A/PV.302 General Assembly

The list of speakers is closed; the general discussion is therefore also closed. Two delegations have asked to explain their vote and I shall call upon them in turn.

The Swedish delegation will vote for this important draft resolution as a whole, but it wishes to reiterate a reservation made by Sweden's Foreign Minister in the First Committee as far as section C is concerned. The Swedish delegation abstained from voting on that section since the question involved must be submitted for consideration in accordance with the usual constitutional procedure. This does not signify, however, that the Swedish Government opposes that part of the draft resolution. 24. Mr. BELAUNDE (Peru) (translated j1'om Spanish): The Peruvian delegation will vote wholeheartedly and advisedly, as it did in Committee, in . favour of the entire draft resolution which has been discussed. It will do so for reasons which I shall now enumerate. 25. The Peruvian delegation's attitude to the problem under discussion is not of recent date nor is it due to the Acheson plan: my delegation's position in this matter was settled at the discussions at San Francisco. This is the most categorical answer to those who think that we have been or are discussing measures of mere expediency, emergency measures dictated by the circumstances. The Peruvian delegation considered this problem at San Francisco from an essentially legal standpoint. 26. It is obvious, from the Dumbarton Oaks principles, that it was then believed that practical and effective enforcement measures should be within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Security Council. That was the intention of t~e authors of the Dumbarton Oaks principles, but that IS not what was decided at San Francisco. Before a vote is taken, it is proper that this should be stated here emphatically, as being the absolute truth. ' 27. A distinction must be made between the spirit and the ideas prevailing at Dumbarton Oaks, and the spirit prevailing at San Francisco and the principles adopted there. The small nations, knowing perfectly well that the Council might be paralysed when it should take action, demanded that such inability to act should be noted and reported to the Assembly. Their demand that the Assembly should be acquainted with the Council's frustration was not based on theoretical or abstract considerations; it was based on the premise that it was essential that the Assembly should recover full jurisdiction in order to fulfil its responsibility for the maintenance of peace. 28. We said this categorically and we based ourselves on this argument in urging that the Council's inability to act should he noted in cases where, under the Dumadde~ : uIt was essential that the Powers desiring to use the rIght of veto as. a means of gaining political advantage~ sh<?ul~ know for cerfain t~at the Assembly, under the .Irr~slsbble pressure of pubhc opinion, would always deCIde 10 favour of those Powers which were determined to support just solutions for the maintenance of peace." 31. Thus as long ago as 1945 I warned that if the Council ~~re p~r~lysed, the Assembly would be obliged, under an IrresIstIble pressure", to assume the responsibility conferred upon it by the Charter and to support those members of the Security Council which favoured the solution whose adoption had been prevented by the veto of a single Power. 32. , I! i~ obvious t~at t~e text which we are going to adopt 15 In conformIty wIth the spirit and letter of the Charter. I shall not dwell further on that point since I am simp!y explaining my vote, but I must adcL in this explanatIon, that we shall not be conferring any new powers upon the Assembly. The. representative of Canada ha~ made it very clear that there is no question of destroymg the powers of the Council' nor is there any question of revoking Articles 33 a~d 36 of the C~arter. In exercising its new functions, the Assembly wIll ?av~ to respect Articles 33 and 36 of the Charter and It wdl h~ve to respect existing law. Nothing in this dr~ft .resolutIon can run counter to existing law or to the prmclple that p:eced~nce must b.e given to the peaceful me~tls of settbng dIsputes whIch are laid down in regIOnal arrangements or established in the Charter. 33: T~us, anot~er a~gument explaining. my vote is thIs: thIS resolutIon wIll ensUre that the Charter is ful- , filled and, although ~his. may .seem paradoxical, will strengthen the Secunty Councd.For the Council has been. weakened by. a f~lse idea which was in reality a C0!1s1stent m9ral vIolatIon of the spirit.of the Charter-- this converSIon of the unanimity rule into the right of 39. I should like to t.ake this opportunity to repeat that our country will '\Tiote wholeheartedly for the draft resolution as a whole, because it is a measure which will give the United Nations the necessary and indispensable efficacy as well as putting its decisions on a more demo- L," See Belaunde; V. A., La COl'tferencia de San Francisco tma, Talleres Graficos de la Editorial Lumen S.A 1945' pages 48 and 49. .; ... t~e world. I say that because my country cannot recog'" ntze one member OH, that propbsed commission. I have leafned from one /.)