A/RES/36/98 GA

III. Resolutions adopted on the reports of the First Committee 75 Aware that the best hope for arresting the pernicious spiral of the arms race is by the provision of alternative means of security for nations rather than through reliance on the bal- ance of armaments or of deterrence. Aware further that the rational alternative means for such security is to move towards a halt in the arms race by developing in a parallel way the measures and modalities for collective security as mandatorily required by the Charter of the United Nations, Recalling paragraph 13 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly. 79 in which it is stated that genuine and lasting peace can only be created through the effective implementation of the security system provided for in the Charter and the speedy and substantial reduction of arms and armed forces by international agree- ment and mutual example, Considering that it is of essential importance to create a climate of confidence in the United Nations which will open the way to co-operation among Member States in fulfilling the common and basic obligations under the Charter, Noting with satisfaction the references to statements made by representatives of a number of Member States, including the two major Powers, in the First Committee during the current session of the General Assembly. indicating pos:tive attitudes towards effective use of the United Nations in improving the international situation and preventing war. Reaffirming its resolution 35/ 156 J, adopted by consen- sus, in which, inter alia, it recommended that the main organs of the United Nations responsible for the mainte- nance of international peace and security should give early consideration to the requirements for halting the arms race, particularly the nuclear-arms race, and developing the mo- dalities for the effective application of the system of inter- national security provided for in the Charter. Reiterating its request to the permanent members of the Security Council to facilitate the work of the Council to- wards carrying out this essential responsibility under the Charter, 1. Calls upon all States to take prompt action for the implementation of General Assembly resolution 35/156 J. which would render effective the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and thereby be conducive to meaningful disarmament negotiations; 2. Deems it necessary, as a first step in this direction, that the Security Council take the required measures towards the implementation of Chapter VII of the Charter, which would reinforce the foundations of peace. security and order through the United Nations and avert the growing threat of nuclear conflagration. L 91 st plenary meeting 9 December /98/ STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY The General Assembly, Recalling its resolution 32/87 C of 12 December 1977. in which it requested the Secretary-General to initiate a study on the relationship between disarmament and inter- national security, Recalling also paragraph 97 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, 79 the first special session devoted to disarmament, in which it re- quested the Secretary-General, with the assistance of con- sultant experts appointed by him, to continue the study on the relationship between disarmament and international security, Recalling further its resolutions 34/83 A of 11 December I 979, in which it took note of the progress report of the Secretary-General, and 35/156 E of 12 December 1980, in which it requested the Secretary-General to submit the final report to the General Assembly at its thirty-sixth session, Having examined the report of the Secretary-General81 transmitting the study prepared by the Group of Experts on the Relationship between Disarmament and International Security, I. Takes note with satisfaction of the study on the re- lationship between disarmament and international security; 2. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General and the Group of Experts which assisted him in the prep- aration of the study; 3. Commends the study and its conclusions to the at- tention of all Member States; 4. Invites all Member States to inform the Secretary- General, not later than 15 April 1982, of their views re- garding the study; 5. Requests the Secretary-General to make the neces- sary arrangements for the reproduction of the study as a United Nations publication81 and to give it the widest pos- sible distribution; 6. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit the study, together with the views of Member States, to the General Assembly at its second special session devoted to disarm- ament, to be held from 7 June to 9 July 1982. 91 st plenary meeting 9 December /98/ 36/98. Israeli nuclear armament The General Assembly, Recalling its relevant resolutions on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, Recalling also its resolutions 33/71 A of 14 December 1978 on military and nuclear collaboration with Israel and 34/89 of 11 December 1979 and 35/157 of 12 December I 980 on Israeli nuclear armament, Alarmed by the increasing evidence regarding Israel's attempts to acquire nuclear weapons, Noting with concern that Israel has persistently refused to adhere to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons82 despite repeated calls by the General Assembly and the Security Council to place its nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards, Recalling Security Council resolution 487 ( 1981) of 19 June 198 I, Recalling the resolution adopted on 12 June 198 I by the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency83 and resolution GC(XXV)/RES/381 adopted on 26 September 1981 by the General Conference of the Agency, in which the Conference, inter alia, considered the Israeli act of aggression as an attack against the Agency and its safeguards regime and decided to suspend the provision of any assistance to Israel, Recalling its repeated condemnation of the nuclear col- laboration between Israel and South Africa, " N361597. The study was subsequently issued with the title Relation- ship between Disarmament and lnremarional Securitv (United Nations