A/RES/79/195 GA

United Nations A/RES/79/195 General Assembly Distr.: General 23 December 2024 24-24294 (E) *2424294* Seventy-ninth session Agenda item 16 (a) Macroeconomic policy questions: international trade and development Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2024 [on the report of the Second Committee (A/79/435/Add.1, para. 12)] 79/195. International trade and development The General Assembly, Recalling its resolutions 56/178 of 21 December 2001, 57/235 of 20 December 2002, 58/197 of 23 December 2003, 59/221 of 22 December 2004, 60/184 of 22 December 2005, 61/186 of 20 December 2006, 62/184 of 19 December 2007, 63/203 of 19 December 2008, 64/188 of 21 December 2009, 65/142 of 20 December 2010, 66/185 of 22 December 2011, 67/196 of 21 December 2012, 68/199 of 20 December 2013, 69/205 of 19 December 2014, 70/187 of 22 December 2015, 71/214 of 21 December 2016, 72/202 of 20 December 2017, 73/219 of 20 December 2018, 74/201 of 19 December 2019, 75/203 of 21 December 2020, 76/190 of 17 December 2021, 77/151 of 14 December 2022 and 78/134 of 19 December 2023, Recalling also its resolutions 35/63 of 5 December 1980 and 70/186 of 22 December 2015, Reaffirming its resolution 70/1 of 25 September 2015, entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, in which it adopted a comprehensive, far-reaching and people-centred set of universal and transformative Sustainable Development Goals and targets, its commitment to working tirelessly for the full implementation of the Agenda by 2030, its recognition that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, its commitment to achieving sustainable development in its three dimensions – economic, social and environmental – in a balanced and integrated manner, and to building upon the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals and seeking to address their unfinished business, Reaffirming also its resolution 69/313 of 27 July 2015 on the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development, A/RES/79/195 International trade and development 24-24294 2/9 which is an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, supports and complements it, helps to contextualize its means of implementation targets with concrete policies and actions, and reaffirms the strong political commitment to address the challenge of financing and creating an enabling environment at all levels for sustainable development in the spirit of global partnership and solidarity, Welcoming the convening of the Summit of the Future on 22–23 September 2024 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York at which resolution 79/1 entitled “The Pact for the Future” and its annexes were adopted, Recognizing the need to ensure that the benefits of trade are more widely shared, Reaffirming that it is fundamental, for fair, sound and robust competition and consumer protection policies and enforcement, to maintain a robust, level playing field and enhance transparency for all participants, so that market access is not under anti-competitive practices, Reaffirming also World Trade Organization decision WT/MIN(15)/48- WT/L/982 of 19 December 2015 on the implementation of preferential treatment in favour of services and service suppliers of the least developed countries and increasing their participation in services trade and decision WT/L/508/Add.1 of 25 July 2012 on accession by the least developed countries, encouraging progress on the implementation of the World Trade Organization work programme on small economies,1 which supports their efforts towards sustainable development, as also reflected in the outcome document of the Fourth International Conference on Small Island Developing States, the Antigua and Barbuda Agenda for Small Island Developing States,2 and stressing that Aid for Trade and targeted trade-related capacity-building are essential to integrating developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and Small island developing States, into the international trading system, Taking note that the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization instructed the Committee on Trade and Development to hold focused sessions, to assess trade-related challenges identified for the fuller integration of landlocked developing countries into the multilateral trading system, Recognizing the critical role of women as workers, producers and traders and the need to address their specific challenges in order to facilitate their full, equal and meaningful participation in domestic, regional and international trade, Recognizing also that multilateral rules and disciplines are the best guarantee against protectionism and are fundamental to the transparency, predictability and stability of international trade, Noting the commitments to working to ensure that bilateral, regional and plurilateral trade agreements complement the multilateral trading system, recognizing that they can play an important role in complementing global liberalization initiatives, and in this regard recalling, inter alia, the entry into force of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, on 30 May 2019, and welcoming ongoing efforts to fully operationalize the Agreement, including the commencement of actual trading under the Agreement aimed at doubling intra-African trade to deliver economic transformation and strengthen Africa’s resilience, including food security and nutrition, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) recovery and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, Noting with great concern the severe negative impact on human health, safety and well-being caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as __________________ 1 World Trade Organization, document WT/MIN(24)/33-WT/L/1188. 