£ the eminent sponsors of the draft resolution that it is not meant that all the members of the co~m~ssion to their terdto~es. We certainly are una1Ple to InVIte to our country one member among the fo,'Ltrteen mentioned, because we do not recognize it. 47. The PRESIDENT (translated from French) :We shall now vote on the draft resolutions 'submitted t(j the General Assembly. I shall take the vote on these draft resolutions section by section. We shall also have to take action on the amendments which have been submitted. Only the USSR delegation has submitted ~~mend­ ments [A/1465 and A/1466]. I shall first take a vote on the amendments to a particular section ~ltld' then I shall put the section itself to the vote. 1shall ask the de:legation of the Soviet Union to· help me by telling me if I make an~ er~or or omission with regard' to the am(~ndments which It has submitted. 48. .We shall begin with the preamble to th~'first draft resolution submitted by the First Co~mittee [A/1456]. 49. I put to the vote the USSR amendment [A/1465, I, paragraph 1] calling for the deletion of the fourth recital, beginning with the words "Recalling its resolution 290 (IV) .. ." ' The amendment was reje~ted by 49 votes to 5, with 5 abstentions. . , . 50. The PRESIDENT (tra1~slated from French) :. I put to the vote the USSR amendment [A/1465, I, paragraph 2] calling for the deletion, in the fifth recital1 of the words "and to exercise restraint in the use of the veto". . The amendment was rejected by 45 votes to 5, with 5 abstentions. 51. The PRESIDENT (translated from French) :,1 put to the vote the USSR amendment [A/1465, I, paragraph 3] calling for the replacement, in the sixth recital, of the words "and desiring to ensure that, pending the conclusion of such agreements, the United Nations has at its disposal means for maintaining international peace and security", by the words "and taking into account the obligation to implement' Article 106 of the Charter". The amendment was rejected by 45 votes to 5, with 5 abstentions. . 52: The PRESIDENT (translated from French): I put to the vote the USSR amendment [A/1465,I,paragraph 4] calling for the deletion of the seventh, eighth and ninth recitals. Th? amendment was reJected by 52 votes to 5, with 2 abstenUol1s. . 53. The PRESIDENT (translated from Fre1;ch) : I put to the vote the preamble to the first draft resolution. The preamble was adopted by 53 votes to 5. 54. The PRESIDENT (translated from French): \Ve .now come to section A of the first draft resolution. The delegation of the Soviet Union has submitted three amendments to thissectiott. 55. I put to the vote'the USSR amendment [A/1465, I, paragraph 5] calling for the replacement, in paragraph 1, of the words "to making appropriate recommenda.. tions to Members for collective 'measures, i~c1uding in

The amendments submitted by the delegation of the Soviet Union to section D [A/1465, I, paragraph 8] are of the Same kind; they call for the deletion of paragraphs 11, 12 and 13 of the draft resolution, in other words, of section D. I therefore put section D as a whole to the vote. Section D was adopted by 49 votes to 5, with 3 abstentions. 62. The PRESIDENT (translated from French): No a.mendments have been submitted to section E. I therefore put that section to th$ vote. Section' E was adopted by 54 votes to none, w#h 1 abstention. 63. The PRESIDENT (translated from Frenf':h): We now come to the annex to the first draft resolution. The amendment was rejected by 48 votes to 5, with 5 abstentions. '. 64. The PRESIDENT (translated from French): I put to the vote the USSR amendment [A/1465, Il, paragraph 1] calling for the deletion, in paragraph 1, of th~ words "on the vote of any seven members thereof". The amendment was rejected by 48 votes to 5, with 5 abst~ntions. . 65. The PRESIDENT (translated from French):· I put to the vote the USSR amendment [A/1465, 11, paragraph 1] calling for the deletion, in paragraph 1, of the words "expressed by vote in the Interim Committee or otherwise". The amendment was rejected by 40 votes to 6, with 4 abstentions. ' 66. The PRESIDENT (translated from French): I put to the vote the USSR amendmeJ;1t [A/1465, II, paragraph 2] calling for the replacement, in paragraph 3, of the words "twelve hours" by the words "ten days". The amendment was rejected by 44 votes to 6, with 4 abstentions. 67. The PRESIDENT (translated from French): I put to the vote the annex to the first draft resolution as a whole. The annex was adopted by 51 'Votes to 5, with 2 abstentions, . 