settling the region's Charter. Kuwait supper ts all peaceful efforts aimed at settling the region's problems, primarily those of the Cmtadora Group and its support Group. problems, primarily those of the Cmtadora Group and its support Group. For some time nCM a per ilous phenomenon has been becoming more and more For some time now a per ilous phenomenon has been becoming more and more noteworthy in the arena of international relations, namely, terrorism in its noteworthy in the arena of international relations, namely, terrorism in its var ious forms. This phenomenon has begun to undermine the stability and secur ity var ious forms. This phenomenon has begun to undermine the stability and secur ity of peoples and States and to expose iMocent lives to devastation, outrage, terror of peoples and States and to expose iMocent lives to devastation, outrage, terror and dismay. It erodes the fabr ic of international relations and destroys bridges and dismay. It erodes the fabric of international relations and destroys bridges of coexistence among countries and peoples. The phenomenon h&s, regrettably, taken of coexistence among countries and peoples. The phenomenon has, regrettably, taken on many forms and has become a bane to which nobody is immune. on many forms and has become a bane to which nobody is iJIlmune. While vehemently and firmly ccnderming this dangerous phenomenon, Kuwait While vehemently and firmly conderming this dangerous phenomenon, Kuwait believes that counter ing it is a collective international responsibility that must believes that counter ing it is a collective international responsibility that must be shouldered with full determination and loyalty. The historic resolution on be shouldered vi th full determination and loyalty. The historic resolution on terrorism adopted by the General Assembly at its fortieth session should rally terrorism adopted by the General Assembly at its fortieth session should rally international action against this phenomenon. In our view, that resolution is a international action against this phenomenon. In our view, that resolution is a beginning for steps that must be eXPedi tiously ~ken to eliminate the evils of this beginning for steps that must be expedi tiously ~ken to eliminate the evils of this bane and its tragic human consequences. bane and its tragic human consequences. While adopting this basic position towards terrorism, Kuwait emphasizes once While adopting this basic position towards terrorism, Kuwait emphasizes once again the necessity for distinguishing and drawing no parallels between terrorism again the necessity for distinguiehing and drawing no parallels between terrorism and the sacred right to legi timate struggle of national liberation movements, and the sacred right to legitimate struggle of national liberation movements, especially those in Palestine, Namibia and South Africa. especially those in Palestine, Namibia and South Africa. If we cast a general look at the wor Id economic situation we find that the If ""e cast a general look at the wor ld economic situation we find that the aspects of disequilibriwn and inequality in international economic relations have aspects of disequilibrium and inequality in international economic relations have (Mr. M-Saheb" Kuwait) (Mr. Al-Sabah. Ruwait) intensified and that growth rates in most developing nations are either at a intensified and that growth rates in most developing nations are either at a standstill or declining. We find· that the limited economic recovery exper ienced by standstill or declining. We find· that the limited economic recovery exper ienced by some industrial countries was of no benefit to developing nations and soon began to some industrial countries was of no benefit to developing nations and soon began to fissle out again" since it was based on the narrow interests of the major fissle out again. since it was based on the narrow interests of the major industrial countries" their economic p~:rochialism and their growing tendency industrial countries. their economic p~:rochialism and their growing tendency towards unilaterl.ll action" away from thl!! framewor~: of collective action and the towards unilaterc:ll action. away from th,! framewor~: of collective action and the mechanisms of joint international activity. mechanisms of joint international activity. We find that instead of prOl7iding for a flCM of financial resources from We find that instead of providing for a flCM of financial resources from industrial to developing countries to support the latter in their difficult industrial to developing countries to support the latter in their difficult develo(Jllent efforts" and instead of seeking to stimulate exports between the t\'10 develo(Jllent efforts. and instead of seeking to stimulate exports between the ttJO regions of the world" the policies of some Western countries have produced a regions of the world. the policies of some Western countries have produced a r '9Ver se flow of capi tal" a nega tive trend that strengthens the dynamism of r9V'er se flow of capi tal, a nege tive trend that strengthens the dynamism of disintegration in regard to exchange rates" the irlbalance of mmetary systems and disintegration in regard to exchange rates. the inj)alance of monetary systems and the r i~ing of interest rates in the industr ial nations, which serves to exacerbate the r i~ing of interest rates in the indUstr 151 nations, which serves to exacerbate the world debt crisis and has p[OI1ed to be a heavy burden for developing comtries. the world debt crisis and has prOl1ed to be a heavy burden for developing comtries. The ~r Id economic situation has deter iorated to a degree that is reflected The world economic situation has deteriorated to a degree that is reflected par~cularly in the eccnomic cr isis of the African ccntinent" which we are called par~cularly in the economic er isis of the African cmtinent. which we are called upon to deal with diligently and: in detail through the implementation of the United upon to deal with diligently ana'in detail through the implementation of the United Nations plan for reviving and developing the African eccnany adopted by the special Nations plan for reviving and developing the African ecmany adopted by the special General Assembly session earlier this year.* General Assembly sessioo earlier this year.* *Mr. OslIl<.ln (Somalia), Vice-President, took the Chair. *Mr. Osman (Somalia), Vice-President, took the Chair. I The gravity of the world economic situation is also reflected 1n the severity The gravity of the world economic situation is also reflected in the severity of the aebt crisis in many of the developing countries, and it is therefore of t~e aeot crisis in many of the developing countries, and it is therefore imperative, in the light of these alarming conditions, to seek to establish without imperative, in the light of these alarming conditions, to seek to establish without delay a comprehensive economic system that depends on the palpable reality of the delay a comprehensive economic system that depends on the palpable reality of the international economic situation. international economic situation. The requirements of development are among the paramount priorities of the The requirements of development are among the paramount priorities of the developing countries, and the call to end the global arms race undoubtedly developing countries, and the call to end the global arms race undoubtedly constitutes a crucial element in this regard, for the link between development and constitutes a crucial element in this regard, for the link between development and disarmament is one of the axioms of today's world. disarmament is one of the axioms of today's world. In conclusion, I wish to appeal on behalf of Kuwait to all Members of our In conclusion, I wish to appeal on behalf of Kuwait to all Members of our international community to renew their pledge and commitment to the lofty international community to renew their pledge and commitment to the lofty principles and goals of our Organization, and to devote genuine and self-denying principles and goals of our Organization, and to devote genuine and self-denying efforts to the achievement of advancement for the international community and for efforts to the achievement of advancement for the international community and for mankind. Let us work together to ensure the success of this session, so that it mankind. Let us work together to ensure the success of this session, so that it can provide a new brick in the edifice of constructive international action in the can provide a new brick in the edifice of constructive international action in the interests and future of our peoples. interests and future of our peoples. Mr. MALMIERCA PEOLI (Cuba) (interpretation from Spanish): The Reads of Mr. MALMIERCA PEOLI (Cuba) (interpretation from Spanish): The Reads of state or Government, meeting in Karare, Zimbabwe during the eighth sun~it State or Government, meeting in Rarare, Zimbabwe during the eighth sun~it Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, expressed their deep concern Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, expressed their deep concern over the acceleration in nuclear rearmament, and st~ted that never before had over the acceleration in nuclear rearmament, ana st~~ed that never before had mankind been so close to self-destruction, and that the ~lternative today is not mankind been so close to self-destruction, and that the alternative today is not between peace or war, but between life and death. It is in those circumstances between peace or war, but between life and death. It is in those circumstances that the forty-first session of the United Nations General Assembly takes place. that the forty-first session of the United Nations General Assembly takes place. In his address to the Barare Summit, President Fidel castro said: In his address to the Harare Summit, President Fidel C8stro said: ·Our world faces two deadly and hitherto unicnown dileiiiias: pe~Q e~ ·Our world faces two deadly and hitherto unknown dilelllllliiSi pe~co C~ total self-destruction, and a just international economic order or the most total self-destruction, and a just international economic order or the ~st horrible fate for the vast majority of the peoples of the e~rth represented horrible fate for the vast majority of the peoples of the el1lrth represented here, even if peace prevailed.- here, even if peace prevailed.· That state of affairs is the legacy the consequence, of the centuries during That state of affairs is the legacy the consequence, of the centuries during which our peoples suffered exploitation, plunder and slavery, imposed first by the which our paoples suffered exploitation, plunder and slavery v imposed first by the colonial Powers and then by the neo-colonialists and the imperialists. We have colonial Powers and then by the neo-colonialists and the imperialists. We have fought for centuries to shake the yoke of foreign domination, to attain freedom and fought for centuries to shake the yoke of foreign domination, to attain freedom and independence, to achieve the right to strive for development. That battle is not independence, to achieve the right to strive for development. That battle is not over yet. Everywhere around the world, the stubborn refusal of the main developed over yet. Everywhere around the world, the stubborn refusal of the main developed capitalist countries to accept the true independence of our peoples is evident. capitalist countries to accept the true independence of our peoples is evident. That is the explanation of the nuclear rearmament policy, the uninterrupted That is the explanation of the nuclear rearmament policy, the uninterrupted development of new weapons of mass destruction, the accumulation of every type of development of new weapons of mass destruction, the accumulation of every type of strategic bombers, aircraft carriers, battleships, submarines, and strategic strategic bombers, aircraft carriers, battleships, SUbmarines, and strategic missiles, and of the installation of military bases all over the world by the missiles, and of the installation of military bases all over the world by the imperialists who, not content with militarizing our planet, are also attempting to imperialists who, not content with militarizing our planet, are also attempting to mi1itarize outer space. militarize outer space. The deployment of weapons, on earth and in space, is aimed at maintaining or The deployment of weapons, on earth and in space, is aimed at maintaining or recovering their military predominance and superiority, in order to continue to recovering their military predominance and superiority, in order to continue to exploit the human and natural resources of the world. The united States leads and exploit the human and natural resources of the world. The united States leads and promotes this terrible process which is threatening the world with war and hunger, promotes this terrible process which is threatening the world with war and hunger, with nuclear destruction and endless poverty. Enormous sacrifices have been with nuclear destruction and endless poverty. Enormous sacrifices have been required to deal with that situation. required to deal with that situation. I As President Fidel Castro stated in Bararei As President Fidel Castro stated in Harare: ~Socialism, intrinsically, is incompatible with war, with the ~SOCialism, intrinsically, is incompatible with war, with the exploitation of the sweat and natural resources of other peoples. Socialism exploitation of the sweat and natural resources of other peoples. Socialism does not need to make investments abroad, to establish military bases outside does not need to make investments abroad, to establish military bases outside its borders, or to carve up the world. It does not need to produce weapons to its borders, or to carve up the world. It does not need to produce weapons to give i~tus to the economy and enrich monopolies; it knows perfectly well give illpetus to the economy and enrich monopolies, it knows perfectly well that resources can and should be invested in factories, hospitals, schools, that resources can and should be invested in factories, hospU:als, schools, homes, recreation and cultural centres, and other more noble endeavours. The homes, recreation and cultural centres, and other more noble endeavours. The heaviest burden imperialism has imposed on socialism is the need for arms heaviest burden imperialism has imposed on socialism is the need for arms expenditure, as my country, only a few miles away from the United States, expenditure, as my country, only a few miles away from the United States, knows it all too well.- knows it all too well.- In Harare at the eighth summit Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, the In Harare at the eighth summit Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Heads of State or Government expressed their concern over the rapid acceleration of Heads of State or Government expressed their concern over the rapid acceleration of the arms race, especially in the nuclear field. They expressed their deep concern the arms race, especially in the nuclear field. They expressed their deep concern over the announcement by the United States Administration that it would not abide over the announcement by the United States Administration that it would not abide by the provisions of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1979 (SALT 11). They by the provisions of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1979 (SALT 11). They called upon the united States Administration to reconsider the attempts to take the called upon the United States Administration to reconsider the attempts to take the arms race into outer space and strongly reaffirmed the principle that outer space artllS race into outer space and strongly reaffirmed the principle that outer space is the common heritage of mankind and should be used only for peaceful purposes. is the common heritage of mankind and should be used only for peaceful purposes. They welcomed the c0r.iflrehensive and timely nuclear disarmament programme, with a They welcomed the cO\iit?rehel1sive and timely nuclear disarmament programme, with a phased timetable and various deadlines, recently proposed by the Soviet Union. phased timetable and various deadlines, recently proposed by the Soviet Union. Thsy called for a moratorium in the production and deployment of nuclear weapons Thsy called for a moratorium in the production and deployment of nuclear weapons while negotiations for a nuclear-test-ban treaty were under way. They welcomed the while negotiations for a nuclear-test-ban treaty were under way. They welcomed the unilateral moratorium on nuclear tests declared by the Soviet Union in August 1985, unilateral moratorium on nuclear tests declared by the Soviet Union in August 1985, which has been extended several times, most recently, until January 1987; and they which has been extended several times, most recently, until January 1987, and they called upon the United States to join the moratorium. called upon the United States to join the moratorium. Cuba wishes to take this occasion to reiterate its firm support for those Cuba wishes to take this occasion to reiterate its firm support for those demands, which enjoy the support of the Non-Aligned Moveaent, whi.ch virtually _anti demands, which enjoy the support of the Non-Aligned Move.ent, which virtually means the support of mankind as a whole. the support of mankind as a whole. The abundant resources now invested in the arms race could well be devoted to The abundant resources now invested in the arms race could well be devoted to improve the quality of life of human beings, millions of whom suffer from hunger, improve the quality of life of human beings, millions of whom suffer from hunger, and from lack of medical care, employment, education and social welfare. and from lack of medical care, employment, education and social welfare. Aware of the significance of the link between disarmament and economic and Aware of the significance of the link between disarmament and economic and social development, Cuba regrets that the international conference on that social development, Cuba regrets that the international conference on that question, which had been scheduled for last August, was not convened? and looks question, which bad been scheduled for last August, was not convened~ and looks forward to the adoption of the relevant decisions needed so that it can be convened forward to the adoption of the relevant decisions needed so that it can be convened and meet without fail in 1987. and meet without fail in 1987. The continuing world economic crisis whose cruel consequences are felt above The continuing world economic crisis whose cruel consequences are felt above all by the under developed countries, continues to cause deep concern. Despite all by the under developed countries, continues to cause deep concern. Despite years of efforts, despite the good will and flexibility that developing countries years of efforts, despite the good will and flexibility that developing countries have displayed in multilateral organizations, it is shameful that they are still have displayed in multilateral organizations, it is shameful that they are still coming up against a lack of political resolve in developed capitalist count~ies, coming up against a lack of political resolve in developed capitalist count~ies, particularly in the United States, to begin a just and reasonable negotiating particularly in the United States, to begin a just and reasonable negotiating process to deal with and solve the problems of international economic relations. process to deal with and solve the problems of international economic relations. I , • I , (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) The economic picture in 1985, and so far in 1986, and its main trends, The economic picture in 1985, and so far in 1986, and its main trends, confirms that the continuance of the present system of international economic confirms that the continuance of the present system of international economic relations perpetuates a state of economic instability and crisis. Even in relations perpetuates a state of economic instability and crisis. Even in industrialized countries an unprecedented imbalance in trade and financial industrialized countries an unprecedented imbalance in trade and financial relations was recorded during this period, while the net transfer of resources from relations was recorded during this period, while the net transfer of resources from developing to developed countries continued. developing to developed countries continued. The majority of underdevelOPed countries experienced negative or zero growth The majority of underdeveloped countries experienced negative or zero growth in their per capita gross national product in 1985. In Latin America, in in their per capita gross national product in 1985. In Latin America, in particular, national income per capita decreased for the fifth consecutive yearz particular, national income per capita decreased for the fifth conse~utive yea~z and in the case of Africa this indicator is lower now than it was 15 years ago. and in the case of Africa this indicator is lower now than it was IS years ago. Sustained high interest rates, increased trade protectionism, growing Sustained high interest rates, increased trade protectionism, growing manipulation of commodity prices, including the collapse of oil prices, to which manipulation of commodity prices, inclUding the collapse of oil prices, to which there is no end in sight and which has had disastrous effects on the economies of there is no end in sight and which has had disastrous effects on the economies of many underdevelOPed countries, as well as monetary sPeCulation and unilateral many underdeveloped countries, as well as monetary SPeCulation and unilateral variations in exchange rates, are evidence of an international economic order which variations in exchange rates, are evidence of an international economic order which is unjust and at a critical stage. is unjust and at a critical stage. Unequal flows, the increasing deterioration of the terms of trade, subsidized unequal flows, the increasing deterioration of the terms of trade, subsidized agriCUltural production, dumping and the flight of capital to the major financial agriCUltural production, dumping and the flight of capital to the major financial centres in the United States and Western Europe are problems which, far from being centres in the United States and Western Europe are problems Which, far from being resolved, have become more entrenched in the system, thus widening the abyss resolved, have become more entrenched in the system, thus widening the abyss between develOPed and developing countries. between developed and developing countries. Several years ago before this Assembly President Fidel Castro defined the Several years ago before this Assembly President Fidel Castro defined the untenable situation and the nature of the foreign debt as plunder. At the fortieth untenable situation and the nature of the foreign debt as plunder. At the fortieth session of the Assembly my delegation joined other heads of delegations, inclUding session of the Assembly my delegation joined other heads of delegations, including a great number of Heads of State or Government, to draw attention to the alarming a great number of Heads of State or Government, to draw attention to the alarming nature of the third world's foreign debt as epitomizing, the distortions I have nature of the third world's foreign debt as epitomizing, the distortions I have described. A large number of the delegations present expressed the opinion that described. A large number of the delegations present expressed the opinion that the disproportionate external indebtedness of developing countries was a product of the disproportionate external indebtedness of developing countries was a product of the old, unjust and irrational order prevailing in international econuroiG the old, unjust and irrational order prevai~ing in international economic relations. We stated that the decisive solution of this problem was essential and relations. We stated that the decisive solution of this problem was essential and could not be postponed, and that it was an illusion to think that it could be could not be postponed, and that it was an illusion to think that it could be resolved through mere palliatives, debt renegotiation and traditional resolved through mere palliatives, debt renegotiation and traditional prescriptions. prescriptions. Only a few days ago, at the already historic eighth summit Conference of Only a few days ago, at the already historic eighth summit Conference of non-aligned countries, the Heads of State or Government of a large number of non-aligned countries, the Heads of State or Government of a large number of third-world countries confirmed this reasoning in their statements and decisions third-world countries confirmed this reasoning in their statements and decisions and reiterated their alarm at the political and social consequences which the and reiterated their alarm at the political and social consequences which the persistence and growth of the foreign debt could have. persistence and growth of the foreign debt could have. For some time now, Cuba has referred, on the basis of criteria and data For some time now, Cuba has referred, on the basis of criteria and data analytically drawn from internationally reoognized sources, to the unpayable and analytically drawn from internationally reoognized sources, to the unpayable and uncollectable nature of the debt. Recent world economic, social and political uncollectable