General Assembly — Session 45

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• (-1 GENERAL DEBATE ADDRESS BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE RIGHT HONOURABLE RABBIE NAM?fU, PRIMB MINISTER OF PAPUA NBW GUINEA Them: The Assembly will now hear a statement by the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, &. R-u. Prime Minister of Pe~ua New Guinea. was escorted to t& rostrwm. xtam : I have great pleasure in we1 oming the Prime Minister of Pspua New Guinea, His Excellency the Right Honourable Rabbie Namaliu, and inviting him tc address the General Assembly, &m (Papua New Guinea): On behalf of the Government and people of Papua New Guinea. f congratulate you, Sir, on your election as President of the forty-fifth session of the General Assembly. I am confident that with your able leadership and guidance the Assembly will deal with its work in a positive and constructive manner. I also wish to place on record my country's appreciation of the contribution made by your predecessor, Major-General Joseph Garba of Nigeria, to the work of the Assembly last year. We acknowledge that the world of today is highly volatile and interdependent, and the need for an organization such as the United Nations is more important today than ever before. New challenges are now being faced within the framework of the United Nations system. The United Nations, we believe, provlden the appropriate forum ,or the international community to solve problems through consultation ana dialogue, without the naed to resort to violence. The achievementa, over the years, of the United Nations system are commendable, particularly in the aretis of disarmament. dscolonioation, the environment, economic development, social justice Q& Namaliu. Pavua New G-1 and the maintenance of world peace. The United Nations can contribute further to international stability and social harmony0 but tais can occur only through goodwill and with the tolerance and understanding of all member nations. Papua New Guinea is committed to the United Nations and what it represents, and will continue to play its part in achieving world peace and harmony. Complex problems and challenges continue to face us this year, but the Assembly is convening at a time of great hope, a time of profound change8 in relstfonahips between nations. We have witnessed a marked improvement in East-West relations, particularly between the Super-Powers. The era of the cold war is vanishing, bringing hope, opportunity and, for some, uncertainty. V?ssive shifts in the world political order will invariably be reflected in changing economic relationships. We acknowledge with satisfaqtion the comprehensive report by the Secretary-General, particularly with regard to the United Nations involvement in the achievement of independence for Hamibia and progress in negotiations for peaceful settlements of regional conflicts in Cambodia* Afghanistan, Western Sahara. Central America, South Africa and, mar% recently, the Persian Gulf. The report also addresses other pressing issues such as human rights, drugs, diaarmament, the environment, trade, finance and debt servicing. Although major conflicts and tensions may appsa~ to bc peripheral to us in the South Pacific, we are not immune to their effects. We feel their impact on our ec3nomy~ our international obifgntiona and our moral eonvictione. I speak today in full awareness of the international media publicity, both positive and advarse, that Papua New Guinea has attracted over the past two years. The increased activity in our patsnleum and mining sectors, the closure of the Bougainville copper mine in May last year and the subsequent unrest in that province of our country have focused attention on Papua New Guiaea. Unfortunately for Papua New Guinea, the Bougainvflls and law-and-order crises have tended to attrwt 111ore attention than the many positive developments taking place in the QOUntrJ. Like many developing <@ountrieo we have our ahare oti problems, and we are addreuring them with energy mnd determination. Initiatives have been taken by my 3overnment to promote sconomic growth, to further develop education and training opportunities,, particularly in tertiary and technical areas, and to generate employment and income opportunitiee. At the same time. we are developing the capacity of the publfic service aud strengthening law-enforcement agencies. As a result of the closure of Eougainville mine, my 60vernment, with the help of the Worltl Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other international and national aid agencies, has developed an integrated structural adjustment programme to asmist Papua New Sufaoa through a difficult series of short-term problems. Anong other things, the prograrmne will ensure that major re5ourcea are progsesnivrly drveloped for the benefit of the country and ita people. A firat round of negotiations with Bougainville leaders produced an accord and the boris for tbo restoration of services by the national Government to that troubled island. &Cy Governiitent is conrmitted to continued peaceful dialogue with tbhp peopde of Bougaiuvlllle 80 that togethsr we can achieve an amicable settlement 0P the crbsrie and a return to normalcy. The South BasPfie Commuutty is made up predominantly of small, island States, rcattescY Wlroughout a vast ocean. For a loag time our interests and well&sing have been accorded the lowart priority by world military and economic Powers. We are vit:oX~y concerned ahout mar region. Like otherar we in the Pacific wish to &relop undo coad%iboils crE paat% on& SOCurity. Most Pacific aaticna depend on a amall nuder of agricultural and matins products Ear their livelihood and export i?lCaW. ?or these reasons we concluded the South Pacific Nueloar-Free-Zone Trmaty, Uu Convontioa for the Protection and Dovslopment of the Natural Resourcea and Raviroruwnt of the South Pacific Bagion, and the Convention for the Prohibition of Drfft-Hot Pf8hing in the South Pacific. We therefore strongly deplore nticlear activities and the dumping of toxic vaatos , which threaten our fragile ecosystems. W, also view with doop concorn wanton exploitation of our resources. TM8 year m8rko the thirtieth anaiversery of the historic Declaration on the Qrautgng of Ladepandence to Colbnial Countries and Pooplas. ft. aleo usher8 in th8 International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism. PaPua New Guinea urges that the proeers of doeolonizatiox should be accelerated and strengthened as part of tbo prosont favourable disposition surrounding the work of the Unitod Dations. Ue 8te pleased that positive measures are continually being pursued in New Caledonia by the French authorities to provide a framework for a peaceful evolution of the Territory towards an aet of oelf-determination and indspendonce. We urge that any act of solf-determination should be consistent with United Natfoas princiPlea and practices. and that all optiona, including indepeudence, should be In order that BL well-infornwd decision may be mado, the Addaiaterbng Authority and others ahould furt&er axpand their assistance for education and training, in particular for the freak population. New Caledonia is on tke United Nations list of Non-Self-Govsrning Territories. Tharefora, it io incumbent upon the United Nations to continue to monitor developments in New Caledonia, Xt is our express hope that the .. Adminfutering Authority will facilitate regular visits to Naw Caledonia by inviting visiting missions of the United Nations. Apart from New Caledonia, there are other Pacific islands atill under the ahacklea of colonialism. It is our hope that th% Administering Authorities concerned will accord genuine self-dsterminatlon to these countries. We in the Pacific have always been aware of the importsace of protecting the environment. indeed, the cultural and physical aurvival of many of our countries depends on the proper management of that environment. The Co?v?eution for the protection and Development of the Natural Reaourcea and Environment of the South Pacific Region. to which I referred earlier, is a clear indication of the importance ue attach to this issue. We are greatly concerned that, in spite of ominous warnings about the future of ths Eartb, expected climatic changes and predictions of dramatic rises in the level of tho SOB, gaa%a reaponaibls for the greenhouse effect continue to be emitted without strict regulation. It is our fervent hope that countries, particularly induatrialized countries, will effect significant cuta in the emission of greenhouse aaaea, including the establishment of obligatory emission reduction standards. U% continue to oppoae tba disposal of toxic waste at aea unless it conforms with atandarda Preacribftd under the London dumping convention. (Mt.1 The United States has taken stringent precautions ilp destroying chemical weapons on Johnston atoll. We take little cornfor in suggestions that Johnston atoll should be the prsrmanent disposal site for the htterfcan chemical weapons dsetruction progratxne. WIB urge the United States not to use the facility am a permanent site for the dfmposal of chemical weapons and toxic wasto, and l xpresa our firm belkof that it should be closed dovx once the current operations have been completed. We will also coatinua strongly to oppose French nuclear testing at Mururoa and Fangataufa atolls. Pacific islanders have close affinity to the aea, and their dependence upon its resources need8 x0 emphaaix. Papua New Guinea is, thezoforo, ploased with the progress made ox the elimination of driftnet fishing. We welcoxe the decision taken by Japan to cease driftnetting a year in advance of the date stipulated in resolution 441225. We urge the Government of Js.?aa and other dietant water fishing nations to enter into xegotiations with u5 on acceaa arraxgementr . Papua New Guinea’s desire to participate meaningfully in the resolution of regional problems brings ua into regular interaction with member countries of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAiJ). ASEAN has takon many important initiativea, particularly in the South-East Asian region, which we have fully supporteul. We would like to acknouledge with satisfaction the leading role that both the Soviet Union and the United States have played, in recent years, to reduce tensions in the world. Their efforts and those of other States in the United Nations Security Council deserve our full support. Papua New Guinea is aur.Lv tirct. progress made in the search for so2utions to problems in Cambodia, Afghanistan, Western Sahara, the Middle East, the foroan peninsula and southern Africa is directly (0 r.lat.6 to the convergence of vhuo beturmn the supme-Potters and the parmmmnt mmbors of the security Council. P8pw l?ow Guinem welcms tbo l mouncoment by Viet Wma to withdraw its troops complotmly from C8mbodi8. wo CcmIlemrd the offort of thm Asmu group of countries, &lOtt8li8 81Id th8 united btiOU8 8eCUrity ~OUilCi~ in d8Visiag 8 Unit.6 fOltsrUl8 for tba resolution of tlm Cambodian problem. papU8 hV GUilW8 bO1iOV.8 that United Bvrtions involvawnt in necesrsry in order to ~nuure fr80 auad fair elaCtiOn# in cubodi8. In tbo Xoroan peninsula, my Government looks forward to the rat-unification of Horth 8nd South Kuroa. We support initiatives by both nationa tourrth 8 peaceful ra-unification of Choir people, and urge them to continue on tho path of reconcili8tfon. In the swan time, we support the sdmisaion of both Worth and South Korea to tbo United Uationr as full Members. We believe this will facilitate dioloque and hasten the rO-UnifiCetiOn process. Tbo quertion of Worntern Sahara appears to be nearing resolution. The Sacrotary-General.8 rettlement proposals, amnouaced on 11 Auguot 1968, offer the chance to resolve this thorny issue once and for aS1. Members of the United Nations Qave a responsibility to sac that the people of Uestern Sahara are able to exercise their right to self-determination. Thus, the orgonizstion and the rupervision of a referendum by the Unitod Hatloss in co-operation with the Grgamitation of African Unity must be allcued to take plsco. The i&tuution in the Middle East continues to cause us grave concern. My Govmmfmt has alwayn maintained that +.he Palestinians have a right to a homeland, just 85 much a8 Israel ha8 a right to exist within wwure borders. These two conditions appoa:: t;o faa prerequisites if a laoting solution to this problem is to be achieved, Wa hav8 slu8yr rtrongly condmnaod the uso of form as a wans af solving birputas and, in this context, Papua Wew Guinea continues to be alarmed at and condean Ira~'r iavamloa and contiauod occupation ot Kuwait mince 2 August 1990. 2s a Numbor of the United bOations, my Govotwent is coimmitted to ouppottiog the ttuh and sconaaic embargo against Itaq sponrored by the United #athsbar Security Counoil. s& urge all wmbmtm of thim hmsembly to continue to co-o@atate ia seeking a Quwafuf molution to thfs CPiLiI. My Gowrmnest baliwar sttmgly that international preuruts and sanctione have resulted in tbe gradual diomantliag of the m mystern. Uevelopmentm in South Africa offer reason for guarded optimism. After years of opptosmion and ingurtice, the creation of a genuine non-racial democracy may at last be a real possibility. We have a continuing trmpc~nmibility to oncourage the process of reconciliation and democratic toconstruction. We ate saddened by the recent ti&x in the black townships involving the rival group8 of the African National Congtomm (AM!) and Zulu Ink&ha movements, which have left mo many peoph dlead. It is out firm conviction that sanctiona should be continued until m is completely dismantled. Papua pew Guinea applauds the achievement of Namibia's independence and cerrrendm all patties who were involved in this exercise. There are many changer taking place in the world economy today. The move towards 8 mirqle-market Sutops in 1902, regional initiatives such as ths &i&Pacific tconomie Co-operation Group and the shift by Eaetstn Europaan -- .._L . ..- - L- ____ 1- WJUMTC ..a LVW.&Yrn eiiciGit-cAi;Ctt tct-,ss;,fez k:ts= rrc4 A,,- 4mrl4rrbPnrtr fnr cl& .a”---..- - .“E--------- --. %ovoloping countrier. CLlr.1 The continuing global economic recession hala b8d a considerslPe adverse impact on th8 economic and SOCi81 lfoll-bring of ull Mtions. Iofl8tion, high intmre8t r8t8sr 8 dmnge-r8te instability. rising uasmploymsat, slow grovtb asd protectionism h8v8 811 t8kea th8ir toll on our national ecosamies. &a th8 po8itiv8 8id8, Eut8rn Europe’s 8conomic transition could offer n8w opaortunitE88 for davelophg economies through incr8ased d8mand for tb8ir comBodities. #8 bo1iW8 til8t ClOSW CO-Owr8tiOn ktU88n developed alId dW81OpiSl9 coustri88 $8 now mot0 importmt than 8V8r. Th8 lmnaf&ts from new mark8ts in mst8ra BurOp8 XU8d to b8 8V8nfy shnred if op8n trading rel8tioao at8 to be m8int8in8d. The possibl8 htHWfU1 iRQaCt Otl the finWlCi8l rOSOUrCB8 Wai1Eib18 t0 thu d8v8loping world must bm minimised. Ths formation of th8 Asia-Pacific economic co-operation group is intended to dev8lop closer co-operation between countries in the A8ia-Pacific ragiou, end also to 8ccoImodat8 dsv8lopisents taking plsc8 in Eastern Europ8 and elreuh8re. The Lad IV Convention, which wau signed on 15 Decemb8r 1989, eonteLns 1x8~ concepts and ideas, vhicb nake it diffOr8nt from the three prec8ding arrangements. Lo& XV COntainI inCr8as8d finaDCia1 packages for Africa& Caribbean 8nd Pacific (ACP) countries, and includes now provisionn for structural adjuatmenta and assistance to ACP countries facing 88vere balance-of-payments difficulties. It is of COusidOrabl8 importance to ACP countries that thm levels of dovalopaent assistance agreed to in Lam6 IV remain unaffected by the opening up of East8rn BuroPe '0 wider contacts in thb rest of the v4rld. ray adjustment or ---L----L---I-- -a A%- ---*a L--al-- rrrb*uul.u&aby YL C,‘ti4 "YLIU Q.*uu*o.by YUY ..YYYba."I mHYbY.*I ‘IIYYL YVL --. a1----1-. ---a.-- -..-a. --a. -a..----... -s.-rL YY.Y.YYI~ "L&YCG the position of the developing countries. yhe shifting of focusa as well as the diversion of ffnaocial rmioorceti For developed countrier to East8rn Europe, would greatly disadvantage the aeonsmiss of the developing countries, whose claims to a mre eguiteble BirtribuCPon of the world'8 ro1;0urco8 ham besin outstan&imq for &SCWlW. xt is iaqwwtant thmt an open woraa traaing oystei% k naiatoinsa if ecomc p08pprity i8 t0 k amtibut0a fairly. A l treagthmaB gamral Agrmu~nt on Tariff8 and Trah (GATT) is e8sential if rp~ are to provide a otablo frmwork for thy expansion of trade, and to make poorible the full integration of Central and Earte.eon Europe. a8 well a8 beveloping eountriea, into the global economy. Ue believe tbat the PPighemt priority on rhe irsternational l coaomic agenda i8 tbe naga for a ruccwmful outcome to tbe Vrugusy Round of talke at the en8 of this par. DifficuPt political aeCi8iOn8 will Rove to be takon in or&r to achieve far-reaching and rubetantive reeulte from all the itm t0 k aiECU88ed at tb@ mtgUiQ ROWbe The remarkable politiaal -a economic change8 that are taking place betwon the ruper-Rower8 ie re8pect of Central ana Ea8tern Burop, an8 tho84 that are t8king place in the h8ia-Pacifia region, tha Mi04le ElPrt and fs5wvhere, pint to tba wrgence of a new world order , with ohiftng alliances and econoaic groupings. D8pw Dlsw Guinea ia confideat that the Unitad Nation8 will acldramr ths8e imaws end dmire meamure~ that will allow &umber State8 to cope with the umcerteiratis8 that lie abead. We continue to tupport the United Patioas in its unique role in tie rerolution of conflict, and in the building of a strong framework for interaational co-operation. Dver the year8 we have supported the work of the United H'ations kcaure w believe it to be vital to the continuing development of a peaceful and pvosporous vfxld comnuatity. tinally, we aswre you, Mr. President, and the Se&rotary-Gmoral ot our continwd rupport fsr effort8 to maintain en& dovelop the work of the Wnbted IdS3W. . Those am objectives witb which overy maber Q&ion 02 he Assmbly CM idmtify aad which they caQ readily support. They are object&m which every small developtag country in the world would hold dear. Uaril receatly the odda against a orlsZ1 davelopi~g country aehieviag sustained auecasa in raaliting all of thorro basic and esamntial objectives wet@ moQmeataP. Wzil raceatly super-Bower tensions aa& the arms race, regional coaflictr, idsological divisions all conspirad to divert the attention of the wuL.'d away free t&e plight of the porn and diradvarPtagrd people everywbare. !Ebea sudd8Qly hope hurst upoQ the world like a flower in Moon. T&% two super-Fowrs - ths United States and the Soviet Union - mnbraced, aQd the world breathad a ai@ of aelieK. Prciedrxm bagan bursting out all over, and in Llrtis~ Werlca and in Bartera Eusopd~ (kaocracy dsseeadad Pike rain upon a tbirsty land. Tbe Berlin WalX, like the wall of Jericho, cam tumblin< Qownr a1)d GermaQy, 96 long divided, aow StaQds upon the threshold of rouaificarioa, a Macon af hope for all divided people to follow. while tba prorpaet of peace around tbe world would obvfously be welcomed by al1 l)ationm, amoogot developing eou~t.rios , and mere so arao~g iprland developing COthatries like Saint littr am? k?ovir, the% was a opecial feeling of elstioa. Wo fait thast at Past the cloveloped cou~~rie5 zosuld be able to focus their attention seriously OA the plight of the doveloyiug nations. W6 were of the view that small irland dmmlopiacp COuQtr~es would 14991 b& S%%A mad appr8ciate& ae prer.anti&xg vesy diffficult problems peculiar to their geographical status and that, at last, a . . ..*------t -I&Y--A ----.A c- I--..