68. The PRESIDENT (tra1tslated from French): No .amendments have been subm~tted to th.,~ second draft resolution. I therefore put that draft resolution to the vote. The second draft resolution was adopted by 52 'Votes to none, with 6 abstentions. .. 69. The PRESIDENT (translated from French): We come now to the third draft resolution. The dele.. gatibn of the Soviet Union has proposed that the beginning of the operative part should be redrafted to read as follows [A/1466] : ((Recommends to the permanent members of the Security. Council-theF~ople's Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America-·that. . ." 70. I put this amendment to the vote. The amendment was rejected by 40 votes to 8, with 9 abstentions, 71. Mr. YOUNGER (United Kingdom): I should I like to explain why my delegation voted against this amendment. In the First Committee, there were several proposals designed to make it clear that their sponsors considered that the Central People;s Government of China was the government which should represent the Republic 01 China, My delegation voted ·in favour of those proposals in Committee. However, I voted agail1s,t the amendment on which a vote has just been taken, because, as was explained'l by the representative of Canada earlier today;'tcaccePt it in the form in which

\ I now put to. the V?t.e the dr~ft resolutions cOiltained in . the report of',the First Committee as a whole. A rollMcall vote has been requested. . A vote was taken by rollMcall. \ Costa, Rica} having been drawn by lot by the PresiM dent} was called upon to 'Vote first. In favour: Costa Rica, Cuba, r)'enmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, IneJ.onesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, NorM way, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, Turkey,·Union of South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, ¥emen, Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, .Burma, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia. .Against: Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of'Soviet Socialist RepUblics, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Abstaining: India, Argentina. , The draft resolutions as a whole were adopted by 52 votes to 5} with 2 abstentions. 74. The PRESIDENT '(translated from French): The Assembly has just adopted a decision the importance of which is obvious to all. I can say without exaggeration that it is not only the most important decision adopfced during this session, but the most important of all those adopted during any session of the General Assembly since the inception of the United Nations. 75. As you know, theSe resolutions are headed "UnitM iog for Peace". It is for us now to justify that title. and to prove to the peoples of the world that we are in truth united for peace. 76. We shall now vote on the draft resolution submitted by the Soviet Union, concerning united action for peace, which reads as follows [A/1467] : ((Taking into account the particular importance of concerted' action by the five permanent members of . the Security Council in defenaingand strengthening peace and security among the nations, ((Recommends that before armed forces are placed at the disposal of the Security Council under appro.. priate agreements concluded in accordaflce with The draft resolution was rejected by 39 votes to 5, with 11 abstentions. ' Request for the deletion of item 66 of the agep.da

You will have noted that, at the end of its report [A/1456], the First Committee suggests that item 66 of the General Assembly's agenda should be deleted. <If there are no objections, I shall interpret your silence to mean that the Assembly approves this proposaL It was so decided. Statement by the Secretal'y.Ge)'leral of the League of Arab States '

The General Assembly decided, at its 299th meeting, .' on the recommendation of the Sixth Committee, to invite the Secretary-General of the Arab League to participate in the work of the General Assembly as an observer. The Secretary-General of the Arab League was not present 011 that day and waS therefore unable to extend his thanks to the General Assembly. He is here now, and has asked permission to do so today~ Since there are no objections, I call upon Azzam-Pasha, Secretary-Gener?l of the Arab League. 79. AZZAM Pasha (League of Arab States): I am greatly pleased to be 'able to present from this rostrum, 011 behalf of the Arab League, the most sincere expression of thanks to the General Assembly for the permanent invitati?n which has been extended to the League. 80. Allow me to explain to this honourable Assembly· some of the significant features of the Arab League. The League is an Arab organization open to each and every Arab country attaining its independence and sovereignty. So far the League comprises sevenmember States) six of which are Members of the United Nations. We trust, however, that the principles of the Chattet, applied by th(: General Assembly, will bring into membership of the League many Ara,b countries now aspiring to liberty and independence. 