nature of the debt. Recent world economic, social and political developments confirm our contention. developments confirm our contention. Today, the foreign debt of developing countries is a far more serious problem Today, the foreign debt of developing countries is a far more serious problem than it was a year ago. It is larger! the possibilities of repayment are even than it was a year ago. It is larger~ the possibilities of repayment are even less, and a number of economic, social and natural problems have compounded and less, and a number of economic, social and natural problems have compounded and complicated the difficulties of the situation. Credit terms offered by complicated the difficulties of the situation. Credit terms offered by international financial institutions have not improved, economic growth is not international financial institutions have not improved, economic growth is not gaining momentum and development faces ever greater obstacleS. In sum, the crucial gaining momentum and development faces ever greater obstacles. In sum, the crucial demands made by developing countries in various groups and forums have been demands made by developing countries in various groups and forums have been rejected or ignored and the political and social dangers already foreseen are rejected or ignored and the political and social dangers already foreseen are becoming ever more threatening. becoming ever more threatening. In this context, the imperialists continue to strive to preserve their In this context, the imperialists continue to strive to p~eserve their interests. The United states Government's much lauded Baker plan proved inadequate interests. The United States Government's much lauded Baker plan proved inadequate and not in keeping with the magnitude of the problem. and not in keeping with the magnitude of the problem. I ----------~--- L I (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) As the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 have repeatedly said, the As the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 have repeatedly said, the foreign debt is a political problem, the roots of which are to be found in the foreign debt is a political problem, the roots of which are to be found in the unjust international economic order imposed on us. Responsibility for its solution unjust international economic order imposed on us. Responsibility for its solution must be shared by the deYeloped creditor countries and the international financial must be shared by the deyeloped creditor countries and the international financial and banking institutions. and banking institutions. In line with historical and present reality, we are, in the final analysis, In line with historical and present reality, we are, in the final analysis, compelled to reiterate that our countries are not debtors but creditors, creditors compelled to reiterate that our countries are not debtors but creditors; creditors because of the sweat, the blood and the wealth extracted from our peoples during because of the sweat, the blood and the wealth extracted from our peoples during centuries of the oolonial exploitation that led to the development of today's centuries of the colonial exploitation that led to the development of today's powerful capitalist economies, creditors because of the resources stolen from us, powerful capitalist economiesJ creditors because of the resources stolen from us, day after day, through unfair trade, creditors because of the capital which flows day after day, through unfair trade; creditors because of the capital which flows from our countries towards developed countries in search of what are inordinately from our countries towards developed countries in search of what are inordinately high and unjust interest rates. high and unjust interest rates. The united Nations cannot remain aloof or fail to contribute actively to the The United Nations cannot remain aloof or fail to contribute actively to the solution of this problem. If its main organ, the General Assembly, did not devote solution of this problem. If its main organ, the General Assembly, did not devote the greatest attention to this matter it would be failing to fulfil its duties the greatest attention to this matter it would be failing to fulfil its duties under the Charter. under the Charter. Cuba reaffirms once again its firm conviction that the foreign debt of the Cuba reaffirms once again its firm conviction that the foreign debt of the third world cannot be paid and must, therefore, be written off, that the resources third world cannot be paid and must, therefore, be written off, that the resources reauired to meet these obligations without affecting the financial community might reauired to meet these obligations without affecting the financial community might be found in a reasonable reduction in expenditure on armaments, which endangers the be found in a reasonable reduction in expenditure on armaments, which endangers the lives of all human beings, rich and poor alike, and that the sole, real and lasting lives of all human beings, rich and poor alike, and that the sole, real and lasting solution to this and other similar problems relating to the survival of the solution to this and other similar problems relating to the survival of the majo~ity of the people on this planet lies in development and the implementation of majo~ity of the people on this planet lies in development and the implementation of the new international economic order approved by this Assembly in 1974. the new international economic order approved by this Assembly in 1974• (;Mr. MalaieJ;'ca Peali, Cuba) (~r. Ma1.llieJ;'ca Peali, Cuba) We repeatedly ask ourselves how long the peoples can endure tbis heavy burden; We repeatedly ask ourselves bow long the peoples can endure this heavy burden, how long it will be before the international community takes effective action to how long it will be before the international community takes effective action to save the lives of millions of people and provide a IlOre dignified life for lIany save the lives of millions of people and provide a IIIOre dignified life for lIany more whose existence is now short and painful? What should the united Nations role more whose existence is now short and painful? What should the United Nations role be in this endeavour? be in tbis endeavour? We bope that the forty-first session of the General Asse.o1y will give new We hope that the forty-first session of the General Asse~ly will give new life to the principles and instruments adopted on this quest:ion, such as the new life to the principles and instruments adopted on this question, such as the new international economic order, the Charter of Economic Rigbts and Duties of States international economic order, the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States and the International Developiiient Strategies, whicb continue to have full and the International Development strategies, which continue to have full validity. We look forward to the ratification of the Convention on the Law of the validity. We look forward to the ratification of the Convention on the Law of the Sea by all States, to prevent the indiscriminate exploitation of the oceans and Sea by all States, to prevent the indiscrtminate exploitation of the oceans and sea-bed by imperialist countries possessing sophisticated technologies. We hope sea-bed by imperialist countries possessing sophisticated technologies. We hope that serious thought will be given to these matters by those that wish to that serious thought will be given to these matters by those that wish to perpet~ate an order which endangers the peace and stability of the world we all perpet~ate an order Which endangers the peace and stability of the world we all share. share. The history of Latin America is to a large extent a history of united States The history of Latin America is to a large extent a history of united States aggression against Latin American peoples for the purpose of plundering their aggression against Latin American peoples for the purpose of plundering their natural resources and subjecting them to domination. Many chapters in that long natural resources and subjecting them to domination. Many chapters in that long and sad history refer to Cuba. For 25 years, and to this day, the United States and sad history refer to Cuba. For 25 years, and to this day, the United States has continued to impose an illegal economic blockade against our country, a has continued to impose an illegal economic blockade against our country, a blockade that has been extended by the present Administration. It continues to blockade that has been extended by the present Administration. It continues to conduct spy flights, in violation of our air space, and t~e Guantanamo Naval Base, conduct spy flights, in violation of our air space, and t~e Guantanamo Naval Base, a putrid excrescence of empire, remains e~,trenched on our territory, against the a putrid excrescence of empire, remains entrenched on our territory, against the expressed will of our people and Government. expressed will of our people and Government. I (Mr. Malmierca Peoli f Cuba) A similar and more recent case is that of Nicaragua, whose right to A similar and more recent case is that of Nicaragua, whose right to self-determination is violated by continued acts of aggres~ion organized and self-determination is violated by continued acts of aggresgion organized and financed by the United States with the support of its allies in the region. The financed by the United states with the support of its allies in the region. The dirty war against the people of Sandino has caused the Nicaraguans heavy losses and dirty war against the people of Sandino has caused the Nicaraguans heavy losses and led the Latin American peoples and States to understand ever more clearly that, as led the Latin American peoples and States to understand ever more clearly that, as long as imperialism persists, they will suffer the same fate as the Nicaraguan long as imperialism persists, they will suffer the same fate as the Nicaraguan people when they choose to take the road towards true independence. people when they choose to take the road towards true independence. We recently witnessed the predominance of the united States Government when it We recently witnessed the predominance of the United States Government when it unscrupulously vetoed a draft resolution in which the Security Council requested unscrupulously vetoed a draft resolution in which the Security Council requested strict observance of the findings of the International Court of Justice related to strict observance of the findings of the International Court of Justice related to activities against Nicaragua. In Harare, the Heads of State or Gouernment of the activities against Nicaragua. In Harare, the Heads of State or Gouernment of the non-aligned countries condemned the rejection of the Court's decision by the united non-aligned countries condemned the rejection of the Court's decision by the united States Administration as a flouting of international law. States Administration as a flouting of international law. Mankind must not allow a country - no matter how powerful - to violate Mankind must not allow a country - no matter how powerful - to violate international law with impunity. Disre9ard for the Court's findings and the international law with impunity. Disregard for the Court's findings and the subsequent veto of a draft resolution in the Security Council are further steps in subsequent veto of a draft resolution in the Security Council are further steps in the United States aggressive escalation in the region which deserves our strongest the United States aggressive escalation in the region which deserves our strongest condenmation. condenmation. The history of th2 more than seven years that have elapsed since the triumph The history of th~ more than seven years that have elapsed since the triumph of the Sandinista Revolution has shown the flexible negotiating position of the of the Sandinista Revolution has shown the flexible negotiating position of the Nicaraguan Government, while revealing the real designs 6f the present United Nicaraguan Government, while revealing the real designs 6f the present United States Administration, which obtructs peace efforts to achieve a negotiated states Administration, which obtructs peace eff.orts to achieve a negotiated political settlement to the Central American crisis. political settlement to the Central American crisis. At their Summit Conference, the non-aligned countries expressed condemnation At their Summit Conference, the non-aligned countries expressed condemnation of the escalation of aggression and attacks against Nicaragua, particularly the of the escalation of aggression and atta~ks against Nicaragua, particularly the violation of its airspace and territorial waters, the holding of international violation of its airspace and territorial waters, the holding of international (Hr. Malmierca Peal!, Cuba) (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) manoeuvres and other acts of intimidation, the use of neighbouring countries as manoeuvres and other acts of intbDidation, the use of neighbouring countries as bases for aggression and the training of mercenary groups. They term those actions bases for aggression and the training of mercenary groups. They term those actions -terrorist practices·. They likewise condemned as illegal and immoral the United -terrorist practices-. They likewise condemned as illegal and immoral the United States appropriation of funds to finance mercenary forces, while e~hasizing that States appropriation of funds to finance mercenary forces, while emphasizing that it is not only a violation of Nicaragua's sovereignty and independence but also an it is not only a violation of Nicaragua's sovereignty and independence but also an attack on the principles and objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement and a violation attack on the principles and objectives of the Non-Aligned Movement and a violation of the United Nations Charter. of the United Nations Charter. The crisis in El Salvador is ever more serious. Despite United States The crisis in El Salvador is ever more serious. Despite United States imperi~:ist's sustained support for the gen~~idal regime, the people's support for imperi~:ist's sustained support for the gen~~idal regime, the people's support for the struggle of Salvadorian patriots rallied around the Farabundo Marti Front for the struggle of Salvadorian patriots rallied around the Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation-Revolutionary Democratic Front (FMLN-FDR) continues to grow. National Liberation-Revolutionary Democratic Front (FMLN-FDR) continues to grow. The Eighth Summit Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, recalling General The Eighth Summit Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, recalling General Assembly resolution 39/119 which called on all States to refrain from interference Assembly resolution 39/119 which called on all States to refrain from interference in the internal affairs of El Salvador, reiterated its appeal to the United States in the internal affairs of El Salvador, reiterated its appeal to the United States Administration to take a constructive stand in favour of a political solution of Administration to take a constructive stand in favour of a political solution of the Salvadorian conflict. the Salvadorian conflict. Cuba supports a negotiated settlement to the conflict in Central America, Cuba supports a negotiated settlement to the conflict in Central America, including a United States commitment to renounce its aggressive actions against the including a United States commitment to renounce its aggressive actions against the Nicaraguan people and favour a negotiated political solution in El Salvador. Nicaraguan people and favour a negotiated political solution in El Salvador. My country supports Latin American efforts to seek a negotiated solution in My country supports Latin American efforts to seek a negotiated solution in the context of which action by the Contadora and Support Gr9uPS, in spite of all the context of which action by the Contadora and SUpPOrt Gr9ups, in spite of all the difficulties, are an expression of the wish of Latin American countries that the difficulties, are an expression of the wish of Latin American countries that their sovereignty be respected without the interference of the big Power to the their sovereignty be respected without the interference of the big Power to the North. North. Our America has been the theatre of imperialist intervention. If we were to Our America has been the theatre of imperialist intervention. If we were to mention all United States interventions in Latin America - from Mexico to mention all united States interventio~ts in Latin America - from Mexico to Argentina, from Cuba to Grenada, from the Dominican Republic and Haiti to Colombia Argentina, from Cuba to Grenada, from the Dominican Republic and Haiti to Colombi3 (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) and should we include the regimes installed or kept in power through open and should we include the regimes installed or kept in power through open imperialist intervention, the map of the continent would be filled in without imperialist intervention, the map of the continent would be filled in without exception. exception. We must therefore reiterate our solidarity with the struggle for independence, We must therefore reiterate our solidarity with the struggle for independence, freedom and development of the peoples of our regionJ with the heroic ~hilean freedom and development of the peoples of our regionJ with the heroic ~hilean people, facing the cruel and pro-imperialist Pinochet regime, which has currently people, facing the cruel and pro-imperialist Pinochet regime, which has currently stepped up terror and repression and for which, sooner rather than later, the great stepPed up terror and repression and for which, sooner rather than later, the great vistas depicted by Salvador Allende shall be openJ with Peru, that suffers vistas depicted by Salvador Allende shall be openJ with Peru, that suffers pressures from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)J with Panama, that demands pressures from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)J with Panama, that demands respect for the Canal Agreements and faces an imperialist cafi~aign of respect for the Canal Agreements and faces an imperialist campaign of destabilizationJ wit~ Bolivia, claiming its right to a recognized, useful, destabilizationJ wit~ Bolivia, claiming its right to a recognized, useful, sovereign and free outlet to the seaJ with Guatemala, which for more than 30 years sovereign and free outlet to the seaJ with Guatemala, which for more than 30 years has been suffering tb~ most cruel repression by pro-imperialist military regimes has been suffering th~ most cruel repression by pro-imperialist military regimes which assassinated more than 8U,000 citizens and labelled them as 8roissing8J with which assassinated more than 80,000 citizens and labelled them as "missing"J with Paraguay, where the long-standing Stroessner tyranny drains the nation's bloodJ Paraguay, where the long-standing Stroessner tyranny drains the nation's bloodJ with Haiti, striving to get rid of a -made in USA8 Duvalierism without DuvalierJ with Haiti, striving to get rid of a "made in USA" Duvalierism without DuvalierJ with all the peoples who have had to face the consequences of imperialist with all the peoples who have had to face the consequences of imperialist penetration and domination. penetration and domination. We condemn the presence of imperialist military bases in Puerto Rico, We condemn the presence of imperialist military bases in Puerto Rico, Guantanamo, the Malvinas Islands and other parts of our America, which are a true Guantanamo, the Malvinas Islands and other parts of our America, which are a true threat to the security of our countries and to peace in-the region. threat to the security of our countries and to peace in-the region. As President Fidel Castro recently said: As President Fidel Castro recently said: "In the Middle East and the North of Africa, Cuba has been, is and will 8In the Middle East and the North of Africa, Cuba has been, is and will always be in solidarity with the just struggle of the Arab peoples, victims of always be in solidarity with the just struggle of the Arab peoples, victims of imperialist and zionist aggression. Cuba resolutely supports the Palestine imperialist and zionist aggression. Cuba resolutely supports the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and e~~rses the noble cause of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and e~~rses the noble cause of the Palestinian people and their right to independence and a national State. Disregard of people and their right to independence and a national State. Disregard of those rights cannot last forever nor will it be possible to envisage peace in those rights cannot last forever nor will it be possible to envisage peace in the Middle East while such monstrous injustice continues to exist.- the Middle East while such monstrous injustice continues to exist. 8 Cuba calls for the convening under United Nations auspices of an international Cuba calls for the convening under United Nations auspices of an international peace conference on the Middle East, with the participation of all the pa~ties peace conference on the Middle East, with the participation of all the parties concerned, including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)~ concerned, including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Earlier this year we condemned the unjustified act of aggression against Libya Earlier this year we condemned the unjustified act of aggression against Libya by the United States which left a toll of hundreds of dead and wounded and many by the United States which left a toll of hundreds of dead and wounded and many material losses. Regrettably, this Organization was unable to condemn that material losses. Regrettably, this Organization was unable to condemn that despicable act because of the abuse by some countries of their veto power in the despicable act because of the abuse by some countries of their veto power in the Security Council. Security Council. Cuba reiterates its well-known stand on the need to persevere in efforts to Cuba reiterates its well-known stand on the need to persevere in efforts to put an end to the Iraq-Iran war, establish peace and initiate the process of put an end to the Iraq-Iran war, establish peace and initiate the process of recovery from the damages caused by a conflict Which should never have begun. recovery from the damages caused by a conflict which should never have begun. Cuba supports the just cause of the Lebanese people for national unity and Cuba supports the just cause of the Lebanese people for national unity and peace. It supports the people of Cyprus in its struggle to defend its national peace. It supports the people of Cyprus in its struggle to defend its national unity, sovereignty., territorial integrity and non-alignment. unity, sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-alignment. Cuba reiterates its repudiation of" the continued United States military Cuba reiterates its repudiation of" the continued United States military presence in Taiwan, an inseparable part of the People's RepUblic of China. presence in Taiwan, an inseparable part of the People's RepUblic of China. Cuba expresses its strongest solidarity with the Democratic People's Republic Cuba expresses its strongest solidarity with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in its struggle for the peaceful reunification of the country and the of Korea in its struggle for the peaceful reunification of the country and the withdrawal of United States occupation troops from the South of the peninsula. We withdrawal of United States occupation troops from the South of the peninsula. We reiterate our position that the next Olympic Games should be shared by North and reiterate our position that the next Olympic Games should be shared by North and South Korea, othen~ise Cuba shall not participte in an event which will serve only South Korea, othen~ise Cuba shall not participte in an event which will serve only to support one of the most repressive and discredited regimes in the world. to support one of the most repressive and discredited regimes in the world. Cuba supports. efforts to seek a negotiated political solution to the situation Cuba suppor~s efforts to seek a negotiated political solution to the situation in South-West ~sia, with strict respect for ~fghanistan'ssovereig~ty. in South-West Asia, with strict respect for Afghanistan's sovereignty. In the present world millions of human belngs long for peace. However, a look In the present world millions of human beings long for peace. However, a look around us suffices to realize the extent to which mankind is threatened today by around us suffices to realize the extent to which mankind is threatened today by war and destruction. war and destruction. (Mr. Malmierca Peali, Cuba) (Mr. Ma1lllierca Peoli, Cuba) In fact it is not a 'question of one war b·.lt of many wars provoked by colonialism, In fact it: is not a 'question of one war but of many wars provoked by colonialism, which refuses to disappear, and by neo-colonialism, which has followed it. which refuses to disappear, and by neo-colonialism, which has followed it. The Sahraoui people are still unable to exercise their right to The Sahraoui people are still unable to exercise their right to self-determination and independence, notwithstanding