--_ -. . . . . . YUIIISJ-~ -C-Y-- ~YL~AY - LVC~UQ)PU VU arauang ti irppiemm%imj lusting uoiutioas eo ths80 problema. This 94~~5 the tPmc~ %IOP the massive resources which hdtbsrto were going into the producL.bN 6QQ psolifePatioA OL IW210aro coAveatioAal, chamwicsl OH bactsrial weapon5 of de5truction to be &iw,rrted 0~ a gre5d 5mle into a new world war - a war on tlm prsduet5onr, traffickirrg anb u5* of narcotio &rugs, a w5r 05 etmorpheric, marlno and lax&based pollution, a war on waler-devolopmat, a war on dimeem, illPteracyo i~oraace asd povarty. Thio obould have been a global war waged under the bammr of the Wired Bationm, and witb the full rupport of it8 entiro mesber5hip. Tbi5 wa5 thus tirae for 5atioes to beat their 5wordu into plougb5ber55 5od tboir spear8 ieto pruning hooks. Onae again the attention of the world comunity R55 beon diverted by co5flict. Once again we are brought face to face with the reality that conflict8 and global tensions ase the encaio8 of devt#lopa5nt. The iavarion asd occupation of Kuwait , 0 Ibmber country of tb8 Uoitod Wation8, by Iraq in en illegal act of aggroeuion. My Government join8 in the world-wide condomoation of this illegal act end further rupports tbo United Mations roeolution calling for tha immdiate end unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi troop5 from Kuwait. We recommend that every effort be e5ploited to bring tbi8 criria to a peacof'ul ronolution. Thi8 criris in the Oulf highligbtr agaio tbe vul58raility of 81~31 Ftate8. We a+0 sot only at the mercy of the l lemmts. but we face the risk of being 8wallowod up by larger end more powerful mtiOn8. Our only protection against thin oventuality 15 either the military Pupport of frimdly nofghbour5 or the indigmtion and polnitivo ranctionr of th international conmunity. Our vulnorabifity i5 further deiuonetrat.od by the weriously adverse impact which thim ~riais in having on th5 5ooaomy of our country in that fuel price8 have skyrocketed; tits tort of goner&in, electricity ho8 ercelatod significantly and, hence, the cost of pumpin W&SE ffEG3 UW %?CJ~k Lna alas siooa8 &md, %mvk3b~yo - &OSt Of @OrtS bSS FiSOS. lasding to a ;gteator outflow of foreign-•xchsnqe earnlnqs, uhilo at tke saxe tine assistance ftos the indnstrfalised countries will a0 Boubt bo furtbmr dmoreased. I l pplsud the l tforta of the Lscretary-Beaerel to ondoavour to find a peaceful solution and trust tkat he will succom&. In tbs liqkt of tho present crfois it almost seems pointla-- to staek to addrOSS all tke iraws of coneein to xy country as well as to Other dmvelopinq count&s. St is difficult to avoid wondering if anyoae in thm developad countries would bo 1isteainq at this tixs. ~owwot, the issue of developxent and the l nv%romat ss SO fMnta1 to tbm ashtersrunt of our itnpuoved quality of life that I oust addross it and hop that xy xesaaqo will be hoard. lisst, I wish to commtd the activities of tke Rood and Aqrfculturs Orqanisatioa of tko United Nations (PM)), tha World Roaltk Organisation (WHO), the Pndtod Uations Kdueational, Seiontific and Cultural Organisation 0lUKSCO), the Unitsd Uationo IndustrSol Uovolopsent Organisation WNIXNM and the Iaternationsl tund for Agricultural Devolopxsnt (IF&D) am thoy continue to provide oue counttim w&b dssised teeknical assistants ba such onvironseatal developsbent proqrs=sua PI watet-qwllty protection, water and sanitation, sustainable agriculture and aquaculturo . I also wfsh to applaud the work of the Preparatory Corrrrltteo for the Uoited Uatisnm Conference on Knviromant and Umvelo~at, which held its first session in Hairobi in August tbim year. 2 congratulate the Governmeat and people of Kenya as ths proud hosts of this 8yxbolic first session. Saint Kitts snJ Usvis will follow t&e work of'tke Col*lbttre and would wish to participate in the plans of action that dmrivs from ies work. ‘T My Government and people would greatly value the assistance and c~lloborotion of UNESCO and the United Notions Environment Programme (UNSP) to promote l nviroamontal education and training for the 1990s in our schools and to incorpozato environments1 literacy into our notional strategies for educational advancement. It is clear tbot the world is more seauitive today to issues relating to the envirominent . This is the case to such on extent that many projects in developing countries ore either delayed or denied because either the induatriolised countries or the multiloterol agencies hove concerns obout the impact of theae projects OP the enviroomeat. Philosophically, this may seem to be a reoaonoble approach. However, it must be viewed against the background that most, if not all, of the prablemo we worry about today are caused by the industriolioed countries, which, in or&or to achieve their developmental objectivea, place development first and the environeat lost, and rometimes nowhere at a;?.. We bear ab0Ut tba greenhouoe effaat now beaaure the induotriali8ed aOuntrie8 have been cutting down their foreate for decadea. It is they who accumulate nualear wute and toxic warke. It i8 eiuy who have p0llutad river8 and 8088 somo aaaimal-right8 group8 will malign the goad a&a@ of (I whole nation of fameP8 whose crop8 are 8yst8matical!y destroyed by aoakeyrp. leading to extreme frustration, lo68 of income, a &preswd and di8eIlcbauted sector and depletion of foreiga exchange. Ue must be rational ia our approach to the enviroament. Sustained developmast cad effectiw environmental protection mu8t be complementary ana not competitive. Linkage8 nust be forged between indurtry and environmental p:otectiOn to attain M improved qUality of life. Im 8hort. th& environmeat must not be used a8 a SCapegOat or a8 an l %cuue further to 8tultify the aspiratisns of developing countrier. 3%~ that the industriali8ad counttie have achieved outstanding levels of develolppmt, the environment nOtWith8tBtlding - and we all rhare the adverse effectb - they 8hOUld be ptopared imediately to make aaditional resources available to developing countries for the protection of the environment, while enmring that project8 derigaed to achieve austainod and sustainable development aun proaeed. In Saint Aitt8 aad &vi8 w@ place a high premium on the i!nplomctntaeion of land-ure polisier that would l nhanae food proauction, onaure f00a rocurity and improved nutrition, and thus improve health and industry. He at0 otriving now to divereify our fbrmorly monocUltural ocoacmy. Tourism 18 an important part of tbat programme. It i8 ClO8r that if our tourism industry is to grow and contribute meaningfully to the economy, then as island communities we mu8t protect the 880s tid oceen8 which give life to our important marine te8outceIi and our coastal arean. The prevention and clean-up of ocean pollution, international c-unity to terpond quickly to ca:\le for as8iatance. 2ha who10 i8aua of the environment iv a m&jor rubjoct which can be properly aQQres~aQ by developing aountrioc only vith sori8tanco from the United Hationo an8 aloo diroetly fram the dovelop&d countrier. Anothmr area of grave concern ia rolatioa to our quality-of-lifo objective ir tke serious bata tbat illicit narcotic drug8 can cause to this aud 8ucceodiag genetatious of young paogle. Our Qotemiaation an a aation to fight tho menace of drugs feuaiar strong and unswerving. We have tightened law l nforcemnt rurQ l aaetod rtiffar yenrltiss. We have beaofited in a omall mouprur~~froa the Uaited Hationm Fund for Drug ABuso Control WWDAC) ia aroas of law onforconnt and training. We require more aeriotancs in roQuciag QeaanQ through preventive education, health care anQ rehabilitatioa. Tbore is a aeeb for continued international co-operatioa to canbat the cultivation and trafficking of these illicit aubstences, to eliminate tka d@manQ, to intonsify mffortr in the field of public information, health and l Qucation, and to Qevolop progranwm~ for rohabilitatioa. The drug traffickers, tho nareo-torrorists, must be l toppeQ at all costa. They murt no loagor be allowed to tmrrorire the livoe of our youag people, threaten tbe srcurity of tho region, subvert our youth. rape our society and retard the future of gaaeratioas. The global war against drugs must be declared duziug thie forty-fifth session and all our Govoramaats aad peoples muet l nllat. Although the current teaaions continua to dominate our conmciouanosa, and inQe~Q hang like a pall ovor our deliberations , we must not forget the progreso that the Organisation bar helped to make. I wsfcome a froo Namibia into the family of the UaitoQ Nations. I pay tribute to the UnitoQ Nations Trauaition Assistance Group (UNTAG), which played a vital rolm in the IUmibfao electoral procom, facilitstiug a fuadamaatal iaproveaent in I8aibia'o political climate, 8mtting the 8tagr for the reality of frae end fair oloctioru, aud reflmctiog the comittent of th &mibkua people to indogendenca. Tha otmgglm we8 hard and 10% aud the freadwn of Namibia today i8 a tribute to the g~caole of lonib a& to thfm fraily of nations. mm in South Africa m glibmar of hope ham lit the scene. My Goverrrrmat atrd people wolem with gram joy tha roleare of Nelrou Mandela. U@ marvel at hi8 ramrkmbla fettittuh aud hi8 archowing of bitterems in rpite of the enormity of h0u or&ml. Clearly M8ndml8'8 ra14a8m, thm uob8Ming of tha African Wtional Congreor of South Africa UU!W, and the #tart of dialogue all roproront encouraging sign8 that ehamge say wall k on the torixon in South Africa. Wo me 8addeaed by the violonce in the bl8ck tomship of South Africa. That mat not, houwer, k t8ken 88 an l xcuao to maintain the mauo. We in hint Olitta and Ilevi will not be, m0 m cull upon all nationa not to allow th8m8elver to be, lullad into twit acc8ptaoce of e by token go8turer of concilfatioP. m ir aa evil and abhorrent 8yrtra which proFun& the l uperiority of on@ man over another b88ad on the colour of hi8 akin. There can ho no comgromi88 with e. All aoa aro crastrd equal - that i8 a universal t-ruth. It is only by the elimination of ~LnntP th8t South Africa can hope to ro-eator the family of netfoar. My country, Saint KiLta an& Hmvir, uhile recogniting that progro88 has bamn aade l call8 for the aaiatmaance of roll ranctionr 8gainmt South Africa until w i8 dirmas&lad. We connvod the Unitad Nations Declar8tion ok South Africa, of December 1989. and rocowaund that the international co-unity contiaum to a8si8t the South African poopla and support the front-line stator. It ir cm80 for deep concmrn that poaco and guotice conrtinuo to elude tbe people of Ce4sbodi8. Tim people of that war-tom country aurt bo ellouod to oajoy the tight to self-detenaiaation uithout external ixbwrfwence. We contiauo to damand that all foreign troops be rawvrd from Cambodia and that any l wh witbdnwal k verified end eneurcd by tbo prerence of an international pmce-koepimq force. We call for dialogue betmen 011 partier is, Cmbodia to contime until 8 aottlement ir roached, and ny Govorruaent ir of the viou that in tbe iatoria tbe statue of Ceaabodia at the United Mation rhould not be than@. Clouoe to hm in our Caribbuau region we are deeply concerned about tbe umtablo l itwtion trbich continue8 to eriat in Haiti. Clearly, politioal l vente bwa made it difficult for aweninglful economic develop-mat to procrod. We in the reqiora will continue to support all effort8 t;o facilitate tbo holding of tree end far l laetionx. I e~reor the hope that thm Forces of influence ismid. and outride Raiti vi11 do worythimq po88ible to help. and nothing to hinder, Baiti's tmnritioa to l leetorsl domtocracy. hint Rittr aa& Movir applaud8 the attempt8 at ragprochewnt between mrth and south R0P.a. TM world aeedr all the peace and conciliatioa it can find. Wm l uppert the continuaties of tho diQloqw between the two Koramn 9overn7aenta in the fizm belief that it ten load to paaco and reunificatloa. My dalogatioxa teiteratae it8 call for both countrieiu cm the Korean Peninsula to become States morn of the United Iationa as a positive step to l ahoaciaq thair Bialoque tou8r& reumifbcation withio e&e Organisotioa*a structured 8~3 sympathetic ftowwork. zho internation emunity is 80 preoccupied at tb3q the that the 60ncaras 8n43 upiratiozm of 81~811 falaad nat33aa ray not oampy a position of prominence oa its agentle. Xowever, X must endeavour to keep the developmsat concorns of tbia . uniqui 9roup of n8tions before the member8 of thm iu8emblg. We are vulnefebXe to hurricamw, a8 aomnatr8ted by t.bo devastation l ufferatl by Saint titta and Wevia fmm the win& of Xurricane Xugcp. Xn this regard, I take t&da opportunity to ergream tbo l teraal gratitude of tbe Govermeat and the people of Saint Kitta and tlevia for the eaaietmce which warn wndmred by State8 l4ambera and rel@tatY inatitutiona of tbia Orpaniaation. We 8re 8180 vulnerable ts l vary fluetu8tion ia l 2OPOrniC pat8metera f8r removed froa our ahor@& lib the eriair in the Gulf. We are vulnerable to the adverpturiam of terrorista, like thooa who held tka Prim b9ioirter and Cabinet Uwbera of Trinid8d and Tobago hcmtoge in July of this year. We in the Caribbean provided buamaitari8.n aaaiat5aca urd we were prep8red to aup~Py ailitaey araiatanee if it ma required. We are vuloorable to air, aua and land pollution oriqiaatinq outside of our shores. Tbe higheat calling of the United Nation6 is to facilitate tbo peJcofu1 dovmlopmif of all nations an8 to mobilise tha cornunity of n&ions to improve the quality of life 00 pesple everyuhoro. For this noblo ideal to be raalited, tbo world must hav* pace. Let 148 staad firm against agqression, exploitation and suppression, so that peace may be won and the world cas direct its attention and its massive resoureos to the develomnt of people everywhere. Thsre is no higher i&al to which the United Nation@ can aspiro. -8 On behalf of the General Assembly. wish to thank the Prime Wiaister OS Saint ltitts and Nevis for tbe Lmportast stotemsnt he bar just made. &cnvALLo (Argentina) (interpretation from Spasish): At the outset, let me convey to you, Sir, my wc1rm and heartfelt congratulationa on your election as President of tbe Geaersl Assembly at its forty-fifth session. Your esperiencka and wisdom guarantee the success of our endeavours. I would also like to convey our delegation's appreciation to General Garrha . who so efficiently guMed our proeeedisgs at the forty-fourth session. We reiterate our welcome to the newly born Republic of Namibia as an independent State, thus putting ao end to one of the most conflict-laden and unfair situations in recent history. We also wolcoms the Principality sf Liechtenstein as a new State Wember of our Organisatioo, and we rlssure its delegation that we are williag to co-operate with it ia the conmaon purgooas that guide our pres6nce in thbo United Cations. During the paot year wo have witnessed fundamental transformations in international relations. Ybo far-reaching changes that have taken place in the sount-:es of Eastern Europe and the conwandable improvement in East-West relations have mad6 it porsible to join international Public opinion in forecasting tho end of the cold war. The raunification of Yemen has taken place. In a few days we shall witness the unification of G@A?IMs~~, which will put an end to the painful period of division of .tto people and will solve ths most glaring of the remaining issues of the Second World War in Europa. We hop6 that in a aat-too-distant future the presence of gorea will furthsr strongthen the universality of our Organisation. We are also witno8sing the realisation of the ktiW for an and to racism aad discrimination in South Africa, the achievement of progress towards solving vary complex situations 4.n South-East Asia and an almost complete return to democratic rule ir Latin America. These are all signo of the strengthening of the United Natioasc bogianing with d&onto and the end of the policy of opposimg blocs. They also icrrgly a renswal in the practices of United Nations organs and a return to tie spirit of SW Prancisco free of ideological content exemplified by au age of coeLrsatatioi.3 w5 have already left behind. Here, we can but pay a special tribute to Secreeory-General Peres de Cuollar .+ whose untiring efforts have contributed in large measure to those achievements. PIiorcO~y, however. is not linear. The enormous progress made by the international coraiunity during this past year in reconstit.uting the spirit of San Proncisco has met a violent challenge. The invasion of iuwait by Iraq has darkened the light of this new ora. The Argentine people, together with the international community, is deeply concerned snd afflicted by this episode born of aggression and of disregarcl for the most fundamental rules of international coexistence. My Government condemns Iraq's aggression and, in conformity with Security Council resolutions, demands the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait and the restoration of the authority of the legitimate Government of that country. Another source of concorn .ps the situation in which the Kuwaiti people and the hundreds of thousands of forciga refugees in tho area find themselves. My Uovernmeat urge8 Iraq to apply f&o 1949 Geneva Convention8 and the 1977 Mditional Protocols regarding tbo protection of civilian peraoas in time of war and to permit iamcrdiataly all foreigner8 who wish to do 80 to leave Kuwait and Iraq. However, 8ro beliovo that tboro exproaaions are not enough, because we face a new fact: the firrt cballonqo to tbo order that has emerged since the ending of tho cold war. This is a cballonqe that takes u8 back to a Past wo wish to loave behind - a part based on confrontation and the uao of force which sevoroly hampered tho functioaiag of our Organisation. Tuat ir why we are oppoaod to those who propose aggression and terrorism, and 110 80 doing w8 favour the implementation of tbo operative mechanisms enviaaqod in the Charter a8 tbo sole rateguard for the loss powerful countrios and aa tbo guarantee of peace for the inrtomational community. 12 ir in that context that my Government has decided to send a force, which will join tbo intomational undertaking aimed at securing the implomentation of United Nation8 rosolutionr imposing sanctiona against. Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait. ?the procere af drwcratic reQmm in Latfn &bWrica will determine the role of that rcghm in thm sww cwrme of world events. me eatablirhment of newly elected Oowrrrraeatr in chii;o and licatqua, and the ae;otiations betweem ths Goverfamt of El Salvador aud th rabel forces rim* the ~rseuimts arrrfved at in Geneva in April. aonfirm this tread toward8 dmccracy , tolerance and pclitical plumlSam. ,lLt the rme time, we observe store and more often the fan-roaching procssseo sf OCOtLOSais: refQfP aad PsAeWOd iniL;htiVmU fOP integration on th0 part Of kh6 L&in biamricau couutrier anb of Rmtica as a whole. which allow us to Hope that the aatlona of t&i8 co~BPneat w31P inma Pn the directSoar of d~velopuutrat, !acderaP%ation and iMtitlitioRal atabfPity. Argoetitm givea opecial rolevsnce to the challenge Pmplfiad ia the COMhWAt ammimed with Bra&f to structure a comcm market to b8 completed Cowarda the mad OY fW4. We ago strivbg to o~uure tieit thin hsritimtive wEtZ i~vobm otbr sbeter Itatter of Latin America aloo. Ita a wosld that io constantly mhrinkbng ELI a r@sollt of techaclogical progremr qmereting OLL iatsraational syrtem that ir increashgly interdeptmdont aad ample=, there fs a mad WOE transparent goreign policy actiona that wil1 genemte trust in relotfoas between mates, TilO6ar rslations nuct adapt to tke flmdamatntel ChJWJ.6 Iln tha golitfcal end econoidc crikeria that pruvkil in tho world, UBerean aB the political 10~01 w ada thint there i8 an irreverritie tendency to reaffhm huaaw rlgbts Q& plutoltar~, as against dictatsrehfp and autior~torPanissi8 which are iraoporsbly on the declflae, af the economic level we EOO tLo roopeaiag of Wrketo a9 against State fntwvratioaiaw an13 pro%ectionian. The domestic policy dscbriona adopted by ths Gcvermeat of my couctr~y oince mid-1989 coirrcfds rtth t&mm pxofsusrd Bntersutioabl &angim, pawsuhg aa thy do the mtrmagt~oaiag of t’rwdoa andi dmocracy, on ehs one ba.n& and the ammmaio refotm an& the opening up oL our economy oa the other, alI in order to fit politic:ally 6~4 aconcmically into the YOW Pnternationsl roelfty. In thsr now CGQtfWt, at tka internatfsrrrrl lava1 there priNailla a claar ten&ency to refostn paralysing St&e xtzucturea to allow ths &mnopoliaatioa a.ud d6regulation of economic actllvitiee and to cscate a comfltitive, productive sy6tom (~8 an irrdiop~nsable baoie for developmeat. Our Government joins in thare troado with 'tbo firm rsaolve ko become an integral part of the global ecoaomy, in order to put &u end to marginality M& tho d85d rnd of increasing iadabtodnesr without &avelopment. This calls for au adjustmant of our rules of the g5ma irr order to reverts% Istagnation, making the country a recipient of capital that may act ax a dyvn~lfc force for our human an0 natural re8ourcea. Two syntomla ware born in the post-w&L period, systems to which my country has sdbetod au4 wbPch should. iu ita opinion, be slrengthened. I refer to thaw oaw bora in 8&n FrancPscs and Brsttoa WooSs, which reinforce aach other‘ since peace au& #security +x8 the basic rsquirrmante for atability aad economic growth. Xowever, tbe amfrontetion batt;ean the two super-Powerr provented the two orders from fully working. Today, the ganeralixed accession of the rocialirrt ecomomiels to the main iutetnntionol financial institutions and the ead of the cold war are opening up a new cbaptor in the future of international co-operation, m&king it posefble to onvLnion tho configuration of one world, iasroasingly integrotrd sub co-operative. Km a.h4m rr#wl*rre. - lnpr& er*wPPAa PO-4 4rs+r%-naC4n*rl .s-m*4un .“.+-I l rrr AC -- w--v -------. ._- ---. - --_.---- -- -- _._--_---__ _-- ------= -1 ---..., “-_- -- distortiona and barriers, one that may allow all members of tbbo international. community to become part of the global economy, according to their potsntiol aad pwsibilitisre. XII this connection, the practice of 6ubxidiPing the production and export of agtiaultural producer - which $a soriausly aff@ctix%g tha efficient prodacor countrims - murt be avoided. Ky counrxy is taking part in tho ongoing mgotietionr of ths Genarall Agraemntr on Tariff8 and Tratlo (GATT), in the baliuf that an them deparu~r to a great oxtmt the multilateral 8olution to the l xpandiag current trade conflict8 and the future of international economic co-oparation. Xsl tha ecomavic Piold alro we are fiscing a conflict betwaen tho faw of tb rtronger , with a return to the trab war8 of t&m period batwoea the war8 , on the one hand, and. on the other, PlUltilatOrPrl agreement8 that reinforeo the Bretton Woods sy8tem. (Nr.Cavalla. Pn the lamt few yser8* the increasing mad for co-opsration ktwssn countrisr snd tsmir ~ntsrdspsntbncs in rsspoct of problsms that transcend aational boundaries and daoand broader and more co-ordinatsd rorponmss - problsms such as the anvironmsnt, hunma rights and drugs, - have bscome characteristic of the iutsrnstional sysBsm aad offar a fertile eontsut for international co-operation and thy work of our Orgauiuation. Lnvironamntal consi&rationr make it nscssra~ to identify models which can bs sustained without dsplstisg tbs resources that fssd thsm. We are fully aware of the asod to take, et ths national 1sveL svezy ctsp that will ensure that future gsasratfoar mjoy the resources ws have roeoivsd. We al80 know that in many tames uational effortm will not be enough in thmesXve8 mad ws are trying to find, ssgscially at the rsgional level, a way to lmplsssnt concerted and oftsctivs conservatioa initiativsr. Soms serious problmma, which have not, in gsnss%lr bean cawed by the dwolopiag coamit.rfos , ace of a global nature, aad we are coftsnittad to ths comma effort to halt dstesioretion au0 being about snviromntal recovsry. The Conferswe on Dnvirozamsnt au0 Dsvslopssnt, whoss prsparatory worrk is uadsr way, will be a favoursbls arena in which to d8nunstrate the IWW spirit of co-operation that is needed to solve shared problems. Illicit treQficking ia &rugs can be affectively controlled only if all members of ths international CosuauniLty 8ct Aa a eoncnrtsd fashion towazdr that end8 in thir rosps&, my cOuM.ry has sadorrsb the IpoYiticml declaration and qlobal Dlan of action adopt00 durLnq the ssvontssnth 8pscial rsssiou of the General Aossmbly dsvots0 to the question of narcotic drugs. Tho individual an0 collsctivo dimsnsions of human rights are eouplementary, and corns together for tbs bsnsfit of human b%ings in such a way that civil and political rightm ar% as important as sconumic, social and cultural rights. Ho are convinced that ths formar arm no r&or% important than the latter - and indssd m 1.00 important - and that the exercise of coma cannot aorvo a0 a pretext for denying the exercise of othera. The l orioua oventa that have takon place io roeent weeks have created a hietorical smergency, and wo muat thorofsre co-operate vigorously to make a world which is l ofer in it8 search for peace. On this global scene, 6ur Organisation has a crucial rolo to playt vo already posaeaa the