2 Resolution 78/317, annex. International trade and development A/RES/79/195 3/9 24-24294 the severe disruption to societies and economies and the devastating impact on lives and livelihoods, and that the poorest and most vulnerable are the hardest hit by the pandemic, reaffirming the ambition to get back on track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by designing and implementing sustainable and inclusive recovery strategies to accelerate progress towards the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to help to reduce the risk of and build resilience to future shocks, crises and pandemics, including by strengthening health systems to achieve universal health coverage, and recognizing that equitable and timely access for all to safe, quality, effective and affordable COVID-19 vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics are an essential part of a global response based on unity, solidarity, renewed multilateral cooperation and the principle of leaving no one behind, Noting with concern the fragile and highly uncertain global socioeconomic outlook, persisting negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions and conflicts and current multiple crises, which increased pressure on food, energy and finance, affecting many countries around the world and their ability to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, Deeply concerned about the financial and technical challenges on commodity value chains, including in developing countries, caused by the impact of climate change, including along the environmental, economic and social dimensions, Deeply concerned also about trade-restrictive measures imposed under the guise of environmental protection, as they hinder free and fair trade and violate the principles of nationally determined contributions and equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances, Reiterating the pledge that no one will be left behind, reaffirming the recognition that the dignity of the human person is fundamental, and the wish to see the Goals and targets met for all nations and peoples and for all segments of society, and recommitting to endeavour to reach the furthest behind first, 1. Takes note of the report of the Trade and Development Board of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 3 and the report of the Secretary- General;4 2. Reaffirms that international trade is an engine for inclusive growth and poverty eradication and that it contributes to the promotion of sustainable development, structural transformation and industrialization, particularly in developing countries; 3. Underscores that a universal, rules-based, fair, open, transparent, predictable, inclusive, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system should contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, providing policy space for national development objectives, poverty eradication and sustainable development, consistent with relevant international rules and countries’ commitments, and promote export-led growth in the developing countries through, inter alia, preferential trade access for developing countries, targeted special and differential treatment that responds to the development needs of individual countries, and the elimination of trade barriers that are inconsistent with World Trade Organization agreements; 4. Recalls the ministerial decision of 7 December 2013 on duty-free and quota-free market access for least developed countries, 5 recognizes that nearly all developed country members of the World Trade Organization provide either full or __________________ 3 A/79/15 (Part I) and A/79/15 (Part II). 4 A/79/256. 5 World Trade Organization, document WT/MIN(13)/44. A/RES/79/195 International trade and development 24-24294 4/9 nearly full duty-free and quota-free market access to least developed country products and that a number of developing country members of the World Trade Organization also grant a significant degree of duty-free and quota-free market access to least developed country products, takes note of the adoption of trading arrangements that further extend preferential market access for the benefit of other developing States, and welcomes the ministerial decision6 that was adopted at the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization on 2 March 2024 on smooth transition support measures in favour of countries graduated from the least developed country category; 5. Also recalls the commitment of World Trade Organization members to work towards the necessary reform of the Organization, with the aim of improving all its functions, while reaffirming the foundational principles of the Organization, and to conduct discussions with a view to having a fully and well-functioning dispute settlement system accessible to all members by 2024, and for this purpose, to accelerate discussions in an inclusive and transparent manner, build on the progress already made, and work on unresolved issues, while taking advantage of the available opportunities, addressing the challenges that the Organization is facing and ensuring the Organization’s proper functioning; the work shall be member-driven, open, transparent, inclusive and must address the interests of all members, including development issues; and notes the contribution of the multilateral trading system to promote the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development7 and its Sustainable Development Goals; 6. Reaffirms that maintaining stable trade flows is essential to urgently addressing the multiple global crises, inter alia, of food, energy and finance faced by developing countries, as well as enhancing food security and nutrition in these countries; 7. Underscores the urgent need to keep markets, including for food, fertilizer and agriculture, open, equitable, transparent, non-discriminatory and predictable by eliminating trade-restrictive measures and distortions, speculations and hoarding through the reform of the multilateral trade rules on agriculture, according to World Trade Organization mandates, and to ensure sustained food security and nutrition of countries, particularly the least developed and net food-importing developing countries; 8. Encourages cooperation among countries to improve agricultural productivity and trade with a view to increasing the availability, accessibility and affordability of food to help address global food security; 9. Notes with concern that certain forms of support for agricultural producers are either trade-distorting or harmful to nature and health, and reaffirms its commitment to correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, highlights the need to address trade-distorting domestic support in agriculture, and looks forward to continuing the World Trade Organization negotiations consistent with existing mandates to further reform agricultural trade rules, with a view to achieving concrete and positive results at the next Ministerial Conference; 10. Stresses the continuing importance of the provision and mobilization of new and additional means of implementation, such as climate finance, technology transfer on mutually agreed terms and capacity-building to developing countries, for expanding trade in renewable energy that can contribute to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy and in line with their national __________________ 6 World Trade Organization, document WT/MIN(24)/34. 