their readiness to negotiate a self-determination and independence, notwithstanding their readiness to negotiate a just and definitive solution to the conflict in their region. The fighters of the just and definitive solution to the conflict in their region. The fighters of the Polisario Front, representatives of the people of the Sahraoui Arab Democratic Polisario Front, representatives of the people of the Sahraoui Arab Democratic Republic, are faced with the obstinate refusal by the Governmc~t of Morocco to RepUblic, are faced with the obstinate refusal by the Governmc~t of Morocco to discuss the implementation of the resolutions of the Organization of African unity discuss the implementation of the resolutions of the Organization of African unity and of the General Assembly. My country reaffirms its support for the Sahraoui and of the General Assembly. My country reaffirms its support for the Sahraoui people and urges the countries which have not yet done so to recognize the Sahraoui people and urges the countries which have not yet done so to recognize the Sahraoui Arab Democratic Republic. Arab Democratic RepUblic. A similar situation developed in the south Atlantic with the British military A similar situation developed in the south Atlantic with the British military occupation of the Malvinas Islands, which in 1982 brought mourning to two States occupation of the Ma1vinas Islands, which in 1982 brought mourning to two States Members of this Organization. The United Nations has been unable to ratify Members of this Organization. The united Nations has been unable to ratify Argentina's sovereignty over the Malvinas Isla:~as only because of the united Argentina's sovereignty over the Ma1vinas Is1.mds only because of the united Kingdom's refusal to recognize it and its insistence on perpetuating that colonial Kingdom's refusal to recognize it and its insistence on perpetuating that colonial anachronism. Several resolutions by this Assembly provide for a negotiated anachronism. Several resolutions by this Assembly provide for a negotiated solution of this dispute, which should be settled through negotiations as soon as solution of this dispute, which should be settled through negotiations as soon as possible. possible. Puerto Rico continues to be under the colonial domination of the United States Puerto Rico continues to be under the colonial domination of the united States of America despite the subterfuges by consecutive United States administrations to of America despite the subterfuges by consecutive united States administrations to cover up that fact. Recently the United Nations Committee on decclonization cover up that fact. Recently the United Nations Committee on decalonization adopted a resolution on the colonial situation of the people of that country, adopted a resolution on the colonial situation of the people of that country, recognizing their right to independence and self-determination, their Latin recognizing their right to independence and self-determination, their Latin American and national identity, and the need for the Committee to continue to American and national identity, and the need for the Committee to continue to devote its attention to the issue after having heard several dozen petitioners, devote its attention to the issue after having heard several dozen petitioners, rep4esenting all political views in the country, all of whom agreed that Puerto rep~esenting all political views in the country, all of whom agreed that Puerto Rico was a United States dependency and therefore was fUlly entitled to choose Rico was a united States dependency and therefore was fully entitled to choose freely its political status. freely its political status. Before concluding my statement I should like to mention an,issue which will Before concluding my statement I should like to mention an,issue which will undoubtedly have a bearing on our work. We are taking part in this forty-first undoubtedly have a bearing on our work. We are taking part in this forty-first sessic;n under the shadow of the financial uncertainty crsated by the policy of sessiCln under the shadow of the financial uncertainty crsated by the policy of blackmail and pressure exerted by the United States Government against democratic blackmail and pressure exerted by the United States Government against democratic multilateral organizations. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and multilateral organizations. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has already been under such pressure because of its Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has already been under such pressure because of its work, which is consistent with the will of the international majority, and we are work, which is consistent with the will of the international majority, and we are now witnessing new att~mpts ~ the united States Government to ~ndermine the now witnessing new att~mpts by the United States Government to undermine the principles of the United Nations through immoral pressure which constitutes blatant principles of the united Nations through immoral pressure which constitutes blatant violations of the Charter. It is true that the Organization requires violations of the Charter. It is true that the Organization requires administrative and managerial adjustments, but it is sheer fiction to call a administrative and managerial adjustments, but it is sheer fiction to call a political phenomenon, which has its roots in the design of one Government to political phenomenon, which has its roots in the design of one Government to subject the acti~n of States in United Nations forums to its own will, a Rfinancial SUbject the acti~n of States in United Nations forums to its own will, a wfinancial crisisR• The Kasselum amendment and other legal schemes of the united States must crisis·. The Kassetum amendment and other legal schemes of the United States must not hang over our heads like so many swords of Damocles. The mere formulation of not hang over our heads like so many swords of Damocles. The mere formulation of such schemes by United states legislative bodies is not enough, for those very such schemes by united States legislative bodies is not enough, for those very bodies have established international commitments and obligations under the Charter bodies have established international commitments and obligations Qnder the Charter of the United Nations. of the united Nations. The problem we are facing is political and therefore it requires political The problem we are facing is political and therefore it requires political solutions. Cuba will do its best to contribute to an improvement of the solutions. Cuba will do its best to contribute to an improvement of the administrative and budgetary management of the Organization and will support any administrative and budgetary management of the Organization and will support any initiative honestly aimed in that direction. At the same time, Cuba will condemn initiative honestly aimed in that direction. At the same time, Cuba will condemn and oppose actions which are directed against the democratic integrity of the and oppose actions which are directed against the democratic integrity of the Organization or which try to suppress, weaken or derail programmes of interest to Organization or which try to suppress, weaken or derail programmes of interest to the majori~ of the States Members of the United Nations. the majority of the States Meabers of the United Nations. At this time when the future of the united Natio~s is threatened, it is At this time when the future of the united Natio~s is threatened, it is ~rative that all those who believe in the Organization should .rea~sert its ~rative that all those who believe in the Organization should .rea~sert its principles and support its work on behalf of peace, development and the well-being principles and support its work on behalf of peace, development and the well-being of our peoples. of our peoples. Only a week ago, from this rostrum, we expressed Cuba's views regarding the Only a week ago, from this rostrum, we expressed Cuba's views regarding the situation in southern Africa. We reiterated our solidarity with the struggle of situation in southern Africa. We reiterated our solidarity with the struggle of the peoples of South Africa and Namibia against apartheid and for freedom and the peoples of South Africa and Namibia against apartheid and for freedom and independence. Twenty years have elapsed since the United Nations terminated South independence. Twenty years have elapsed since the United Nations terminated South Africa's Mandate over Namibia and assumed direct responsibility for the Territory. Africa's Mandate over Namibia and assumed direct responsibility for the Territory. Since then, that decision has been ratified by the Security Council and many Since then, that decision has been ratified by the Security Council and many international organizations. The International Court of Justice, for its part, has international organizations. The International Court of Justice, for its part, has declared that the continued occupation of Namibia by South Africa is illegal and declared that the continued occupation of Namibia by South Africa is illegal and constitutes a violation of international law. The United Nations has been quite constitutes a violation of international law. The United Nations has been quite clear concerning the obligation of South Africa to withdraw from Namibia and by clear concerning the obligation of South Africa to withdraw from Namibia and by resolution 435 (1978) it adoptGd a universally accepted plan for the establishment resolution 435 (1978) it adoptGd a universally accepted plan for the establishment of Namibia's independence. of Namibia's independence. Efforts by the international communi~ have, however, come up against the Efforts by the international community have, however, come up against the arrogance of racist South Africa which, protected by its shameless alliance with arrogance of racist South Africa which, protected by its shameless alliance with the Government of the United States and supported by other members of the North the Government of the United States and supported by other members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), has not only remained illegally in Namibia - Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), has not only remained illegally in Namibia - where it has also set up the heinous apartheid system - but has also turned it into where it has also set up the heinous apartheid system - but has also turned it into a launching pad for its acts of aggression against independent neighbouring States, a launching pad for its acts of aggression against independent neighbouring States, in particular against the People's RepUblic of Angola, making southern Africa one in particular against the People's Republic of Angola, making southern Africa one of th~ most dangerous centres of tension today. of th~ most dangerous centres of tension today. (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) (Mr. Malmierca Peoli, Cuba) As President Fidel Castro aptly pointed out, AS President Fidel Castro aptly pointed out, "Apartheid is a direct consequence of the colonial system, of the brutal "!partheid is a direct consequence of the colonial system, of the brutal manner in which the African peoples were forcibly deprived of their lands and manner in which the African peoples were forcibly deprived of their lands and natural resources and their children enslaved and sold the world over. natural resources and their children enslaved and sold the world over. AEartheid has endured solely because of the support extended to it by the Apartheid has endured solely because of the support extended to it by the United States and NATO countries, which have in South Africa a strategic ally, United States and NATO countries, which have in South Africa a strategic ally, a source of raw materials, a market for investments and profits for the a source of raw materials, a market for investments and profits for the transnational corporations, at the expense of the sweat and blood of millions transnational corporations, at the expense of the sweat and blood of millions of Africans." of Africans." Therein lies the meaning of the commitment of those countries to Pretoria: Therein lies the meaning of the commitment of those countries to Pretoria: defence of the sordid interests of their corporations. It is truly a commitment to defence of the sordid interests of their corporations. It is truly a commitment to destroy human dignity, to exclude all possibility of independence, to spread the destroy human dignity, to exclude all possibility of independence, to spread the cancer of apartheid to the rest of the continent and to subject it to neo-colonial cancer of apartheid to the rest of the continent and to SUbject it to neo-colonial and imperialist exploitation. For that reason the struggle for Namibia's and imperialist exploitation. For that reason the struggle for Namibia's independence necessarily requires the eradication of apartheid. independence necessarily requires the eradication of apartheid. The powerful movement that threatens to bring down the corrupt structure of The powerful movement that threatens to bring down the corrupt structure of the opprobrious system in South Africa and crown with victory the heroic struggle the opprobrious system in South Africa and crown with victory the heroic struggle of the Namibian people is now joined by an international consensus in favour of the of the Namibian people is now joined by an international consensus in favour of the immediate implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and of the immediate implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978) and of the imposition of sanctions on South Africa to compel it to abide by the will of the imposition of sanctions on South Africa to compel it to abide by the will of the United Nations. united Nations. President Fidel Castro proclaimed at Barare: President Fidel Castro proclaimed at Barare: "Both the Yankee imperialists and the South African racists are doing "Both the Yankee imperialists and the South African racists are doing everything possible to have Cuban interna~ionalist troops withdraw from Angola everything possible to have Cuban interna~ionalist troops withdraw from Angola and are trying to make their withdrawal a condition of Namibia's and are trying to make their withdrawal a condition of Namibia's independence. The Governments of Angola and Cuba have jointly replied: independence. The Governments of Angola and Cuba have jointly replied: (Mr. Malmierca Peali, Cuba) 'Implement resOlution 435 (1978) on Namibia, cease all threats against Angola, 'Implement resOlution 435 (1978) on Namibia, cease all threats against Angola, stop the "foul war and support for mercenaries: then the gradual withdrawal of stop the "foul war and support for mercenaries: then the gradual withdrawal of the 20,000 Cuban fighters who are defending strategic lines in southern Angola the 20,000 Cuban fighters who are defending strategic lines in southern Angola will begin. The rest of the Cuban military personnel will be withdrawn only will begin. The rest of the Cuban military personnel will be withdrawn only when the sovereign Governments of Angola and Cuba deem it unconditionally when the sovereign Governments of Angola and Cuba deem it unconditionally proper.'" proper.' 11 -The true key to the question is that as long as apartheid ~ists in south liThe true key to the question is that as long as apartheid exists in South Africa, as long as that country is ruled by a racist and fascist Government Africa, as long as that country is ruled by a racist and fascist Government there will be no security for Angola or for any other country in southern there will be no securi~ for Angola or for any other country in southern Africa and the independence of Namibia will be nothing more than fiction.- Africa and the independence of Namibia will be nothing more than fiction. 1lI I must reiterate that Cuba is ready to stay in Angola, in fulfilment of its I must reiterate that Cuba is ready to stay in Angola, in fulfilment of its internationalist duties, for as long as neces~ary - that is to say, until threats internationalist duties, for as long as neces~ary - that is to say, until threats against the territorial integrity, independence and sovereignty of Angola have against the territorial integrity, independence and sovereignty of Angola have ceased, until apartheid has disappeared and Namibia is independent. ceased, until apartheid has disappeared and Namibia is independent. (Hr. Ma1lllierca Peel!, Cuba) (Mr. Ma1lllierca Peel!, Cuba) The tise has caae to translate words into action. This Assellbly must demand The tise has caae to translate words into actiCXl. This Asseubly must demand that the 'comprehensive mandatory sancticns envisaged in Chapter VII of the united that the 'comprehensive aandatory sanctions envisaged in Chapter VII ()f the united Nations Charter be imposed against the racist South African regime. The so-called Nations Charter be imposed against the racist SOUth African regime. The so-called linkage, which the imperialists and their partners in Pretoria use as a pretext for linkage, which the imperialists and their partners in Pretoria use as a pretext for obstructing Naaibia's independence, must be firJlly rejected. The security Council obstructing aaaibia's independence, must be firll1y rejected. The security Council must ensure the implementation without further delay of resolution 435 (1978). we .ust ensure the iJlplE!l1entation without further delay of resolutioo 435 (1978). we must cmdeJlll the shalleful alliance of imperialism and Berr Botha's Beer fascism and must calCleJlll the shameful alliance of imperialism and Ben Botha's Boer fascism and demand the ilIJIediate cessation of the infamous imperialist support for apartheid. demand the iJIJIediate cessation of the infamous illper ialist support for apartheid. It is absolutely necessary to increase and ixoaden the economic, political and It is absolutely necessary to increase and broaden the eCalomic, political and military assistance to the liberation lROVements in southern Afr ica so that they may military assistance to the liberatial lROVeJDents in southern Afr iea so that they may continue to wage successfully their liberation war for independence and social Caltinue to wage successfully their liberation war for independence and social justice and against racist fascism and apartheid. Further, we must strengthen our justice and against racist fascism and apartheid. Further, we must strengthen our political and material solidarity with the front-line States in their struggle political and material solidarity with the frent-line States in their struggle against the aggressim ef the apartheid regime. against the aggressioo ef the apartheid regime. Each day, each hour, that brings us closer to the collapse of apartheid in Each day, each hour, that brings us closer to the collapse of apartheid in South Afr iea will be one day, one hour, less of blood and pa in for the peoples who South Africa will be one day, one hour, less of blood and pain for the peoples who suffer \I'1der and struggle against oppression and of shame for mankind. suffer mder and struggle against oppression and of shame for mankind. Those peoples and their struggling vanguards share the glory - as President Those peoples and their struggling vanguards share the glory - as President Fidel Castro asserted in Harare - Fidel Castro asserted in Barare - ·of having shown the world that today, as yesterday and tomorrow, nothing can ·of having shown the world that today, as yesterday and tomorrClW, nothing can stop the march of history) no force in the world can keep human dignity and stop the march of history~ no force in the world can keep human dignity and freedom indefinitely in chains·. freedom indefinitely in chains·. Kr. alISSANO (Mozamique): On behalf of the People's Rep.1blic of Mr. alISSANO (MozaJrbique): On behalf of the People's Republic of MoZaDbique it gives me pleasure to cCX1gratulate Anbassador Choudhury on his MozaDbique it gives me pleasure to coogratulate Aubassador Choudhury on his unanimous election to the presidency of the forty-first sessim of the General unanimous election to the presidency of the forty-first sessioo of the General Assembly. ais election to such a high office expresses the confidence of all of us Assell'bly. ais electioo to such a high office expresses the confidence of all of us in his outstanding qualities as an able and exper ienced diplomat. I am confident in his outstanding qualities as an able and exper ienced diplomat. I am confident that under his guidance the deliberations of this session will be crowned with that under his guidance the deliberations of this session will be croWl'(ed with success. I assure him at the outset of our total readiness to co-operate with him success. I assure him at the outset of our total readiness to co-operate with him in the discharge of the functions entrusted to him. in the discharge of the ftmctions entrusted to him. I congratulat.e the outgoing President, Mr. Jaime de Pinles, who guided with I congratulat.e the outgoing president, Hr. Jaime de PinIes, who guided with canpetence the deliberations of the historic fortieth session of the General canpetence the deliberations of the historic fortieth session of the General Assembly. Assembly. I wish to express once again to the secretary-Gen>r:ral of our Organization, I wish to express once again to the secretary-Genl!':ral of our organization, Hr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, my appreciation of his zeal and his devotion to the Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, my appreciation of his zeal and his devotion to the United Nations cause as well as to that of the fulfilment of the principles and United Nations cause as well as to that of the fulfilment of the principles and objectives enshrined in the Charter. I also wish to express the feelings of objectives enshrined in the Charter. I also wish to express the feelings of satisfaction of the (bvernment I represent "\t seeing the secretary-General back satisfaction of the Government I represent "\t seeing the secretary-General back wi th us and fully recovered. with us and fully recovered. It is with deep concern that our Organization is witnessing a proliferatioo of It is with deep concern that our Organization is witnessing a proliferation of conflicts and tensions in the international arena. conflicts and tensions in the international arena. Southern Africa is one of the most worrying regions of conflict. The Southern Afr iea is one of the most worrying regions of conflict. The apartheid regime constitutes, by its policy and practices, a serious threat to apartheid regime constitutes, by its policy and practices, a serious threat to international peace and secur ity. In advocating theoc ies of racial supremacy and international peace and seour ity. In advocating theoc ies of racial supremacy and claiming a divine mission assigned to the Afrikaner tribe, in perpetrating claiming a divine mission assigned to the Afrikaner tribe, in perpetrating systematic massacres against the majority of the population, apartheid is zionism. systematic massacres against the majority of the population, apartheid is zionism. Like ziooism, the apartheid regime seeks to impose its power 00 the region through Like ziooism, the apartheid regime seeks to impose its power on the region through aggression and occupation. Thus, it occupies Namibia and parts of the territory of aggression and occupation. Thus, it occupies Namibia and parts of the territory of Angola. It attacks neighbouring comtries, including those whose eCa'lomic and Angola. It attacks neighbour ing colntries, including those whose economic and military weakness and small populations pose no threat to the security of the SOuth military weakness and small populations p)se no threat to the security of the South African regime. The tactics of armed banditry .used by Hitler to destabilize and African regime. The tactics of armed banditry .used by Hitler to destabilize and destroy targeted countr ies are today used by Pretor ia in southern Afr lca. In destroy targeted countries are today used by Pretoria in southern Africa. In Mozanbique, Angola, Zinbabwe and other countries in sou thern Africa, armed bandi ts, Mozanbique, Angola, Zinbabwe and other colntries in sou thern Africa, armed bandi ts, trained, equipped, transported, organized, financed and COl'llllanded by SOuth Africa, trained, equipped, transported, organized, financed and COltlllanded by SOuth Africa, commit horr ible crimes against people and their property. commit horrible crimes against people and their property. (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) (Mr. Chissano, Mozamique) Hitler's auDitions to estabUsh a Geraanic Europe find their counterpart in Hitler's aDbltions to estabUsh a Germanic Europe find their counterpart in our region in the South Afr ican theory of the establishment of a constellatiCll of our region in the South Afr iean theory of the establishment of a constellatim of States which would be mder the dominance of the Afrikaner regime. All this shows States which would be mder the dominance of the Afrikaner regime. All this shows the Naz i-Fascist nature of the regime in Pretor ia, a regime that consti tu tes a the Nazi-Fascist nature of the regime in Pretoria, a regime that constitutes a serious threat to international peace and securi~. serious threat to international peace and 8ecuri~. It is against this heinous regime that the South Afr ican people stand up with It is against this heinous