81. At presentthe Arab League represents fifty million Arabs from the whole Arab. world extending from the. Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. This Arab world exercise$ a vast spiritual and cultural influence which ~tends far beyond its ·frontiers. In fact, this influence is the sacred heritage that has devolved upon the Arab League from the land that has been for thousands of years a principal cross-roads of the world, the melting-pot of ancient civilizations and the cradle of great religions that inspire hundreds of millions all over the world. a'~~d peacefully. 84. Arabism is wide in scope and deep in significance. The spirit it represents is traceable far beyond. Arab lands. It is to be found not only' everywhere in fhe old world, but it has also crossed the o.:;ean to the new world, carried by members of the Me.<Wte.'rranean f~\mi1y who have shared with us the heritage or the ]M:editerranean civmz~\tions and religions from time immemorial, and particularly during the eight centuries prec:eding the discovery of America. Our ancesto!rs lived together on the shores of theM~diterranean. This is why~ when we Arabs come to th~ General Assembly and meet many of the representa:tives of the American continent, we feel a natural afftnity towards them, an affinity which certainly flows from OUI' tommon legacy. 85. The East, through the lengthy experience of generations, has developed a golden rule inculcated by all its religions, namely, that ideas can be conquered only by ideas..Violence has always defeated its ends. Violence PI' lio viol~~llce, the fittest of the ideologies will survive. Why not then be human and tolerant? 86. I am happy to be able to speak to you today on -behalf of the League as a whole and to renew the assurance of our continued co-operation with the United" Nations. The Arab League has been glad to work hand in hand with organs of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization, the WorId Health Organi.Gation and the Economic and Social Coundl. This month will witness the second social welfare seminar for the Arab States of the Middle East, meeting in Cairo under the auspices' Of the United Nations and the Arab Lea~ue. We are looking forward to closer collaboration, particu'larly in social, economic and cultural activities. 87. Since 1947 I have, on behalf of the Arab League, extended to the Secretf.try-G(:;ner~~.t of the United Nations an invitation to visit qut part of th,e world and see with us some of our problems. It is ne~<lless to aSSf.!rt that this invitation still stands. We shall always be glad to welcome in Cairo, which is the seat of the- Arab Leslgue, the Secretary-General and other officials and organs of the United Nations. . 88. I should like once more to express to the President and~to the General Assembly the most sincere thanks, on behalf of the League of Arab States, trusting that your itfvitation will mark an era of fruitful co-operati<?n leading to peace, progress and prosperity. [Agenda item 37] (a) UNITED NATIONS) FOR 'l'HE FINANClAL YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 1949 (A/1446) The dra.ft resol·ution sub'mitted in th\~ report of the Fifth Committee was (1a.tJpte(J by 58 vote~ to none) with 1 abstention. (b) UNITED NATJO.l'fS INTEl~NATIQNAT.I CHILDREN'S . EMERGENCY Fu!'l'X>, .FOR THE ~INA~TCI.AL YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 1949 (A/1447 and Corr.l) The draft' resoluti'iJu s:tbmitted i'JJ the report of the Fifth Committee was adoptsrl by 53 votes to none. . (c) UNITED N ATIQNS ;RELIEF FOR PALESTINE REF~ UGEES, FOR THE PER,IOD 1 DECEMBER 1948 TO 30 APRIL 1950 (A/1448) . The draft resolution submitted in the report of the Fifth Committee was adupted by 56 votes to none. United Nations Joint Staff Peilsion Fund: report of the Fifth Committee (A/1449) [Agenda item 44] The draft resolution submitted in the report of the Fifth Committee was adopted unanimously. Observance in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania of human rights and fundamental freedoms: re· port ofthe AdHoc Political Committee (A/1437) , [Agenda item 25] . 89. The PRESIDENT (translated from French): I call upon the Assembly to signify, in accordanc:e with its rules of procedure, whether it wishes to discuss the report of the Ad Hoc Political Committee on the, ques,,, tion of the observance in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania of human rights and fundamental fr~ddoms. A vote was taken.by show of hands. 90. 'The PRESIDENT (translated from ..French) : I am faced with a difficulty-.I am not quite sure about the rest!lt of the vote. I should prefer to consult the Assembly again on the question whether it considers a discussion of the report necessary. A second vote was taken ~y show of hands. 