A/RES/43/88 GA

III. Resolutions adopted on the reports of the First Committee 107 3. Calls upan ali States to spare no efforts towards the fullest implementation of the Declaration at the national and international levels and towards increasing its na- tional and international role by strictly adhering to the principies enshrined in that document. 73rd plenary meeting 7 December 1988 43/88. Review of the implementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security The General Assembly, Having considered the item entitled "Review of the im- plementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security", Aware ofthe increasing interdependence among nations and ofthe fact that in the present-day world there is no al- ternative to a policy of peaceful coexistence, détente and co-operation among States on the basis of equality, irre- spective oftheir economic or military power, political and social systems or size and geographic location, Convinced that a comprehensive and just solution to pressing international problems, such as achieving peace and security, disarmament and development, can be as- sured only through negotiations, based on the principies of the Charter of the United Nations, in which all countries participate on an equal footing, Reiterating its conviction that, in the continuing search by the international community for lasting security, mul- tilateral action has an increasingly important role, Reaffirming the role of the United Nations asan indis- pensable forum for negotiations and reaching agreements on measures to promote and strengthen international peace and security, Stressing the need for the main organs ofthe United Na- tions responsible for the maintenance of peace and security, particularly the Security Council, to contribute more effectively to the promotion of international peace and security by seeking solutions to unresolved problems and crises in the world, Recalling the Declaration on Principies of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 125 the Declaration on the Inadmissibility of lntervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of States133 and the Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Set- tlement of International Disputes, 134 Welcoming the fact that a favourable climate has re- cently developed within the international community and progress has been recorded in sorne important fields of arms limitation and disarmament, as well as in the resolu- tion of certain focal points of crisis in the world, Encouraged by the Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination ofTheir Intermediate-Range and Shorter- Range Missiles, 11 which represents a valuable initial step in the reduction of nuclear weapons, Noting that the progress in the resolution of certain re- gional conflicts and the easing of tensions present the in- ternational community of nations with the opportunity to take a significant step towards the realization of interna- tional peace and security, 133 Resolution 36/103, annex. 134 Resolution 37 /10, annex. Welcoming also the continuation of the process within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co- operation in Europe, Noting with concern that despite the positive processes and developments, the provisions of the Declaration on the Strengthening of lnternational Security135 have not been fully implemented and that international relations are still characterized by the policy of competition for spheres ofinfluence, domination and exploitation in many parts of the world by the continuation of the arms race, particularly in nuclear weapons, and the danger of its ex- tension into outer space, by the recourse to the use or threat of use of force, military intervention and interfer- ence and foreign occupation and by the infringement of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries, Concerned particular/y by the lack of solutions to the world economic problems, in which the deeper underlying problems of a structural nature have been compounded by cyclical factors and which has further aggravated the inequalities and injustices in international economic rela- tions, ali of which pose a grave threat to global peace and security, 1. Reaffirms the validity of the Declaration on the Strengthening oflnternational Security, and calls upon ali States to contribute effectively to its implementation; 2. Urges once again ali States to abide strictly, in their international relations, by their commitment to the Charter of the United Nations and, to this end: (a) To refrain from the use or threat ofuse offorce, in- tervention, interference, aggression, foreign occupation and colonial domination or measures of political and eco- nomic coercion, which viola te the sovereignty, territorial integrity, independence and security of other States, as well as the permanent sovereignty of peoples over their natural resources; (b) To refrain from supporting or encouraging any such act for any reason whatsoever and to reject and refuse recognition of situations brought about by any such act; (e) To seek, through more effective utilization of the means provided for in the Charter, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the elimination of the focal points of crisis and tension, which constitute a threat to international peace and security; 3. Calls upan ali States, in particular the nuclear- weapon States and other militarily significant States, to take immediate steps aimed at: (a) Promoting and using effectively the system of col- lective security as envisaged in the Charter; (b) Halting effectively the arms race and achieving general and complete disarmament under effective inter- national control and, to this end, to conduct serious, meaningful and effective negotiations with a view to im- plementing the recommendations and decisions contained in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly13 and to fulfilling the priority tasks listed in the Programme of Action set forth in section 111 of the Final Document; 4. Invites ali States, in particular the major military Powers and States members of military alliances, to re- frain, especially in critica! situations and in crisis areas, from actions, including military activities and manoeu- vres, conceived within the context of East-West confron- rn Resolution 2734 (XXV). 