regime that the South Afr iean people stand up with courage and determination wi thin SOUth Africa. It is a heroic struggle that has courage and determination wi thin South Afriea. It is a heroic struggle that has achieved unprecedented daw-slopnent in the last two years. The South African achieved unprecedented da~elopnent in the last two years. The South African people, mder the leadership of the African National Congress (ANC) and other people, mder the leadership of the African National Congress (ANC) and other progressive and democratic forces, have taken the initiative in transforming South . progressive and democratic forces, have taken the initiative in transforming SOuth . African socie~ and creating an anbiance of equality, liberty and justice. They African society and creating an anbiance of equality, liberty and justice. They are more conscious than ever of the justness of their cause. Assassinations and are more conscious than ever of the justness of their cause. Assassinations and massacres have failed to deter the people's lDOI7ement, thus prOlTing that unarmed massacres have failed to deter the people's JIlOITement, thus prO'ling that unarmed people, when they are united, determined and fighting for a just cause, can render people, when they are united, determined and fighting for a just cause, can render inoperative the repressive machine of the regime. inoperative the repressive machine of the regime. loli th this struggle, the South Afr ican people are beginning to build a united, i'li th this struggle, the South African people are beginning to build a united, demcratic and anti-racist nation. Blacks, Coloureds, Indians, whites, south democratic and anti-racist nation. Blacks, Coloureds, Indians, whites, south Africans of varying beliefs and social status, are fighting side by side for the Africans of varying beliefs and social status, are fighting side by side for the abolition of apartheid. Even in the bantustans the people are rebelling against abolition of apartheid. Even in the bantustans the people are rebelling against the regime and its collaborators, thus destroying the illusion of a fragmented and the regime and its collaborators, thus destroying the illusion of a fragmented and submissive South Africa. submissive SOUth Africa. In the process of the liberation struggle, the ANC has been the catalytic In the process of the liberatioo struggle, the ANC has been the catalytic force in the struggle for the abolition of apartheid. It has been able to susta in force in the struggle for the abolition of apartheid. It has been able to sustain the burning torch of the liberation struggle for the fulfilment of the pr inciples the burning torch of the liberation struggle for the fulfilment of the pr inciples enshrined in the Freedom Charter. The ARC's cause has become one that is embraced enshrined in the Freedom Charter. The ANC's cause has become one that is embraced by all nationalist organizations, be they political, trade-unionist or religious. by all nationalist organizations, be they political, trade-unionist or religious. (Mr. Chissmo, Mozalllbique) (Mr. ChisSMO, Mozalllbique) The commitment of the SOUth African people to the struggle for their liberty The commitment of the South African people to the struggle for their liberty grows all the time. Against this strong cSeter.ination of theSOuti'l African people gccws all the 1:1me. Against this strcng detec.inaticn of the SOuth African people tQfree themselves froll racist oppression, the apartheid regille throws its tc) free themselves froll racist oppressicn, the apar tbeicJ regille throws its murderous machine. Thus, in the last two years thousands of lien and women, young murderous machine. Thus, in the last two years thousands of men and women, young and old, have been imprisoned, tortured, banned 01: assassinated. and old, have been imprlscned, tortured, banned ex assassinated. ~Mr. ~_h_!s_s_a_no.....o..;,........MozaJIIb __i...qu=e) Those patriots and martyr$ ~xeJIIPlify the cotilrage of a people that no longer • fears the regime's repressive apparatus. Pacing armoured cars and bullets with Those patriots and martyr~ ~xellplify the cotlirage of a people that no longer • fears the regime's repressive apparatus. Pacing armoured cars and bullets with bare hands, the South Africans are deciding on their country's future and are bare hands, the South Africans are deciding on their country's future and are ensuring that South Africa will be free. I should like once again to express our ensuring that South Africa will be free. 1 should like once again to express our solidarity with those heroic people and with their struggle. solidarity with those heroic people and with their struggle. The struggle of the South African people for liberty, equality, justice and The struggle of the South African people for liberty, equality, justice and democracy is paralleled by the struggle of the Naaibian people for the realization democracy is paralleled by the struggle of the Namibian people for the realization of their inalienable right of self-aete~minationand independence. Their struggle of their inalienable right of self-aetermination and independence. Their struggle enjoys the unconditional support of the People's Republic of Mozambique. enjoys the unconditional support of the People's Republic of Mozambique. Twenty years have elapsed since this Organization terminated South Africa's Twenty years have elapsed since this Organization terminated South Africa's Mandate over Namibia. In the course of those years we have adopted numerous Mandate over Namibia. In the course of those years we have adopted numerous declarations and resolutions either demanding the withdrawal of South Africa from declarations and resolutions either demanding the withdrawal of South Africa from the Territory of N8Eibia or condemning south Africa's refusal to abide by the the Territory of N~ibia or condemning South Africa's refusal to abide by the decisions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. decisions of the General Assembly and the Security Council. Just a few days ago the fourteenth special session of the General Assembly, Just a few days ago the fourteenth special session of the General Assembly, devoted to the question of the independence of Namibia, was held. We noted with devoted to the question of the independence of Namibia, was held. We noted with regret that the United Nations has once again been prevented from unanimously regret that the United Nations has once again been prevented from unanimously adopting effective measures against South African colonialism. We also noted with adopting effective measures against South African colonialism. We also noted with clismay that despite professions of agreement on this fundamental question of clismay that despite professions of agreement on this fundamental question of Nami~~a's independence, some of us remain indifferent to the continued Nami~~a's independence, some of us remain indifferent to the continued impriS6:!!l!ent, tortur~ and massa..:re of the Namibian people by the Pretoria regime. imprist:>:!!l!ent, tortur~ and massa.:re of the Namibian people by the Pretoria regime. These parties persist in making Namibia's independence conditional on the These parties persist in making Namibia's independence conditional on the withdrawal of Cuban internationalist troops. They question the legitimacy and withdrawal of Cuban internationalist troops. They question the legitimacy and justness of the armed liberation struggle the people of Namibia have been compelled justness of the armed liberation struggle the people of Namibia have been compelled to wage. to wage. What other possible avenues are open to colonized peoples when oppressive What other possible avenues are open to colonized peoples when oppressive regimes are indifferent or, as in the present case, when a regime challenges the regimes are indifferent or, as in the present case, when a regime challenges the international community as a whole? What alternatives are left to the Namibian international community as a whole? What alternatives are left to the Namibian people when the colonial regime defies United Nations resolutions to which it has people when the colonial regime defies United Nations resolutions to which it has agreed and challenges the international community, when it is unwilling to accept agreed and challenges the international community, when it is unwilling to accept the dialogue that would lead to the genuine independence of the Territory, when it the dialogue that would lead to the genuine independence of the Territory, when it arrests, tortures and massacres the people of Namibia and when it turns the" arrests, tortures and massacres the people of Namibia and when it turns the- Territory into a prison where every ten inhabitants are under the permanent control Territory into a prison where every ten inhabitants are under the permanent control of one soldier? There is neither moral nor religious justification for demanding of one soldier? There is neither moral nor religious justification for demanding g~eater patience of these people. g~eater patience of these people. In the history of the struggle for independence the people of Namibia are not In the history of the struggle for independence the people of Namibia are not the first to tread the path of armed struggle. Peoples of Europe, Asia, America the first to tread the path of armed struggle. Peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Africa duly represented here affirmed their right to independence through armed and Africa dUly represented here affirmed their right to independence through armed struggle. Europe, weapons in hand, fought against Hitler's occupation and struggle. Europe, weapons in hand, fought against Hitler's occupation and fascism. The People's Republic of Mozambique is itself a product of armed struggle fascism. The People's Republic of Mozambique is itself a product of armed struggle for national liberation. for national liberation. Given the intransigence of the illegal regime of Ian Smith and the Given the intransigence of the illegal regime of lan Smith and tha nOtl-con~liance by some States with the sanctions imposed by our Organization, no"-con~liance by some States with the sanctions imposed by our Organization, Zi~abwe would not have acceded to independence and become a full-fledged Member of Zi~abwe would not have acceded to independence and become a full-fledged Member of the United Nations had it not waged armed struggle. the United Nations had it not waged armed struggle. Namibia is ~ former German colony that should have acceded to independence in Namibia is Q former German colony that should have acceded to independence in the 1960s, as did Tanganyika, Burundi, Togo, Rwanda and Cameroon. Historical facts the 1960s, as did Tanganyika, Burundi, Togo, Rwanda and cameroon. Historical facts prove that the question of Namibian independence has nothing to do with the prove that the question of Namibian independence has nothing to do with the situation prevailing in Angola. It was sti:l a Portuguese colony with portuguese situation prevailing in Angola. It was st;:l a Portuguese colony with Portuguese troops on its soil when South Africa declared the annexation of South west Af~ica. troops on its soil when South Africa declared the annexation of South West Af~ica. Eight years before the independence of Angola the United Nations established the Eight years before the independence of Angola the United Nations established the Council ior Namibia to administer the Territory until independence. Pretoria Council ior Namibia to administer the Te~ritory until independence. Pretoria opposed that process. opposed that process. (Hr. Chissano, Mozambique) (Kr. Chissano, Mozambique) In 1919 the Sec~rity Council, by a unanimous vote and with the acquiescence of In 1919 the Sec~rity Council, by a unanimous vote and with the acquiescence of South Africa, adopted its resolution 435 (1978). Cuban troops were already in the South Africa, adopted its resolution 435 (1978). Cuban troops were already in the soverei9n territory of Angola, and neither South Africa nor any other Western soverei9n territory of Angola, and neither South Africa nor any other Western country raised that issue as being an impediment to the Territory's independence. country raised that issue as being an impediment to the Territory's independence. We recall that other arguments were aC:vanced by the racist South Africans. It is We recall that other arguments were at:vanced by the racist South Africans. It is only after all those arguments had been overcome that South Africa and this or that only after all those arguments had been overcome that South Africa and this or that other country ~aised the false pretext of the presence of Cuban force5~ other country ~aised the false pretext of the presence of Cuban forces~ Pretoria is thus blocking the implementation of Security Council resolution Pretoria is thus blocking the implementation of Security Council resolution 435 (1978). It is contrary to ethics and to international law to link the 435 (1~78). It is contrary to ethics and to international law to link the independence of any people to issues extraneous to that people's country and independence of any people to issues extraneous to that people's country and concerning which they do not have the power of intervention or decision. Today as c:oncerning which they do not have the power of intervention or decision. Today as yesterday the purpose of South Africa's manoeuvres with respect to Security Council yesterday the purpose of South Africa's manoeuvres with respect to Security Council resolution 435 (1978) is to preserve the colonial occupation of Namibia and to resolution ~35 (1978) is to preserve the colonial occupation of Namibia and to prevent the international community from concantrating its a!:tention on the total prevent the international community from concantrating its attention on the total elimination of apartheid. elimination of apartheid. The obstinate attitude of Pretoria is possible only thanks to the support and The obstinate attitude of Pretoria is possible only thanks to the support and complicity of certain Western countries which allow the South African authorities complicity of certain Western countries which allow the South African authorities to buy time and create the conditions for undermining the unity of the Namibian to buy time and create the conditions for undermining the unity of the Namibian people and destroying the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), its sole people and destroying the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), its sole authentic representative. authentic representative. We must reiterate here our rejection of linkage and 'reaffirm that Security We must reiterate here our rejection of linkage and 'reaffirm that Security Council resolution 435 (1978) remains the sole acceptable basis for a negotiated Council resolution 435 (1978) remains the sole acceptable basis for a negotiated solution of the problem. It must be implemented immediately and unconditionally. solution of the problem. It must be implemented immediately and unconditionally. When one talks of apartheid, one speaks of the aggression constantly When one talks of apartheid, one speaks of the aggression constantly ~~rpetrated by South Africa against the independent countries and peoples of ~erpetrated by South Africa against the independent countries and peoples of southern Africa. One speaks of armed banditry and organiZed terrorism that are the southern Africa. One speaks of armed banditry and organiZed terrorism that are the (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) preferred instrument of the racist regime in its political and economic preferred instrument of the racist regil1le in its political and economic destabilization of the countries of southern Africa. South Africa's is a strategy destabilization of the countries of southern Africa. South Africa's is a strategy for regional domination that seeks to turn our countries into docile instruments of for regional domination that seeks to turn our countries into docile instruments of apartheid. apartheid. Part of the territory of Angola is under racist occupation. With the Part of the territory of Angola is under racist occupation. With the objective of consolidating its aggression against and occupation of the sovereign objective of consolidating its aggression against and occupation of the sovereign territory of the People's Republic of Angola, the Pretoria regime protects and territory of the People's Republic of Angola, the Pretoria regime protects and renders all forms of military assistance to the puppet bands of UNITA. We renders all forms of military assistance to the puppet bands of UNITA. We vigorously condemn this aggression against the People'~ RepUblic of Angola, a vigorously condemn this aggression against the People'~ Republic of Angola, a full-fledged Member of our Organization, and we demana the immediate and full-fledged Member of our Organization, and we demana the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of South African troops from Angola. unconditional withdrawal of South African troops from Angola. The People's RepUblic of Mozambique has not been spared from this aggressive The People's RepUblic of Mozambique has not been spared from this aggressive and bellicose policy of destabilization. Through armed bandits, the Pretoria and bellicose policy of destabilization. Through armed bandits, the Pretoria regime is waging a veritable undeclared war against our country. That war is regime is waging a veritable undeclared war against our country. That war is translated into terrorist acts such as the systematic destruction of communal tranSlated into terrorist acts such as the systematic destruction of communal villages, schools, hospitals, farms and sugar and tea factories. The terrorists, villages, schools, hospitals, farms and sugar and tea factories. The terrorists, in the pay of Pretoria, cruelly assassinate farmers, foreign technicians, students, in the pay of Pretoria, cruelly assassinate farmers, foreign technicians, students, nurses, priests, nuns and clerical members of several religious denominations. nurses, priests, nuns and clerical members of several religious denominations. (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) As an example, it is estimated that overall destabilization since 1975 has As an example, it is estimated that overall destabilization since 1975 has resulted in the destruction of about 500 schools, leaving 90,000 students without resulted in the destruction of about 500 schools, leaving 90,000 students without classes; 800 shops have been destroyed and put out of operation, with serious· classes; 800 shops have been destroyed and put out of operation, with serious· effects on agricultural marketing; one in every 10 health units has been sacked. effects on agricultural marketing; one in every 10 health units has been sacked. Those are just a few instances of the impact of the external aggression Those are just a few instances of the impact of the external aggression against Mozambique. Our Government has assessed the direct effects of this against Mozambique. Our Government has assessed the direct effects of this undeclared war at more than SUS 4 billion. The estimate does not include the undeclared war at more than SUS 4 billion. The estimate does not include the indirect effects of the paralysis of production and the strangling of the indirect effects of the paralysis of production and the strangling of the distribution, transport and shipment system. Nor does it include the cost of distribution, transport and shipment system. Nor does it include the cost of rehabilitating the economic and social infrastructures that have been destroyed. rehabilitating the economic and social infrastructures that have been destroyed. These acts of terrorism against the People's Republic of Mozambique give These acts of terrorism against the People's Republic of Mozambique give concrete effect to a strategy conceived outside our country. Only a plan concrete effect to a strategy conceived outside our country. Only a plan engendered by external forces could conceive of such cruelty, such great engendered by external forces could conceive of such cruelty, such great destructive fury and such a total absence of the most elementary national and human destructive fury and such a total absence of the most elementary national and human sentiments. sentiments. We are witnessing manoeuvres by Pretoria and other imperialist circles to We are witnessing manoeuvres by Pretoria and other imperialist circles to transfer the operational bases of the armed bandits to countries other than South transfer the operational bases of the armed bandits to countries other than South Africa, with a view to extending the conflict between the peoples of the region and Africa, with a view to extending the conflict between the peoples of the region and apartheid to relations among certain African States. apartheid to relations among certain African States. We have frequently reaffirmed our vigorous condemnation of terrorism. We are We have frequently reaffirmed our vigorous condemnation of terrorism. We are concerned about the fact that members of terrorist groups that sow death and concerned about the fact that members of terrorist groups that sow death and destruction in Mozambique enjoy the support and pUblic complicity of some Western destruction in Mozambique enjoy the support and public complicity of some Western countries, countries that proclaim themselves to be champions of the struggle countries, countries that proclaim themselves to be champions of the struggle against terrorism. against terrorism. The southern African experience teaches us that !Eartheid is an intrinsically The southern African experience teaches us that !Eartheid is an intrinsically violent and bellicose regime that refuses solutions through dialogue and a violent and bellicose regime that refuses solutions through dialogue and a negotiated solution to the conflict between it and the people of the region. negotiated solution to the conflict between it and the people of the region. (Mr. Cbissano, Mozambique) (Mr. Cbissano, Mozambique) Solutions proposing the abolition of apartheid have had no response from the Solutions proposing the abolition of apartheid have had no response from the authorities in Pretoria. That is the reason why the Pretoria regime imprisons the authorities in Pretoria. That is the reason why the Pretoria regime imprisons the genuine leaders of the South African people and imposes a state of emergency, genuine leaders of the South African people and imposes a state of emergency, refuses to negotiate with the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO)J and refuses to negotiate wi.th the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO)J and dares to violate the agreements and commitments that Qhould bind the regime to put dares to violate the agreements and commitments that ~hould bind the regime to put an end to its bellicose policy in its relations with the neighbouring countries. an end to its bellicose policy in its relations with the neighbouring countries. In the history of the diplomatic struggle aimed at persuading the Pretoria In the history of the diplomatic struggle aimed at persuading the Pretoria regime to abandon its racist policies, the Western countries themselves have m~t regime to abandon its racist policies, the Western countries themselves have m~t with South Africa's intransigence. The international community has arrived at a with South Africa's intransigence. The international community has arrived at a consensus that the apartheid system has no mechanisms of self-correction and that consensus that the apartheid system has no mechanisms of self-correction and that it cannot be reformed. In that resPect, may I quote the following said by it cannot be reformed. In that resPect, may I quote the following said by President Sarnora Machel: President Samora Machel: "There is no democratic apartheid. There is no humane apartheid. There is no "There is no democratic apartheid. There is no humane apartheid. There is no peaceful apartheid. Apartheid is the negation of justice, aquality, social peaceful apartheid. Apartheid is the negation of justice, aquality, social interaction. It is an institutionalized expression of the violation of every interaction. It is an institutionalized expression of the violation of every human right. Aoartheid, like colonialism, cannot be reformed. Apartheid, human right. Apartheid, like colonialism, cannot be reformed. Apartheid, like colonialism, must be eradicated." like colonialism, must be eradicated." The so-called· reforms heralded by the apa~theid regime, under the slogan The so-called· reforms heralded by the apa:theid regime, under the slogan "adapt or die", are nothing but attempts to deceive the people of South Africa and "adapt or die", are nothing but attempts to deceive the people of South Africa and international public opinion as well as to appease the popular revolt and thus international public opinion as well as to appease the popular revolt and thus safeguard and perpetuate t~e supremacy of the white minority. safeguard and perpetuate t~e supremacy of the white minority. The P~etoria regime has already shown itself to be insensitive to persuasion The P~etoria regime has already shown itself to be insensitive to persuasion through dialogue conducive to a speedy end of the system. As we stated at the through dialogue conducive to a speedy end of the system. As we stated at the Paris International Conference on Sanctions against Racist South Africa, certain Paris