aocoesary structures for discussion, and all we have to do in adapt the existing executive mechauisms. We must rely on our collective imagination in order to find the faatoat aad safost way to tbat end. OIh are witnoaaing renewed dynaaiam in the Security CoUefl. which is undoubtedly the roault of a new philoa~phy of co-operation on the part of the auger-Povere in respect of rogional and international conflicts. It is imperative for the work of the Couucil to be OtrongthQnOd in an atmosphere frso of nlstruat and eonf rontation. Once again, today the eyes of all the peoples of the world are on this forum, avaro and hopeful that the Organisation can contribute toward8 the creation of a aofer and more juat world. This century has seen played out countloaa ware an& conflicts which made ua doubt whether tho principlo8 of the Charter could be enforced and whether it was possible tv leavo future generations a world froo of the scourgo of war, a world in which the fundamental rights of ma& tho digaity and value of the hunan peroon and the l guality of rights between men and women and nation8 great and amall would be in force and observed. In the final years of thia century, the international community cannot fail to take up the challenge of putthlg into praetdes (Igag bl+r_rg Ipf the f$**effe 2f t_k.s fir---l--b&-- --=“--r.arrru. Mr. v&U&ZX (18lamic Republic of Iran) (spoke in Poraiant English text furmiahed by the dologation): X should liko to erprera my sincere congratulationr to you. Sir, on your election to the presidency of the forty-fifth seaaioa of the General Aaaambly. I am confidant that under your wire and able lesdorafip the -of CUkT6ilt 0600iOn Will tak6 6ff6CtiV6 Ot6pO at this very 56nOitiV6 jULICtUI:B, when the rO16 of tZkl6 unit6d rations in r65olving r6gional crises and confronting tiitr6atO agoiast international peace and security is being emphasliaed more than 6v6r b6fOr6. CM world ie undergoing a rapid transition. Tb6 tLUllUltUOU0 Ch6llg65 ill this decsde, including eh6 victory Of th6 IS~&WI~C Revolution in Iran and th6 resurgence of Islamic revivalism acroo0 the globe, characterired by reliance on God, religiorb morality and p6ople; the decline of E4arxiot thought, which had be6n based on th6 n6gation of th686 v6ry, basic characteristico~ rapid developments in the Socialist bloc, Concomitant with effective participation by the masses in th6 maaag6ment of th6ir own affairet unification of ths two G6rmanys , signifying the end of the age of th6 6upr6macy Of dup6r-Pow6r interests ov6r the aspirations of nations - these are all nothing if not clear svidence that w6 have arrived at the age of ever-increasing re&w6kening of nations. In this age, aggression, domination and exploitation - Und6t th6 pr6t6Xt of containiug tbs rival Power - will be resisted by hith6rto r6pr6806d nations, but also the application of double standards to ouch phanomena and eituationo will be ohunn6d by international public opinion. pow that it appears that tbe age of cold war and fierce super-Power rivalry has co166 to an 6nd, if ths transition in th6 international system failu to embody the principle of justice, and if th6 concentration of re0ourceo in certain opscific part0 of th6 world do not catar to the qualitative promotion of living standards and growth and dev6lopment in the least dev6lop6d and the dev6loping COUntri6H, I venture to state that a real confrontation between the oppressed and their o~preooors wiir Do a rorsgon6 conclusion. This is far from being a thr6att it is a realistic analysis of the Obj6CtiV6 conditions of human beiugo who ar6 cognizant of the Causes of their pTight and their deprivation, and have come to realise that for ths subjugated nations th6r6 exists no other choice but to overturn an imposed oituation. Therefore, 6nruriag the riqhto of nationa Is of vital importmce for the 68tablhhfaunt of juot and peaceful relationa aawmq State8 in the future internation ry8tu. The evolution of the world order rhould create 6 milieu in wiMh 811 nation8 Can 08WBiOp aad ro8Pbae their potential8 for growth, davelopwat and mclentiffc an0 cultural proqre88. 8COpotriC jU8tiC6, deVSlOgi*eCrt 660 relatiV6 prorp6rfty. social 6quslity. prtmotion of rorpct for tR0 rule of lav in iaternational affair& non-reeort to 6gqrerrion and coercim in the rettlemnt of 0irpute8 and ro8pect for the 8overmipnty of 611 State8 should, intsr_* provi& the fomdatfonc for the uew lnternation81 ord6r. In thkv context, th6 role of th6 United Uatioar in quiditpg intmrnstfonal d6v6lopeat8 toward8 tha realkation of 8uch COAOOO. hunan ideal8 18 indemO a 8668itiV6 and fundmental qU68tiO6. Th8 rai8On d Otre for our prorsnce in this prestigiou8 world forum ia to re8QeCt the Will Of the intOrnatiOZNA1 COLNlWity e8 Cry8talli8ed in the lpU+p868 and principles of the Uait6d Mation amhrbwd in it8 Chartar. In th6 light of the oCCU~8*~Oll of Kuwait by Iraq an0 the current crieis in tlao P6r8ial.l Gulf 6ad tb. 668Uinq world-wide OUtrtLqe, a qlMC6 at tha r6aliti68 end origiais Of the cried8 and a compariroa between Iraqi aqqresuioa agafnst Ruuait and the aggr688ion aqainrt th6 z81a11h Republic of Ir8n 10 year8 ago would fndmod be in order. iiourr after the Occupation Of Kuwait th0 Security Council adopt6d a re8olution under Chapter VII of the Charter, demanding the imediate and unconditional withdrausl of Iraqi forcer from Kuwait. ?iV@ r6IlOlUtiOn8, COnd8mnhlg the aqgr688ion, impc48ilXg CQmprOh668iV6 ranctionr bnd calling for COaC6rt8d . .L----L*---. -- ------- ----1---A AC- ---* -I ---- ----. -m LL- "-.---*. a- LL- ---- ~uf..*Y~LI"UIL ysrrruL"r LIbI."IU WI. .--ma "8. vpysuror VC Hi. k"WliL.s &La cu. ryrru 0; two W8bk8$ this make8 t3 tot61 Of 8eV.n t@8OlUtiOn8 80 far. All of a madden, the major Powors in the Security Council, bn particular the United States, to86 to the 0efence of the Charter in an unprecedented manner, cl8iming that they would not elbw 8th~ teqperiag with cardinal 8nd arniversrlly racogai8ed principle8 of international law, employing the wm8 availlble to tba laternational c-unity in or&w to eawro th8 failure of thm party which had chooon to 801~0 ita problm tbrougb rmrsrt to forco and nilitary occup8tioo of another country, 80 tbot the aggreraor would be aenied eny fruit of it8 ~r.PliOll. A rpoutacul8r public of intarn8tiorPPl rolidrrity to cornar tie aeprerros was paintad ie front of the uabmlieving 0~08 Of thC mrld public. Let w now compare thir pattorn of khaviour with that of the 8mm Powera In tha Security Counail 8ad tbair regional 8llier uir B-s a vLa th. frth$fi d##Ze88iOIl 8gainrt the frlamic Republic of Iran 10 year8 ago. ht that time. the firat SOCUrity COUnCil rO8OhtbOll Wa8 8do~td 81s 1OlUJ day8 after the aggr988iOn, urb it only cmllod for mrefr8i3ioq frem 8ay furthar u80 of forcaY. without evaa referring to withdrawal. For tha m8t eight yeuse 8upport in all itr imagimblo forme - @itiClJl, diplatic. UlilitWy. logi8tiC81, ilrt~llig@lM 8Cd fir=Cial - Or88 lavi&ed on Irag in or&r l von to prevent th8 Iranian people from repelling WJgr@88iOn ti PUJBiniBg tb.iS l@gitilRate right8. It l ppat8 a8 though for thO8e eight year8 8uch principle8 a8 the inadni88ibility Of re8Ort t0 fOrCa orpd OCCUpatiOn Snd tba duty t0 8Upgr.88 oCt8 Of aggre88ioo bib not l xi8t in the Chartor of the Unit04 Wationr. The rightaOU8 po8itioa8 of the Pllamic Republic of Iran and thorn that f, mpolf, pronounced ovary year from thir vary rortmm wmro 811 bet ignored, owing to tbo rupremacp of Lim #elf-84wviaq logic of h4gomnic Powr8 ovmr the priaciples of the ChartOr aud tim unfortuaete mgligance of 8cnm krab Skrtmm in thm PmrsPm Gulf et W&P long-tera iatorF8t. This approach wa8 purruod not only during the might year8 of sacred dofenC0 by the Xurlim paoplo of Iran, but even during the two-year-long talk8 to achieve tbhrr implsmoatation of Security Council +ssolution $88 (19871, during wbiah not oven a eiegla word was uttered by tlua &empiouc of international law Pa l pgott of the meedatory requirements of their owls roeo~utioo aml of ouo lO@ttsutO tight0, 8UCh lmoe th0 rO8liO8tiOn Of jUStice. $U~FiSill#y, lack of pmgroet3 in the implementation of Sacurity Council reeolueion 595 (19S7) wee ieeted otilieedl by the OM@ quarter6 es a meen~ to cook political conceeeioee from the Ielmic Rapublic of Iran. Lash of roe1 critmnt to prieciploo and maeipuietion of the ruler of international lau have created a situation in which the poeitioes and rtotemmter of the pestles te the current crisis l ro in blateet coutraUctioa with their practices eed golioime during the p8et decade. The party calling on the aationo in Phe region to reeiet the imperialist policies of the United State0 and its regional colleboratoro fought, in concert with the sew imperialist policies, egafnet the Ielemic Republic of Iraa for eight long yeere. Aud the party now cleiaieg to oppoee aggrcoeion eed upbold the poinciplee of the Charter md the decieione of the Security Couecil As tbe very em State which, along with itP allioe and in total contravotation of the Charter, diepetched its smade to tie Retshe Glslf, raeortiag to joint military action against the Ielemic Republic of Ire& precieoly in a bid tt3 amoist the aggreeoioa rgahet Ilrae ti to l 8vo the agg~eeeor. Ageinet that brckgrou&. the Ielcric world will l xeniee the reelitiee as thy are, eotwitheta@iag the demagogic rhetoric, end cogeieaat of the fact thet the origioe cBf the current confrontation lie in a dispute over the eepasar~oa of qsine, und not irr a cmitment to principles. Therefore. noithor side CM expect eo ,ecmuad thr ru~t~t.t af XuEl&m pLpb’%c: L@“&+ urr?nbrr It mmhrrlrm nm I .swrrcLaml rrA --------- -- - =---ML-D- I_ cleer eouree of rectifying ite part policies. In view of the very Qeegorous end criticel circumeteecee in the strategic Parelen Gulf area and deepite the trarwndoua dam~or incurrad by the Iranian pcmple aa l rerult of the hootile peliciem of the -jot Power8 W 801y regfouhl St8ter irr tba uoume of the part 10 gearr. the Irluie Republic of Iran bnr follorSea the 0evelopontr with conristency, co8xorsl and hen Qnterert, end her re8cted 8aaotdimqly. Pram the vary outret of thm IraqL invarion of Kua7aftt, the Irladc Bepublia of Iran uleaz1y au& unubiquounly csndauled Iraqi aqqrordon 8114 deaan&d tbm Miate. total and uncoadlt0onal withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Sbqrettablp, the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait provided the pro ext for foreign Pouere, particularly the Wnitad Ststea and other Western couatrier, to dispatch their force6 08 a xaasive scale to tbu Persian Gulf region. Recent atatameata by Amaric~ officialr signifying their fat63&ion - a long-terx presence of United Stator forcer in tb@ arek and the creation of a new military and security arrangesmat in the region - are alarxing, and certainly give rise to further iaatability and tension in the area. It would be a very great mistake for the Waited States to assume that Muallm people would be indifferent to, and silent in tbe face of, such a presence. We have repeatedly declared, even from this vary roatrtlm, that lasting peace and security in the volatile Persian Gulf region can be provided only by tba countrioa of the Pegion. The religious, cultural and economic bonds between the countrSes in the Persian Gulf provide the fundamental incentives for their solidarity, and give them the necessary capability to preaerwe regional security, free from the presence and intervention of foreign forcaa. It is regrettable that aomo countries in our region have not yet appreciated the reality tbat foreign forces wok to further their oun interests rather than those of countries in the region. Enjoying one of the longest traditioua of contribution to humau civilisation and global peace , the Ialam~c i&public of Iran, as tho major country of the region, considers ite national security to be intertwined with the stability of tha aeasitive Persian Gulf area0 end has proved to ba a pillar of regional stability and security. In this contexf., relying on 5ta faithful Muslim people, it haa resisted auy foreign domination , as such domination is tne cause of instability in *A0 areb The Ialauic Republic of Iran, while, as a matter of principle, condemning the occupation of Kuwait by Iraq and rejecting any alteration in the region’s geography, which would certainly had to a state of permanent instability, considers the long-term prerenee of foreign military force5 in the area 1~0 ba detrimental to 42x1 interest8 and security of the countries in the regimi. It is the firm conviction of the Islamic Republic of Iran that faithful commitmeat to, anil compli5nce with, the relevant Security Council resolutions by all eowtries - portictuarlp Iraq - is the anly path to the establishment of peace and tranquillity in our area. The Islamic Republic of Iran once again reaffirm5 it5 commitment to compli5nce with rel6vant Security Council re5olution5, in line uith its obligation5 undar the Charter of the Unitad Nations. Prom the outset, we have made a very clear distinction between, on one hand, the process of peace and the resumption of good neighbourly relation8 with Iraq and, on tL%e other bend, the current crisis ia the Persian Gu;f. On 14 August 1998 the President of Iraq, in a letter addressed to the President of tbe Islamic Popublic of Iran, reaffirmad the commitment of the Government of Iraq to the 1975 Treaty concerning State Frontier and Neighbourly Relation8 betwaen Iran and Iraq. Since then, in accordance with Security Council reoolution 599 (19871, Iraqi forces have withdrawn, in a military 8bn8er from the occupied territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and a majority of tbo prisoners sf war have been exchanged. Ths visit of the Deputy Prim6 Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Islamic Republic of Iran and the subsequent visit of the peputy Foreign Minister of the Iulamic Republic of Iran to Iraq , undertaken for the implementation of relevant provisionr of SOCutity Council re5olutioa 598 (19871, including the comprehennivs exc.hgn?a ef pr!.rgn+ra r\f YE?; r'_Dp _~.&pti== =,O Arr(mane- =;c;;;~r~- EG;: "---"-"a&" the reinstatement of frontier line8 in accordance with the 2975 Treaty, and other political issues of mutual interest, such a8 aettlemeat of out8tanding issues and the rc-opening of the embassies, signify the mutual desire of the two sides for P Hevertholwo. the heroic i&&&&A of tke Palertiaiaa proplen IDOW in its third year, has amply proved that, derpito the barlrtric policies of the Zickzist &gieaa, thin gesmine popul.ar mvsrrent for reassertSon am3 regaining of the usurped rigbta ef a revolntionmy people continue6 to march forwar& xn tba memt?me khs maorive mttlemont of S~wiob migrants ia occupied Palestine has beoa a matter: of deep . concern. fti fo:mic Republic of Iran, vhila condasining this joint schom of the, Zionirsto and hegemnic Powem, baliev4sa that it it3 incumbenot upon the iuteraetisnaL cmawnlty to comke,r such 6116gal aad inhuman prscticss. Tbo Idlamic Yepublic of Pran , etrsaai~g the nacesmSg of presetwivg tha in&epaz&mce and tetrJ.toriaP integrity of ltebanola and respect fot the right to wolf-deksrmimtion uf the people oE Labanon ie accordame with the will of the majority, reafIirfm its full support for tb aeeiotancm of the Lebanese and Islamic natiena~ Zorcoa egainmt the comkiracio8 and aggmmion of the Zitwist rbgime. Ske Omasfty Council'rr wcpoditiouo zwsporree to the recent act of aqgresnion in the Persian Gul2 has fosters+3 tbc optifnimm #at the Cnmoil is approaching, although kclatedly, t&9 reeli~otion that for the mainrtww3nco of inksfaatimal peace and oa~curity &dopkion of LL ~~olukda @tame mu3 offmctivo precticA1 nwammm to counter aggr%asiou is a logicaf impisvative. Hence the Couucil iu duty-bound to rehuuPder its constitukioml oblJLgat%om yip-%-vb psroistent Zionist uggresaioa against %vl6mic IL&d& aad cdope offsctivcr cocacoke measure&i undsr Chapter VII of ‘m . Afghen people, we stress the aecesnity for l atabliahiag nn independent, Rslnunic and non-aligned government in Afghanistan enjoying go& relations with its neigbbows, which can only be attained through the unity of all Afghan kWilim people and rospoct for the u&oh of the majority expressed in a free election. tie declare our reodinesa to play an active end 8erPour role in vsafating the Afghan people to hold free elections fn the axorcioe of their iaalienablo rig?& to self-determination - a ro90 emnoting frora the srristing mtrong moral bonds htwean t&o Ialsmfc Bepublic of Iron and the Afghan people and the Mujabddin. The mechanism for frae elections under tbo ouptwvi~lola of the United Nations. which was proved effective in turbulent areas such as Namibia, can be utilised with the co-operation of oeigbbourdng countrieu to brfag the crisis in Afghanistan to an end. No hope that with the resolution of the Afghan problem and the emergeme of a prop%tious situation, AfgbaE refugooo can voluntarily end honoumbly return to tiair howeland. OR the quoation of Kashmir, the Islamic Republic of Iran expresses deep concern over ‘&he violelrt Wend of last year. It is to M hoped that through adoption of appropriate moasubes , and taking into aceoutlt the dsmandrp of tbo Muslim people of KashmLr, fuodwtmtal step6 for tha ponceful settlemeat of this queatioo will be tasco8.l; The Ialamfc Pepublic of Iran hao , sbuco the adoptfox of the birrtoric Dmlokatibn of tbo opecial somsioti of tlw General Asrorably on eO followed devulopiwats lo Uoutb Africa witb !4Xwoai. and concern. The release of Nelaou ManduPu wgrase~&s t&a b8ginxlfng t~f a procure which cau be completed only by the tste1 BliamaRtPislg aL m in South Africa and the formation of a mm-rasPa govermont bnsud on t2m fme wfll of the psople of that cowtry+ Ths 18lsmic "apublic of Iran, inspiret! by the principle of the dignity and sxalte(r wootb of th6 huear; person, baa a2wayu empbasissd the civil and politicsl,ss wll as l ~onomic!, social an2 cwltural rights an8 responsibilities of human beingo is& has attacha& pwnhince to the participation nf all pwpls ia determining their 0estiny irr politioal, ~lconomic, cultural and social fields. For more &a a doCaU6, the fslsmlc Republic of Pran participat6d actively itn the Organisatiorn of tbe Islsmie Conferenc6 in tbo dreftiug of the Declaration on Hums Eights in Xslam an&, last Decemb6r, bosted thha, concluding meeting of ssperts in Tehrun to finaliso thak QcuaoBt. Uhile in this ooataxt w6 continue to ob-operate with the buraon rights org&as of tbe Uaited Rations , and s~ppott rolovhnrt Unit8d Rations activities geared to the prmtion and betterment of the humm situation, we are of the view thut politically motivate& or selective approschea ia such organ3 would tarnish tbo very Cretlib9lity an8 un&armiae the effec2iwmms of the Organisation in this sonoitive fi618. Creation of a boalthy environment and a social milieu con&clue to tbo preservation of humsqdignifiy and the growtb of tbo personality of the human bciag cello for a concerto8 ca6paign at the globa love2 sgaisst poverty, discrissination, aoral decsdenee anf3 crime. Drug ad&iction aa& trafficking is a social ill of global &ismnsio~ which not only Gearroys the body and the soul of aillions of people but l 2so lies at t&e root of ra&snt violence tbroatoni6g the fabric of many soeioties. The Z8l~io Rspublie of Frau, t36C6UP6 of its 86asitiv6 geographic position, ha0 had to grapple with the trsnait of narcotics ad its p6rnicious effects OB our oocioty. We haV6 af2Qptef2 a Coarpr6h6aSiVe plan t0 co&at this monac6. Yet, experience bavl shown that success ie eradlicating the drug problem requir68 no 1608 than 8 concert6% and dcrs~isive irpt6rmationa2 ~6sponser co-operation and progrdMe of aetioa. The eighteenth special 5e5rPon of the General Assembly devoted to international oco5omic co-operatforr and, in pa+ticuPar p revitalisation of growth and development in the atmhping countries , was a welcome turning-point $a our collective effort5 to overcome economic crises in developing countries and to establish an equitable and balanced system equally benefiting the developed and the dsveloping. In this context, the session's final declaration provides an appropriate tramwork for the resumption of tho Btorth-South dialogue. It took two long yoars of tireless efforts to agree on holding the session and to draft the tort of its fioal declaration. This process, in order to come to fruition, requires not only the common will and political conrnitmont of all countries but also the formulation of practical mechanisms and concrete ntepn, among which $5 tho inclusion of an item under tbo 8~10 title in the agenda of the current session of the General Assembly. Today wo are gathored here in this Assembly at a time when the importance of the role of the United Uations to attain international peace and security, counter aggression and prom&o friendly relations among all nation5 cannot be over-•mpbasisod. International public opinion riqhtly erycts this session of the General Assembly to be guided, without ulterior political motives, by the letter and spirit of tho cardiual principles of the UniteQ bations in confronting international conflicts. crises aud challenges. The Islamic Republic of Iran ir proparod'to play it8 part in the realisation of such lofty objectives. N (Intloneaia): Mr. President, it giver ma great pleasure to offer you the felicitations of my delegation on your assumption of the presidency of the General Assembly at its forty-fifth aeaaion. Your unanimous election is a well-deserved recognition of your many accomplishmenta in the service of your Goverament and of the international coaaaunity. I am confident that under your stewardship, we will make substantive progress in our work. I ahould like to pay tribute to your predecessor, Major-General Joseph Garba, for the exemplary manner in which he guided our deliberations during a very busy year - ehairiag the forty-fourth aoaaionr the l ixteentb special l oaaion, on -8 the oeventoenth special aes~~ion, on illicit narcotic drugs, and the eighteenth special l aaaion, devoted to international economic co-operation. 