7 Resolution 70/1. International trade and development A/RES/79/195 5/9 24-24294 development priorities, including through making clean and renewable energy technologies available for all; 11. Recognizes the role of services in global economic output, trade and employment and in supporting global and regional connectivity and productivity growth, in this respect underlines the critical role of services, digitally enabled services and electronic commerce and creative economy in sustainable development, and highlights the importance of supporting developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, in taking advantage of the sector’s potential, including by addressing the digital divides and improving data collection and regulatory capacities of services; 12. Underscores the continuing need for international support to increase economic resilience and diversification of commodity-dependent developing countries in such a way that their structural transformation is sustainable and economically meaningful; 13. Calls upon Member States to take complementary actions at the national level to strengthen domestic enabling environments and implement sound domestic policies and reforms conducive to realizing the potential of trade for inclusive growth and sustainable development; 14. Underlines that enlarging aggregate trade gains alone is insufficient to help countries to eliminate poverty, empower women or create jobs on a sustainable basis, in order to reduce inequality within and among countries, and that trade must be made more inclusive to benefit people and economic actors who tend to be economically isolated or vulnerable; 15. Calls for the development of additional and innovative instruments that support the integration of micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries into higher-value global value chains with a focus on financial inclusion that ensures that trade benefits all; 16. Reaffirms the importance of promoting regional economic integration of developing countries to foster trade recovery and development, and in this regard welcomes ongoing efforts to fully operationalize the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, including the commencement of actual trading under the Agreement aimed at doubling intra-African trade to deliver economic transformation and strengthen Africa’s resilience, including food security and nutrition, recovery from the consequences of COVID-19 and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and notes the progress made in the implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement; 17. Reiterates that States will not be able to achieve the ambitious Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development without a revitalized and enhanced global partnership and means of implementation and that a revitalized global partnership will facilitate an intensive global engagement in support of the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, bringing together Governments, civil society, the private sector, the United Nations system and other actors and mobilizing all available resources; 18. Reaffirms the commitments made through the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development 8 in, inter alia, international trade as an important action area for sustainable development, and looks forward to the convening of the Fourth International __________________ 8 Resolution 69/313, annex. A/RES/79/195 International trade and development 24-24294 6/9 Conference on Financing for Development, to be held from 30 June to 3 July 2025 in Seville, Spain; 19. Encourages the development and implementation of inclusive trade policies that can contribute to advancing gender equality and women’s economic empowerment, which has a positive impact on economic growth and helps to reduce poverty; 20. Recommits firmly to promoting a rules-based, non-discriminatory, open, fair, inclusive, equitable and transparent multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, as well as meaningful trade liberalization, and with a strong development dimension in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, while preserving the fundamental principles of the World Trade Organization; 21. Calls for strengthening competition and consumer protection laws, policies and enforcement for open, fair, equitable, transparent, non-discriminatory and predictable markets, deepening international cooperation among competition authorities in order to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement against cross-border anti-competitive business practices, in accordance with the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, and among consumer protection authorities in order to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement against cross-border fraudulent and deceptive commercial practices, in accordance with the United Nations guidelines for consumer protection; 22. Welcomes the successful conclusion of the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, held from 26 February to 2 March 2024 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and looks forwards to the convening of the fourteenth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, to be held in Cameroon on a date to be determined; 23. Emphasizes the need to continue combating protectionism in all its forms and to rectify any trade-distorting measures, including trade barriers, that are inconsistent with World Trade Organization rules, recognizing the right of countries, in particular developing countries, to fully utilize flexibilities consistent with their World Trade Organization commitments and obligations, and emphasizes that the work of the World Trade Organization shall continue to promote sustainable economic development with provisions for special and differential treatment remaining integral; 24. Takes note with appreciation of the ministerial decision on the TRIPS Agreement that was adopted at the Twelfth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization to authorize the use of the subject matter of a patent required for the production and supply of COVID-19 vaccines without the consent of the right holder to the extent necessary to address the COVID-19 pandemic, in accordance with the provisions of article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement,9 and recognizes that paragraph 8 of the ministerial decision on the TRIPS Agreement (WT/MIN(22)/30) states that members of the World Trade Organization will decide on the extension