International Conference on Sanctions against Racist South Africa, certain Western countries that continue to refuse to contemplate effective measures again$t Western countries that continue to refuse to contemplate effective measures against South Africa should tell us wh~t to do when they say no to violence, no to South Africa should tell us wh&t to do when they say no to violence, no to sanctions, no to pressuresJ and South Africa tells us: no to dialogue. sanctions, no to pressuresJ and South Africa tells us: no to dialogue. (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) These countries should show us the road to take in view of the failure of the These countries should show us the road to take in view of the failure of the pseUdo-reformist lIIO'1ellent undertaken by the racist regime itself. The arguments pseudo-reformist movement undertaken by the racist regime itself. The arguments that sancUons would hurt the black South Africans the most and would affect the that sancUons would hurt the black South Africans the most and would affect the economy of the countries of the region are not consistent. economy of the countries of the region are not consistent. In SOuth Africa nothing can be worse than death itself. Death and murder are In South Africa nothing can be worse than death itself. Death and murder are daily occurrences there. Even corpses are riddled with bullets on their way to the daily occurrences there. Even corpses are riddled with bullets on their way to the c~metery. Mourners are also shot at and end up being eorpseo themselves to be cemetery. Mourners are also shot at and end up being corpseo themselves to be buried. That is one of the reasons Why the South African people call for sanctions buried. That is one of the reasons why the South African people call for sanctions as a means to shorten their SUffering. as a means to shorten their SUffering. Addressing the issue of the effects of the sanctions on the neighbouring Addressing the issue of the effects of the sanctions on the neighbouring countries, the President of the PeopleGs Republic of Mozambique, countries, the President of the Peopless Republic of Mozambique, Mr. Samora Moises Machel, told the Summit Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Mr. Samora Moises Machel, told the Summit Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned COuntries in Harare: Countries in Harare: -In realitYi South Africa has applied undeclared sanctions, since 1975, -In realitYi South Africa has applied undeclared sanctions, since 1975, against countries of the region, apart from the destruction caused by against countries of the region, apart from the destruction caused by aggression-. aggression-. While South Africa considers the application of sanctions against it as While South Africa considers the application of sanctions against it as ~ral, it has none the less applied sanctions against the states neighbouring immoral, it has none the less applied sanctions against the States neighbouring it. The apartheid regime has systematically destroyed communication and it. The apartheid regime has systematically destroyed communication and transportation systems that ensure the economic life of the countries of the transportation systems that ensure the economic life of the countries of the region. region. By sabotaging, through the armed bandits under its command, access to the By sabotaging, through the armed bandits under its command, access to the Mozambican ports of Maputo, Beira and Nacala and the Angolan port of Lobito, South Mozambican ports of Maputo, Seira and Nacala and the Angolan port of Lobito, south Africa ~ims at impeding the economic emancipation of the peoples of southern Africa Africa ~ims at impeding the economic emancipation of the peoples of southern Africa that at present is being undertaken by the Southern African Development that at present is being undertaken by the Southern African Development Co-ordinating Conference. In this context, the losses caused by the apartheid Co-ordinating Conference. In this context, the losses caused by the apartheid (Mr. Chissano r Mozambique) (Mr. Chissanor Mozambique) regime up to 1985 to the States members of the Southern African Development regime up to 1985 ~o the States members of the Southern African Development Co-ordinating Conference are estimated at SUS 10 billion. Co-ordinating Conference are estima~ed at SUS 10 billion. Apartheid is a crime against humankind and therefore must be eradicated. The Apartheid is a crime agains~ humankind and therefore mus~ be eradicated. The elimination of apartheid demands that the whole international community take elimination of apartheid demands that the whole international community take effec1:iver concerted and forceful measures. effectiver concerted and forceful measures. (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) (Mr. Chissano, Mozambique) I reiterate here the appeal we have on various occasions addressed to all I reiterate here the appeal we have on various occasions addressed to all. Member states to denounce, condemn and fight by all means the South African Member States to denounce, condemn and fight by all means the South African bellicose policies; to restate their moral, diplomatic and IBterial support for the bellicose policies; to restate their moral, diplomatic and IBterial support for the African National Congress CANe) and the other democratic forces in South Africa African National Congress (ANC) and the other democratic forces in South Africa that are struggling for a just and democratic society; to fight the armed banditry that are struggling for a just and democratic society; to fight the armed banditry and State tercorism that are devastating our region and demand that South Afr ica and State terrorism that are devastating our region and demand that SOuth Afr iea henceforth terminate its support of terrorists; to provide concrete multifarious henceforth terminate its sUPPOrt of terrorists; to prcwide concrete multifarious assistance to the front-line States, particularly Angola and 'bzaubique, so that assistance to the froot-line States, particularly Angola and M:»zaUlbique, so that these two front-line states may strenc;Jthen their defence capability and safeguard these two frmt-line States may strenCJthen their defence capability and safeguard their independence, national scwereignty and territor ial integr ity and ensure the their independence, national sOI1ereignty and territor ial integr ity and ensure the good fmctiming of the port and railway systems vital to the eCCllomies of the good fmctianing of the port and railway systems vital to the economies of the hinterland States. hinterland States. The twenty-second 50_it of Heads of State and Government of the Organization The twenty-second 50_it of Beads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity, held in Addis Ababa in July, and the eighth summit of the of African Unity, held in Addis Ababa in July, and the eighth Summit of the Non-Aligned Countries, held in Barare thi.s month, adopted two special declarations Non-Aligned Countries, held in Barare this month, adopted two special declarations on s~thern Africa. In them the Heads of State and Government reiterated their on s~thern Africa. In them the Heads of State and GoI7ernment reiterated their coltlDitruent and determination to struggle for the establishment of freedom and conmitnlent and determination to struggle for the establishment of freedom and justice in South Africa and in Namibia through tht2 total dismantling of apartheid. justice in south Africa and in Namibia through tht:J total dismantling of apartheid. They expressed the support of the two Organizations for the demands of the They expressed the support of the two Organizations for the demands of the Commonwealth coamtries CQ'1tained in the Commonwealth Agreement on southern Africa. Commonwealth comtries cQ'1tained in the Commonwealth Agreement Ori southern Africa. The Heads of State and Government of the two Organizations adopted concrete The Heads of State and Government of the two Organizations adopted concrete measures to be implemented, inter alia the following~ first, to exert pressure on measures to be implemented, inter alia the following~ first, to exert pressure on the South African regime to bring it to change its p)licies; secondly, to support the SOuth African regime to bring it to change its p::>licies; secondly, to support the people of South Africa and Namibia in their struggle against apartheid and the the people of SOUth Africa and Namibia in their struggle against apartheid and the front-line and other States of southern Africa in their endeavours to reduce their front-line and other States of southern Afr iea in their endeavours to reduce their dependence on racist SOUth Africa. dePendence on racist South Africa. (Mr. Chissano, Mozalllbique) (Hr. Chissano, Mozalllbique) we appeal to the Memer States of the O1ited Niltions to support and fully we appeal to the Mellber States of the O1ited Nations to support and fully iaplement those declarations. iaplement those declarations. In the Magbreb regioo, the sahraoui people have been struggling for the past In the Magbreb regiCXl, the sahraoui people have been struggling for the past 10 years for reaffir_ticn of their right to self-deter.inatioo and independence. 10 years for reaffir_ticn of their right to self-detergination and independence. That is a right enshrined in the Charter of our Organizatioo, and it has been That is a right enshrined in the Charter of our ~ganizatiCXl, and it has been constantly reaffirJled year after yem:. The efforts mdertaken by the constantly reaffirJled year after ye~. The efforts mdertaken by the secretary-General with a view to finding a negotiated solutioo for the sahraoui secretary-General with a view to finding a negotiated solution for the sahraoui conflict cannot but be considered positive. It is our stroog desire that these conflict cannot but be considered positive. It is our strong desire that these efforts may lead to direct negotiatioos between the Kingdom of Morocco and the efforts .ay lead to direct negotiations between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front in fulfilaent of the relevant resolutions of the Organization of Polisario FrCXlt in fulfilaent of the relevant resolutions of the Organization of African tltity, the Non-Aligned It>veIlent and the United Naticns. African lhity, the Non-Aligned Jt)veIlent and the United Nations. we express our solidarity with the Palestinian penple, led by the Palestine we express our solidarity with the Palestinian penple, led by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), in their struggle towards the achievement of Liberation ~ganization (PLO), in their struggle towards the achievement of legitillBte and inalienable rights, including the right to create a free, legitillBte and inalienable rights, including the right to create a free, independent and sOl7ereign State. we demand the total and unconditional withdrawal independent and sovereign State. we demand the total and unconditional withdrawal of Israel from the occupied Arab territories and strict respect for the sovereignty of Israel from the occupied Arab territories and strict respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States of the region, in particular Lebanon. and territorial integrity of all States of the region, in particular Lebanat. The ongoing fratricidal war between Iran and Iraq, two Melllber States of our The ongoing fratricidal war between Iran and Iraq, two Melllber States of our OrganizatiCXl, is a matter of great conce·rn. The resolutioos of the Non-Aligned Organization, is a .atter of great conce·rn. The resolutions of the Non-Aligned MOVement and the United Nations reflect a strcng expression of the will of the MOI7ellent and the Olited Nations reflect a strcng expression of the will of the international coraunity to assist in bringing about an end to this war. we appeal international c:oraunity to assist in bringing about an end to this war. we appeal to the two parties to the conflict to abide by them. to the two parties to the conflict to abide by them. The people of East Tiaor continue to struggle heroically against foreign The people of East '1'i.aor continue to strWJ9le heroically against foreign occupation and for respect for their inalienable right to self-determination and occupation and for respect for their inalienable right to self-determination and independence. we co.-end the efforts undertaken by the secretary-General of the independence. we co.-end the efforts undertaken by the secretary-General of the O1ited Nations in the search for a just soluticn caopatible with the true O1ited Nations in the search for a just solution caopatible with the true aspirations of the East Tillor people. we invite the parties involved, Indonesia aspirations of the East Tillor people. we invite the parties involved, Indonesia (Hr. Chiasano, Mozambique) (Mr. Chissano. Mozalllbique) in partic:Jlar, to iapleaent the resolutions of our organization. we warmly greet in partic:Jlar, to iapleaent the resolutions of our organization. we warmly greet P'RETILIN, which has been able to keep alive the flame of the liberation struggle of PRE'rILIN. which has been able to keep alive the flame of the liberation struggle of the Maubere people. we reiterate our unfiinching solidarity with PRE'l'ILIN. the Maubere people. we reiterate our unfiinching solidarity with FRE'l'ILIN. On the Korean peninsula, we support the efforts and proposals of the People's On the WOrean peninsula, we support the efforts and proposals of the People's Demcratic Republic of Korea fer the peaceful reunification of the Korean nation. Demcratic Republic of Kexea fex the peaceful reunification of the Korean nation. We reject the idea of two Iroreas. The international co_unity must make every We reject the idea of two Iores. The international co_unity must make every effort to ensure that a united Korea will be admitted as a Melllber ef our effort to ensure that a united Korea will be admitted as a Melllber ef our organization in the near future. organization in the near future. The conflicts in Central Amer iea must end with a solution that respects the The conflicts in Central Amer iea IIUSt end with a solution that respects the independence and sovereignty of the peoples of the region. we Caldelll1 the acts of independence and soyereignty of the peoples of the region. we caldelll'l the acts of terror ism perpetrated against the defenceless population, and we call for an terror ism perpetrated against the defenceless population, and we call for an immediate end to the interference in the internal affa us of Nicaragua. In this immediate end to the interference in the internal affa us of Nicaragua. In this context, we hope that the findings of the International Court of Justice will be context, we hope that the findings of the International Court of Justice will be respected. respected. The People's Republic of Mozallbique pays special attention to, and regards as The People's Republic of Mozall'bique pays special attentian to, and regards as very important, the question of the transfer_tion of the Indian Ocean into a zone very important, the question of the transforllation of the Indian Ocean into a zone of peace free of nuclear weapons in the context of resolution 2832 (XXVI) of the of peace free of nuclear weapons in the context of resolutial 2832 (XXVI) of the General Assenbly. we are caacerned by the presence of foreign mUitary bases in General AsseDbly. we are concerned by the presence of foreign mUi tary bases in the region since they constitute a threat to regional peace and secur ity. we the region since they constitute a threat to regional peace and security. we therefore reaffirm our total support for the conven ing of a (hi ted Hations therefore reaffirm our total support for the convening of a thited Nations conference on the Indian Q:ean. we reject every atte!8pt aimed at postponing conference en the Indian ~ean. we reject every attet8pt aiJ'lled at postponing sine die the holding of such a caaference. sine die the holding of such a calference. This year having been declared the International Year of Peace, the attention This year having been declared the International Year of Peace, the attentian of humanity cQ'ltinues to be directed to the question of disarmament. General and of humanity cmtinues to be directed to the question of disarmament. General and complete disarmament, in particular nuclear disarmament, stems from humankind's complete disarmaraent, in particular nuclear disarmament. stems from humankind's need to preserve life on our planet, to guarantee its own survival. It is a t<'~sk need to preserve life on our planet. to guarantee its own survival. It is a t<'~sk of paramount importance that must be undertaken by the entire human race. we of paramount importance that must be undertaken by the entire human race. we (Mr. Chissano, Mozamique) (Hr. Chissano, Mozad>ique) consider it to be urgent that all states, in particular the nuclear powers, consider it to be urgent that all states, in particular the nuclear powers, collectively and individually take positive and concrete measures conducive to collectively and individually take positive and concrete measures conducive to total disarmament. total disarmament. only Cl realistic and responsible attitude on the part of all States will only a realistic and responsible attitude on the part of all States will enable us to guarantee security and trarquillity foe every nation in the world and enable us to guarantee security and trarquillity foe f?Nery nation in the world and to establish a peaceful, prosperous and happy future for succeeding generatioos. to establish a peaceful, prosperous and happy future for succeeding generations. we wish to commend the efforts undertaken by certain states or groups of we wish to COIIlIIend the efforts l.Ildertaken by certain states or groups of States in support of nuclear disarmament. we conmend the unilateral morator ium States in support of nuclear disarmament. we cOlIIDend the unilateral morator ium Wldertaken by the USSR in the field of nuclear testing, which is a demonstration of tmdertaken by the USSR in the field of nuclear testing, which is a demonstration of its willingness to move towards nuclear disarmament. its willingness to move towards nuclear disarmament. For the People's Republic of MoZatrbique, disarmament does not only mean saving For the People's Republic of MoZatrbique, disarmament does not only mean saving humanity from total annihilation but also enabling nations to tread the path of humanity from total annihilation but also enabling nations to tread the path of development and prosperity. development and prosperity. The spending of financial, mater 181 and human resources for military purposes The spending of financial, mater ial and human resources for military purposes is cootrary to the aspira tions of the people to economic and social development. is cootrary to the aspira tions of the people to economic and social development. we cannot aeeep& i:Oe present situation, in whieh roughly S2 million is spent each we cannot aecep& the present situation, in whieh roughly S2 million is spent each minute on the manufacture or arms, while at the same time 30 children aie of minute on the manufacture or arms, \!ihile at the same time 30 children die of hunger, disease and malnutr ition. It runs counter to human solidar ity for military hunger, dis~se and malnutr ition. It runs counter to human solidar ity for military expenditures to be 25 times as great as the total sum available for assistance to expenditures to be 2S times as great as the total sum available for assistance to developing nations. developing nations. (Kr. Chissano, Mozambique) Underdevelopment, as a negation of the legitimate right of the peopl~s to Underdeveloptllent, as a negation of the legitimate right of the peopl~s to developuent, constitutes a threat to world peace and security. we therefore developllent, constitutes a threat to world peace and security. we therefore consider important the internatimal commlD'lity's commitment to eliminate the ever- consider important the international community's commitment to eliminate the ever- widening gap between developed and deVeloping nations. widening gap between developed and developing nations .. The international commlD'lity warmly welcomed the decis ion of the Uni ted Nations The international community warmly welcomed the decis ion of the Uni ted Nations General Assembly proclaiming 1986 the International Year of Peace. In pursuance of General Assembly proclaiming 1986 the International Year of Peace. In pursuance of that decision, various initiatives have been undertaken around the wC%ld with a that decision, various initiatives have been undertaken around the wor:ld with a view to educating mankind to cherish, defend and preserve peace. view to educating mankind to cherish, defend and preserve peace. The people and Government of the People's Republic of Mozannique have The people and Government of the People's Republic of Mozannique have associated themselves with the international community, through nationwide associated themselves with the international community, through nationwide celebrations, in this universal exercise of reflection on and campaigning for celebrations, in this universal exercise of reflection on and campaigning for peace. peace. Wi th this in mind, a national colllDittee was established to co-ordinate a vast wi th this in mind, a national coumittee was established to co-ordinate a vast programme to promte the objectives of the Internatimal Year of Peace. In the programme to promte the objectives of the International Year of Peace. In the same context an international seminar on peace was held in Maputo in July. same context an international seminar on peace was held in Maputo in July. The response of the People's Republic of MozaDbique to the declaration made by The response of the People's Republic of Mozallbique to the declaration made by the General Assembly at the fortieth session stems from the will of our people and the General Assembly at the fortieth session stems from the will of our people and state to live in peace and to cmuibute to the easing of world tensions and State to live in peace and to cmtribute to the easing of world tensions and conflicts • conflicts. In Mozambique, as in southern Afr ica as a whole, peace continues to be the In Mozambique, as in ~uthern Afr ica as a whole, peace continues to be the main aspiration of men, women and children, and of the young and old of all races, main aspiration of men, women and children, and of the young and old of all races, creeds and social levels. It is a dream that everyone dearly 10lTes and deeply creeds and social levels. It is a dream that everyone dearly 10lTes and deeply cherishes. cherishes. In this regard, I ohould Uke to fulfill a pleasant duty by bringing to the In this regard, I ohould like to fulfill a pleasant duty by bringing to the attention of the secretary-General, Mr. Javiel Perez de Cuellar, a message - an attention of the secretary-General, Mr. Javiel Perez de Cuellar, a message - an appeal - by a group of children from my country who represent millions of others appeal - by a IJroup of children from my country who represent millions of others who loog for a peaceful world. Those children are preoccupied wi th the present, who loog for a peaceful world. Those children are preoccupied wi th the present, but above all, with the future - the future of humankind. Those children addressed but above all, with the future - the future of humankind. Those children addressed to me, in my capacity as Chairman of the co-ordinating committee for the to me, in my capacity as Chairman of the co-ordinating committee for the celebrations of the International Year of Peace, the follOltJing letter: celebrations of the International Year of Peace, the following letter: "The earth is the home that was given us to live in, to 10'le and to suffer in. "The earth is the home that was given us to live in, to lO'le and to suffer in. To destroy it would mean destroying all its inhabitants. In other words, it To destroy it would mean destroying all its inhabitants. In other words, it would as if we were left without a home, forced to sleep in the open. would as if we were left without a home, forced to sleep in the open. WOrse still~ its destruction would mean the end of all of us who inhabit this Worse still~ its destruction would mean the end of all of us who inhabit this marvellous planet. marvellous planet. unfortunately, we are at the beginning of that end. We are at the brink of unfortunately, we are at the beginning of that end. We are at the brink of this catastroPie, this holocaust, this monstrous crime. this catastroPle, this holocaust, this monstrous crime. we are nOltJ like a grenade just before the moment of detonation. we are like a We are now like a grenade just before the moment of detonation. We are like a gunpowder keg, ready to explode. gunpowder keg, ready to explode. we, human beings, are bringing closer our own end. We, human beings, are we, human beings, are bringing closer our own end. We, human beings, are setting the day of final jUdgement. setting the day of final judgement. we kill, assassinate, loot, destroy••• we kill, assassinate, loot, destroy••• We channel our intelligence into the production of weapons rather than the We channel our intelligence into the production of weapons rather than the promotion of health, education, science and benificial technology. promotion of health, education, science and benificial technology. Today, th,e earth is nothL'9 but a mountain of dung, and we i.ts worms. 