1018 decisive and enlightoned leadership has gained him the admiration of the entire Assembly. On behalf of the Government and the people of Indonesia, I extend a warm welcome to Liechtenstein upon its accession to membership of the United Uationa. My delegation looks forward to close co-operation between our two countries. We live at a time of extraordinary flux, a time of groat promise as ~011 as grave challenge, a time of opportunity amidst pervasive uncertainty - in short, a time of profound contraata and contradictions. On tho bright aide of the spectrum, rapid and fundamental chenge continuoa to transform tho global political aad economic landscape, uahoring in a refreshingly new phase in intoraational rolationa. The trand toward8 conciliation aad concordance axong nations, especially among the wnjor Powera, gathered further momentum durirog a past year. He aro heartonod by tbo uew spirit of co-operation among the permanent members of the Security Council in concerting their endeavour0 towar& the Peaceful reoolution of conflict l ituationa.e On the continent of Europe the political, the economic and even the physical barriero are comirag down and the East-We& divitle ia progreaaively loaing ita i%eological connotation. The iminent unification of the two German State8 l ignifie8 both the symbolic anfl the actual end of am era in European history. In Africa VU have welcomed with 0eop satisfaction Ramibia'a l ceeoaion to inQepen&ence and have aoted the aalutary effect this landmark event ham had on developmenta in South Africa, where the Pretoria r/g&w appeara to he movia~~ with greater l eriouaneaa to mmet the legitimate aapirationa cbf the majority of it0 people. Encouraging progreaa ia alaa being w.Ie in resolving the quertion of Western Sahara. In Central America, the prooeaaea of national and regional reconciliation have movafl forward opening the way towards greater hamany and comum progreaa in that l trife-torn region. In Aria the part year ala0 witneared yet mother inatauce of erstwhile divided States drs;sing together when the twa Yameno decided to merge into the new Republic of Yemen. My CLalegation congrstulatea the Government nud the people of fraternal Yemen on their historic union. Inaonoaia haa equally ualcomed tha initiation of high-level talka hetweon the two Korea8 at Prime Ministerial level, in tho hope that it may footer au atwaphere conducive to the realisation of thmir ohared aapirationa for peaceful reuuification. In South-Eaat A8ia there ia renewed hope that, with the recent breakthrougha in the ongoing negotiating pro~oaa~ a ccmprehmaaive political oottl.ement of the Cambodian conflict may now be within our gtaap. 0 Wt. Aazwoalp (Cabana), Vice-Proai&entc task the Chair. On the global plena the l eeiag of B88t-We8t toneion aad of ideological contention end compatition hee opened UP PIW po88ibilitie8 for eubetential progreee in dieararaawat end arm8 reductioae. At the came time, come seminal tread8 are mekiag their impact felt in the economic sphere , offering eahaaced opportunities ae well am challoagee to our queet for ea iaternatioaal economic order of greater equity and geaeralieed prosperity. Whilo tbeee dovelopmeate iadeed boleter 3ur hopes for the attainment of a more peaceful, eecnre, just end tolerant world, we ceaaot but be acutely aware also of the darker aide of the picture. Deepit the palpable itnprovemeate in the global political elimete, despite the mrgeace of aeu ead more enlightened perepectivee on the l olutioa of old ead MU probleme. the international eceae today ie etill imeet by unreeolved tensions end conflicts, by rempeat violence ead wideepread iaetebility. Doeply rooted iaequitiee and imbalances continue to afflict inter-stat. relatioae, l epecially betweoa developed and developing couatriee, where Kortb-South polarieation ie bacolaiag acceatuatad ae the major ieeue of our time. The politic8 of power, political domination end l coaomi~ coorcioa still feeture all too prominently in present-day international relations , and the romainiag vestige8 of coloaialiu ead inetitutioaalieed racira have yet to be eraeed from our virioa of universal emancipation. Agaiaet tbie bu.-,kQrop it ie deeply dieturbiag to note that States continue to rerort to armed force and military intervention in the l ottlemeat of dieputwe, Wue gravely throateaiag regional pace and globe1 security and undermining all impuleee am3 efforts to ekape a world of greater harmoay and mutual tolerance. It ie in this context that Iadoaeeia hee viewed with growiag alam and deep dietreee the recent went8 in the Gulf region. A8 a United Otatioae Member c/witted to uphold the eaactity Of th. Ch8rter anti Se a country which uaemrvi~ly adhere8 to thm 10 pr2aaciplee of llandtmg and Lb349 of the Ron-Aligae8 Hovemeat, SnQnesia has always firmly 0pp080a fordpa intervention, sggseasion arrd tha’umo or throat of us0 of fore0 in intar-Stat8 relations. Hence, Irag's invasion anU cloclarea annesatioa of Kuwait cannot be C0ti0n8a, arpa 8ay Gwermnt fully supports aaa ahMe by all the Security Council resolutions adoptma in that respect. Itt is particularly 8aWening to us thst the present conflict involves two fellow msWer8 of the 1Jon-Uignea nowsent, the Organisation of the Islamic Coaferenco end the Organisation of htrolem Exporting Couatries (OPSC), with which PaQnesia has long msintainea close, brotherly relationa. It is, tuoreOVer, profoumlly regretteble that, as a result of thsse aOVOiO$3@BtU~ efforts to achieve a just and comprehensive mettlamsnt of the wider probleao of the region caused by Israel's aggressioa ma continued illegal occupation of Arab land8 =a persistent demial of the inalienable national end hwnsn rights of the Palestinian people appear to have beea eclipsed. We therafore concur with the Secretary-General thet, once we succaea in putting the present crisis oa f3e road to resolution, the longer-term, underlying problems of the region must be aUdre8se& Tuwaras this end, solutions eewot aa should not be sought through military yens or by usilateral l ctioa. Only a political settlerwot under the *uspices of the Unitetl Yations or within tha frusework of Areb waiation, can avoid further eggrav8tioa 883a enlargement of the prereat conflict. Ueanuhile, fndon4~8ia ~812s upon all countries inv0iv0a to exercise self-restraht and t0 refrain frm actions thet would only l tacrrbatr a situation already close tt* boiling point. Other focal points of tension and conflict persist in many parts of the globe, notably on the continents of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Although they are now beilpg addressed with greater vigour and more receptivity towards dialogue and negotiation, tbo pace of progress in their comprehensive resolution unfortunately remainm excruciatingly alow. Amesd strife in Afgbaniataa continues , with no clear prospect of a political settlement yot in Bight. Likewise. on the question of Cyprus it is regrettable aat no advance could be made towmds an overalP agreement despite the untiring efforts of the Secretary-General. In the context of Iran-Iraq relations, welcome progresm has recently been made in the implementation of aome key aspects of security Council resolution 598 (19871, involving troop withdrawals and the repatriation of prisonero of war. We fervently hopa that all the other elements of the resolution can QOW be fUlfilled, thus leading to a just and durable peace. ~amibia*s accession to independence regreseata not only the culmination of the heroic struggle Of the Namibian people against colonial domination and racist oppression but also a clear vindication of the role of the United Nationa as the uaiquo multilateral forum to bring freedom and justice to oppressed people everywhere. But the total liberation of Africa will remain unfulfilled until the universally condemned systsm of m in South Africa has been dismantled and replaced by a non-racial democratic government based on majority rule. Indonesia welcomsd the lifting of the ban on-the African Mational Congress (MC), the Pan Africaaist Congress of Azania (RAC) and other political parties and organisations and we rejoiced at the release of Nelson Mandela. We QOte, however, that tbo ba?ic structures of the e systam still ramah in place. We therefore shall continue to demand that the Pretoria regime take tbe more fundamental step8 of revoking the bulk of its repressive security legislation, fraaing all political prironetr and ongaging in a ganuirPo nagotiating procar with the authentic leadawe of the South African people. Neanwhila, Eanctioncr nurt Be maintainad until the process of fundamental transformation - not mere co8metic raform - has becomo irreversible. IndoAe8ia is gravely concerned that at c time when rapprochement and conciliatiOA between erstwhile adversariee prevail in many regions Of the world, the Middle Ea8t remainrs the vortex of violence and explosive taA8ioAs. Effort8 at re8OlViAg the Arab-Israeli conflict, with the Palestinian people'8 8trUgglO for jurtico and froodom at it8 core, continue to stagnate. The peace procosr remain8 blocked by 18rael*o intransigent refusal to reciprocate the courageous peace initiative8 by the pab8tiAiaA leadership and t0 adopt a rational n8gOtiatiAg pOsitiOn Capable Of adVMCiAg that prOCe88. On the coAtrary, it ha8 persisted in it8 policiee and practice8 of brutal repression against the PalostiAiaA people aad iA it8 UAiVaZ8ally cenrured 88ttlO8NZlt 8chem88 iA th8 occupied tarritOriOU. Tha situation ha8 been further aggravated by ISrael'8 most recent attempts at forcefully changing the demographic equatioA by allowing the influx of Soviet Jawirh iarnigraAt8 to 88ttfe in the West Bank aAd Gara in blatant violation of iAtOrAatiOAa1 law. If Aot rtoppad, this unaccoptabla davalopimat will have far-reaching and disastrous effecta OA tha problem a8 well a8 0~ thm paace process it8Olf. IA thO8a CirCumstaACer and with the heightened teA8iOAEl egOAdOred by the pra8sAt crisis in the Gulf, it is AO~ more urgent than ever to preor for tm equitably conceived and comprahenrivelv n8gotiated political sottlaamAt of the Arab-Irraeli conflict 1~ all ita complexity asd db0A8i0~8. The IAtorAatioAal Peace Conferenca udor the au8picar of the United Nation8 reinain8, in Indonesia'8 View, the LBOst l ff6Wtive framework for ArgOtia?.iOAm OA all the 088aAtiAl OlemclAts (MP.) of e just solution. The alternative C(u). Only be mounting fruetratioa ead deapeib eed ee inexorable drift tower&e further violence. Ia Gout&Loot Aeia. the eituetioa ia Caarbodie rema$pIe a major focue of concern to xadonooia end to the Aeeociation of South East Aeiee Hetione (ASEAN). Ovor the pret year. coatiauinq efforts have kmea oxpealed in the loag and arduous search for e just, comprobeneive end dureble eottlemeat of the conflict. A number of meetings have takea place and valucuble contributions have been mede by many sidee, which hevo all combined steadily to push the peace process forward. Particularly aotevorehy in this regard has beoa the agreewent reached by the five permeeeat members of the Security Council at their recoat meeting $a Hew York oa a framework eml oa key elements of a comproheneive political settlement base& on ea enhance4 role of the Waited Bations. Prior to this, eoem basic ueUereteadieg8 wore aleo reecbeb emoeq the Cembodiea parties and regional countrioe in meetings held in Jekerta, Bangkok, Tokyo end oleewhero. Moot recently, a eignificaet breakthrough was achieved at a meeting in Jakarta earlier tbie month, coaveeod by France eed Indonesia se co-Chairmen of the Paris Intoroatlosal Conforeaco oa Cembodia (PZCC) and attended by the four Cambodian pettier es well ee by the ropreeeatative of tho Uaited Bettone Secretary-General. At this meting tbo Cembmliee parties agreed to accopt the fremeuork document formlotod by the five p@rm~o~It m8bere of the Security Council $r, its l ntirety ae thO beeie for l Ottliag th0 CWiea CanfliCb apd they committed tbeneelvee in co-operation with all tb4 other perticipeeto of the PICC to elaborate this pramswork into e comprohenoivo politic81 eettlewlat through thm pracannmn aL Uu PXCC. They 0100 agreed to f0rOi a Supreme Metioaa), Couec$l ae the uf4ique legitimate body and source of authority $a which, throughout tbo treeeitionel period, the $n&9pendeaca, 0overeiqM.y sad unity Of Cembodia w0ulb be enbodied. The Supreme SUioaal Council will heaaeforth reprorreet Cambodia externally and occupy the scat of Cambodia at tha Waited Oationa and all it8 opeeialised ageaciea and in other Ilnterrrational fnetkutima aad iaternntional coaferencoo. The achievamant of timre two agremesta, taken togothero indeed repreaeata a major step forward, imparting a deoiaive hpetua to the negotiating pzsaeso. With the ground thus prepared for the oarly recoaveaiag of the Paris ConPoroaco, it ie our fervent hop th8t all partire to the r,oaflict and other concern00 countries will now marahml the roquirod political determination to Qursue the proceaa and to elaborate and concMle a coaprehmafve political settlemat. Tho path aheaU may atill be rocky, but I am coafideot that we have now coma to the final atretch on thm road to a guot and enduring peaao ia Cambodia and an end to the imeaao suffering of ita people. Tho cold war has l ndmd. But aa we aaaeaa ita iqlicatisaa lot ua not oatortoin the rather l impliatic notion that it ham reaultod in the victory of one ride olrd the Qefeat of tbo other. I would liko to believe that ratioaality and a growing awmraaesa of the nma0 for comma security have won ovor tko military aad political doctrincra which for 80 long hava threatear to load the world to the brink of collective aelf4eatructfon. Tke current international acoam impresaea oa ua the aoberiag reality of how little progroom has baea made in diaaratawtoat and how marginally we have moved in stewing the arms taae. A more effective strategy ia therefore needed to rovorao the ouu race an8 to a&lerate the proceaa of arms reduction and dioamamnt, eapeeially in tlm nuclear ffsld. In ?.slcs coete*t of START, the prospect8 for concrete agremwnta are within reach and w urge their rapid adoption. Further aago&iationa should seek even ;Jeq?er reductioau irr mclmar forcer a~0 Wsitationa on qualitative iaprovemeata. Tkm concluaioa of a compre'i?enaivo toat-ban treaty * . . (Mr.1 Pet, it ie a880 two that given the asyau&rier 131 preoent-8ay international ~c0smn.k reiatelow, utsm of these trenda could present major cballonqles and cQl2strcPisto to the developiu$ neuartrieu. The post par bar witnessed the Qromatic tramform&:ioBs of tha Eastern luropem centrally plamed economies, loading to thdr pnogrosoive iatugration into the woelO oeowmic eymtem. Indonesia wel~onws as dmmlopmant,, for itr ON rake and for the prospects it offere of new opgwtwities, awh as l xpauded markets for exports frozn developing countries. nTovertbelor8, tbare i- alro genuine au3 justffied coxacera that finamfal, trade and fevssear~r~r. flows of considbmble magnitude from &he doveloped No&b might now be rec~lle6 to Eastern Europe. Xn addition, we are carefully alsseasing the 2porriblo iwipast of W fonwatise of powerful economic groupings among de~loped eountrier, a8 rreq4i.fi.d by tbs prospective aingls Europan market end the United ~tateX4-C~iPo PP.6 %SdO ~~P6Mbllt. Certainly, euch regioml econamhs intagratSon could bo a major otimlur to the global ecommy, provided however that St raaahs outward--looking and doen not result in additional external barriers. la the light of tbaco circumtancea , wo are gratified with the conse~sua outcome of tba oightrentb 8peeial serrion of tbr General Assembly 0~1 international oeo~o~is co-opercatzionn. Its Becl8rat2on provfdaa the Pntmraational aomunfty with a cohamaf btu.eprin$ for oveacomfmj the tzrippllq legacies of the past and meet%ng the chblleagea of the BOQOa. At tbs aam time, we are frilly awore that if thcr prnviofons 63f the Dacleration ate not traarsiatnd in& coacrste measurea the aceleimwb spfrie. aspirations uwl hopan gonemted ~&the rpk9cial aeraion may prove illu8OPy. -0; i# t.IeOaO~ i0 t0 DUilQ UJ)QXl tkd.8 iLQ3OFtDL2t f&rot 6-k@ &Ziti to BnSUM th@ aUC2c@e)ii8 of OUf Ccl~kXtiW C%&%'Lv,o~A~~ i&l t&OS@ U&d~~&3kbl~8, OM 01200&J BDt Out on ?g-uB intocElatioeal agenda. Of great importance on thio agenda is the International Development Strategy tot the 1990s. The proposed strategy, a8 dfocussed at the recently concluded fourth session of the m Preparatory Conuoittoeo is an ambitious yet realistic undertaking, It should promote the achievement of its principal aim, namely, that of aceoleratiug t&o dovelopawnt of the devt9loping countries. In this connection, ue certainly appreciate the emphasis being placed on new issuer of coraaon concern, including environmeatal protection, human development and tbs alleviation of poverty. At the same time, it i8 dmportant to make sure that oub preoccupation with there concernta doer not obscure the urgant noed to addrerr and rerolve tie perennial pxoblems coafrontilag the developing couatriet, especially the interrelate6 issues of money, finsneer debt, trade and commodities. The Uruguay Round of Multilateral TraCls Negotiations, now in its final cud critical u&age" in another went of tho utmost importance on the intornatioaal agenda. Let UE be clear that the ultimate objective of the Poun8 is to atreagthen the General Itqreemeat on Tariff8 aa& Trade (OATTI ant3 its rulea, so as to ensure an open and faix international trading mystem. It should not therefore be construed cl8 legitimising the vested interests of the strong. In this context, it is vital that tbese negotiations should load to an eguitable and balacad outconm tahiag fully into account tho spacific concerns and needs of th% developing countries. This ahodd in essence mean creating an international tradiug environment tbat will permit ths developing countries effectively to pursue their development process, while henefitiug from their comparative advantage in the production, p~ocesring aad export of their courmditiem and manufactures. Seyoad the Uruguay Round, the eighth United Nations Coaferenee on Trade and Devfjlomnt (UNC~%?J VIII) in 1991 should provide u8 with an excellent Opportunity to addreoe international co-operation in trade and development, such as tbs revitalisation of international cokmnodity co-operation and other trade related development issue8. As the Gecretary-General mentioned in his report 01) the work of the Orgaeiration, tbe foremost problem in tbo context of renewing the process of growth and development requiring an adequate iaternational response is that of external indebtedness. In this regard, we are encouraged by the appointment of Mr. Bettino Craxi as the Gocretary-GenesaP's Persoloal Representative on debt. We sincerely hope that his findings end recommendations will contribute to our collective uearch for more innovative, comprehensbve and effective responses to the external debt problems of all categories of debtor developing nations. As a country acutely conscioue of the vulkaorability of the worlU*o ecosystem and oP the resultaet tbreatr to future development that its deetruttion may cawe, Xndornesia attaches particular importance to the preparations for the United Nations Conferenee on Enviroement and Development to be held in Braril ia 1092. The wcrldl’s blemfshad aavironment obvioumly calls out for redresr. Tbo responribi~ity for tbis undertaking should be equitably shared amongst all nations, taking fully into account the existieg disparities between developed end dovelopi~g couartries. More rpecifically, the developing cctmtriee rhould not be penalioed for the development l xcesees of the industrialised countries. Rather, the linkages between ewiromnental conceraa end the legitimate development needa of developinq countries rhould be fully recognised. It is our eincere hope that the preparatory procass for the Conference recently launched in Wairob% will eucceed in forging consensus OD an effective prograrrrae of action to addream tbim major concar of humanity. The imprtenco iecrQaeieglp attachad by the intornetional coamueity to humen bmlopunt $8 further toiraforced by thy EMen DQvelopment Report 1990 recently reloeead by t& United Nation8 DQvoloplmot Programsa (UHDP), TBie report reflect8 the growing racogeition of thy hu factor ee caatral to the eucaeee of &velopnQet policiae end the alPOvietion Of me88 povQrty. fn addition, it mpelle out rtratoqiea for human Qewlopreut am Reamred by the human dawloparsxtt it&~% We wlcoem Me adQition0l dimeeeion 88 8 nrrane for ComplQmQntieg, ratbrr them rQplacieg, the taeditionel paremtare of dQvelop6mnt. At the r~gioeel 1~vQl. tbo Jekarte Plan of A&ion, edontcd by th8 Economic and Social Cmadaoion for Asia and t&m k%S$f$e (EI)w) ROrO tihIB!k tw y@arU 8gS, Wee SpCifiCelly dQO$gad t0 OahMCQ the bwen Qheoeion of Qovelogwnt. Now 8lrQrrby in it8 opratioeel pheeoa the P:an Of #iCt$Olr &Q &iWU&rQtilpg %t8 grQ8t Ubgkdfie&UCQ t0 thQ &WQlOpWnt prWQ8QQ8 in the ragion. The C~LO aopiratiorr of mankkad to docent liviug coaditionr, adequato 8beltos, roamct for fundamental human right8 rupd tbo health and wll-being of our cbildron is rpoving to tlao forefront of interraational eonociuuoners and $0 rorbapiag thu international ago&a. 7% forthcoming World RuEaait fOP Children $8 a rsnife8t8tion of thio l hift in priorities and will be a rigsnifieaat osceaion fop . fowling the attention of the international convawaity on tbo plight of it0 -8t * vulnerable 6t0mburor Although only a beginning, the goal0 of the Rumit witb serpuct to child l UpViVal, protection and dovelopent aust bo given full force. It io ourely within our collective capacity to do 00. IO that comoction, tbo Convesntion OD the Rigbto of the Child ha8 beon ratified by tha requilrite nunbur of Member StatOa aad ha8 OntOPed into force. Xadonesia, having 8igMd tbo Convont$on l 8PlieP tbi8 yeare kae now completed tile Patificatioa pPOOe88 at& ha8 dogsrited ttl0 in8tPM8llt8 Of PQtifiCation with the United Ilationo. Eavirrg aroumod the legal ao well a8 tba -pal obligation8 of the Convoatioo, we shall work diligently to fulfil tbi8 cominitmwt and rho11 continue to ceuhmco and protect tbe lives of children. In other acoam 8~ ~011 our eomon ~e8olvo mu8S continue to be utrongthened. Illicit trafficking in narcotic dago and the dilouwa of drug abum continue to take a prsmioent place oe OUP nplonder. The 8OVOlltOOBth 8lpsCial 8eSSbn Oi! the Gexmral Assembly, on internatio23al co-operation q&not illicie productfon, oupply, de-d, traffickiny au0 diutributioa of xmreotic drugo and paycbotropic mb8tance8, t@stifiaQ to t&t. The Bolitlsal Doclarstirm and tha Global Ptogramne of Actiou adopt00 &t that oession 8trongthenedl thm inVuntOPy at LPUP dfogoeal to countsr thim threat to 8OCiOty and again oignalnd our collseQ$vo conxnitment to effective action and unity of purpose. S$ya$ficantlyo the neeU to addrers %smms of both nupply and timand has been reconfirm& along witb the undorli'ng oocial cauoeo that t-1 qenerate the umo of illicit .narcoticm. Indonmmir r0eiainm fully cmmmittmb to ebm international cminpoign mgsiamt illicit tr8ffie?sing surd drug abume, mnd plm8gmm it8 &mt efforto to contribute to it8 8~~0mmm. Thm ammault on society by thorno who traffic ia mad abuse illicit nmtcoticm aumt be turned back. The daath of 25.000 young people each day frolr proventmble 62mu808 can p10 longer be tolerated. Yet them0 Immuem cannot lam divorced from the quemtiaum of overall developmeat. Zndsed, the new international aqjalnda aumt be mhap6d within tbo broad coatemt of socio-ecouodc Cwelopmt, guided by a moral conmcfuncs. The fmntal hunam right8 of 011 people mnd the equal trmatmnt of wcwn aad their inclumion am equal partner8 in %e devolopwnt p~ocmmm iumt be enmurod. Poverty mad dempmir muat be overcm. Education sumt be l nhmnced. In mum tk@ overmll quality of lifo for all people, and particularly for our children. aumt bm Paproved mo that ~8 my build a better future for all nakimd. Am we enter the last drcade of the ceatury we aro mgein being prcsaented with a udquo oppoxturrity to ccletruct a rrdic8lly mewI mvre peaceful, just and prompmroum global order. This opportunity l horPd not be rimmm4. Yet if the purmuit of that objective im to achieve tmngibla reality, a renewat of confddmnce in aultilateralimm3 and 8 recognition of*tLe irreplaceable value and rolo of the United Hatfonr are imperative. In him cmprt OP the work of tha BrgmnimaGioa. the Secretary-Gweral advanced m nuab6r of propomaP8 to mtrengtheaa further the functhaing of the United Yetioam. Ue believe that in view uf the Otgmnisatioa'a steadily empaadiag role in pmace-kmmping and peace-mmkinp, the l vrrch for way8 and r~anrn to ansura brodmt d IWWJ mtmble l uppoct for much mctivitiem barn iadeed become l mmential. The wed in now mlmo being felt for periodic meting0 of the Security Council at a hi@ political 1~01 to l urvmy world political develop&m and to identify poton?iol corrfliot and criois siturrtioru, tbrrbf Ohio tb Colmcil,'o csp8city for prswntivm diplouqp llmh sm~tiays abould bs supported by 8n iaprowwnt in ttm BNlr+t@ry-BePrerMl’s eopadty for timsly and UnbiuMd Saformatiom +harirrg. At tbe 1w0 tiw, tha csntrml functions of tlm Eeonoric amd loci8l CoundP fm policy guidanc* 8nd mmiteriag sad eo-ordinating systea-widm actioa in the aconemic, swim1 &ad htmmitari8m field8 should bo sqaally 8trsrPgtboned. 