91. The PRESIDENT (t1'anslated from French): The result has changed to an extraordinary degree. The first time, 6 delegations vot~d in favour of a discussion and 18 voted against; according to the second vote, 10 delegations· desire a discussion and 15 do. not. Twenty-five delegatidns have signified their wishes, more than a third consider a discussion necess~\ry and a discussion must therefore take place. 92. In accordance with the usual procedure, when I counted the votes I did not take into account the abstentions. At the first vote1 the six members who voted in favour represented a third of those who voted against. But it appears that, in accordance with the rules of procedure, af least a third of all the members of the . Assembly must vote in favour. I shall request Mr. '~ordier to explain the matter. Should it be challenged, I shall put it to the vote) in accordance with the rules of proftedure. . into a solernnobligation; they have failed to keep it, and, until they purge their. contempt,. they have no part Of' lot with this Organization. . -- .'the support of the Uniteld States delegation. The United . States delegation would\be less than frank, howeve-r, if it did not express its deep regret that apparently no more effective course can be pursued by the Assembly at the present time to e11lsure the fJ-,lfiI~lent of treaty · obligations to respect human rights and freedoms in ;Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. But. it is the hope of the Unitt~d States, delegation that the pl'oposed resolution · will stand as a public censure to the governments of · those countries and asa COilstant reminder of what the international community of naiions has a right to expect · from them as a matter of tr,eaty obligation. 110. The draft resolution is not directed at the freedom-loving peoples of those countries. It is directed at the governments which were imposed upon.those Countries in clear violation of the pledges made to those peoples at Yalta. In the declaration they made at Yalta in 1945, the principal Allied Po~"'vers promised to let those liberated peoples' set up, by free elections, governments of their choice, ~md to see -to it that the Nazi tyranny was not followed by any other tyranny. The human rights clauses of the peace treaties were intended to oblige the governments of those countries to honour and respect those war-time promises of the Allied Powers to the peoples of those countries. 111. The draft resolution before us deals with a·matter of profound international concern-the breaking of specific treaty obligations. It is now more than two yei\l.fS since the whole world was aroused by the trial .and punishment of Cardinal Mindszenty in Hungary a,nd· the Protestant churchmen in Bulgaria. Those trials, however, ol1ly highlighted a persistent pattern of conduct theretofore pursued by the Governments of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania which, in our opinion, disclosed an intent to stifle the expression of any independent thought or opinion. That pattern of condud seemed to '. indicate that the governments of those countdes, which had acquired power under the Soviet occupation, were determined to hold their power regardless of the wishes of the people and to terrorize all those not subservient to Cominform dictates. The so-called peoples' republics in those countries, instead of observing their treaty obligations, apparently sought to follo\<v the law as laid down in Mr. Vyshinsky's book on the Law of the Soviet State. . 112. In his book, Mr. Vyshinsky has frankly asserted: -"In our State, naturally, there is ,a~d can be no place for freedom of speech, Press, and so on for the foes of socialism."6 And the peoples' repttbHcs in those countries apparently regard as fascists and as foes of socialism all those whose thoughts and opinions do tlOt at all times and in all ways conform ~r""'~ policies of Soviet imperialism~ . 113. ;Believing that the actions 01 tb, 'J::. governments violated the human right5 clauses of the peace treaties, the United States and other treaty States took steps tmder the peace tt'eaties with a view to obtaining the observance of these obligations concerning human rights. 114. The thtee accused governments, however, refused to co-operate in obtaining a settlement of the disputes under the treaties, and they denied that they were under any legal obligation to co-operate in setting 1J.p treaty commissions with authority·to settle the disputes. When the matter again came before the General Assembly last autumn, the Assembly requested -an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice to determine whether the ac<:used governments were legally obliged under the. treaties to appoint representatives to. the treaty commissions [resolution 294 (IV)]. The Assembly also asked the Court to advise it whether., if the accused governments failed to name their representatives, the treaty commissions could function ·without them. The Court replied7 that the accused governments were legally obliged to appoint representatives to -the treaty commissions but that, if they failed to carry out that legal obligation, the treaty commissions could not fuoc&a . 