'lbday, tI,'~,e earth is notbL'9 but a mountain of dung, and we i.ts worms. Hunger, misery, war, destruction ••• Hunger, misery, war, destruction ••• Our planet is suffering from a disease whose cure only we, the human species, Our planet is suffering from a disease whose cure only we, the human species, can diagnose. can diagnose. And to do so would not be diffieult~ we would need only mutual understanding • And to do so would not be difficult: we would need only mutual understanding • ••• Love of children, flowers, men and ourselves. ••• Love of children, flowers, men and ourselves. rove of our existential being, respect for the world that shelters us. love of our existential being, respect for the world that shelters us. But in the midst of so many minds uniquely devoted to destruction, there are But in the midst of so many minds uniquely devoted to destruction, there are people who still believe in the future, who still have faith in the human people who still believe in the future, who still have faith in the human capacity to build and to safeguard the good. capacity to build and to safeguard the good. Amidst the exploding bombs, there are still those who dream of establishing Amidst the exploding bombs, there are still those who dream of establishing peace and making this marvellous planet a quiet place for humanity to live. peace and making this marvellous planet a quiet place for humanity to live. -In the midst of such meanness and injustice, there is still hope of saving -In the midst of such meanness and injustice, there is still hope of saving the flQiers, the fields, and the children ••• and of giving them all possible the flQiers, the fields, and the children ••• and of giving them all possible 10l1e. Of guaranteeing them a secure, canfortable and pleasant place to live. 10l1e. Of guaranteeing them a secure, canfortable and pleasant place to live. we are proud to knatl that we belCX1g to that group. Even though we are living we are proud to knatl that we bel<X1g to that group. Even though we are living in a comtry SUffering the consequences of meanness, war, assassinations and in a coamtry SUffering the consequences of meanness, war, assassinations and hunger resulting from destruction, we hope one day to see the M:>zaDOican hunger resulting from destruction, we hope one day to see the M:>zanbican people living their daily lives in tralXluillity. people living their daily lives in trarquillity. To see a child, in the city, in the countryside, in the c;orrmunal village, To see a child, in the city, in the countryside, in the c;orrmunal village, walking calmly to school, without showing in its face signs of fear t."lat it walking calmly to school, \::ithcut showing in its face signs of fear t.'1at it may not return home ••• or return and not find its parents. may not return home ••• or return and not find its parents. we Me privileged to live in a country where teaching comes from men who have we Me privileged to live in a country where teaching comes from men who have fought, still fight and will always fight for peace, for what is good. Who fought, still fight and will always fight for peace, for what is good. Who have established and preserve equ8lity, fraternity~ justice and 10l1e. have established and preserve equ8lity, fraternity~ justice and 10l1e. And if war exploits are still a daily happening in our lives, this due to And if war exploits are still a daily happening in our lives, this due to the mean character of human beings without spirit, without soul, without the the mean character of human beings without spirit, without soul, without the least human sentiment, who are bent purely and simply on destruction. least human sentiment, who are bent purely and simply on destruction. However, history has taught us that the just will prevail. Those who value However, history has taught us that the just will prell'ail. Those who value peace, justice and 10l1e will win. We shall win. peace, justice and 10l1e will win. We shall win. For our party and State, for all of us, peace-loving children, the year 1986 For our party and State, for all of us, peace-loving children, the year 1986 is of the highest significance in our struggle. Because it is, as is well is of the highest significance in our struggle. Because it is, as is well known, the International Year of Peace. In pranpt response to the united known, the InternatiCX1al Year of Peace. In pranpt response to the united Nations, our country dedicated a week of celebrations in support of peace. Nations, our country dedicated a week of celebrations in support of peace. This response to the appeal by the united Nations on the part of our Party and This response to the appeal by the united Nations CX1 the part of our Party and State shows the extent of their concern with the problem of peace and the State shows the extent of their concern with the problem of peace and the maintenance of peace. we are a group of youngsters who also agreed to maintenance of peace. we are a group of youngsters who also agreed to contr !bute to the International Year of Peace as testimony to our supper t for contr ibute to the Inter national Year of Peace as tes timony to our supper t for the united Nations declaration, and also in recognition of its efforts in the the united Nations declaration, and also in recognition of its efforts in the promotion of peace. promotion of peace. (Kt. Chissano, Mozallbique) -Although hu:=le, our contritmtion consists of two b~s, entitled -Although hu:=le, our contr!hlAtion consists of two b~s, entitled Independence and Peace. That theme was born of the fact that without Independence and Peace. That theme "as born of the fact that without independence there can be no peace. independence there can be no peace. The first consists of signatures of various peace-lming people, dedicated to The first consists of signatures of various peace-loving people, dedicated to peace. Peace. The second is a more persooal way of expl'essing our sentiments to the world The second is a more persooal way of expressing our sentiments to the world and its problems, to the permanent struggle for peace • and its problems, to the permanent struggle for peace • ••• Both are the result of a contest on peace initiatives promoted by the ••• Both are the result of a contest on peace initiatives promoted by the tl'lited Nations and in ~ich we are participating. thited Nations and in which we are participating. We entrust the Chairman of the co-ordinating colIll1ittee for the celebration of We entrust the Chairman of the co-ordinating coumittee for the celebration of the International Year of Peace, Hr" Joaquim Alberto Chissano, ~o is also a the International Year of Peace, Mr" Joaquim Alberto Chissano, who is also a great fighter for human rights, to deliver those two volumes to united Nations great fighter for human rights, to deliver those two volumes to United Nations HeaQ:luarters. We hope that the canpetent authorities at the thited Nations Head:!uarters. We hope that the canpetent authorities at the thited Nations will echo cur initiative so that the rest of the world may know how much we will echo cur initiative so that the rest of the world may know how much we love peace and str ive for it. We also express our willingness and love peace and str ive for it. We also express our willingness and determination to pursue our ideals. OUr initiative will not end here. we want determination to pursue our ideals. OUr initiative will not end here. we want to give birth to the spirit of love and peace and we will act accordingly. to give birth to the spirit of love and peace and we will act accordingly. we also want to live in happiness and to transmit that happiness to the we also want to live in happiness and to transmit that happiness to the WlCOun ted thousands of succeeding generations. uncounted thousands of succeeding generations. That is the best way of prepar ing our future and of preserving the present. That is the best way of prepar ing our future and of preserving the present. Everything could begin with a simple handshake. we want and love peace. Everything could begin with a simple handshake. we want and love peace. Signed, peace lovers Gizela MachWlgo, Tatiana Cabaco, Habiba Marta Guebuza, Signed, peace lovers Gizela Machungo, Tatiana Cabaco, Habiba Marta Guebuza, Isabel Silesio, Salome Silesio, Sinamwemba Namashulua, OScar Namashulua, ISabel Silesio, Salome Silesio, Sinamwemba Namasnulua, Oscar Namashulua, Sergio Namashulua, Ernesto dos santos, Nyimpine Chissano, Chinguane Mabote, Serglo Namashulua, Ernesto dos santos, Nj"impine Chissano, Chinguane Mabote, Jose Mabote, Eduaroo Matsinhe, Hent ique Manu and Samcxa Machel Jr." Jose Mabote, Eduaroo Matsinhe, Henc ique Manu and Samcxa Machel Jr." I (Mr. Chissmo, Mozanbique) (Hr. Chissano, Mozamique) I shall have the pleasure, in due course, of handing oyer to the I shall have the pleasure, in due course!' of handing over to the Secretary-General the two W!)rksI have mentioned. The first work, a book of 185 Secretary-General the two works I have mentioned. The first work, a book of 185 pages, consists of clippings of articles and pictures relating to the struggle for pages, consists of clippings of articles and pictures relating to the struggle for peace selected from various magazines and newspapers in Portuguese from various peace selected from various magazines and newspapers in Portuguese from various COl.X1tries. 't'tds canpilation includes texts selected from the wor:ks of several countries. 'rhis canpilation includes texts selected from the wor:ks of several wr iters, statistical data and statements by and interviews with scientists, authors writers, statistical data and statements by and interviews with scientists, authors and p~.\tt:e-1OYing persons. It is the result of research and reflection on and the and pe.:I,oe-loving persons. It is the result of research and reflection on and the study of peace by children. study of peace by children. The second work, as I have said, is of the same length and contains the The second work, as 1 have said, is of the same length and contains the signatures of several personalities, including Heads of state or Government of signatures of several personalities, including Heads of state or Government of several countries, students and teachers, .who, besides signing it, agreed to several countries, students and teachers, .who, besides signing it, agreed to prOYide a written commentary on the issue of peace. provide a written commentary on the issue of peace. In the name of the children of the People's Republic of Mozamique, I ask the In the name of the children of the People's Republic of MOzamique, I ask the secretary-General, through you, Sir, to convey to the entire international secretary-General, through you, Sir, to convey to the entire international community the sentiments they h~ve expressed in their works. community the sentiments they h&:.lve expressed in their wor ks. 'tWenty-two years ago today, on 25 septemer 1964, the MoZamican people, under '!Wen ty-two years ago today, on 25 septemer 1964, the MoZarrbican people, under the leadership of FRELIMO, launched the epic task of liberating the land and the the leadership of FRELIMO, launched the epic task of liberating the land and the people from the foreign yOke. In celebrating this date we are marking the people from the foreign yOke. In celebrating this date we are marking the beginning of the exercise of democracy by our people and their participation in beginning of the exercise of democracy by our people and their participation in determining the destiny of their country. At this very moment, the second general determining the destiny of their country. At this very moment, the second general election is taking place nation-wide, which makes a reality of and consol idates the election is taking place nation-wide, which makes a reaUty of and consol idates the democratic, ~pular na ture of our State. democratic, ~pular na ture of our state. The beginning of our armed struggle for national liberation was also, for us, The be9inning of our armed struggle for national liberation was also, for us, the beginning of the Mozamican people's cmtr ibution to the struggle for peace in the beginning of the Mozarrbican people's contr ibution to the struggle for peace in our region, Africa, and the world as a whole. We have thus joined hands with the our region, Afr iea, and the wor ld as a whole. We have thus joined hands with the community o~ nations in its efforts to build a better world. community o~ nations in its efforts to build a better world. (Kr. Chissano, Mozambique) (Mr. Chissano, Mozalllbique) 'lbday, 25 septelllber 1986, the People's 1l!pwlic of MOZaabique, an African, 'lbday, 25 septellber 1986, the People's Bepublic of MOZall1bique, an African, non-aligned, socialist country, wishes to reaffirm from this high rostrum its non-aligned, socialist country, wiShes to reaffirm from this high rostrum its acl1erence to the Olited Nations Charter and its determination to struggle for the aclterence to the Olited Nations Charter and its determination to $truggle for the promotion of the ~inciples and objectives enshrined therein. promotion of the ~inciples and objectives enshrined therein. For this reason we say: for the liberty and independence of PeOples, for For this reason we say~ for the liberty and independence of Peoples, for democracy and equality among men and nations, for justice, for co-operation and democracy and equality among men and nations, for justice, for co-operation and development, for international peace and security, the struggle cattinues. development, for international Peace and security, the struggle continues. Mr. F~I (Morocco) (interpretation from French): I should like, first Mr. FILALI (Mo~occo) (interpretation from French)~ I should like, first of all, on behalf of the delegation of the Kingdom of Morocco, to extend to of all, on behalf of the delegation of the Kingdom of Morocco, to extend to Ambassador Choudhury our sincere congratulations on his election as President of Ambassador Choudhury our sincere congratulations on his election as President of the General. Asseably. we are convinced that his eminent qualities as a statesman, the General. Assenbly. we are convinced that his eminent qualities as a statesman, together with his great experience in international affairs, are the best guarantee together with his great experience in international affairs, are the best guarantee of the success of this important session. we are particularly satisfied at seeing of the success of this important session. we are particularly satisfied at seeing him preside OI7er our work because brotherly ties and many affinities link his him preside OI1er our work because brotherly ties and many affinities link his coun try, Bangladesh, wi th the Kingdom of Morocco. coun try, Bangladesh, wi th the Km.gdom of Morocco. I also take this opportunity to express to his predecessoc, I also take this opportunity to express to his predecessoc, AnDassador Jaime de Pinies, our deep satisfaction with the remarkable way in which Ambassador Jaime de Pinies, our deep satisfaction with the remarkable way in wich he fulfilled the mandate we entrusted to him at the opening of the preVious he fulfilled the mandate we entrusted to him at the opening of the previous sessioo. Onoo again he prodded proof of his exceptional skill and his great faith sessicn. OnCf'l again he prodded proof of his exceptional skill and his great faith in our Organization.* in our Organization.* *Kr. Moushoutas (Cyprus), Vice-Presi~nt, took the Chair. *Mr. Moushoutas (Cyprus), Vice-Presi~nt, took the Chair. (Mr. PilaU, Ml)rocco) we wish to reiterate to our secretary-General, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, we wish to reiterate to our secretary-General, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, our profound esteem and our appreciation of his tireless and persistent efforts in our profound este~1Il and our appreciation of his tireless and persistent efforts in the past five years to enable our Organizatioo fully to shoulder its the past five years to enable our Organizaticm fully to shoulder its responsibilities in the lIIaintenance of international peace and secur ity and in the responsibilities in the lIIaintenance of international peace and secur ity and in the attainment of a better world characterized by stability and co~peration between attainment of a better world characterized by stability and co~peration between all States. Since his election as secretary-General, Hr. Perez de Cuellar has all States. Since his election as secretary-General, Hr. Perez de Cuellar has continually sought, with courage and selflessness, to st!. "11gthen the role of the ccntinually sought, with courage and selflessness, to stl "I1gthen the role of the United Nations, by his many initiatives and by suggesting measures which could give United Nations, by his many initiatives and by suggesting measures which could give the United Nations the means to react more effectively, to bOth threatened and the United Nations the means to react more effectively, to bOth threatened and actual armed conflicts. actual armed conflicts. We hope that the secretary-General will accept, at the end of his first term, We hope that the secretary-General will accept, at the end of his first term, the assurance of our trust and our gratitude for his services to the community of the assurance of our trust and our gratitude for his services to the community of nations. Be may be sure that we shall continue to extend our co-operation to him. nations. Be may be sure that we shall continue to extend our co-operation to him. The commemoration of the fordeth anniversary or the tllited Nations provided The commemoration of the fordeth anniversary of the tllited Nations prOl1ided us last year with an opportunity to take stock of the achievements of our us last year with an opportunity to take stock of the achievements of our Organization and analyse the shortcomings and flaws which prevent it from attaining Organization and analyse the shortcomings and flaws which prevent it from attaining the goals and objectives we have set ourselves. It is encouraging that we have the goals and objectives we have set ourselves. It is encouraging that we have unanimously reaffirmed the cCX1tinuing validi ty of the principles of the Charter and unanimously reaffirmed the continuing validi ty of the principles of the Charter and clearly cu;;serted our desire to promote the strengthening of our institution to clearly cu;;serted our desire to promote the strengthening of our institution to enable it to respcx\d better in future to the requirements of our time. enable it to resPCl1d better in future to the requirements of our time. To this end, the General Assernbl~' has devoted great- attention to the question To this end, the General Assembly has devoted great- attention to the question of improving the efficiency of the administrative and financial functicning of our of impr0\7ing the efficiency of the administrative and financial functicning of our Organization. Thus, we have expressed our collective belief that the United Organization. Thus, we have expressed our collective belief that the United Nations would be better able to make its cCX1tributicn to solving the many problems Nations would be better able to make its contribution to solving the many problems disrupting our world if its structures and methods of work were rational.ized and disrupting our world if its structures and methods of work were rational.ized and (Mr. FilaU., MorOCCO) (Mr. Filali, MorOCCO) its fina.~cbl sit!!atiQn 4efinitively imprOl7ed. The Group of 81gb-level its fina~cial sit.!!atiQn Qefinitively imprO'led. The Group of 81gb-level Intergovernmental Experts set up for this purpose has just submitted detailed Intergovernmental E1cperts set up for this purpose has just submitted detailed recommendations, whidl deserve our careful consideratim, with the need to recommendations, which deserve our careful consideraticm, with the need to strengthen confidence in the United Nations uppermost in our minds. strengthen confidence in the United Nations upperllOst in our minds. The Moroccan delegation, for its part, is eager to make its full caltribution The Moroccan delegation, for its part, is eager to make its full ccntribution towards the adoptial of ratimal, objective decisims which will increase the towards the adoption of rational, objective decisiCXls which will increase the efficiency of the Organization and its abUity to cope with the political, eeanomic efficiency of the Organization and its ability to cope with the political, economic and social problems fot which it is responsible. and social problems fot which it is responsible. (Mr. Pila1i, Morocco) (Mr. Pilali, Morocco) We have unanimously proclat.ed the year 1986 the International Year of Peace. We have unanimously proclat.ed the year 1986 the International Year of Peace. We have thus shown our determination to initiate fresh ideas and action in favour We have thus shown our determination to initiate fresh ideas and action in favour of peace, which remains the primary objective of our Organb:ation. of peace, which remains the primary objective of our Organization. In procla~ing an International Year of Peace, we were guided by the conviction In procla~ing an International Year of Peace, we were guided by the conviction that the prCROtion of int~rnational peace and security requires a commitment on the that the prOROtion of int~rnational peace and security requires a commitment on the part of all States to resolute action on non-recourse to the use of force, the part of all States to resolute action on non-recourse to the use of force, the peaceful settlement of disputes, non-intervention, disarmament, decolonization, peaceful settlement of disputes, non-intervention, disarmament, decolonization, respect for the principle of self-determination, and the elimination of all forms respect for the principle of self-deteraination, and the elimination of all forms of discrtmination. The promotion of peace also requires a collective and sustained of discrimination. The promotion of peace also requires a collective and sustained effort in favour of development. effort in favour of development. Of course, many demonstrations have been held throughout the world· which have Of course, many demonstrations have been held throughout the world' which have helped to increase public awareness of the urgent need to think and to act in a helped to increase public awareness of the urgent need to think and to act in a systematic and innovative way with a view to achieving the goals of the united systematic and innovative way with a view to achieving the goals of the United Nations. However, it must be noted that the international Bce.le continues, as in Nations. However, it must be noted that the international Bcelle continues, as in the past, to present a disturbing image because of the persistence of many the past, to present a disturbing image because of the persistence of many flashpoints of tension, the exacerbation of certain conflicts, the widening of the flashpoints of tension, the exacerbation of certain conflicts, the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor nations and the continuation of the uncontrol~ed gap between the rich and the poor nations and the continuation of the uncontrolLed arms race. arms race. In southern Africa one of the most explosive situations continues to confront In southern Africa one of the most explosive situations continues to confront the international community. pursuing its reactionary and anachronistic policy, the international community. Pursuing its reactionary and anachronistic policy, the Pretoria regime is maintaining and stepping up its oppression of the people of the Pretoria regime is maintaining and stepping up its oppression of the people of South Africa. Despite all the initiatives t~ken to bring about the advent of a South Africa. Despite all the initiatives t~ken to bring about the advent of a democratic multiracial society, the Government of South Africa is continuing to democratic multiracial society, the Government of South Africa is continuing to strengthen the shameless system of apartheid. Its proclamation of the state of strengthen the shameless system of apartheid. Its proclamation of the state of emergency and its long list of crimes and violations of the most fundamental rights emergency and its long list of crimes and violations of the most fundamental rights (Mr. Filali, Morocco) (Mr. Filali, Morocco) of the human person pr~Jid~, once again, proof of the intransigence of the Pretoria of the human person pr~Jid~, once again, proof of the intransigence of the Pretoria regime and its refusal to respond to the general indignation aroused throughout the regime and its refusal to respond to the general indignation aroused throughout the world by its policy of racial discrtmi~ation. world by its policy of racial discrtmi~ation. Turning its back on the inevitable course of history and the moet sacred Turning its back on the inevitable course of history and the moet sacred values of civilization, the South African reqi1le has opted for an adventurous values of civilization, the South African regi1le has opted for an adventurous policy of headlong onslaught and is engaged in repeated acts of aggression againat policy of headlong onslaught and is engaged in repeated acts of aggression againat its front-line neighbours, thereby sowing the seeds of a general conflagration in its front-line neighbours, thereby sowinq the seeds of a general conflagration in southern Africa~ southern Africa~ Supporting the people of South Africa and the other peoples of that part of Supporting the people of South Africa and the other peoples