5ut ~0 should aluays kolr in ai84 thst ml1 sfferte to stroogtbea the roles impova tbm functioai~ and incraaso "cho l ffieieacy amd offdcscy of tba Unitmd natienr will mm&a inads9uato umloss tbay are matcbsd b& tbo consistent rqport, iaclwlin9 ta0 fiDolPCiU support, of sPI1 Maebar States. I wish also to lala4sarscece th8 Soorotuy48nar8l~8 sbservatioor that the Orgsai88tion will b43 in daagor of! ilainf# ~satl Mad sidalinmd if namln?r States c especially tbs major Polmrs. C~es#~ to act outsP& tbs whit Of tb0 puPp0888 and prinCiplm8 Of tb Ch8rtmr. W fully qtma with him that "It is ths williq ondorrcmant of ths ~cistons of tha Sacority Council by tbs iatmrnationsl comumity that cm best eotmtor any impres8ion . . . of wrld affairs beiu~ rum by 8 dirmtorate". (aslrs/l.~ls) Tim wwld is at n crossroads. Ths forces of chsopo at8 rolsntlosoly puobilagl it into lARch8itcd raters. Wail* ogportunitks 8bowd. so too do uucmrtainti*s an43 dangarn. lo m8et tbsse unproc84sstod challozqes sffoctivoly, mltllst*rsl co-operation and 9enu$ne interbrpsndenca are critically inpoetant. Wet is it & vfsbh dtorrarrtiw to a&vanca tba iat*rosto ob amy State or region 8t tW oapa’so Of otbrs. It is only throw@ shsrrd rmsgonaibility and a sh~rerd wnmftment to glob81 co-operation and sorid8rity tb8t w c89a hapa to Rutage the massive chulger that are transforming thm shape aud substance of ButoonatPomP relations for tha docsdms abed. e (Cost8 Rim) (intmrprstatioa from Spanish): I Wish f&rat of 811 to convey to Hr. Guide de Nsrco the siecofo coagratul8tionm of the uQv8tnmEnt 8nd tlW ~soR10 of Cost8 Rica on hi8 855Ul@iOX of the preridency Of the Ge55&-81 &ldly. ?Or CO8t8 ktiC8 - 8 COW&try which i8 5X811 like #aIt8 8Itd dssOc58tiC like D(rlt8 - it $0 tbO@ly 88ti8fyilpg t0 558 8 580 Of th8 18Xd Of Wi8ri guidiag tha werk of tho Assambly at fts forty-fifth searion. Wo aro auto hi5 elaetion to tbo Rresidmncy will coestituto (I decisive cco&tibution to th0 5uCco58 of tho SUamhly’cp work. Rha brcadtb of l poriesce of tho Iacretary-Gosoral, his total comnitumnt to th@ C8uIO Of p8CO aad his tire1058 dOdiC8tiOn to hi8 work h8ve l Xalt.d the Office of S~crot8ry-Ganor81 aad have oarn8d the gratitude of the l atiro world. Wader tho lO8dOEShiQ Of J8Vht tit-@8 d0 htll8t, tb Unitad Wations ha8 raswd its place in tha 8a8rch for lmnumy. It h8r rowwed its rolo 85 the focal point of intOt~t&O&Ul r915tiO55 5&d th5 54Bpo8itOfy @f COlX5CtiVO mffOrt8 towards pe800 8ad co-2Fzation bstwoon u8tions. It $5 M hornOUr fOP CO8t8 i!iC8 t0 join th. groundwoll of intern8tion81 Rublie opinion in eonveyinq its respsctful tributo and aincora th8nk8 to o man who bar giwrr the Organisation its Brdghtest days. Coat8 Ric8 t8ke8 gra8t p1e85ura in ralcomisq the 8dmission of R8uibi8 as a now )(arrbet Of th. tbitd R8tiosS. LhSRite m qsOqr8Rhic diSt8nCe, Xy COMtry for X85y ye8rU mumrted the lylitimte righ;c ef the UQaibiur poogle to srlf-d@t~m$nat$oo. fn 1993 it W85 Out RriVih$JO t0 8Ct 85 host to the fiK8t t6qiOu8~ SOmiaar orgmiaod by tlm Uaitad Ration5 on tba question of RWibi8. nr, 8fO 8inCsPely h8RRy th8t the' RsXibi85 iudep%dsnrm proco55 has cow to 8 g3eaceful aud sa$nsntPy dsXocr8tic #mfimelu.(m*- rnaq .h& l dImo P-k rr.rrrr-.d.rLI*.- a. &L-L --a-.- L-- *-a--1 I-- *- L-g- -_------_-_ -.-- -“-_ -w-B& .rC.“““w-a.a..w “L -a.-- **.r,r Iwo. ,.“.abw4 Y. a.Y baa. forum. Xy delegation alma wi8heE t0 take thiU Opportunity to expues6 its profound pleasure 8t the admib8ion of 8 new bkmber State, the Principality of Liochtenetein to the Unitrd Rationo. Corta Rica eooriders that Lieehteaotein's Uomcratio system mad dedic8tion to peace 8ad deVO]lOplwnt CO-Opz8tiOn are firm guarantee8 that Liechtoastoim will make 8 vsluablo Contribution to the activities of this world Orgmisation. Co8ta Ries believe8 that in order to achieve its goals the United N8tions rlwul& include all roveroign Statas. The prilrciple of universality, in keeping with th8 Organi88tion'8 practiceJ impliem that all the world*8 people8 have the right to be reproronted hero. Iv. thir respect, ffiy couatry wisheo ts expre88 yet again its cojlYictiso that an affirmative reapmae 8hould be given to the aspiration OP the Republic uf Xore8 to join the United Nation8 and tbat this response ohould not be coclditional on the vici88ituder of inter-Xorean offairr. but 8hould rather be viewed in the light Of the Charter alone nCr have observed with great pleasure the exemplary effort8 that h8ve ro8ulted in unification of the Yemen meat, an8 which vi11 rhoztly have an auk8lOgOU8 rerult in the case of German reprenentation. While the aus&derirod reunification of Korea ham not taken place, Coots Rica believes that the lrgitiaate dosire of the Republic of Kore8 to join in the offortr of thir OrgcmOootion c8nnot be fgrrored. My delegaeioa al80 wimber to take thi8 opportunity to offer its cordial cowratulatiooo to the aanY M@!@ber Stster which. in the year vhkh he8 elapsed mince the last 8eroion of tha Gumma Aasmbly, hhve seen the 8eedr of democracy take root. There is no doubt t&at thi8 phenoamma 0 which is daily more widerpresd, increaser the soral authority of this Orgao~oatioa and the respect which its goals and principles 8houlU inspire in all of us. It im certainly true that within a ver, abort period of time the world haa been trearformed. fnt~rmatioaal law har cama ta ba awn 8~ the right Prutrummt for solving diaputoa. A wirrd of optimism haa blown through the moat disparate plaeea on the pleuet. With a speed disconcerting even to the moat astute l obaervera, conflict8 have diaaipated, dialogue has flourished and confrontation has given way to co-operation. ior thm firat time in it8 long hiatory, the world baa l tarted to become a reai community of united nationa. Non8 tho leaa, thin new tack Mind hea tekea toward8 cmn aex~ae Pa at this very iaomeat facing a aerioua, WfOrO88oable and unjuatifieble obataclo. The Persian Gulf crisis i8 end-goring wosfd peace end undermining the fundamental value8 of thie Organisation. with flagrant diaregard fsr the moat elementary principles of the right8 Of peopIea, B Stat@ Uamber of the United Nation8 haa been invaded by another. Xta authorities h8ve berrr deposed, aud to cap it all it has beea unceremoniously annexed. The Sragi aggreaoion agaiart Kuwait he8 earned uaiveraal condemnation, and the United U8tiooa ha8 faithfully lived up to its commitment by dmauding that the sovereignty end territorial integrity of Ruwait be raapected aud by implementing specific maaeuroa to ensure that thia occum Unhappily, tho Oovornment of Iraq haa to date refuaod to hem6 the voice of the ietaroational comnunityI end even tbe reaolutiona of the Security Councils world peace hang8 by a thread while billion-dollar loaaea 8ze oacutring in the sconomiea of the varioua countries of the worlfl tha lives of iaaocont people are in peril end all xbstions, particularly uudor-daveloped countriaa, ore begimi- to fen1 the ttagie effect0 of a naw onorgy crbaia. Coata Pie& which ha8 entruated ita aocurity to international law, roiterater Eta atrsng condemnation of the aggreraiorr parpstrated ag8inst Ruwait aud firmly l upporta the decisiona takaa by the United Eations aimad at preserving peace apld guaraatmming th8 l ff4tkiVOn~SS of th0 principloa of the Charter. We cenncst irr ~dmaga for peace perait tha illa@ to bo tolerated (01 if it ware lapal. -vet, w must also, through rtrict csagliaace with Security Council resolutions~ pgeveat thin century of couotleo8 vi&i%8 fmm concludil~g wtptb a third blood-bath, and iwtead leave the sew willoaaium a legacy of harmony aad fretoirnity. Thea@ can ha 00 doubt that the Control Awrican procee8 8houEd form a part of (3i8 tread toward8 FaCO which iS PIQW prevalant in the world, and which it is now wwe urgaat than ever to pur8uea proservo and atrength8n. The Central Aracrricaa cri8i8" wbicb for more tlma a &wade wa8 tba subject of innumerable prsse headlixwia a,ad &. rimwon for COB&l@88 dipltmatic initiatiw8 , took it8 final Course toward8 r#rolutiOa vitb tba implewntation of tbo Esguipuler process, tb~ last ILlnk in a long chain of 8ffortO which b8gs.n in 1982 aad culminated in 1987, tbankr to tbe Co8ta Ri@am initiative and with the coa8on8u8 of the other CmtraZ Arssricm govtmnmmnt8. Today, all tbo CouIltrier in ths region have democratically elected ~varament8, alId tbr State Of ho8tilitier ubich afflicted licatagua ha8 been oadod. It i8 true that tha iatmrnal conflict in El Salvador continuer. but with tbm active rup&?ort of the United Mations a process of dialogue is taking place ubicb ~~63 tru8t will culmiaate in a rolid p@acc for El Salvador aua ths reconciliation of all its people withia a frawcrwork of liberty aad domcraey. Co8ta ltica a180 believ.8 that 08 long as thO8e negotiation8 continues il i8 vitally mrtaut that tb@rO rhould be unilateral ceare-firm aecParation8, both by thip avwruant of El Sabador and by the @ML& accaolgaa8*d by inmadiate iaplmmeatation of tha rgr~~nl: on human rights KOCOatly 8ig~d by the parties, fur San JO& Co&&R Rica, aad on &a r@fOroDI in elactoral law agreed by the political parties of 131 $alvador aaa the mL11. Tab8 would be evidence of a 8fncmre intorert in reaching a &dioitiva molution sod would put a rtop to the tragedy tba Salvado~han @a@. apa 6~ri~Rcing. Thm Bowrmat of Coota RiU8 trust8 aP00 tbt 0x3 9 ROv*arkf th6 Smcufity eouoci1 will reMw th8 WRAIto of tbo uosted uationr oboervm orcup in Cantml aauica (0rmcA) ro that it cm contioue itr orork in Central Ibrrha W tbua ~aimurc prcqar verification of the unditdftaki~r not to 8lloor tha we of cmmtrieo' tWPitOogt fOf ~COO8iOO &U+h8t 0-r stat68 ea8 t0 l Ud 888i8tUC@ t0 th0 itC6$UlSt fOCM8. ut@f pMJ( y8atll ob &08tifiti@8, WC@& OrpiD ri8trU8t, th8 five t%XlRtti88 Of Centfol Smefica 8re tod8y o8pafienCing a fruitful l xpmrh8nt in umderstamdiog aupd co-olpasrotion. EOM th6 1088r tb6 b8tb@U8 f8 6H@Jf#l4d ff- tb6 &W~itiCd CCkOi8 in &p1OC8bl8 9COdC Md OOChl COIiditioRR. ‘PBB glrOWth idiC~8 U@ f@eble, tb@ro i~ 8 high End& defkit omrd 8trdAerdm of UUtfitiOUr haOPtb OrpQL education ara WOftpingt. Platuoally, al% tbre faetorr make tha pmgre88 acbiwed in dereCroti8ation anal raopoot bar h&wan rightr l mtrwaly ftragfle. We ham worked bud to enable Cantcal Awmica to liv0 !.pL pe8Co and ffOadM. but thf8 effort vi21 bear 00 fruit if it i8 lPot acco3lpanisd by pCOOmCto of &WlO~Ot Wldl 8oCi&l ju8tice. XR tbia fm8&IMt~ COota Rica COMhhtB that 8I&@Oft ffOm th@ intarnatio’iul comity for tb81 mm of R~onani~ Co-oporstiora for eantC8l )Ul~ica 8hould haw high pfiOfity. w are l ntrmly comoroad letat dfnirpiohiog WM~ORS in Cantcal Am&mica rbould entail - as bu alrmdy brgpmed ApI IBQW m&WCt8 - a lack of 8008 mt l wk to have itm dobto cescollod, nor do VP) believe that debt ir the solo aouoe of 0~ aiffiOuitiO0. ua ao, kouever, fntloo~ Oelieve that* taJCiag isIt0 coMiuePation the 8bi1ity of Qabtoror it im tiw that, togothat, broad and specific ~wro bo founU to this problem, the effects of which eovorely Bandkap the poroibCity 02 improving the gmlity of life io underUev@loped countries. Corta Rico further conrridero it funQamnte1 th8t an nuwrouo aspects the implementation of moeoureo proposed by isrteraatioaa~ financiaP inotitutionn for &eaiq with the probPew faced by tbfird world countries ila meeting their obligation8 corrioo with it a very biph social price teg. Little progreeo can be as& with ouch polici0o SY the only thiagl to oaerga from them are the l lemeetu of m Uti~oor By)C@ pworty, sore uneiQ?lo&mlent, aoom prouuct9csnr P0so @&Kx&lon, 1~00 Jheoilth MU %080 hOtASP*. BQ Cowtry fOPv*ntly UtpOO thm Govetnmento of the &velop8+s CotastriolB *me voices 8ro deciilivff iu imterlwitional fiweiol! orgmniaatio~ to briq thdr inf]Lumaee to bar OD thio problea lilndl to bring about a cbasga ia srtitu4Te witbia those orgorriratioacr. The iaternatAow1 4 in&maid cooraeryPty CM a0 longer ignore the asqect of t.tm oociol coot if it truly went0 rooQ)uobPaoat policieo to he aaPccmaloaal. Tkwbnb~al criteria cmnot qualify a8 ouch ifi they foil to take into amount the social rrrQ humu imotors Jnvolvod. abilarly, t&e policy of eo-operarion with the third workl iaplewateu by t&e oajsrl~y ob ^sa &valopea countrico wotil%dl be wPrsrQRgl*or it those f3illllb nrtionr were at tb soA tiw ko rAcourqfe ioternatioMl finmci81 osponiootiolao to 8dopt 8n BWi'frreift riitmo, yk&YAn W social cootb to the t?rArO world of iqvlemerrting zbe :a a~poa~h ef joint roopon8ibilPty l buia k tahn with ragard to thm chllerpym at drug trafficking. For tboro who have pormoalrlly rutfor udms that rppalliag l courge, the priority mUmt not ba to wek out the guilty but, rather, to find rolutioru, ana we muut find ehoso rolutiorP8 tog8ther, for u8 ago all curroat or potmcotial victiap of tbo 8courgo. Ths tragoay that today afflict8 the bravo pmoplo of Colombia, a heroic dmf@ad@t of democracy that drug traffiekmr8 are trying to unhminm. will toiaorrow bocoao thm tragedy of tho paoplo of Comta Rica or, iw0a, of ,ury of th8 aetisas roprooontod bars ,unlo88 l ffectivo tweamuro8 are taken to l xtormin8te thoee rinimtor arrd rh~d6wy tu8ntieth-caatury fro8bootmr8 at thr very mot. The rpirit et conciliatiola 8bUid likowi8e k tha bad8 for 813 world offortm in favour of peace. Corta Pica l mrigns a loading role to peace in the life of l V8rg(OBO . rot t&b8 cO8t8 Rice flOpi phi8 highart Of Vaiw8 i8 OOiiaiy fOUSI&ia Op1 the fruitful bami8 of Meracy. Pt i8 tba focal pint of our national lifo and the boric l lmnt ia our forsign policy. It was ia the kliof that maucatioa for poaco raproroat8 0~0 of tba priaei281 ia8trwnontm fer guaoantaoing the future of (tux spacior t&t we prOpO8d tha ceo8tiua of tbm Uaiverrity far Peace, b888a in Corta $OOe, which i8 now celebrating it8 tenth aanfvor8ary PLJ to Who80 cherter, l pprowd by the Gaawal A88ucably, we urge all U8ab6r Stat08 t0 OdhOr6. lrrkrnmtialul public opinion he0 repeatedly rai8ea tl.m gW8tiOn Of pew!0 aiviad~. ubic!a Coot8 Pise vfmw8 88 a netter of b&h priority. With tbm earning of P*nt-ww~t toa8toas awroum itea ia the military b**tr of th4 rugor-Power8 8ro. ~vri;~iimiy, a5u &38CirPeri t0 gWiaal@ Or ai8appe8r. tii88rESUWht, Which at them l ppearwl to bm mn aspty concept or a romantic fllumioa. is 8x0~ rrhi~9 on vibrant -at- and 8*&6ul& bm~an* fihly eatrenrched in it8 rightful place. &or a period of many yoazr Corta Rica bar kan tba benofioiary of rubrtantial paaco divi&lsdr . It ba8 smvar pom8er8ed nuolear or chamical waapono aor does it l wr wi8h to do l e- It do08 not bava an army, aor do08 it wirh to have 'aa army. )to uo (LO udor&avolopd aountry with a high levml of debt, but th ro8ourco8 wa hew available arm invemted 110 health, education, hourlug and dmveloprwnt, not in tank8 or fighter planeo. A8 u8 have 8aid on auwrou8 occa8ions. w respect tha right of Other nrrtiozu to po88.88 mmmd ~OPCSY, but wo conridmr it unjurtifiable that 8Wb fOrCU8 8bep;ld COIISW 811 their OXi8tillg l 888t8, 0V.n tbO8c th.y do ZWt actually ~oa8om8~ whilllr a large proportioro of the world'm gopul~kioe reaainr in poverty . COSta PiC8 COMidW8 At t0 k indis@WImablm that nuclear te8tiw c0880 and that all WeepcaM &Siplied for m&a8 &8ttUCtiOn b0 l liainated. We would 8180 urg8 all &&m&W State8 t0 8UgDOrt the effort8 uxkder vay within the framwork of the Ge~va ConfererrcrP on DA8 arumeat w&b rorgeat to tbm prohibition of the davelopent, produatiom, acquisition and uno of chemical weagoao. HOYSwr, Costa Rica 8180 boliiwra tbat di8arauunt mgotietion8 should al80 euaM8 the srttor at eonventionaa wawn.8, WhO80 do8tructiva potential and CO8t h8Ve 8i@fiCMtay infW888d in WC@nt yeara. In thSt rO8$Mt my d.lwatiOn Wi8hs8 t0 8tr.88 th. 8i@fiWW Of tb9 tOUPd Of XlUJOti8tiOn8 CUrrQUtly kiryl h@ld by tib@ five Central &merican ~owtrima on utter8 of 8ocurity mnd of tha control 8nd aamitation of a ER8-E%kfMh With tb&VRbRbae uEIi8tUCe Of tb thitd m&iOlU. w bdi@W tht Wf&fOlwl bi8WlMWnt WgOti8tiOlU. Uhhb 8bU10 illC3h&, iP My WMt, e&a l laboraeion of reliable verifiaation mmbanimm8, aen cowtitute an appropriate SW&U of r8duc~IpB thm 8toekpiliog of am8 an& tha rim OF :mhe0 t?orsM. In the ~88e Of third WOrfd COUntriM that wuxd UaQM8tiOMbiy ruk eV8ibbie 8UblltMti8i reaourcm8 that could be used for l commfc ma0 nodal tlevelopwnt. Xowvar, Pt i8 also necosrary for the dowloped world to co-operate in l chiaving thooo ob)oetivar, through rpaeial prqramw of co-operation for thoim undw&valcpod aountric? that aro iqlonrenting nn l ffectivo progranrw of diraruuwnt and rcducod military rpe~~dirrg. In the opisiun of Cotta Rica. if a portion of the peace dividend rhould be devoted to co-omration with tho third world, pooforontial troatnsnt rhould be given to tbo6s underdeveloped co-trios that are making proper8 in the rphcra of disannaawnt and reduced ailitary l pendinp. Wo conridsr that ft im not only fair but appropriate that thou. procorosr ba l ncouragad by l pocial co-operation incantivoa. (MP- Coe~Bica) ft he alarming t.o l ee that cou5tri55 with 1OW level8 Of l ConOi5ic and eocial &velomnt l pand up to one quartet of their national budget on military hardware and ye& when it cozeee to co-operation, they raceive the eeme trea&ent ae nations with l etreaely low ailitary budgets. ff th Oovarnmeate of dsvolop~d countries wieh to clone the broach with the third world, it $8 time they de&led - iy ~aee of a formal treaty, which could be &awn up within the Organisation - to orient co-operation principally towarde thoao countrime effectively on the road to arms reduction. Costa Rica believer it to be unfair that when aeoigning aeeietance, identical reasoning ir applied to a country epending its reeourcee on hoepitale, highways or echoole and to those inveeting their funds in weaponry. Furthermore, ny country feels that the doveloped world should e$m$larly actively promote a policy derigned to l redicato or reduco as much a8 poeeible the ealu of venpono to the third world, particularly to the poOrOUt n&.tiOne or those moat afflicted by violence. Today, diea~ament is not only a moral imperative but has become an indiepeneable condition to guarantee the aurvtval of mankind. By implementing effective dieormement proceeees , not only ~$31 wo make available innmnee economic and human roeouccoe for food, health, education and mocial waPfar(P, but a contribution will be made toward8 world @eaco. The intcrrncltional advoaturiem end throate to peace end world eecurity from which the world baa) l ufferod on eo many occaeione CM only ba otopped if arae l tockpilitrg~ie etopped. The 0rgan$eat$on ham dob$catoc% the lest decade of the ceatury to $ntotnat$onel law. Yap the op$n$on of Costa Rica, the beet method to guerant@co the supromecy of that law $8 to l l$sn$neto the meane to break it. Only to tho ortont that eubetant$al progrelee $5 made in tho diserzaama9nt procesbr rational finite ate impoaod on the menufnsture ant2 m8Ae of wqmno end tho illicit male of arm8 is effectively inp4ded. will the rule ob international legal l tandardm bo stroogth9wd. That will at the mm tims consolidate tbu cmtral oola to bs played bp tb# Uoit& Nations in tllo pWWofu1 sottlmssnt of disputes. Eowevat, international law not only requlatos the conduct of nationr amonq thamsolws . Iatoraatious!. law has focused a con*i&erable portion of its content on tha protocttor, of the inherent rights of atan. Consmquontly the dscado of lntmrnatfonal law also involvos L dwade dadicatmd to human rights. It is qratifyinq to all of us to k able to rocoqnise that the drmocrutic upsurge that haa beon takisq place in thm world has translated into a qreator respect for human rights, particularly with rospoct to civil an& politic-d riqhtm. @I& balievo that conditions are favourable for intomational human-riqhto pmtmotios aqeacis;s to intrasify their activities and broadma their spheres of action. Pm tbat rospoct, Costa Rica stvorPgly urqoa tboav Mmmber States that have not done so to join tha iatmmatioml human rights aqrosmmnts and take the stapm rsquired to quarautw full coapliaucb with tboa. ?urthermor0, it