108 General Assembly-Forty-third Session tation and used as a means of pressure or threat to and de- stabilization of other States and regions; 5. Expresses its conviction that the gradual military disengagement of the great Powers and their military al- liances from various parts of the world should be pro- moted; 6. Emphasizes the role that the United Nations has in the maintenance ofinternational peace and security and in economic and social development and progress for the benefit of ali mankind; 7. Stresses that there is a need further to enhance the etfectiveness of the Security Council in discharging its principal role of maintaining international peace and security and to enhance the authority and enforcement capacity of the Council in accordance with the Charter; 8. Reiterates the need for the Security Council, in par- ticular its permanent members, to ensure the etfective im- plementation of its decisions in compliance with the rele- vant provisions of the Charter; 9. Emphasizes that there can be no lasting peace and security in the world without the solution of the interna- tional economic problems, particularly those of the devel- oping countries, and the ensuring of the sustained growth and development of the world economy; 10. Considers that respect for and promotion ofhuman rights and fundamental freedoms in their civil, political, economic, social and cultural aspects, on the one hand, and the strengthening of international peace and security, on the other, mutually reinforce each other; 11. Reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples under colonial domination, foreign occupation or racist régimes and their inalienable right to self-determination and independence, and urges Member States to increase their support for and solidarity with them and their na- tional liberation movements and to take urgent and etfec- tive measures for the speedy completion of the implemen- tation ofthe Declaration on the Granting oflndependence to Colonial Countries and Peoples136 and for the final elimination of colonialism, racism and apartheid; 12. Calls upon ali States, particularly the members of the Security Council, to take appropriate and etfective measures to promote the fulfilment of the objective of the denuclearization of Africa in order to avert the serious danger that the nuclear capability of South Africa consti- tutes to the African States, in particular the front-line States, as well as to international peace and security; 13. Reaffirms that the democratization of interna- tional relations is an imperative necessity enabling, under the ?onditions of interdependence, the ful! development and mdependence of ali States, as well as the attainment of genuine security, peace and co-operation in the world, and stresses its firm belief that the United Nations otfers the best framework for the promotion of these goals; 14. Invites Member States to submit their views on the question of the implementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security, and requests the Secretary-General to submit a report to the General As- sembly at its forty-fourth session on the basis of the replies received; 15. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its forty-fourth session the ítem entitled "Review of the im- 136 Resolution 1514 (XV). plementation of the Declaration on the Strengthening of International Security". 73rd plenary meeting 7 December 1988 43/89. Comprehensive approach to strengthening inter- national peace and security in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations The General Assembly, Convinced of the need to strengthen further the role and etfectiveness ofthe United Nations on the basis offull and universal implementation ofits Charter, in order to ensure international peace and security on a comprehensive basis covering ali States and ali aspects of their interrelation- ship, Expressing the firm conviction that ensuring interna- tional peace and security requires concerted etforts and close co-operation among ali States on the basis of the Charter ofthe United Nations in order to resolve issues of crucial importance in the following spheres: disarmament, peaceful settlement of disputes and conflicts, international economic co-operation and development, protection ofthe environment, and human rights and fundamental free- doms, Affirming that the system of security embodied in the Charter is the fundamental and irreplaceable mechanism for the preservation or restoration of international peace and security, Reaffirming that in the interest of ensuring international peace and security on a comprehensive basis ali States should adhere strictly to the fundamental principies of in- ternational law, especially respect for the sovereignty, equality, political independence and territorial integrity of States, non-intervention and non-interference in interna! atfairs, refraining from the threat or use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, self-determination of peoples, re- spect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, co- operation among States and compliance in good faith with their obligations assumed in accordance with the Charter, Bearing in mind the report of the Secretary-General on the ways and means of organizing an exchange of views on the subject among the States Members of the United Na- tions, 137 Taking note of the suggestions, ideas and views ex- pressed in the deliberations on this matter,138 1. Encourages Member Sta tes to con tribute toan inter- national dialogue, primarily within the framework of the United Nations, its Security Council and General Assem- bly and their subsidiary bodies, in arder to find universally acceptable ways and means and to co-ordinate practica! measures to strengthen on a comprehensive basis the sys- tem ofsecurity laid down in the Charter ofthe United Na- tions and to enhance the role and etfectiveness of the United Nations in the maintenance of international peace and security in ali aspects; 2. Calls upan ali States to intensify their practica! ef- forts towards ensuring international security in ali its as- 117 A/ 43/7 32. 1-18 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session. Fi"1 Committee, 47th to 'í41h meetings, and corrigendum.

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