of that part of our continent, the Kingdom of Morocco will continue to provide them, as in the our continent, the Kingdom of Morocco will continue to provide them, as in the past, with unreserved assistanca in their struggle against the apartheid regime. past, with unreserved assistanca in their struggle against the apartheid regime. universal awareness of the seriousness of the situation prevailing in southern Universal awareness of the seriousness of the situation prevailing in southern Africa and the dangers inherent in it has led to the rallying of the entire Africa and the dangers inherent in it has led to the rallying of the entire international community around the idea of imposing sanctions on South Africa. We international community around the idea of imposing sanctions on South Africa. We express the hope that our Assemb~y will be able during this session to decide on express the hope that our Assemb~y will be able during this session to decide on appropriate sanctions to compel the Government of South Africa to resPect the rule appropriate sanctions to compel the Government of SOuth Africa to resPect the rule of the majority and the fundamental rights of the human person. of the majority and the fundamental rights of the human person. Eight years have elapsed since the Security Council adopted resolution Eight years have elapsed since the Security Council adopted resolution 435 (1978), which established a plan for the peaceful and democratic settlement of 435 (1978), which established a plan for the peaceful and democratic settlement of the Namibian problem. Here again, the Pretoria regime has contrived to erect the Namibian problem. Here again, the Pretoria regime has contrived to erect obstacles to prevent the implementation of the united Nations plan which was to obstacles to prevent the implementation of the united Nations plan which was to lead Namibia to independence. The Kingdom of Morocco reiterates its unreserved lead Namibia to independence. The Kingdom of Morocco reiterates its unreserved support for our Namibian brothers and cells upon the international community to support for our Namibian brothers and cells upon the international community to redouble its efforts to hasten the liberation of Namibia from SOuth Africa's redouble its efforts to hasten the liberation of Namibia from SOuth Africa's illegal occupation. illegal occupation. (Mr. Filal!, Morocco) (Mr. Filal!, Morocco) FOr 40 years the Middle Bast has been the theatre of bloody conflicts For 40 years the Middle East has been the theatre of bloody conflicts seriously endangering international peace and secu.'rity. However, that region, the seriously endangering international peace and secu,'rity. However, that region, the cradle of the revealed religions and the part of the world where civilization has cradle of the revealed religions and the part of the world where civilization has flourished from time immemorial, has always been a land of coexistence among all flourished from time immemorial, has always been a land of coexistence among all the children of Abraham. Jews and Arabs have lived there on perfectly good terms, the children of Abraham. Jews and Arabs have lived there on perfectly good terms, contributing through their common genius to the enrichment and flcurishing of the contributing through their common genius to the enrichment and flcurishing of the heritage of human civilization. This model of harmonious relations between Jews heritage of human civilization. This model of harmonious relations between Jews and Arabs prevailed for centu~ie8. th~oU9hout the A~ab-Islamic world. In Morocco and Arabs prevailed for centu~ie8. th~oU9hout the A~ab-Islamic world. In Morocco particularly, this coexistence was strengthened over the centuries and has been particularly, this coexistence was strengthened over the centuries and has been maintained intact to this day, with tolerance and respect for the differences maintained intact to this day, with tolerance and respect for the differences between Jews and Muslims in Morocco, bound by their common conmitment to being between Jews and Muslims in Morocco, bound by their common coltlllitment to being Moroccan and to the sacred values of the nation. Moroccan and to the sacred values of the nation. Thus we can only deplQ~e the fact that the t~agedy created in the Middle East Thus we can only deplQ~e the fact that the t~agedy created in the Middle East over the past 40 years ana the vicissitudes experienced in the region in that time over the past 40 years ana the vicissitudes experienced in the region in that time have exacerbated the antagonisms to the point where people have come to believe have exacerbated the antagonisms to the point where people have come to believe that any coexistence between Jews and Arabs is out of tt~e question. However, an that any coexistence between Jews and Arabs is out of the question. However, an effort of imagination should.make it possible to overcome existing obstacles and to effort of imagination should make it possible to overcome existing obstacles and to lead to a return to the original harmony which formerly permitted the children of lead to a return to the original harmony which formerly permitted the children of Abraham to contribute together to the building of one of the most brilliant Abraham to contribute together to the building of one of the most brilliant civilizations of the Mediterranean world. civilizations of the Mediterranean world. For this to happen, Israel must come to its senses and realize that its own For this to happen, Israel must come to its senses and realize that its own interests impel it to put an end to its intransigent attitude, which undermines the interests impel it to put an end to its intransigent attitude, which undermines the path to peace. It is undeniable that this objective can be attained only if Israel path to peace. It is undeniable that this objective can be attained only if Israel recognizes all the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, in particular its recognizes all the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, in particular its right to return to its homeland and its right to the establishment of its own State. right to return to its homeland and its right to the establishment of its own State. (Mr. PilaU, Morocco) (Mr. PilaU, MorOCCo) It is also undeniuble that to";e establishm..nt of peace requires ,!i thdrawal from all It is Cilso Uiideuiable thCit the establisl'u::ent of peace requires ,!i thdrawal from all the occupied Arab territories. The solut:ion of the tragic problem of the Middle the occupied Arab territories. The solut:ion of the tragic problem of the Middle East would enable the peoples of the region to reccwer the spirit of W'lderstanding East would enable the peoples of the region to reccwer the spirit of W'lderstanding and the foundations of their ancestral symbiosis, a soUrce of progress and renewed and the foundations of their ancestral symbiosis, a soUrce of progress and renewed prosperity in that part of the world. This vision of the future is enbodied in the prosperity in that part of the world. This vision of the future is enbodied in the Arab peace plan adopted unanimously at Fez in 1982, which established the most Arab peace plan adopted unanimously at Fez in 1982, which established the most appropriate principles for a. just and lasting settlement of the Arab-Israeli appropriate principles for a. just and lasting settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict. conflict. Hence we regret that this realistic and constructive step, which has met with Hence we regret that this realistic and constructive step, which has met with broad apprOl7al, has so far, WlfortWlately, been blocked by Israel. broad apprcwal, has so far, unfortunately, been blocked by Israel. We consider that it is the duty of the international colI'IUunity to pursue its We consider that it is the duty of the international colllllunity to pursue its effor ts to br ing about an age of peace in tha t part of the world. To achieve th is, effor ts to br ing about an age of peace in tha t part of the world. To achieve th is , several formulas have been put forward in search of a comprehensive solution for several formulas have been put forward in search of a comprehensive solution for the Israeli-Arab problem. Reference has been made to an interational conference or the Israeli-Arab problem. Reference has been made to an interational conference or a pt:eparatory conunittee, as well as the possibility of an international forum. As a peeparatory conunittee, as well as the possibility of an international forum. As far as we are concerned, we believe that pragmatism and realism should guide us in far as we are concerned, we believe that pragmatism and realism should guide us in our quest for peace and stabUi~' in that troubled region. Any solution which has our quest for peace and stabUi~' in that troubled region. Any solution which has the support of the' parties and the principal Powers concerned will enjoy our full the support of the' parties and the pr incipal Powers concerned will enjoy our full support. support. We feel th~t an international conference br inging together the countr ies We feel thc:t an international conference bringing together the countr ies concerned, the Palestine Liberatial Organization, which as the sole legitimate concerned, the Palestine Liberation Organization, which as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people is alooe able to make the necessary representative of the Palestinian people is alooe able to make the necessary commitments, and also the Powers with vital interests in the region and world commitments, and also the Powers with vital interests in the region and world responsibilities would constitute an appropriate forum for the search for and responsibilities would constitute an appropriate forum for the search for and implementation of a canprehensive peace plcm for the Middle East. implementation of a canprehensive peace plcm for the Middle East. (Hr. Pila1i, Mor.occo) (Mr. Pila1i, Mor.occo) Morocco and Lebanon are linked by so many ties and affinities. We share with Morocco and Lebanon are linked by so many ties and affinities. We share with that brother Arab country common roots in history and the SaRe commitment to the that brother Arab country common roots in history and the SaRe commitment to the values of democracy and respect for fundamental freedcu. Therefore we must values of democracy and respect for fundamental freedcu. Therefore we must reiterate once again our grave concern at the tragic situation and upheaval that reiterate once again our grave concern at the tragic situation and upheaval that have prevailed in Lebanon for a decade. The tragedy experienced ~ this brother have prevailed in Lebanon for a decade. The tragedy experienced ~ this brother country is exacerbatet by foreign interference and the presence of forei~n troops. country is exacerbatet by foreign interference and the presence of forei~n troops. We are convinced that the Lebanese people are capable of finding a solution to We are convinced that the Lebanese people are capable of finding a solution to their problems within a national framewock that they are capable of recovering their problems within a national framewock that they are capable of recovering their cohesion and unity, provided that an end is put to all occupation of the their cohesion and unity, provided that an end is put to all occupation of the territory by foreign armed forces. territory by foreign armed forces. The continuation of the fratricidal war between two members of our The continuation of the fratricidal war between two members of our Organization, Iraq and Iran, is a matter of grave source to us. That conflict, Organization, Iraq and Iran, is a matter of grave source to us. That conflict, which has lasted all too long, has already cost considerable loss of life and which has lasted all too long, has already cost considerable loss of life and threatens at any time to spread its destruction to the entire Gulf region. threatens at any time to spread its destruction to the entire Gulf region. Nevertheless, there has been no lack of attempts at mediation to put an end to it. Nevertheless, there has been no lack of attempts at mediation to put an end to it. The united Nations, the Islamic Conference and the Movement of Non-Aligned The united Nations, the Islamic Conference and the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries have endeavoured to convince the two warring parties of the need for an Countries have endeavoured to convince the two warring parties of the need for an immediate end to hostilities and for a peaceful settlement to their dispute. We immediate end to hostilities and for a peaceful settlement to their dispute. We must acknowledge that Iraq has shown its good will and has agreed on many occasions must acknowledge that Iraq has shown its good will and has agreed on many occasions to commit itself to a process of negotiated settlement. We hope that the Islamic to commit itself to a process of negotiated settlement. We hope that the Islamic Republic of Iran will finally heed the many appeals made to it. Wisdom, the voice RepUblic of Iran will finally heed the many appeals made to it. Wisdom, the voice of reason and the enlightened salf-interest of all peoples in the region so require. of reason and the enlightened ealf-interest of all peoples in the region so require. The denial to some countries of their right to choose freely their political, The denial to some countries of their right to choose freely their political, economic and social systen, manifested in outside interference and foreign economic and social systen, manifested in outside interference and foreign occupation, is yet another source of tension in international relations. occupation, is yet another source of tension in international relations. (Mr. Filal!, Morocco) (Mr. Filal!, Morocco) Th.e ~i1l!9dom of Morocco: which stalwartly defends full respect for Th.e ~!..l!9dom of Morocco= which stalwartly defends full respect for independence, territorial integrity and the sovereign equality of States, makes an independence, territorial integrity and the sovereign equality of States, lIakes an urgent appeal for the evacuation of foreign troops frOll Afghanistan so that that urgent appeal for the evacuation of foreign troops frOll Afghanistan so that that country may regain its original role as a non-aligned, free and sovereign country. country may regain its original role as a non-aligned, free and sovereign country. The efforts of the secretary-General of our Organization to bring about a peaceful The efforts of the secretary-General of our Organization to bring about a peaceful settlement of that problem deserve our encouragement and support. settlement of that problem deserve our encouragement and support. My country deeply deplores the continued occupation of the territory of My country deeply deplores the continued oceupation of the territory of Democratic Kampuchea. We re!!lain eonvin!:ed of the need for the withdrawal of the Democratic Kampuehea. We re!!!ain convinced of the need for the withdrawal of the Vietnamese troops so as to allow for a peaceful settlement of that prnblem and for Vietnamese troops so as to allow for a peaceful settlement of that prnbleJll and for the establishment of a lasting peace in South-East Asia~ the establishment of a lasting peace in South-East Asia~ External interference has also seriously disturbed stability in Central External interference has also seriously disturbed stability in Central America. Morocco hails the efforts of the countries concerned to establish America. Morocco hails the efforts of the countries concerned to establish regional joint efforts and eliminate interference in their internal affairs. It is regional joint efforts and eliminate interference in their internal affairs. It is inCUMbent upon the international community to support and encourage the efforts of incuMbent upon the international coamunity to support and encourage the efforts of the Contadora Group to set up the machinery fo~ d peaceful solution, based on the Contadora Group to set up the machinery fo~ d peaceful solution, based on respect for national sovereignty and for the tet~itorial integrity of all States in resPeCt for national sovereignty and for the te~~itorial integrity of all States in the region. the region. As regards what has COl!le to be called the auestion of the Western Sahara, my As regards what has come to be called the auestion of the Western Sahara, my delegation has on many occasions in the past 10 years presented to this Assembly delegation has on many occasions in the past 10 years presented to this Assembly the various aspects of that problem. I should like, however, to recall the most the variaus aspects of that problem. I should like, however, to recall the rtlOst recent d~velopments in that issue, and more sPecifically, the peace initiative recent d~velopments in that issue, and more specifically, the peace initiative undertaken by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. For indeed the Kingdom undertaken by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. For indeed the Kingdom of Morocco, like all the other parties concerned, received a letter, dated of Morocco, like all the other parties concerned, received a letter, dated 20 March 1986, in which Mr. Perez de Cuellar proposed: 20 March 1986, in which Mr. Perez de Cuellar proposed: (Mr. Filal!, Mo~occo) (Mr. Filal!, Mo~occo) -to begin in New York on 9 April 1986, under his own auspices and with the -to begin in New York on 9 April 1986, under his own auspices and with the ~~esence of the personal representative of Ris Excellency Mr. A~lOU Diouf, ~~esence of the personal representative of Ris Excellency Mr. A~lOU Diouf, President of Senegal and cu~rent President of the Organization ol African President of Senegal and cu~rent President of the Organization ol African Unity, negotiations with a view to establishing a cease-~'te and organizing a Unity, negotiations with a view to establishing a cease-~'te and organizing a referendum in the Western Sahara, pursuant to the relevant ~esolutions of the referendum in the Western sahara, pursuant to the relevant ~eso1utions of the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations. It is to be understood Organization of African Unity and the united Nations. It is to be understood that those negotiations will take place separately between the partil"'J to the that those negotiations will take place separately between the parti~'j to the conflict,- conflict,- All the parties concerned responded favourably and in writing to this appeal by All the parties concerned responded favourably and in writing to this appeal by agreeing to tb~ framework and to the objective proposed. agreeing to tb~ framework and to the objective proposed. Consequently, the united Nations began to deal with that problem and on that Consequently, the United Nations began to deal with that problem and on that basis two series of negotiations took place in New York in April and May of 1986 in basis two series of negotiations took place in New York in April and May of 1986 in the Office of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, following which the Office of the Secretary-Genera1 of the United Nations, following which Mr. Perez de Cuellar submitted to the parties a memorandum setting forth precise Mr. Perez de Cuel1ar submitted to the parties a memorandum setting forth precise questions concerning the overall aspects of a referendum. I should like to inform questions concerning the overall aspects of a referendum. I should like to inform this Assembly that the Kingdom of Morocco has officially and solemnly agreed to the this Assembly that the Ringdom of Morocco has officially and solemnly agreed to the organization of a referendum for self-determination, monitored and safeguarded by organization of a referendum for self-determination, monitored and safeguarded by the united Nations. the united Nations. The Kingdom of Morocco has therefore participated, and will continue to The Kingdom of Morocco has therefore participated, and will continue to participate, sinoerely and in a constructive spirit, in the process of good offices participate, sinoerely and in a constructive spirit, in the process of good offices undertaken by the secretary-General. Ris Majesty King Hassan solemnly confirmed to undertaken by the Secretary-General. ais Majesty King Hassan solemnly confirmed to him, during the Secretary-General's visit to Morocco on 15 and 16 July of this him, during the Secretary-Genera1's visit to Morocco on 15 and 16 July of this year, that that was the case. Morocco believes that this process deserves the year, that that was the case. Morocco believes that this process deserves the support of all peace-loving countries, for it is part and parcel of the basic support of all peace-loving countries, for it is part and parcel of the basic principles ~f our Organization, to wit, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the principles ~f our Organization, to wit, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the right of peoples to self-determination. We should then encourage the right of peoples to self-determination. We should then encourage the Secretary-General of the united Nations and the current President of the Secretary-Ganeral of the United Nations and the current President of the (Hr. PilaH, MorocCO) (Mr. PilaU, Morocco) Organiz~tion of African unity ~ continue their efforts to bring about a just and Organiz~tion of African Unity ~ continue their efforts to bring about a just and final solution to that problem. We hope that solution will lead to harmony and final solution to that problem. We hope that solution will lead to harmony and dialogue, which have always been inherent in sub-Saharan relations and without dialogue, Which have always been inherent in sub-Saharan relations and without which our region will remain prey to upheavals and foreign designs. which our region will remain prey to upheavals and foreign designs. As a Mediterranean country, bordering on the important marit~e navigati~n As a Mediterranean country, bordering on the important marit~e navigati~n route of the Gibraltar Straits, Morocco attaches special importance to the route of the Gibraltar Straits, Morocco attaches special importance to the maintenance of peace and stability in the Mediterranean. My country will spare no maintenance of peace and stability in the Mediterranean. My country will spare no effort to transform the Mediterranean region into a zone of peace, security and effort to transform the Mediterranean region into a zone of peace, security and co-operation, free from any tension or confrontation. In our view, co-operation co-operation, free from any tension or confrontation. In our view, co-operation and joint efforts among the countries in the north and those to the south of the and joint efforts among the countries in the north and those to the south of the Mediterranean are an excellent way to achieve that objective. Mediterranean are an excellent way to achieve that objective. Over recent years terrorism has continued to wreak havoc the world over. That Over recent years terrorism has continued to wreak havoc the world over. That criminal scourge endangers and destroys innocent human lives. It seriously criminal scourge endangers and destroys innocent human lives. It seriously endangers the fundamental freedoms of the human person and the stability of endangers the fundamental freedoms of the human person and the stability of States. Morocco, which has always opposed all practices contrary to the universal States. Morocco, which has always opposed all practices contrary to the universal values of human civilization, condemns the use of terrorism whatever its provenance. values of human civilization, condemns the use of terrorism whatever its provenance. (Mr. Filali, Morocco) (Mr. Filali, MorOCCO) My delegation welcomes the increased awareness the world mer of a need to My delegation welcomes the increased awareness the world OI7er of a need to colllbat this evil. We would recall in this connection that Arab leaders meeting at col1lbat this evil. We would recall in this connection that Arab leaders meeting at the special Summit Meeting in Casablal'\ca in August 1985 vigorously denounced the special Summit Meeting in Casablal'\ca in August 1985 vigorously denounced terrorism in all its forms and origins. we are pleased that last year the terror ism in all its forms and or i9ins. we are pleased that last year the international commmity expressed its belief in the need to heighten the awareness international commmity expressed its belief in the need to heighten the awareness of world public opiniQl as to the dangers of this grave scourge and to increase of world public opiniQl as to the dangers of this grave scourge and to increase international co-operation so as to put an end to acts of terrorism and their international co-operation so as to put an end to acts of terrorism and their under lying causes. underlying causes. Since its inception the United Nations has attached great im(X)rtance to the Since its inception the United Nations has attached great im(X)rtance to the issue of disarmament. Aware of the close links which exist between security of issue of disarmament. Aware of the close links which exist between security of States, developnent and disarmament, we have continued to work for the adoption of States, developnent and disarmament, we have continued to work for the adoption of concrete measures which might put an end to the unbridled arms race. concrete measures which might put an end to the unbridled