is weorsary that paople bmcw fuiliar with t&ir rfqhts asd raalisa that they are not gracious concosrioas qrantrd by C?overnwnts. A daily experience of respect for kumaa rights is the kst motbod of quarantosinq harmony witbin a Statm and the growth in that ftato of t& viqorow aad izkdestructible roots of dmmocracy. E~vortbolmss, tbo pasotsrna with rmspoct to human riqhts in certain cams continua8 to br, of concora. Wo are dooply concorasd ovsr the human rights sitwtion in Liberia. la South Africa, dospito tha evolving process, thm truth is that tha e systm continuer to impomo absurd and oflious discrimination. m--L- -1-s -1 -L -----s, ---_- -_- L--L- -mlr -.. YIlLC -L-Y, “Y-b- -..l*s. *w-fi- S~U YLVLW v*a QBA itii4itiirtii rii;ir i;ir i+&.orir Aqissm, roiteratos dts rapugnanca for any fora of racial discriniaatioa and urges the #out& African l utborfties tq take steps ia ths war future for the imsdiate ePim,inatioa of m. wy couatty is ails0 coawornad over tlm disregard for the huma tAglate of tbm Pa.lmotiaiaa6 Ma the iac~ooaat violanc~ roiqaiog in Lohoaoa. lo aattor rww cofmpbx the Widdla Out proMam may k, no matwc how diffbult it nay k to balurco tbo ~lemonto, ro kliwa that ooy form18 for 8 solution rrpuiroo tha iqplameatotion by l U parties iomlved of UB effective policy of rompact fo+ hum8n rights, particularly aivil ood p0litico.l riqhts. With rerpoot to Lumoa riqhto. the Gowrmnt of Coots Pica io dmply corrcoraod 0-r 8 l itpution that oxioto on 8 world l ooZ0~ The right to Xii@, qranted by the pin&p01 iotmrrutiooal huson tights inotrummoto, ioavit8bly iscludmo the right to live in o babitabfe world. Rowawr, the l ctivitioo of mnkiad are daily mokikaq tha l sorciom of that right ao war-increuhq illuoion. If the threat of a nuclear baloswot couooo conu~ra~ tbo tbkwt of i glaaotmy l coloqicoP cotostroogha io mueh MI. tmqiblm oad imiamnt. In the moot irrerponeibl* mooam bumoitf is bedicatad to dmotroyiw its l aviromoat end l waroly eampramioiagt its wry oxiotrace 8a 8 l pecieo. A0 is true witb l ctieoo 8ffecthg intmrootioool mrce ood socurity, thooa ew¶mgerirrg rcOl0qic8l rrcurPty ia ury port of thm uorld 8re of COncoCn to alA Of We lsooawo tbay l ffact rat of US0 they harrr a13 of us uld destroy 011 sf ume If the intataational law of our timoo r+m5qaioeo m0ro strongBy awry day tbot reopaot for homoo riqhto eaooOt bo coooidosrd 8 wttu of tha orcluoivo intornol cao+pteace of *a& Stmto, thot should ha patticulorly emphaoiomd when w refer to l viromoatol rights. coot* Rica kliOV66 that t&m rim8 has cm to direct our energies tworda a OR tb mtter, hut vary Law 8re directed twordo th@ praveatioa of l oviromotal dastructioa proceoaoo. Therm we huqm qopo l loo with ooopoet to definitions, verification and many other relatd uattoro. TJm ide8 of e ecu intereetioeel l colugiu81 ~rdet is the pro&act of our oonvictio~ the w ue 00 loegele in l position to accept ieoleteb efforts. It is MCMMQ to UAitdl 8d t0 d!OVOlC~ iStSrU8tiQS8l l t%RdU& OS til front0 ie thet fiuld. we met, ee soon ee poeeiblo. deeigm end ieplement MIS l 2f~ceitiro multileterel l tratqjbe8 to proeorve our l nviromnt. In thet rempct, Costa Rica beliovoe th8t tbkl wRited N8tioos ehoula giw priority 8ttontion to l aviromnt8l rettars. We hew obeorveQ ritb gre8t intoroet the p~opeal me& by the Soviet tIe&on to orgeniee l world l nvarorYIOat81 monitoriaq euU control 8ySt%8, which ueuld inelude OS-8itO VSrifiCStiOS lechoniW. US cOASid%r tb8t, 8ftOs 8 ceroful iSV%AtOq iS tSk%A Of l COlO$iC81~~rOblW, SUCh 8 System ll%UPd O&B%A the d%Qr t0 iat%MO MtiWity fnh%d 8t 88ViPwp OUr rO8OUrCSS~ M 8ro 818~ of tha opinion that %A ietereetioeel l swirowatel rositorillg aud control eyetea should work OSD tke beeie of epcific time limits for eetioae to iqlement the roaoDutione form88tmd in thm 9COlO#C81 fiOld, urd SMCtbOAS -8iOSt tbOW IUAtiQlIS llhiCh @%r8iSt in non-c~liance . Wa rOp8t th8t throat8 to l cologh81 cecurPty l houlb be P%gerd%d (u 001 mwo upmst of threote tc interrut5On81 security. In th8t r%gud, we believe th8t 88QCtiOSS t&me mny bS 8gromd upOn by the Security Council ehould ba impoeo(l in thoeo 08808 io which ecologic8l l ocurity is Q-S%& We elm0 fad thet %0&u ItoW l heul8 report periedicelly tu tha uAit%d m8tiOM reQ8raiA$ th0 w%SUS%S th%y h8V% t8k%A to p+OSOSVO th% l OVitOMIUt~ t0 ~COMOtO intGWMtiOlP8f CQ-O~r8tiOA i0 mt fiOld S&a iS ySrtiCUl8r. t0 %ACOUrSQ% OUViPQmStSP %dUCStiOA 8t 811 l%V%h. k i8 tSU% With &l%8CO and humen rights, for mm tQ V81W hie l nviromnt he muet be taupnt from infency that ha has impottaot buthe end reepeooib9litee to hiewlf, to his follow mew se8 ts future 9on%r8tioAS iA that t%SpSct. u-zort8 8iom 8tttibutac rignifPoent img#rtanoo to the t!onlreronce on tha 8avirosamt uul Dwel~nt sehmduled for 19Q2. IFwsrthelam, we beliew that 88 of am conosota meoeureo em k iaplaaentad to fortor the solution of world md regionml scologioal problmaa, b88ed on shared PeoponsibiDitiar. ltot for nothing aia the 8oolsratiw of lteekhelm rtatm in 1972 that $0 m&r-dmvelopmd corretrier t3n majority of l nvirommtel problem ere ceuaed by uader-c?evalogment itself. m porribilitiar of uaiag rwoureo8 ditnrted Pram military budgsto towardo their solution ahoulb bo enotber of m divl&ncU brought &out by peace. We rhould not wait until 1992 to l spoud univormllp valid rorpwsor to thorn aqui8hilPg problomm. (0 tn 1992 the procors of thm RIW Europa will aleo roach itm culmination.. For many decades the Europaan Comunity has baon conotructing OM of the most prorparous societier in historyI within a framwork of democracy and frsdlom. The reunification of Germany, vastly accelerated since the fall of the wall of shama, will doubtless contribute, starting next weok, to 8x1 unprecedented boo& to the procorc of thu Europo~ Comnunity. Likewiro in 1992 will occur tha fifth contonary of tbm day on which tbo dastidos of America and Europe croaaod to give a complOt0 parapeetivo of tho world. The proximity of this anniversary should induce us to reformulata the bondo which join not only Wrica and Europe, but also the devaloped world and the underdeveloped nations. Wo all form the crew of a 8ingle ship. We must be comnittod to unity. We #hall have mada no progrooa at all if ideological blocs disappear only to bo replacrd by economic blocs. Pntoraational peace and security should be men not only in military tarmE. A firm paaco should b@ a fortile global peace, one in which uu all co-operato and reciprocate with respect to progrorn and devalopmant. !Ehc Msen&ly ia meting at a crucial time in tko hiotory of mankind. Tho world ir at a crororoadr. If wa aro here it i8 becauro wo have faith in tho fact that the international coaauaity will M capable of continuing on the road of romon. Co&a Rica, n paaco-loving country and a country that practises pe~cb, a country that sharoa the valueo austainiq thir Qrganizatioa, today wishoa to reitorato its firm boliof that tha Unltod Rations will bm able to bring to fruition, for our timam and for future generations, the ideal of a psaco based on l&U. In 1979 Rafael Angel Calderon Foamier, then Minister of Foruign Affair8 and today President of Costa Rica, stated in this very forum concepts which ar8 today more valid than ever and which my delegation wishes to 060 oharod by all nations reprssentsd here: Vhe United Nation8 will curvivo in oo far 80 ito nation8 aiPror the trut of the world'8 peoples and their hope for a mote just rociety. HTo kaap that faith without faltering is a task incumbent upon us all, especially upon thore of UI who believe that this is the la& hops the mighty ha8 granted ua to find peace and ensure the survival of the human race." t-1 Mr. (Guatemala) (interpretation from Spanish): Sir, on hehalf of the dslogation of Guatemala, I wisb to extend to Mr. de Marco moat cordial congratulations oa his election as President of the United Nations Geaeral Assembly at tbo forty-fifth session. On behalf of the Government of Guatmala, I wish to say that we are very pleaood at the admission to tho United Natioaa sf Namibia aud Liechteartein as full-fledged Uemberm, since this teieforces echo principle of universnlity of our Qrgaaiaation. I should also like to place on record the profound appreciation of the people aud the Goverument of Guatemala to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr. Porea de Cuellsr, for him constaut effort0 $9 the march for peats and the l trbngthening of democracy in Central America and other part8 of the world. I cannot fail to state hsw pleased the Government of Guatsmala ia at the nnw climate of dialogurn and well-concei#eU co-operation that has been generated by the bttitude of the Mite8 States and the Soviet Uoioi and ths wry important Pact Ear Europa and the world at large of the achievement of a united Germany, which could bm P decinivm factor far uarld ,p-*c+- rfl k)l_l m1LFsm rmnClr*. =a u8rk CR l ~rarrrrr”- _-..- -_----I-. I..%,- -s -----w”‘.” the importance of the proctss of democratisation in Eaatezn Europe. We recognise the special relevance of the World Suranit for Children, and we are pleased to &ate that th6 Government of Guatemala signed the Convention on th6 Bight8 of tbe child wbea it wa8 opened to oignature and ratifidl it kfore dtr ontry into force. The Government of Prorident Cereao ha8 reiterated it8 faith in the purporr8 and priaciplom of tbo United #ation and it8 politic81 will to co-operate reoolutely in -8 world forum toward8 the achievement of the higheot VahI88 it ha8 enshrbnad for prsokincl, such as peacer freedom end jurtice. He ha8 al80 reaffirmed hA8 cmitment to the dofesxe and promotion of &mOCraCy, re8pect fur human right8 8nd prmtion of complete and herm0n~8etl development for all poor couatrie8. m Govornmmt of Ouataamla 8100 reiterate8 it8 full rupport for the princfples of iaternational law governing relationsl among St%terr basically, 5Olf-dOt%r&UBtiOi3 Of ~Op108 . non-iUtetvention, the Iegei equality of Stater, FBCefUl, just and W##tiated 8OtthlWIk Of i%tetXMtiOlI%~ dirpUte8 %Ud politic81 %nd ideoYogica1 pluralism, 8% baxeu for a dmocraticslly orgaoixed cornunity of lL5tioe8. I believe tbet, if political 8nd economic relation8 among States mre to be goo8m8d eff%etiv%ly by tbr) principle8 l n8brined iu international law, which we have fulBy accepted &n thro+y and enshrined in a large number of international in8trUWnt8, there would bm no hotbed8 of t%U8iOn An8 instability such 08 those tbat cau80 UJ to l xporirrrce poecariou8 peace witi a con8tant danget of losing that pauco. My Gov8rnment i8 csr?vicoed tbat p%aco# tbe high88t %Epit%tia,n Of mmkind, i8 tTu re8ult, both dom%stieelly and internationaLLy. Of firm political will on the part of natioqr to achieve rucia peace t3rough mea8Uro8 end agre8ZUeUt8 +bat ba8ic8l.Q 80%% reconciliatbun, tClor%nce, mutual rorpect and, ebove all, racial justice. I believe doeply that only d8UWt8Cy 88 a 8y8t8m Of 9OVetWWnt ptovidas Urn with the barie and appropriate iraawwork to seek peace, but democracy underrtood 88 a value avrd a8 % ilorm of cowduct whicn ix invariable, backed up in law 5nd by a . r Proof of this aan be fomBe in ttul truly drwraie pol~tmbl proaorsao rmoBntly c0aeuuMe in fr8terMl amntriar of th t@glon, in t&m intorMl uialoqw m irragulsr forscsr and C3ovmmont~ of Control &ewioaa eonnttior towar& BBlpiqj l rtal+liaL aomertiu poaco 8ad rtra~niq national rec4Mailbation.~ m ua pleasad at t&e ptogreP8 a?la0@ in nogoti~tloM on mrciurity, vetifiaatioo, CM tbm UantroX ondlsaitati~ of B.xsmBnta la Bacotauca uith thu mquipulu II 4roawata. opd uo trout t&at thio uill mmko it persib to tawient raaoumm tmwnr48 tbu davmlopwt of Car&al &mriaa. Hue0 ViAi Ceremo Arevmlo to bold aA l coAoniu 8-t th8t uould roLe it porriblm to deti with the grave eaoaoaiu CutQ roai8l dtuiation of Central hmrie8. We beliavm tlmt tbir prmd&ntiel mootlag will be the bmginniry asf a necoati rt4e of tam Emq~i~olmr XI grosmmu8 in which the pews BivideAtlm will make it pomsibPm to reorient effort8 mmd re8ouruom tovuU8 tbm efpon8iOA of our l cosumimm rpb the well-bmiag of our pmeplmm. TM CeAtr8l Ammric8~ Pre8ibmf8 took l xttaly @Ort8Iat &CidOAm iA Order to reorient thm procmmm of intmgratisn of thm rypion mm l ammmm to achiovii9g Uewlopmnt, to mcbievrr the incb~~io~ of Centr81 hmrica io globml l coAodc, fiammt2iml mm6 tech~olopie~l troti, mnd to 8upOort mad co-ordinmte mm&or84 policy to proc~ote l conodc grout& aad to sake it poodblm to bring social bwefitm to thm people. fA thim COAtOAt red iA AazordmAcm ritb the rmqummt mf t&e Coatrrl Ammricm BremPUeatm for interAatiopo1 usfmtancm teuuds cwplmatiog our l ffortm, wa Centdi heriaen8, uko hve 8lreoby t&ea the ioitiatiw ia choorPElgi our p&h. mumt oo(1 reAwm88 the 8uggort that the ial+rnmtiomml cmity provide8 rod after8 to tbe region lo order to make cgtbal ume of tb8t 8id mm3 to reorfmat it to t&i retua1 mum of tbm regioa <iA fUlfiwAt of the preoideAti8l Agrtmatm. IO tbim rempect. tlw 884 greated to tin se~ioa by thm turopmmn Camuaity wlthia t4m fr-rk 02 co-qerbtioe l igau iA Lun-rbarux$ &tWWA the tvo aogioru in 1998 aad aine43 8~ 8ocinl ud l coaaaia &velopeAt projoctm 1n tlw r-to8 kremr ous estmAcic8. L8cegracioP ia C**tsaX Jhmrica. Tbim ir smf1eoteU la the plsn for tb l rt8bairhroc of a rcgiarma iay1Les of pmywatm , which Will give W iqpmtur to (-1 Purthermore, tb plub for special co-operation for Caatral Amegiaa, u19 PIG, ubieh mom in teopome to the 8ppaaI. of W Cmntr8l Merio Prosi&nt8 8t their rumit nu(PtPng ot Irquipulas XI Lo ordw ta ebt8ia fsoa the international comunity ibpecdtiil rupport for the pmace and &welop#nt of the rarqion alrould be premoted a24 rdjustod to the actual roquirsrwntr of the region in fulfilm6int of tha Antigua cG8mitawta. Pn tbim COntYxt, tha plso muat continua Baa b givelp fimmci81 ro~ourcem from eha Waited I8tAons Dw~loplornt Pmgrrewo so that it may bo able to continua to futictioe. Vb &liwe th3t othm initiativea for co-operation with thm region should be conriUeroU, l ch w ho initisltivcs proocnted by Colonbia, Martic a3pU Woaetuels - th8 Group of Three - t,Mi initi8tive of f&e Intarrtiooel C~i8f&m for the ftacavery rsp41 &valopont of Central Jmerica. Yurt&omoraI in eupport of plftic~l sbuspmJ which hW0 t8ken pl8c0 in ktin kcrica aad tba Crsibbdma, the Preh¶eat of t&a Uaitedl Stmt*s of herica racently annoweod 8 Lwy progrtumm for rconaanic an49 financial reletioav botweea t&4 Uaitmi Steer and tha ktis iuaimic8a MB Cmrbbbban rogioe, ku4m3 a8 tlm Prritiative for the Americas. TM0 ir clearly UP opportunity to prom&* r&a region’c prorparity an6 form a law Am!PiCea cmwity. IP gr%nciplo, f.WeroS harica ha8 empfomuud its oatiof&ctioo at the pro8pecto f&w till6 Rtopor& which w8 bclfwe will hmlp fulfil t.k~ wrawaatr rowhrd by the Coatoil hricwa Pronid+et5 ipu tbs plur sf act%oa eueptre at th4dr mtip ElwEiag” tiWt;NlL3 has olae rorctea to th8 offer to mud roaogaire tbt, a0 8 bloc of counttioo, it will ham beetot poooibilitioo Oar f8ai8g but%ro challenges In r8gsra to l COIDOlOfC, Finmmiol 8M trade uttato and gwatu powr of negotiation %n tbn interamtifxml context. Zt PO iqortupt to kigbligbt tin valitlity, 0s of 1 H8y 1900, of tlw trmty l otablioU6g tha Cantrrl Auriam Duliamoot uzb othar politfal bd.i~o. T& Perllmnt conatitutoo an lrutitutiorul Igchanism of a prmmont ruttare for the l tremgtl3snhg of plwaliot dialoqrw 4nQ demcmcy m fumduontabl l lammto for pace in tbo region. Tin Central Avrican PulPmat will alro help promote upd l trorrgtiua #a0 praeaoo of Central Avriaro integr8tion end l ncourago tlw bto8&8t co-opration mng wmbar aountrior. Tbo peliay eP tbm Qwtmihn Govmrwont in rorprct of lawman right0 lo fia 8nd ml1 &Sin&. mm thitou RatPoor Camio8ion on xuua itightm ama Ito Oub-comi8sioa . for tbo Drsvantion of Dircrimirutiorr an8 Protactlon of Uhoritler hma bea0 l ufnhg t&n aituatton of human right8 in Cluatwah 8d have adopt& rarolutlouo in eMa sogarb. )(hlle it is trua that tboro &a&h8 have oxgroarod tAoit ctmcarn 8t t&m hwau right3 situation in my country, 4% ia aho trua that thy hwe racognirm0 thm sfforta kisf~ rpCae by PxaoPUmnt Ceraso’o a6miniotratl~n towmdr! ptmotiog md guorara~ir~ql irrrwat for humn rtgbtr md¶ fundmm3td frwUom0. Putthux8otor both the Coulirsion anu the oubcorrittm8 an& in gwet8l. the iatammtional c-ty, 8re awuo that tharo i8 no policy of violotiorr of hprsM rights in ae8ml8. Tb8 Govatlnunt of Pta8ident Cmt880# thmtmfot8r teitet8tomr in thir world forPI, it8 urW.pvilrg cmitment to t88mCt hunrn tightm oollglotoly aad to enaIr their full umrai88. The Govmtmnat of Gumtam ie tbatofote quite tuuy to aoekinim to co-cQet8tm with tin Cmirsion & other 88tiOU8 b&i88 th8t bwo e ganuizm aoncota ZOt human tightu 18 out eousatry, but 011, do tojctct the uajurt orepoign of di8id?OtlUUtf~rP that cottain biooe8 occtot8 8te trying to cotiuct in 68 8twt to hatur orpd 8inglm out Watmal8 by painting msa 8luriog pfatuto of tb htmaa Pightm 8itU8tfOa that d~8 not in my way cott@8pmd t0 the t88lity. Willion of h\nur britbgr ace wadmting all ovmt ttu world, victim8 of 8tmtll COtiliCt# iP t&it COUtti.8; OthOt8 at. ViCthU Of rra\tUtal bi8Ut@t8# & OthOP8 h8V8 IOft thdt -8 bC8w8 it h8S been irpo8uibia fOt thrw to ti8o show tb poverty into which thuy were bore. x (# tOfrttill+# t0 tOfw8.8 8lld di8a18C41d pt8OEB. %ha Wtk Of - ftnitOd P8tiOM through it8 High CollPrio8iOaWt for 9dU48U 488WW8 OUT t'8CD@tiO83. m &ntt81 kvtiCU3 &VWi&Wat8 8tO 8W8t8 Of ttl@ S88d to tO8OlVa thi8 problem sob t0 o~~ure te all Central Avtic8~8 who tOturn to their UrS 8Uikb1@ COZLditiOU fOt their K@integr&iOn into nation81 life. GUUtea8lU fOOl# l WXItogrb t0 pUt8~ thin effort t0 8OiV9 th4 pPOblW9 a it i8 gt&tofUi f‘st the intoanatioml 8qbbtt it !xa8 touoiV8u. @k W-0 l W8f8 Of +ho diffiCUltim8 that au6 to be OVQPCOY, but wm have tiaa political wtll to rmaolvr them and ua dmzlate once igain tbm tight of all Guatewlslrm ~iviug abroad to return to their .hmWrdt in coaditioar of fteaIdOllr rucvrity vrrd rem&act for their h- rightr, 80 tart they My b. UblC tO QNtiCipat@ 8CZtiWly iQ MtiO!d life. conswption sb druga aud the illicit traffic la them. wm hPV8 theseLoPo trir;rn a the 8aoncodc 8ltuatim throughout the world continuer to bo 8dverso to the wonamio md w&al dwelo~nt of tlm developi* countriw. matwim1a is 'lloy fWfSfJ OW Of the IBOat O@VQPa WOrr#fC Cd888 in it8 hf8tQPy. That %M@ 8itwtiOIm prwail8 thsougbeut the entire Cmatral kwrLc8n region an0 the dmmloping world at l8rgs. m 8&OPt-#SW 8hltiOU f8 ilr 8ipht. Th8 8iltWtiOll 8@W8 t0 WOrEOlD day aftat d8p ?OP@iQa debt md it8 8OrVidlU3 hava lRodk an already difficult dtU8tiOn werae. The mg~itude urd 80rioU0Um88 Of thi8 problu mquit8 8 broad and re8OXUte 8~MlUh. 8fECa thi8 COMtitUte8 :QW. thr8at t0 th8 QOlitiC& IlOChl and eCOlWQd0 Or&r Of IWUly COWtPh8. It ir 8 utter of 0mac810 that in the Uruguay Round of Multiloterel Trade kif~B~iet~OnU th. i’&t8WSt8 pnd CoB%CeED8 Of t&l W’@crke8t dQVO&Opillg COUUtrir8 are UOt bOi?iQ tQkO&l UUffiCt@ntl~ illtO 8CCOIZllt. m0 Obj8CtiVO Of th88a iWgOti8tiOU8 ShOUld b@ ta, bWWffk a11 natfOrPo and to provido dovoloping couratties wE.th BCCQ88 to eiSi8tiw trade b&W28 Wd ChO to Il.%? W8PkOt8. TbZefOKO, th. no@&8 Of ‘the Bowlapirsgr aountriso awok be duly taken into account. (bu.&wah csrmi&mrr that the Uoitml Uationr ir thm appropriate forum in which t0 8QOk 3-t 8OhtiOll8 t0 PhNWd probl4WR#, ~aPtfCUhBrl&’ hl thS QCollWiC field. T&r@ &6( a nwd for undor8:mding al& co-oporatfon on thr part of thm l con~ica~ly 8t~i3kX3E’ COWtrh8. Lt dip urgent 8~3 necosrary to continue e reriouo and cou.etruetkw~ dhleq\pr bMxaon BovaYopfz~d sad dowloping csuntrius. It io 'Phir decirion ravit8liur that im&?ottant ho0y of the United Ratioram and will make it goo8ibh to l t uaw policy guibliue8 ia ehr l aoaarris aM roaial 8pbere ia the au~l aoistut lo *ah w 8m living. nmmmtiokaal peace aad rsaurity how boon l n4SmmgwM onto again fn the already torn region of W WiUdl* Kut. thatawls view with Qacp coac~fpo tb aornflfct which UOIO on 2 Augwt lart whvr% tha arm& fore@8 of Xraq occupied tha twritory of Kmmit. forceo d&h rtill remain th8re. Since the &qiinning of tlaio aotilict thm Smurity Couaoil haa Borje rark of axa uuprocmlmnte.eb natUre. Thm egreuwnt of thm pmmanoat mmmbw8 sf tha Sacurity Councif to go bayomd idaologiaal dfff@kXlrC@8 h.88 +80 it p88ib1. fOP th@i0 t0 @Qt.@ OII mBIUrQ8 thSt Oqh88i8. eho rule of low, respect for intorimtionml law aa0 for the purporcu 8ad principle8 eamhriam3 in ta0 Witad iiatkoau Chvrtm, OOM orhlah all Ktator t&t cherilh peace cmmt rugoat. OUrtrsrslO 8UpprtlI thV COllaCtiw mue8UrO8 edoptlsd by the Council t0 prwmt uvw throat8 to tba paace rdl to eliminate l xiotisg on@8 thoou~h the cspylicatiom of mamuro8 undkt Chxpter VXX of t& Chatter. ~Uh;VM1@ bsS takxA tha srctCx88oEy &x&Ml i!Or full i.R#~ntatiC+n of h&b0 rO8OlUt%on8 edsptd hy the SOCUPity Coumil 8i~C0 t.b beginning of t&w conflict bwtigated by Xrag. WB appal to the Xr8qi Cisve~sri~rrs~t to &erirt from it8 attit&e. Guatemala zejecto any action aimad at the mnaxatkn of Kumie am3 reitorator ite rpgaal to Xrvq to wkhdrar, from Kuusit. t%Pitouacl8 @SCWr&Q#8 tkW $aU~~tbi~~lur4ii~ Ob th ihitUt #atiOur t0 Contin&. h#u tirolouu tawk of w offrcam ofsod at the yo&xefal 8@ttXWMQ.