115. The draft resolution before us attempts to deal with the situation created by the wrongful and illegal refusal of the three governments to co-operate in the settlement of those disputes regarding the observance of human rights in accordance with the procedures laid down in the treaties1 and in accordance with procedures which the International Court of Justice hold:') that the', are obliged to carry out. . - ' 116. In the first place, the draft resolution-condemns the wilful refusal of the Governments of Bulg'aria, Hungary and Romania to fulfil their·obligations under the peaf.e treaties to appoint representatives to the treaty commissions, which obligation, as I have said, has been confirmed by the International Court of Justice. Certainly the Assembly can do no less than to pronounce such condemnation. Friendly relations among States depend upon respect for treaty o~ligations. What we have here is not merely a dispute arising out of a treaty between the parties to the treaty, but a wilful and fJ:agrant refusCj.l on the part of the accused governments to settle their disputes by peaceful means in accordance with their treaty obligations. 117. In the second place, the draft resolution declares that the conduct of the three governments in this matter is· such as to indicate that they are aware of their responsibility for the violation of their treaty obligations and are callously indifferent to the sentiments of the world cotnmunity. No. other. conclusion can be drawn from the conduct of the accused governments. Evasion and default have charae/:erized their conduct from the regimes, as it has ever since they seized power. 120. In the Ad Hoc Political' Committee, for example, the representative of Turkey complained that the Bulgarian Government was intensifying rather than relaxing the discriminatory measures against the Turkish minority. There has been, moreover, a steady deterioration in the administration of justice in ~11 thl'ee countries. The law, the courts and the police have in truth been made instruments of political power and oppression. 121. Neither communists nor non-communists are safe in their person or in :heir property unless they enjoy the favour and do tll\; ,,;;xact -bidding of the ruling clique. Not only have non-communists like Mindsze:nty, Petkov, Ma~iu a~d Shipkov falle~ victims to the terror.. but commu111sts lIke Rajk and Kostov as well. Rajk and Kostov, who were members of the governments which den9tmced as absurd and slanderous provocations the charges of treaty violations, have themselves in turn been denounced and destroyed by the tyranny which they served and" defended. Those who co-operated to create the terror have themselves become victims of the terror. Their ignominious fate should cause communists as well as non-communists to realize that every human being has an interest ~md a stake in the universal observance of human rights. f Printed in U.S.A. ! 124. Charges made in good faith and accompanied by a willingness to submit evidence to the. treaty commissions or 'to any other impartial international tribunal cannot be swept aside or answered by general denials-- which will be heard here from the delegations defending, those countries-impugning the good faith of the treaty Powers or the nations represented in the General Assembly. They can be md only by a willingness to answer the charges before an impartial tribunal. That . is the way to ascertain the t:f1tth and the V'u1!,dity of the charges. The truth ca,unot bG ali.{'red by oratory 01~ by polemics. 125, As the th~!ee accused governments have shown no intention to co-operate in securing a fair and impartial adjuditationof the charges, the United States will, if the draft resolution is adooted, submit detailed and concrete evidence to the Secr(~tary-General in support of the charges which we have made of treaty violations. We hope that othe!' States will do likewise. The United States believes that the evidence will make it clear beyond doubt and as a matter of public record that the three governments, in contra.vention of specific treaty obligations, have systematica.11y and flagrantly violated the human rights and fundamental freedoms or. persons under their jurisdiction. 126. We must not relax in our efforts to secure tor the unhappy peoples of these countries the human rights and fundamental freedoms guaranteed to them under the peace treaties. If we want peace in this world, we must see to it that: the people, ail the people, have a stake and an interest in peace and freedom. Peace is not safe in any land when the ruling classes create conditions that make the people feel that they have nothing tQ lose but their chains. A---40464-December 1950--3,600