publication. Sales No. E 82.IX.4) · "' Resolution 2373 (XXII). annex. " See GC(XXV)/643 76 General Assembly-Thirty-sixth Session Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General84 trans- mitting the study of the Group of Experts to Prepare a Study on Israeli Nuclear Armament, 1. Expresses its appreciation to the Secretary-General for his report on Israeli nuclear armament; 2. Expresses its deep alarm at the fact that the report has established that Israel has the technical capability to manufacture nuclear weapons and possesses the means of delivery of such weapons; 3. Also expresses its deep concern that Israel has un- dermined the credibility of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards, in particular by the bombing of the Iraqi nuclear facilities which were under Agency safeguards; 4. Reaffirms that Israel's attack on the Iraqi nuclear facilities and Israel's capability constitute a serious desta- bilizing factor in an already tense situation in the Middle East, and a grave danger to international peace and security; 5. Requests the Security Council to prohibit all forms of co-operation with Israel in the nuclear field; 6. Calls upon all States and other parties and institu- tions to terminate forthwith all nuclear collaboration with Israel; 7. Requests the Security Council to institute effective enforcement action against Israel so as to prevent it from endangering international peace and security by its nuclear- weapon capability; 8. Demands that Israel should renounce, without delay, any possession of nuclear weapons and place all its nuclear activities under international safeguards; 9. Requests the Secretary-General to give maximum publicity to the report on Israeli nuclear armament and to distribute it to Member States. the specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency and non-govern- mental organizations, so that the international community and public opinion may be fully aware of the danger inherent in Israel's nuclear capability; 10. Also requests the Secretary-General to follow closely Israeli military nuclear activity and to report thereon as appropriate; 11. Further requests the Secretary-General to transmit the report on Israeli nuclear armament to the General As- sembly at its second special session devoted to disarmament; 12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-seventh session the item entitled "Israeli nuclear armament''. 91st plenary meeting 9 December 1981 36/99. Conclusion of a treaty on the prohibition of the stationing of weapons of any kind in outer space The General Assembly, Guided by the goals of strengthening peace and inter- national security, Expressing the common interest of all mankind in the further exploration and use of outer space for peaceful pur- poses for the good of all States and in the interest of de- veloping friendly relations and mutual understanding between them, Conscious of the danger which would threaten mankind if outer space became an arena for the arms race, 84 A/36/431. The study was subsequently issued with the title Studv on Israeli Nuclear Armament (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.82.IX.2). Desiring not to allow outer space to become an arena for the arms race and a source of strained relations between States, Taking into account the draft treaty on the prohibition of the stationing of weapons of any kind in outer space, 85 submitted to the General Assembly by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the views and comments expressed during the consideration of this item at its thirty-sixth session, I. Considers it necessary to take effective steps, by concluding an appropriate international treaty, to prevent the spread of the arms race to outer space; 2. Requests the Committee on Disarmament to embark on negotiations with a view to achieving agreement on the text of such a treaty; 3. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-seventh session the item entitled • 'Conclusion of a treaty on the prohibition of the stationing of weapons of any kind in outer space'' 91 st plenary meeting 9 December 198 I 36/100. Declaration on the Prevention of Nuclear Catastrophe The General Assembly, Bearing in mind that the foremost task of the United Nations, born in the flames of the Second World War, has been, is and will be to save present and succeeding gen- erations from the scourge of war, Recognizing that all the horrors of past wars and all other calamities that have befallen people would pale in compar- ison with what is inherent in the use of nuclear weapons capable of destroying civilization on earth, Reaffirming that the universally accepted objective is to eliminate completely the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons through the cessation of their production, followed by the destruction of their stockpiles, and that, to this end, priority in disarmament negotiations should be given to nu- clear disarmament, Convinced that, as the first step in this direction, the use of nuclear weapons and the waging of nuclear war should be outlawed, Solemnly proclaims, on behalf of the States Members of the United Nations: I . States and statesmen that resort first to the use of nuclear weapons will be committing the gravest crime against humanity. 2. There will never be any justification or pardon for statesmen who take the decision to be the first to use nuclear weapons. 3. Any doctrines allowing the first use of nuclear weapons and any actions pushing the world towards a catastrophe are incompatible with human moral standards and the lofty ideals of the United Nations. 4. It is the supreme duty and direct obligation of the leaders of nuclear-weapon States to act in such a way as to eliminate the risk of the outbreak of a nuclear conflict. The nuclear-arms race must be stopped and reversed by joint efforts, through negotiations conducted in good faith and on the basis of equality, having as their ultimate goal the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. " Official Records of th,· General Assembly, Thirtv-sixth Session, An- nexes, agenda item 128, document A/36/192, annex.

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