¶t of tht8 conflict. @Ubi%Wfk3 COdiWlk8 thV @Altrf iStl &Ud 8MtCh Of &CXVditQd &iplOMfiC heqwPtVr8 ill &UW8%k are& 610DIi&@P8 UWCCO@&hlV thfd U80 Qt CiVilhI 8Bd 6iplQutiC ~P8OlXMl, aI tros~:eyss * own territory, whichdoec not compromiro or affect the existonce of tpIB State of Israel within it8 borderr 81 reeogrrimed by tbo Unitad Nntionr. Wo are convlaced .t+t a political and uegotiatd aolutioa to the problem of Palestine will certainly be a mtep towarBa a rulution to the problem of tbo Middle East, !Ihe rituation in &ban019 dooss not seem to b6 improving. The civil wnr eonthumr to take live8 aud to render iaereaoingly difficult the economic uituation of tb popU1atiQsm. Guatemala appeal8 to the parties to the conflict to deni& from their hortile &tit& and to take conciliatory RIBaaurea that could make it poreible to ertablirh tbo confidence neceesary for negotiation and dialogue ~8 to put am end to a war which has taken 80 many liven an& which hau caused 60 much ruffering in that country. Peace-keeping operstiunm will undoubtedly contribute to the rf cuction of budgmt8 devoted to total demtructioh and to the arms race. The moral force of the Wnitod Ilationm im an additional guarautee of tho transparency required for the peace procomm. It i8 al80 the laoet appropriate way to involve the international CQlllesunity in the rgmtoratlon of international peace and security. Certainly t ris cannot bm a solution to an orimting problem, but it provides the time necessary for the'reduction of tonmion and fez the promotion of the mutual confidence-building mamurem that are necemsary if we are to lay the foundations of a lasting and l table peace. Contra1 Aawrica itmolf ham benefited from the80 opotetions through the work done in tha region by tha thitetl Yationm Observer Group through the work of the Intomational Support and Verification Coatiidmmion in the process of demobiliaatioa of the tlicaraguaa remimtanco. It is a l i .tce of d&ep pride that, for the first time in history, we mee United Blationm operations promoting tbb total destruction ‘., of weapons. One region that couldl benefit from peace-keeping operations is South-East Asia, whore thore are encouraging l igns of a peaceful solution. Wo support the afforkr being made by the Ammociation of South-East Asian Hations to achieve a mgrtiatad political molution to the conflict in Carmbodia. He hope that the Parim Conference, will be romumea so that t&ha Khmer proplo "nciy Ibe 0nabha at damt to enjoy pace, srcurity and rcsspwt for huuan gightm and fundamental fraodctas. The United Wationo h8s beon called upon to particiaatr in the rufmrendum that 4m 4-n h hrlA tye rrralve tha cabPPict af Waakmrrn Smhatr. Curtrmalr UmlcaMr thr __ __ -- . -~ joint agruezwutr the tluetablm and the plan approved in June by the Rbcuriky Council. Tbo roforondum 8cenir to be the most foaeible meant of resos-uing the Sabraoui conflict, aud Ouatmala l upports the work done by the United Pations in this regard. Bvents in southern Africa doaerve mention. We are very pleased at the liberation of Nalaon Mandela and at the bggianing of dialogue ia South Africa. None the less, we note with concorn that the complete and unconditional abolition of the 0cIious system of w practised by the South African Government is being delayed. There can be no peace, nor can there be developmtu&without the tots1 abolition of e as a aystom of governmetnt. The Guatemalan Government views with profound gratification the dialogue thnt ha6 begun between North Korea and South Xorea with a view to reconciliation and the reunification of the Korean peninsula. This iatra-Korean dialogue contributes to ditente and to the promotion of global peace. Guatemala balievos that, within the United Nations principle of universality, it is appropriate that South Korea and North Karea be admitted to the Organisation , within whose framework more significant prograss in the procerra of dialogue between the two Koreaa, with a view to ending confr ,ntation and achieving unification, is feasible. Guatrmala support6 the effort8 being made by the United Nations in the global disarmament campeign and aorociatea itself with the appeal for the in:~ostmont in the economic and social development of developing countries of all the fun38 released by the reduction of nuclear arsenals. Guatemala. as a signatory to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, supports efforts to prohibit teUtb of all types of weaponm of mams destruction and uupportr the YII~ of outer space solely for peaceful purposes of hqnofit to all mankind. Guatsmala eupporta tho ta1k.R that the Govsrnmont of the fraternal Republic of El Salvador, within the frsaework of the Lsquipulas XI agreement, i8 conducting ~Pth the armed opposition in that country. It fr, our hope that Salvadoran will find a nagotiated poliIical solution that can put BP end to a decadb of destructizsn and polsrfration in their sociaty.
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• (Antinued) Policies of Apartheid of the Governmewt of South Africa (A) Report of the Special Committee Against Apartheid (A/45/22 and Add.1) (B) Report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa (A/45/43) (C) Report of the Commission Against Apartheid in Sports (A/45/45) (A) Reports 0~ the Secretary-General (~1451162, ~1451539, A/45/550, A/45/.637, A/45/670) I" / (E) Report of the Special Political Coigsittee (A/45/815) (F) Draft Resolutions (A/45/L.31, A/45/L.32, A/45/L.33, A/45/L.38, A/45/1;.39 and Corr.1, A/45/L.40 and Corr.1, A/45/L.41, A145Jl.42) (G) Report of the Fifth Committee (A/45/871)
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• (Continueg) Financing of Activities Arising from Securi~ Council Resolution 687 (1991) (B) Other Activities
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• (Continue~) the Situation in Central America: Threats to International Peace and Security and Peace Initiatives
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• (Contipued) Credentials of Representatives to the Forty-Fif7B Session of the General Assembly Cb) First Report of the Credentials Committee (Al45/674)
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• (GoDtlpuod) ADOPTIOlf OF '1'BB AGENDA AND OIGABIZATIOH OF WOU (a) LBftBR FROM TBB CHAIRMAN OF TB SBCOND COHMIftlE (Al45/61&) Cb) IlgUIS%' F02 THE INCLUSION OF AB I%'BM SUBMIftBD BY TBB SICUTARY-GBDIAL (A/4S/23S) 'D. PRISIDllf,h In cOD!lectioli1 with the org6Dhatton of our wed:, we shall now address the requeste contained in tho letter datQd 8 October 1990 from the Chel~ of the Second Committee, documont AleS/&16, and in the Dote by the Secretary-General dated 12 October 1990, dOcum3at A1~S/235. Unle•• there im AD objectioD, I Bhall take it that the General Ass.ably agrees that" under thet eireWlataDcos dellcribed iD the letter frOIll the Ch&lf11lUl of the CD' Pr.ddent) S.cond Comaitt•• and the not. b7 the Sscr.ta~-General, the provi.1Gn of rule 40 of tha rul•• of procedur., vhich would rtICJUlrG a ...tiZlCJ of the G1n.ral Cc..itte. on the qu••tlOD of the allocation of a .ub-ita. and of the incluaion and allocation of aD it,.., should H valved. It vo, '9 doci4l4. Th. QISIDm: K. .hall first turn to the rtHJUlDt contaill.d In doc_nt
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• (Q2Ntinue4> Elections to Fill Vacancies in Subsidiary Organs Cc) Election of a Member of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme
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• (acmtinued) LAW OF THE SEA (a) REPORTS OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL (A/45/563, A/45/712, A/45/721) (b) DRAFT RESOLUTIOH (A/45/L.29) Mr. WILENSKI (Australia): I am making this statement on behalf of the delegations of Australia and New Zealcnd. The year 1990 has been a landmark year for the law ef the sea. In several areas of our work we have witnessed genuine progress, and a new co-operative spirit has emerged on a number of issues. The report of the Secretary-General on the law of the sea outlines the e~ten8ive activities that have been und&rtaken and constitutes a comprehensive and valuable chronicle of the significant progress made during the year. We welcome the report and commend the Office ~or Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea for the untirinq manner with which it has pursued progress in the period under review. There are two recent developments in the law of the sea which we ~onsider particularly noteworthy. First, an atm~sphere of co-operation and common purpose is more and more evident in the deliberations directed towards the entry into force of a universally accepted Convention on the Law Df the Sea. Secondly, recognition of the precarious state of the marine environment has led to encouraging progress in the development of legal mechanisms for the protection and preservation of the marine environment. With regard to the first, recent developments have created the most favourable atmosphere since its ad?ption in 1982 for resolution of the differences ef opinion • surrounding part XI of the Convention. We welcome the initiative of the Secretary-G~neral in convening informal consll1tations concerning part XI of the Convention. The greater openness to dialogue on part XI issues resulted in progress at the resumed eighth session of the Prepara~ory Commis3i~,' ~ International Sea-Bed Authority and for the International Tribunal f .. '.. 1t. the Sea, at which an agreement was reached on the issue of the pioneer in~~stor obligations pursuant to resolution 11 of the. Third United Nations Conference on the Law-of the Sea. We see this as a further valuable indicator of the willingness of all States to seek agreement to facilit~te the entry into force of a widely accepted law-of-the-se8 Convention. Progress on resolving part XI issues will, therefore, require new efforts and willingness to explore, j \ an open way, our real interests. We must fairly ~ddress the concerns of all participants. We are willing to play a positive role in this process. Turning to my secone point, the need for even greater efforts to protect and preserve the marine environment and to utilize its resources in a responsible manner has become clear to us all. We welcome the prog~ess achieved thus far in this area and are committed to facilitating these efforts in the future. In this context we welcome the adoption by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) of guidelines for the identification of "part.icularly sensiitve areas", includinq tli9 development of guidelinee for designating special areas under anneXGS I, 11 and V of the International Convention fur the Prevention of Pollution fromSbl.: ,.. ~ ~·:ARPOL). This new concept of particularly sensitive areas is further evide~ce of the will of (Mr. Wilenski, AustraliJ) States to co-operate in defining vulnerable marine areas requiring a higher level of protection than that which generally applies. Australia particularly welcomes the adoption by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the IMO of consensus resolutions identifying the Great Barrier Reef region of Australia as the world's first particularly sensitive area under the IMO guidelines and calling on Governments to instruct ships flying their flag that they should act in accordance with the Australia's pilotage system in the Great Barrier Reef reqion. In order to minimize the risk posed by maritime traffic to the Great Barrier Reef, which is also the only marine area to be on the World Heritage List of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Australia is currently proceeding to implement a scheme of compulsory pilotage for merchant ships which constitute a potential threat to the environment of the Great Barrier Reef. Australia sees this unique scheme as a major step in securing greater protection for this unique and irreplaceable ecosystem. Related to the protection and preservation of the marine environment is the issue of responsible utilization of high-seas living resources. The Secretary-General's report on the law of the sea refers to the displacement of distant-water fishing operations from the exclusive economic zones of coastal States, thereby increasing the resource pressure on high-seas fisheries. Our two countries are greatly concerned at this growing over-exploitation of high-seas living resources. Over-exploitation of fiah stocks can take a number of forms, including the over-use of acceptable fishing techniques to deplete fish stocks and the use of such particularly indiscriminate and wasteful fishing techniques as driftnets, which can have dramatic and unsustainable impacts on both target and non-target species. Unregulated exploitation of the high-seas component of straddling stocks (Mr. WilensJsiL- Australia) can have severe implications for management of fisheries resources in adj'acent exclusive economic zones. Critical problems are already emerging with regard to straddling stocks in a number of regions. The international community is also beginning to recognize, in the pursuit of the objective of sustainable development for fisheries resources world wide, that there ~re significant environmental and resource-management linkages between fishing operations conducted on the high seas and those in areas under national jurisdiction. As the Secretary-General notes in his report, one of the most striking developments in the area of marine en~ironmental protection over the last year has been the endorsement by several international forums of the "precautionary principle." The precautionary principle recognizes that waiting for conclusive scientific proof concerning th, impact of intrusions into the marine environment may result in significant and irreversible damage to that environment ~nd the human pDpulations which depend on it for their survival and subsistence. (Mr. N11enaki, Australia) In essence, there Is groving recognition of the need for State. to manage fisheries resources from an ecosystem perspective and, as understanding of the oceanic environment is still imperfect, to adopt precautionary management measures that are consistent with the principles of sustainable development of .resources. In this regard we welcome the attention to be given by the Preparatory Committee of the Unite~ Nations Conference on Environment and Development to the related issues of large-scale harvesting, new fishing technologies and fishing technologies incompatible with the sustainable management of living marine resources. ~~is worthy of Dote that the substantial report submitted to the Assembly at this s83sioD with relation to resolution 44/225 on drift-net fishing i .... was in large part th~.work of the Office of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. The insight it provides into this facet of high-seas fisheries activity will, it is hoped, encourage increased emphasis on appropriately conserving and managing fisheries resources. The adoption by consensus last year of resolution 44/225 on.large-scale pelagic drift-net fishing constitutes a major landmark. Over the last year we have seen progress made in implementing that resolution and further addressing the issues that this indiscriminate and wasteful fishing practice represents. Ke look forward during this session to the adoption of a further consensus resolution that will reiterate and reinforce the international community's support for the important principles set out in resolution 44/225 - principles directly derived from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The international community can no lODger afford the luxury of assuming that all is well with high-seas fisheries. At the rate high-seas fisheries are expanding, it is imperative that we develop frameworks for distant water fishing nations and coastal States to work together to ensure the sustainable development of those fisheries. (Mr. Wilenski, Australia) It is for this reason that consideration could be given to the elaboration by the United Nations Office on Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, drawing on appropriate expertise, of a series of draft principles to be agreed between States, which could constitute the first steps towards a practical framework for the conservation and management of living resources in the area of the high seas. This is not the placo to canvass in detail what might be included in such a framework, but we should flag here our viGW that any framework must ~rovide for improvements in the timeliness and quality of catch and ~ffort data available from high-seas fisheries. For high-seas fisheries to be managed properly, catch, effort and by-catch data must be made available to all interested parties. We would not see this wQrk as compromising the traditional freedom of the high seas, nor should it be seen as an oppnrtunity for unilateral ext.nsioD of States' jurisdiction to the high seas. As the Secretary-General's report points out, the freedom to fish on the high seas is not unqualified and must take into account the rights and interests of coastal States. Australia and Nev Zealand are pleased to spons~r the draft resolution (A/45/L.29) that is before the Assembly. It reflects the progress that has been made in the past year and enjoys broad support. We wish to acknowledge our appreciation for the excellent work done by Ambassador Jesus of Cape Verde in helping to b~lng the tezt to its present form. Our delegations loek forward to the day when we might be able to adopt a resolution OD the law of the sea by consensus. While greater flexibility has been demonstrated by all conce~ned, the problems are complex and not susceptible to instant solutions. We reaffirm our belief that the resolutioD of the outstanding problems related to the law of the sea regime is in the interest of us all. We will need to continue the work that has begun to bring together the positions of all those involved. (H~. NileDski, Australia) we reaffi~ our commitment to co-operating in achieving the entry into force of a universally accepted convention on the law of the soe. Hr. SQlQLOYSIIX (Byo!oru.sian Soviet Socialist Republic) (interpretation from Russian). Our discus.ioD of the report of the Secretary-Ceneral (A/45/121) on the status of the United Rations Co~vention on the Law of the Sea 1. taking place at a time when the entire world i. becoming increasingly aware of its int~rrelate4Dess and of the need to strengthen the international rule of the law 10 as to create peaceful and secure conditions for the development of the entire international community and each individual State. I should particularly like to make the point that the primacy of international law is Dot an end In it.olf. Rather, it ia a means of bringing about a shift in the world from rivalry to partnerahip and co-operation. For that roason we attach great importance to tho General Aas.mbly's adopting a pr09r.... for the international decade of tho law of the sea of the United Rations for its initial periad. The ideas and aims of the p[09r.... should be directod tova~ds making the concepts of the Convention and the primacy of the law part and parcel of tho daily practice of inter-State relations. The efforts to c~eat. a 910bal regi.. for the seas and oceans in accordanc. with the no~. and principles of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 are directed towaros the same end. The implementation of the Convention, who.e provi.ions govern the utilisation of all marine expans.s and r.sourc.s, will affect the vital inter.ats of the entire international community. In the opinion of our delegation, the United Hations Convention on the Law of the Sea i. a fundamental meana of ensuring the stable utilization and ezploitatioD of the oceans and their r••ources, in particula.r a means of promoting international eo-operation and bringing about effective and fair utilization of marine resources, preserving the living resource. of the sea, and (Ht. eo'ploV"Ay. lr.lcEy••lap SSI) p~incipl•• of rational utili.atioD, ~ch are fullf ID teoplag with tb8 CODC.pt of ecologically .afe d.velopment. .. full~ CODcur with ~ 14•• cODt.iDe4 la the report of the S.cr.tary-Gen.ral (A/4S/72l) that the 'Dtry of the CODVlDtloD iato fore. vill giv. fr.sb 18pttu. to tb. procI•• of ••tabl1~hlDg IDt~rn.t!oDallyagr••d Dorms and .tud.rd.. a••nv!lag.4 In th.t doC_Dt. ¥bicb .till nH4 to be work.d out. W. would ,1'0 lik. to add our vole. to tho.. of other del~atloD' that have express.d CODc.rn at tb. .cological .ltuation pr.v.l11Dg lD the world. and .lnc. ecological .af.ty CaDDot be divld'd iDtO land .af.tf aa4 ••• esf.tr, the adoption of urg.nt at.p. to prot.ct and pr•••rvt th...r1D' 'DvlroDMeDt. wher. 910bal and climatic proc•••e. talc. plac., .ff.ct. the vital iat.r••t. of both coastal and landlocked Stat.s. Th. Id.a of .treogth.nlng co-operation aMODg .11 Stat•• in regard to the world'. oc.an. 1. a recurring tb... In .11 th. provl.10D' of th. Convention. Aa avar.n••a OD the part of all Stat.. of tb. r.apoa.lbllity tb., ~.r .ad a apirlt of r.all.. should la,th. long run be the b••l. for ...189 tho ConventloD a universal on.. It 18 CJUit. aatur.l tbat a." agr....at. tb.t .tiU bav. to b. reach.d through current Degotiatioas should r.fl.ct a b.lance between the lntere.ts of Stat•• and .bou14 talc. into account current ecoDe-le re.llti.s. whicb differ Tbe S.cr.tary-Geaoral 1. • ••rtiag great .ffo~ts to 't~eDgth.a aupport for the CoaventiAn and c~11aDc. with Ita prov151oD8 in practice. Our delefatioD welcomes the initiative be ~ tAkSD to cr9ao1.. IDfo~l COD5ultatioaB 8i-'« at acbl.vlDq univer,.l partlclpatloD b~ Stat., 1. tbe CoaventioD. !be two round, of CODDultatioD' vbleb have take. place DO far have proved their u••fuln.,. in creatlDq coDdltioD' In which -ore Itatea would be oncouraged to beco.o partiea to the CODV.DUOD. ID our UDfaille; .upport for tho Unit.d ••tionc ConYention OD the Lav of the Sell, we favour • Ira.lt,tic .ppl'oach to the work 4ealped to •••ur. the practical l~le..nt.tioa of It' ,rovi.ioD'. Ne believe that ec.pr~i,e solutioD' should be .AUfbt OD tho.. proble.a relatlDg to the d••p-•••-be4 ~,,~ that have proved to be a .erlou, obstacle to tbo ace••sloD of ••veral Statea to the Conve.tl0D. Tb. delegatloD of the By.lorue,iaa SSI la pl.a••d to ••• that the Preparatory COMM1.,10o', work 1. 9radually ~vlD9 toward. flD41a; practical .olutio•• to the proble., that bave accu.ulated. Thank. ID particular to the .fforte of all those who bave participated in ~ Degotlatlag proe••s, aD agr....nt baa beon achieved and approved OD the obligations of the regi'tered ploae.r Investors an4 their certifying State,. Grounds for optt.la. CaD aleo be f~UD4 ID tho positive tone that marked the cODclusion of th. work cf the C~18S1oD's reSUMed •••810D In If• ., York In 1990. In cODtre,t with the practice of previous years, the Office for Oceea Affaira aDd the Law of the Se. ball propared foul' report. Oil thlil It... r think this is evidence of the high degree of profe••lonal1.. of the Office'. staff aDd Ita readln... to prOMOte a UDlfo~ IDtorpretstloa aDd appllcatloD of the Conventioa In practice. Byoloru.a1a, whOIl. t.rrlto~ and whoa. Inhabitants Buffered moBt from (Mr p Sp'oIOVlkix, IJIlorullion SSI) the conse~uences of the brsakdoVD in the CherDobyl nuclear power station, has the greatest practical interest in those sections of the report dealing vith the questions of environmental protection. As to the draft re.olution that is nov before the G.