arms race. It is regrettable to note that the stockpiling of armanents, already at levels It is regrettable to note that the stockpiling of armanents, already at levels which threaten the very survival of mankind, is increasing, and this only heightens which threaten the very survival of mankind, is increasing, and this only heightens our legitimate concern. our legitimate concern. The frenetic arms race causes colossal expenditures amounting annually to The frenetic arms race causes colossal expenditures amounting annually to hlUldreds of billions of dollars, at a time when two thirds of the world p::>pulation hWldreds of billions of dollars, at a time when two thirds of the world p::>pulation is liVing in (X)verty, squalor and underdevelopnent. In this connection, we regret is liVing in (X)verty, squalor and underdevelopnent. In this connection, we regret the fact that the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament the fact that the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Developnent, scheduled for last July, was not held. we note, unfortunately, and Developnent, scheduled for last July, was not held. We note, unfortunately, that the aim of general and canplete disarmament tmder effective in terna tional that the aim of general and canplete disarmament Wlder effective in terna tional control, which we set for ourselves, is nowhere near achievement. control, which we set for ourselves, is nowhere near achievement. The Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the only body for mu!tilateral The Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the only body for mu!tilateral negotiatioos, is deadlocked and finds itself unable to produce an international negotiatioos, is deadlocked and finds itself unable to produce an international instrument Ql priority questions of disarmament, particularly in the sphere of instrument Ql priority questions of disarmament, particularly in the sphere of nuclear disarmament and chemical weapons. nuclear disarmament and chemical wea(X)ns. (!:!!... Filali, Moll:' OCCO) (Mr. Filali. Mot'occo) Within the framework of bilateral negotiations we are now witnessing an Within the framework of bilateral negotiations we are now witnessing an eXchange of proposals and counterproposals on both sides, especially in the sphere exchange of proposals and counterproposals on both sides, especially in the sphere of nuclear disarmament. of nuclear disarmament. The contacts and meetings which took place recently be~een representatives of The contacts and meetings which took place recently be~een representatives of the two major Powers, especially those held in Geneva and Moscow, give us further the two major Powers, especially those held in Geneva and Moscow, give us further hope for a forthOJming Soviet-American sumnit meetin{ vith tangible results in the hope for a forthcoming Soviet-American sUllIIIit meetin~ vith tangible results in the sphere of disarmament. sphere of disarmament. WhUl we consider the international eOJnomic situation we observe that the WhUl we consider the international economic situation we observe that the world is going through a period of great confusion. A cumulative process of world is going through a period of great confusion. A cumulative process of leng-lasting er is is is developing without any agreement being reached either en the lcng-Iasting er isis is developing without any agreement being reached ei ther 00 the gravity of the symptoms or on the adequate therapeutic means to be applied. gravity of the symptoms or on the adequate therapeutic means to be applied. Therefore, the objective of the new internatienal order has beOJme a subject Therefore, the objective of the new internatiooal order has become a subject of caltempt, the Charter of economic rights and duties of States has been opposed; of cootempt, the Charter of economic rights and duties of States has been opposed; the international developnent strategy disregarded; multilateral OJ-operatioo the international developnent strate9Y disregarded; multilateral co-operation weakened; the very uniqueness of underdevelopment as a typical phenomenon of nodern weakened; the very lD'liqueness of underdevelopment as a typical phenomenon of nodern times has been systematically denied. Even though we live in a shrinking and times has been systematically denied. Even though we live in a shrinking and increasingly interdependent world, the major developed countries cootinue to prefer increasingly interdependent world, the major developed countries cootinue to prefer piecemeal measures to global and lasting solutions. piecemeal measures to global and lasting solutions. Their trade and technological canpeti tial goes hand in hand wi th the Their trade and technological canpetitioo goes hand in hand wi th the divergence of their IOOnitoring initiatives and budetary programnes, with the divergence of their monitoring initiatives and budetary progranmes, with the resulting adoption of economic policies incanpatible with development requirements. resulting adoption of economic policies incanpatible with development requirements. It is Widely reOJgnized that the economic crisis is world wide. It is It is widely recognized that the economic crisis is world wide. It is neither a cyclical phenomenon nor mere happenstance but rather the result of deeply nei ther a cyclical phenomenon nor mere happenstance bu t rather the result of deeply rooted structural inadequacies. It is rooted in the close relationship which rooted structural inadequacies. It is rooted in the close relationship which exists between monetary, financial, trade rela tions and development prospects. It exists between monetary, financial, trade relations and development prospects. It is characterized especially by the unbearable weight of a growing and virtually is characterized especially by the unbearable weight of a growing and virtually (Hr. Filal!, fibrooco) (Mc. Filall, Morocco) insoluble indebtedness, by the considerable drop in the price of COIIIIIDdities, the insoluble indebtedness, by the considerable drop in the price of COIllIlDdities, the grave deter ioration in the terms of tradP., increased protectionist policies and a grave deterioration in the terms of tradP., increased protectionist policies and a reverse transfer of resources. reverse transfer of resources. T~e crisis of external indebtedness, in particular, will not be satisfactorily T~e cr isis of external indebtedness, in par Ucular, will not be satisfactor ily solved for the developed creditors or the developing debtocs and international solved for the developed creditors or the developing debtocs and international financial and banking institutions without, first, a massive transfer of resources financial and banking institutions without, first, a massive transfer of resources of all types towards the developing countries ~ seccndly, wi thout a common cCIDpai 90 of all types towards the developing countries~ seccndly, without a comDIm canpaign against protectionism and restr ictive business practices~ thirdly, without adequate against protectionism and restrictive business practices~ thirdly, witt.out adequate stabilization in commdity markets ~ and four thly, wi thout ne'" forms of debt stabilization in commdity markets ~ and four thly, wi thout ne~ forms of debt rescheduling and terms and conditions based on growth and the developnent reScheduling and terms and conditions based on growth and the developnent strategies of the debtor countries. strategies of the debtor countries. Finally, we must add that the debt crisis cannot be reduced without a new Finally, we must add that the debt crisis cannot be reciJced without a new substantial decrease in interest rates in real terms, which in the past decade have substantial decrease in interest rates in real terms, which in the past decade have reached reoord figures, and without a stabilization of exchange rates whose reached record figures, and without a stabilization of exchange rates whose excessive fluctuations have been exacerbating the uncertainty of the Jorld economic excessive fluctuations have been exacerbating the uncertainty of the Jorld ecmomic envirOIlment. environment. As loog as these questions are not considered in a conprehensive and As loog as these questions are not considered in a comprehensive and integrated way, the activities of some will be constantly offset by the reaction of integrated way, the activities of some will be constantly offset by the reaction of others, without the slightest chance of a renewal of growth, investment and others, without the slightest chance of a renewal of growth, investment and development. development. The Kingdom of Morocco therefore believes that the c::o~rdination of economic The Kingdom of Morocco therefore believes that the c::o~rdination of economic policies amoog developed countries and the caupatibUity of such policies with policies amCXlg developed countries and the caupatibUity of such policies with developnent requirements would be greatly facilitated by the establishment of a developnent requirements would be greatly facilitated by the establishment of a multilateral monitoring machinery which would, in a symmetrical and equitable way, multilateral monitoring machinery which would, in a symmetrical and equitable way, find comprehensive and joint solutions to the distressing problem of widespread find comprehensive and joint solutions to the distressing problem of widespread crisis, growth and development. Despite the crisis of multilateralism, there is no cr is is, growth and development. Despite the cr is is of mul tila teral ism, th ere is no (Mr. Filali, ~rocco) (Mr. PilaU, J1brocco) reasoo for the tl'lited Nations, in its wor:k and deliberaJtions being unable to help reasoo ior the United Nations, in its week and deliberations being unable to help decide on broad avs and means for the convening of a conference on a reform of the decide 00 broad avs and means for the convening of a conference on a reform of the international financial and mooetary system which might guarantee the intera;t of international financial and mooetary system which might guarantee the intere.;t of all and more specifically those of the developing worlo. all and more specifically those of the developing worla. Prosper!ty for ooe region at the expense of another is less and less poss ible Prosperity for ooe region at the expense of another is less and less possible without jeopardizing the foundations of our comnon future. without jeopardizing the foundations of our comnon future. As for the thi.rteenth special session of the General AssetIbly on the Critical As for the tbirteenth special session of the General AsseJIbly on the Critical Economic Situatioo in Africa, even though it may be too early to evaluate all of Economic Situatioo in Africa, even though it may be too early to evaluate all of its implications, our feeling remains that a cautious policy of support and vague its implications, our feeling remains that a cautious policy of support and vague promises made by the i~ternational conmunity were not on a par ~ith our comnon promises made by the in.ternational conmunity were not on a par ~ith our comnon responsibility, nor with the tragedy of a sorely tried cootinent. The enormous responsibility, nor with the tragedy of a sorely tried ccntinent. The enormous commitment in concrete, precise terms, which is the African act of faith, has not commitment in concrete, precise terms, which is the African act of faith, has not had an impact on the needs of a cootinent wallowing in its debts which- must face had an impact on the needs of a cootinent wallowing in its debts which must face the most ser ious obstacles at each and every step of its developnent process. The the most Ser ious obstacles at each and every step of its developnent process. The Food and Agricul tural Organization (FW) predicts that in th is region, by the year Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) predicts that in this region, by the year 2000: 2000: "There miS:'1t be massive and repea ted famine; impor ts of foodstuffs might "There might be massive and repeated famine~ imports of foodstuffs might reduce even the most prosperous African Sta tes to bankruptcy and many reduce even the most prosperous African Sta tes to bankruptcy and many countries will find themselves at the limit of survival." countries will find themselves at the limit of survival.· At a time when some do not hesitate to call Africa "the lost cootinent", we, on the At a time when some do not hesitate to call Africa "the lost cootinent", we, on the contrary, would like to hail the courageous efforts made by our continent in its contrary, would like to hail the courageous efforts made by our continent in its struggle for recovery, development and dignity. Morocco, at any rate, hopes that struggle for recCNery, development and digni ty. Morocco, at any ra te, hopes tha t international comnitments will meet African needs, as regards the mobilization of international comnitments will meet Afr ican needs, as regards the mobilization of financial resources, the development of technical capacity, the relieving of the financial resources, the development of technical capacity, the relieving of the external debt burden and its servicing within an appropriate international external debt burden and its servicing within an appropriate internatiooal institution. institution. (!:!or. Pilali, Morocco) (Hr. Pilali, Morocco) Our v«ld (kgani:ation is t."1e only one in the WOE'ld where peoples can fcxge a Our ,,«ld (kgani:ation is t.'1e only me in the wcxld where peoples can fcxge a pact of solidarity to overooJle the dangers and tragedies facing mankind.. pact of solidarity to overooJle the dangers and tragedies facing mankind. Our differences and the variety of our problems and ideas should not be an Our differences and the variety of our probleDlS and ideas should not be an obstacle to our living together and to the establishment of true co~peratian among obstacle to our living together and to the establishment of true co~peratian among nations. we Dust draw upon the principles and ideals of the Charter for the nations. we must draw upon the principles and ideals of the Charter for the materials with which we must build a better, more supportive and more humane world materials with which we must build a better, 1IIOre supportive and more humane world were peace, security and progress for all mankind can prevail. were peace, security and progress for all mankind can prevail. The PRESmarr: I shall now call on representativeiiI ilho wish to exercise The PRESmarr: I shall nOif call on representativeiiol :lho wish to exercise the right of re-ply. I remind the Asseilbly that, in accordance with Gel"!eral the right of re-ply. I remind the As..,eRbly that, in accordance with Ge~eral Assembly decisiQ'l 34/401, the first statement in exezcise of the right of reply Assembly decisiQ'l 34/401, the first statement in exezcise of the right of reply should be limited to 10 minutes and the secQ'ld to five minutes, and that such should be limited to 10 minutes and the secQ'ld to five minutes, and that such statements should be made by delegations from their seats. statements should be made by delegations from their seats. Mr •. RA.ll\IE-KBlRASSANI (Islamic Republic of Ir an): I should like to Mr. RA.ll\IE-K9)RASSANI (Islamic Republic of Iran): I should like to exercise my r igbt of reply in order to elaborate a few points with regard to a exercise my right of reply in order to elaborate a few points with regard to a futile attempt made by the envoy of President saddam Takriti this morning in which futile attempt made by the envoy of President saddam Takriti this mocning in which he did his best to insult the intelligence of this international body. The envoy he did his best to insult the intelligence of this international body. The envoy of President saddam Takriti poured out a load of the lies to which every defeated of President saddam Takriti poured out a load of the lies to ~ich every defeated aggressor usually resorts. aggressor usually resorts. First, the envoy of President saddam, Mr. Yuhanna Tariq Aziz, seems to have First, the envoy of President saddam, Mr. Yuhanna Tariq Aziz, seems to have forgotten that on 17 septenber 1980, at an extraordinary session of the Iraqi forgotten that on 17 septenber 1980, at an extraordinary session of the Iraqi National Assembly, Saddam Russein unilaterally nullified the 6 March 1975 Algiers National Assembly, Saddam Hussein unilaterally nullified the 6 March 1975 Algiers Accord between Iran and Iraq, to which saddam Russein himself was a signatory. On Accord between Iran and Iraq, to ~ich saddam Hussein hilllSelf was a signatory. On that day saddam Takriti said: that day saddam Takriti said~ -I announce before you that we regard the 6 March 1975 Algiers Accord -I announce before you that we regard the 6 March 1975 Algiers Accord nulli fied, and declare it void." nullified, and declare it void." Tearing up the Accord on a televised broadcast to the entire Iraqi natiQ'l, the Tearing up the Accord on a televised broadcast to the entire Iraqi nation, the so-called Iraqi President declared: so-called Iraqi President declared: "This agreement pertained to a time when we were weak, and now that we are "This agreement pertained to a time when we were weak, and nOif that we are strQ'lg we no lQ'lger need it." strQ'lg we no looger need it." secondly, in order to offer his best servioes to the imperialist forces, secondly, in order to offer his best services to the imper ialist forces, President 8addam Takriti then launched his war of aggression against my cotmtry, on President saddam Takriti then launched his war of aggression against my colmtry, on 22 September 1980, with the intention of breaking down our beloved Islamic 22 September !!f80, with the intention of breaking down our beloved Islamic revolutiQ'l. Re attacked our revolution because it was, still is and will remain an revolutiat. He attacked our revolution because it was, still is and will remain an anti-imperialist, anti-Ziooist and anti-apartheid revolutiQ'l. anti-imperialist, anti-Ziooist and anti-apartheid revolutiat. (Mr. Rajaie-Khorassani, Islamic Republic of Iran) (Mr. Rajaie-Kborassani, Islamic Republic of Iran) Thirdly, President saddam Takriti. has forgotten - indeed, this morning his Thirdly, President saddam crakriti. bas forgotten - indeed, this morning his Envoy also forgot -. that they are hiding their aggressive, expansionist faces Envoy also forgot. -. that they are hiaing their aggressive, expansionist faces behind a peace-loving mask of deceit. That is a tactic to which every defeated behind a peace-loving mask of deceit. That is a tactic to tllhich every defeated aggressor usually resor ts. Be has also forgotten that for: at least two very aggressor usually resorts. Be has also forgotten that for: at least two very painful years important parts of Khuzestan, Bakhtaran, important areas of Loresta painful years important parts of Rhuzestan, Bakhtaran, important areas of Loresta and Azerbaijan - four important provinces of my country - were occupied by the and Azerbaijan - four important provinces of my country - were occupied by the Iraqi forces of aggression. The occupation was undertaken in an opportunistic, Iraqi forces of aggression. The occupation was undertaken in an opportunistic, dishCX1est, expansiCX1ist attempt; at a time when we were in a post-revolutionary dishooest, expansionist attempt; at a time when we were in a post-revolutionary disarray, had no army or police force, and were hardly able to naintain our own' . disarray, had no army or police force, and were hardly able to naintain our own' internal security against the counter-revolutiCX1ary forces backed by the United internal security against the counter-revolutionary forces backed by the United States and remnants of the monarchy regime. It was during that revolutionary States and remnants of the monarchy regime. It was during that revolutionary disarray that they invaded us. disarray that they invaded us. Fourthly, President saddam Takriti has forgotten that he assaulted a Fourthly, President saddam Takr iti has forgotten that he assaulted a revolution which, immediately after it embraced victory, closed the Zionist Enbassy revolution which, immediately after it embraced victory, closed the Zionist Enbassy established in Tehran during the Shah's time and replaced it with the Palestine established in Tehran during the Shah'S time and replaced it with the Palestine Enbassy wi th the Palestine flag hoisted atop the same building that had previously Enbassy wi th the Palestine flag hoisted atop the same building that had previously been given to the Zionist regime. Thus the Iraqi regime must have been been given to the Zionist regime. Thus the Iraqi regime must have been deliberately serving the ZiCX1ists in the region. deliberately serving the Ziooists in the region. Mr. Yuhanna 'l'ariq Aziz, the envoy of President saddam 'l'akriti, has also Mr. Yuhanna Tariq Aziz, the envoy of President saddam Takriti, has also forgotten that when they invaded our country the Iraqi Ministry of Information forgotten that ~en they invaded our country the Iraqi Ministry of Information published a book entitled "AI Ahwaz" in which they had already registered their published a book entitled "Ai Ahwaz" in which they had already registered their evil intention, in the form of a new map of the region which covers an important evil intention, in the form of a new map of the region tllhich covers an important part of my country with the names of the cities and villages changed according to part of my COWltry with the names of the cities and villages changed according to the taste and interest of President saddam Hussein. the taste and interest of President saddam Hussein. (Mr. Rajaie-Khorassani, Islamic Republic of Iran) (Mr. Rajaie-Khorassani, Islamic Republic of Iran) Here I should like to read out two quotations. iIlen the Iraqis occupied Here I should like to read out two quotations. iIlen the Iraqis occupied important parts of Jrf country cm 18 January 1981, they said that President sadda.'s important parts of Jrf country on 18 January 1981, they said that President saddam's comtry had reached its rightful borders with Iran - the same bOa7ders as he comtry had reached its rightful borders with Iran - the same bOa7ders as he predicted in his IlIAl Ahwaz-, the bcok published by them with a ne'4 map, new names ~edicted in his IlIAl Ahwaz-, the book published by them with a ne'4 map, new names and new designations - and that Iraq would nel7er withdraw from the position it was and new designations - and that Iraq would nEWer withdraw from the position it was then holding even if it meant that its armed forces had to remain in those areas then holding even if it meant that its armed forces had to remain in those areas for another 10 years. for another 10 years. On 22 January 1981, President saddall Bussein again declared in a meeting with On 22 January 1981, President saddall Russein again declared in a meeting with rank and file merrbers of his armed forces: rank and file menbers of his armed forces: -The Iraqi armed forces will never withdraw to pre-war borders with -The Iraqi armed forces will never withdraw to pre-war borders with Iran... The Iraqi armed forces are capable of penetrating into and canpletely Iran... The Iraqi armed forces are capable of penetrating into and caupletely occupying any part of Iran and levelling any city or town. B occupying any part of Iran and levelling any city or town. B As the Assembly knows, and as united Nations documents show, so many cities As the Assembly knows, and as United Nations documents show, so many cities were levelled by President Saddam Hussein's armies. were levelled by President Saddam Hussein's armies. The next point I should like to make is that the envoy of The next point I should like to make is that the envoy of President Saadam Hussein Takriti is not happy with the role of the United Nations President Saddam Hussein Takriti is not happy with the role of the United Nations regarding the imposed war. I would remind him that the Secretary-General, the regarding the imposed war. I would remind him that the Secretary-General, the Offices of the secretary-General, the Secretariat and the Security Council are all Offices of the Secretary-General, the Secretariat and the Security Council are all parts of the United Nations. The Offices of the Secretary-General have made great parts of the United Nations. The Offices of the Secretary-General have made great contributions to curbing - if not completely stopping, at least partially contributions to curbing - if not completely stopping, at least partially stopping - the chemical warfare of President Saddam Hussein against us. The stopping - the chemical warfare of President Saddam Russein against us. The Secretary-General was able to establish the moratorium of 12 June, which, like the Secretary-General was able to establish the moratorium of 12 June, which, like the 1975 agreement, was violated and abrogated by Saddam Hussein and never revived in 1975 agreement, was violated and abrogated by Saddam Russein and never revived in spite of the many appeals of the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General has made spite of the many appeals of the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General has made a great contribution to controlling Iraqi crime, such as the well-known war on a great contribution to controlling Iraqi crime, such as the well-known war on cities and attacks on civilians. The Secretary-General suggested his famous cities and attacks on civilians. The Secretary-General suggested his famous eight-point plan - eight-point plan -