~.ral Asseably in document A/4S/L.29, we bolieve that it reflects an observable tendency in the activities of the United Nations to strengthen the Convention; &Dd it is geared to increasing further constructive efforts in the Preparatory Commission and reinforcing other importAnt elements relating to the creation of a Convention regime. We support this draft resolution and express the hope that it vill be adopted by conseDBUS. Mr. BBRSIn (Algeria) (interpretation from French). I have the honour of making this statement on behalf of the delegations of the States members of the Arab Moghreb Union: the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Republic of Tunisia, the Kingdom of MOrocco and Algeria. This year we are considering the it•• on the lav of the .ea at a crucial time, when new ideas and initiatives have emerged which UD~••tionably vill shed pa~ticular light OD the United Rations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Convention, tba most detailed instrument and the most repre.entative of a universal effort to codify international law, has remainea an indivisible Whole, faithfully reflecting the interpretation of numerous aspecta of the lav of the sea. After one of the most extraordinary, arduous and lengthy negotiations in history, the international community succ••sfully conaolldate4 all the a.pocts of tha law of the sea, while at the same time taking eneurin9 a balaDce betweon all interests and all concerDS. A particular success was the strikinq lnoovation in the field of the development of the marine resources beyond the area of naticnal jurisdiction. And it is because this are., reflected in part XI of the Co~vontloB, (Mr. Bepsid, Algeria) was, and still 1s# the 801e codified expression of mankind's desire to co-operate in the management and developmsnt of a heritage held in common that it requires renewed attention and 1nt&rest on our part. Formulating all that is implied in the fact that we belong to a sinqle universe, the regime set forth in part XI of the convention confers upon it much more than the status of a legal instrument, albeit an innovative one; rather, it sets the seal on a value of modern civilization. The approach which had been followed until the Convention was adopted in 1982 was ahead of its time. That apprQAch remains innovative, and it is incumbent upon all of us here to defend it, Dot only in order to meet quickly the obligation and challenge of international co-operation implied in part XI, but also because any other approach would inevitably modify the structure of the Convention, each of whose elements and e~ch of whose parts are indissolubly interlinked.* There can be no doubt that the regime set forth in the Convention has to enjoy universal participation. I would say that it Is clear that unless everyone participates, the benefits of the Convention on the Law of the Sea will never be complete. In this context, we cannot but commend and indeed encouraqe all the efforts to make this participation universal. At the same time, we should like to emphasize that, although the regime set forth in the Convention can be achieved only through universal participation, a fortior! universality cannot serve as a pretext for calling the regime into question. In this regard, in order to ensure that current efforts to make the Convention universal have the hest chances for success, the largest possible number of States * Mr. Peerthum (Mauritius), Vice-President, took the Chair. should be associated therein, particularly those that have ratifiea or signed the Convention, which certainly cannot he dissociated from actions affecting them first and foremost. We Bhould also like to emphasize this pointa it should be kept in nind that a pragmatic approach should not be equated with ~u.stionin9 in any way the integrity of the Convention, nor should it in any way jeopardise the Convention's stability. (Mr. Blnai4, Algeria} (~ Bensid. Algeria) The strength of the Convention is precisely its balance. It is essential that its universality be eDsu~ed while respecting that balance. Similarly, it is necessary to eDsure that the balance of the Convention remains a determining factor. o~e which will favour its swlft coming into force. If that is called into question at a time when the Convention has not yet oven come into force, this could not but be extremely prejudicial and at variance with the spirit in which it was drafted. Progress made in the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority and for the International Tribunal for the Law ot the Sea is undoubtedly of prime importance and exerts a determining influence on the sea-bed regime and the Convention itself. While recalling that one of the features of the Convention OD the Law of the Sea is that it has set forth the legal machinery required to offset any shortcomings vhich may emerge in the functioning of the sea-bed regime, we have taken note of the agreement on the implementation of the obligations subscribed to by pioneer investors and certifying States. The sacrifices made in accepting that agreement should be matched by an equal commitment and sense of responsibility by the pioneer investors so that they will fully, swiftly and totally live up to their obligations, particularly those which are set out in paragraph 12 (a) of resolution II and the training programme of the Preparatory Commission. While congratulating and thanking the secretariat and the Office for Ocean Affairs for the ezhaustive and complete report they have prepared for us, I would have liked receiving it SUfficiently in advance in order to make full use of the information contained therein for the purposes of the present debate. Finally, OD behalf of all delegations of States members of the Arab Maqhreb Union (AMU), I should like to express our gratitude to the Chairman of the Preparatory Commission, Ambassador Jose Luis Jesus, for the excellent work he has done an~ the contribution which he has constantly made to the work of the Commission. I should like on this occasion to reiterate the support of the Maghreb States as he carries out the tasks entrusted to him. Mt. TETY (Canada) (interpretation from French): This year Canada is again a sponsor of the draft resolution on the law of the sea, contained in document A/45/L.29. Canada is pleased, inter alia, at the addition of a preambular paragraph to this draft resolution recalling that States have the duty to take the necessary measures for the conservation of the living resources of the high seas. Indeed, we are increasingly concerned at the fact that certain fishing methods and practices on the high seas have an adverse impact on the conservation and management of the living resources under the jurisdiction of coastal States. Because of these concerns, we decided to host a conference - which is mentioned in the Secretary-Generalis report - on the subject, which brought together legal and scientific experts from 16 countries at St. Johns, Newfoundland, from 5 to 7 September last. Among the conclusions of that conference ~as the need to put an end to fishing practices on the high seas that are harmful to the environment, lead to non-selective and useless catches and threaten the effective conservation of the living resources of the seas, including fish, marine mammals, seabirds and species that are threatened with extinction, or run the risk of jeopardizing the bio-diversity and integrity of marine ecosystems. Furthermore, experts agree that all the members of the international community whose nationals are engaged in fishing activities on the high seas must endeavour to ensure that these activities do not have an adverse effect on the living resources of the areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal States. (Mr. Tetu, Canada) Canada has a special interest in fishing activities on the high seas along its Atlantic and Pacifi~ coasts, and in particular regarding those stocks that are both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area of the high seas adjacent to that zone, where the management regime for such stocks should be compatible with the one applied by the coastal State in its exclusive economic zone. Furthermore, we are of the opinion that guidelines should be agreed at the international level in order to ensure the gathering and exchange of scientific inform~tion and reliable statistics on fishing activities - statistics that are indispensable to an intelligent management system. That being said, we should like to see the convening, under the auspices of the United Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, of a group of experts composed of representatives of both traditional fishing countries and coastal States who would be entrusted with preparing principles that could form a practical framework for the conservation and management of the living resources of the high seas, i~ strict implementation of the rule~ ~ontained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. We consider the convening of such a group of experts as a logical follow-up in keeping with the spirit of the Newfoundland conference. Hence, it would not be a forum in which the interests of the coastal and seafaring States would clash but, rather, a forum which would place emphasis on sound environmental practices aimed at the conservation of the living resources with a view to their optimum exploitation. Canada will soon be voting in favour of the aforementioned draft resolution. We hope that the improvements made to the texc, if w~ make a comparison with resol~tions adopted in the past, will sOOn motivate all States not to object to the unanimous adoption of this annual resolution. We should like to assure representatives that we shall spare no effort in that direction in order to arrive ultimately at universal participation in the Convention. Hr. &QMlVIA (Cbile) (interpretation f~om Spanish): I am pleased to be a44re••i09 the Assembly under the Presidency of Mr. Guido de Maree of Malta. Tbe year 1990 ha~ been an important one for law of the sea activities. By rwa41Dg the very go04 [eparte of the Secretary-General we can conclude that in all are.. re14te4 to the United Rations Convention on the Law of the Sea States have been working constantly to interpret and implement the provisions of that Convention. Special importance is attached to the protection of the marine envirOnMent. in conformity with the priority the i~ternational community has given to protection of the environment. In that connection. a~ the Secr&t~ry-G&neral reports, important efforts are un4er way to .treDgthen the effectiveness of intern~cional environmental law, e.,.cially in the light of the chall~nges and problems we need to deal with to lend coherence to the action. of States. taking particular account of their level of develOPMent. wblch has a sajor effect OD the degree to which their obligations under various ~~eeaents can be met. In that connection. any strategy fo~ the protection of the marine enviromnent that l.ad. to interDational agreements must both contain universal principles and tate into account the dev.lo~ent ne04m of States to facilitate compliance by the a_velopiD; countries with the principles and purposes of a strategy to protect the ..~lDe enviroa.ent. An~th.r .1~nt of special Interest to Ch!le relates to fisheries. Our country 1• .-oDg the vor14°g largest exporte~3 of fishery products thanks to its vealth @f r&.ourccz aDd to c p~licy ~f rational exploitation with ~dequate coa••rvmtlon regulatioas. At th..... tl~. chaDqinq circumstances relating to resources and their ••ploitation bave aad. it necessar1 to revise Chilean legislation to adapt it to (tiIJ Somayia, Chile) the new situation. For that reason, the Chilean congress ia currently adopting a new fisheries law, among the objectives of which is to establish national authorities on resource conservation. My Government is also extremely concerned about the situation of associated species. The Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes regulations to protect resources from the activities of fishing vessels from distant waters, which fish indiscriminately on the outer edge of the exclusive economic zone. There is no point in laying down conservation measure5 within the economic ~one if there are no controls on capturing species vhen they leave the 200-mile jurisdictional zone. That is why we have favoured the pr!nciplo of consistency, which is entirely compatible with the provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea. That principle has the merit of universal applicability, because those who benefit from fishinq in the high seas adjacent to economic zones are themselves victims of the practices of fishing vessels from distant waters in respect of associated species in their own economic zonea. One aspect of the law of the sea that has garnered special attention thia year, both in the political and diplomatic and in the academic environments, relates to the exploitation of mineral resources outside national :~:isdictions: sea-bed mining. The Preparatory Commission for the International Sea-Bed Authority has reached final agreement on the obligations of pioneer investors, which are in keeping with exclusive rights to a mining site granted to them. That completed the j,mplementation of reeolution II of the Third Unitee! Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and clearly demonstrates the viubllity of the provisions of the Convention and of resolution lIon the e6tablishment of e temporary system for the period precedin9 the entry into force of the Convention and the final regime. We (Mr. Somayia, Chile) must emphasize that fact. The process of negotiations on the implementation of that resolution was arduous and complex. Difficulties unforeseen by the negotiators arose and were resolved in a pragmatic way through fair, modern solutions in keeping with the current situation. It is particularly important here to recall the modalities of the negotiations on settling overlapping mining sites as a step on the way to :allocating exclusive rights. The negotiating process had some very interesting espects; not only did it take place within the framework of the Preparatory Commission among pioneer investors whic.h had submitted requests, but it also requirv~. a search for solutions along with other pioneer investors in order to comply with the purposes of resolution 11 by arriving at formulations not incompatible with the spirit of the resolution. With the implementation of resolution 11 ve have completed a significant step in the gradual development of the provisions of the law of the sea for sea-bed mining. That can be said unequivocally and with genuine pleasure. But the passage of time has not had the same positive effect on problems relating to part XI of the Convention on the Law of the Sea. With the infinite clarity of hindsight, we ought perhaps to recognize that the Third United Nations Conference on the taw of the Sea ended without completing negotiations on outstanding problems relating to sea-bed mininq. While the Pr~paratory Commission has done very important and significant work - under the successive chairmanships of the Pri~e Minister of Tanzania, Mr. Joseph Sinde Warioba, and Ambassador Jose Lu!s Jesus of Cape Verde - to fulfil th6 mandate entrusted to it by the Conference, it must be acknowledged that difficulties that existed when the Convention was adopted continue to plague the work of the Preparatory Commission. At the SBme time consensus has been growing, on the basis of technical knowledge, between industrialized and developing countries on the actual current viability of sea-bed mining and on its future prospects. Rec.nt developments in international relations have also been significant, espacially those in North-South relations, whose philosophy was decisive at the time part XI of the Convention was negotiated. Moreover, the academic world is again turning its attention to the Convention on the Law of the Sea, particularly its provisions on sea-bed mining and related problems. I stress this because prior to and during negotiations on the Convention the academic world was fertile ground for exploring ideas and concepts that later emerged as provisions of the Convention, following a process of reflection, refinement and adjustment to national interests. Against the backdrop of int_rnational relations characterized by growing pragmatism and a search for consensus, and in view of the conviction that there will be no sea-bed mining for a long time to come, perhaps it is time to clarify the facts of these provisions and seek appropriate solutions acceptable to all. Hence the importance of the Secretary-Genera1's initiative to seek through informal consultations modalities that can lead to universal acceptance of the Convention. That initiative complements the work of the Preparatory Commission and is aimed at laying the foundations for a possible substantive consensus to prevent sea-hed mining problems from destabilizing the Convention as a whole, whIch would affect its binding nature and its role as a framework convention for netional legislation in the whole broad range of Convention matters other thou sea-bed mining. After 011, it must be recalled that the Convent~~n on the Law of the Sea goes far outside the question of sea-bed mining beyond national jurisdictions. (Mr,lomuio, Chile) Furthermore, it would be ironic if the Convention, containing provisions as crucial as those on navigation, delimitation, marine pollution, exploitation of resources and the definition of maritime areas, and constituting a universal framework applicable to the sea and the use of the sea, did not enter into force because of one of its parts which is to be implemented in the future, 1f at all. Therefore, the Secretary-Generales i~itiative is timely and necessary. We would encourage him to continue his efforts to create conditions and modalities that will make it possible to overcome the technical and political difficulties now preventing universal acceptance of the Convention, In this process, admittedly difficult, the negotiations about the implementation of resolution 11 - where unforeseen, apparently insuperable di~ficulties were s~timfactorily resolved, preserving the spirit of the resolution - should serve as an example, As regards part XI, the governing principle should be the common heritage of mankind, whose application to the sea-bed outside national jurisdiction wa~ agreed on by consensus, but it should be given a form that can command universal agreement. There seems to be no viable alternative to this principle, nor to a consensus on it. The last decade of the twentieth century finds the international community at the end of ths cold war and the dawn of a ~orld order whose fundamental components will be produced not by spontaneous generation, but by painstaking, consistent and thoughtfUl work by all the States Members of the Organization. Those components must include freedom, respect for the rights of others, pragmatism and a ~hared view of the course we wish to follow. The Unitea ~ations Convention on the Law of the Sea contains all those compon8nts and is an example of what the international community is capable of (Hr. SQmayla. Chile) doing, even when faced with enormously complex problems, for it must not be forgotten that for centuries the problems now solved by the Convention had brought about armed conflicts between countries. The importance of universal acceptance of the Convention and its contribution to the new order that is coming should be two sides of the same coin, which can serve as an example in dealing with other problems affecting the international community.
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• (c.ontipued) PROGRAMME BUDGET FOR THE BIENNIUM 1990-1991
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• " 62 to 66 and 155 Implementation of General Assembly Resolutlon 441104 Concerning the Signature and Ratification Cf Additional Protocol I of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty of Tlatelolco): Report of the First Committee (~1451767) Cessatson of All Nuclear-Test Explosions: Report of the First Committee (A/45/768) Amendment of the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water: Report of the First Committee (A/45/769) Urgent Need for a Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Report of the First Committee (A/45/770) Establishment of a Nuclear-Weapon-Freb Zone in the Region of the Middle East: Report of the First Committee (A/45/771) Establishment of a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in South Asia: Report of the First Committee (A/45/772) Conclusion of Effective International Arrangements on the Strengthening of the Security of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States Against the Use or Threat,Of Use of Nuclear Weapons: Report of the First Committee (A/45/773) Conclusion of Effective International Arrangements to Assure Non-Nuclear-Weapon States Against the Use or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons: Report of the First Committee (A/45/774) Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (A) Report of the First Committee (A/45/775) (B) Report 0~ the Fifth Committee (~/45/81I) Implementation of the Declaration on the Denuclearization of Africa (A) Report of the First Committee (A/45/776) (B) Repobt 0~ the Fifth Committee (~/45/812) Chemical and Bacteriological (Bi~Logical) Wrapons: Report 0~ the First Committee (A/45/777) General and Complete Disarmament (A) Report of the First Commlttee (A/45/778) (B) Amendment (A/45/L.30) (C) Report 0~ the Fifth Committee (~1451813) Review and Implementation of the Concluding Document of the Twelfth Special Session of the General Assembly: Report of the First Committee (A/45/779) Scientific and Technological Developments and Their Impact on International Security: Report of the First Committee (A/45/780) Science And-Technology for Disarmament: Report of the First Committee (A/45/781) Review of the Implementation of the Recommendations and Decisions Adopted by the General Assembly at Its Tenth Special Session (A) Report of the First Committee (A/45/782) (B) Report of the Fifth Committee (Al4518L.4) Israeli Nuclear Armament: Report of the First Committee (A/45/784) Education and Information "Or Disarmament: Report of the First Committee (A/45/785) Convention on Prohibitions or Restricttons on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscrimxnate Effects: Report of the First Committee (A/45/786) Special Sessions on Disarmament: Report of the First Committee (A/45/787) Verification in All Its Aspects: Report of the First Committee (A/45/788) Prohibition of the Development and Manufacture of New Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction and New Systems of Such Weapons: Report of the First Committee (A/45/794)
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