of the ministerial decision to cover the production and supply of COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics; 25. Calls for enhancing the capacity of the multilateral trading system, with the World Trade Organization at its core, to increase pandemic and disaster preparedness and resilience through a multifaceted response, including through partnership with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the __________________ 9 See World Trade Organization, ministerial decision on the TRIPS Agreement (WT/MIN(22)/30), adopted on 17 June 2022. International trade and development A/RES/79/195 7/9 24-24294 International Trade Centre, and including by strengthening the resilience of global supply chains, including short-term measures such as trade facilitation, transparency and restraint in relation to export restrictions on vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics supplies, as well as the rapid scaling up and expansion of vaccine production globally, including in developing countries, and recalls the ministerial declaration on the World Trade Organization response to the COVID-19 pandemic and preparedness for future pandemics, adopted on 17 June 2022;10 26. Recalls the decision at the Twelfth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization not to impose export restrictions on foodstuffs purchased for non-commercial humanitarian purposes by the World Food Programme; 11 27. Urges the members of the World Trade Organization to start the effective implementation and monitoring of the Marrakesh Ministerial Decision on Measures Concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the Reform Programme on Least Developed and Net Food-Importing Developing Countries,12 and notes the importance of having a dedicated work programme to operationalize it, according to World Trade Organization mandates, to ensure sustained food security and nutrition, including in the least developed and net food-importing developing countries; 28. Underlines that any emergency measures introduced to address food security concerns shall minimize trade distortions as far as possible, be temporary, targeted, transparent and be notified and implemented in accordance with World Trade Organization rules, and underscores that particular regard should be given to the effect that such measures have on developing countries, including the least developed and net food-importing developing countries; 29. Welcomes the increased number of instruments of acceptance deposited with the World Trade Organization for the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, 13 adopted at the Twelfth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization regarding Sustainable Development Goal target 14.6, and urges the members of the World Trade Organization that have not yet done so to promptly accept this agreement according to their domestic procedures, aiming for entry into force as quickly as possible, and encourages members to finalize negotiations on outstanding issues and achieve a comprehensive agreement on fisheries subsidies, including through further disciplines on certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing country members and least developed country members should be an integral part of these negotiations; 30. Underlines the importance of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation annexed to the Protocol amending the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization in improving transparency, expediting the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit, and thereby reducing trade costs, and in this regard encourages its full and effective implementation, including through enhanced support towards its implementation; 31. Urges the international community to adopt urgent and effective measures to eliminate the use of unilateral economic, financial or trade measures that are not authorized by relevant organs of the United Nations, and that are inconsistent with the principles of international law or the Charter of the United Nations or that __________________ 10 World Trade Organization, document WT/MIN(22)/31. 11 See World Trade Organization, ministerial decision on World Food Programme food purchases exemption from export prohibitions or restrictions (WT/MIN(22)/29), adopted on 17 June 2022. 12 See World Trade Organization, ministerial declaration on the emergency response to food insecurity (WT/MIN(22)/28), adopted on 17 June 2022. 13 World Trade Organization, document WT/MIN(22)/W/22. A/RES/79/195 International trade and development 24-24294 8/9 contravene the basic principles of the multilateral trading system and that affect, in particular, but not exclusively, developing countries; 32. Notes that the use of policy instruments for environmental purposes with potential impact on international trade can have unintended consequences for partner countries, especially the least developed countries, which need to be addressed to aid their pursuit of structural transformation and economic diversification; 33. Expresses deep concern regarding unilateral protectionist measures taken by some trade partners that would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries or a disguised restriction on international trade, including unilateral and discriminatory border adjustment mechanisms and taxes; 34. Stresses the importance of article 3.5 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change14 and article 4.15 of the Paris Agreement,15 in this regard welcomes the recognition, in the global stocktake at the twenty-eighth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that measures taken to combat climate change, including unilateral ones, should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade, and calls upon parties to reconsider such measures and suspend their implementation; 35. Welcomes efforts to enhance South-South and triangular trade cooperation under interregional trade arrangements, such as the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries, as a vehicle to support export diversification, economic resilience and technological upgrading; 36. Reiterates the important role of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development as the focal point within the United Nations system for the integrated treatment of trade and development and interrelated issues in the areas of finance, technology, investment and sustainable development, and in contributing to supporting the implementation of the 2030 Agenda; 37. Reaffirms the fundamental role that competition and consumer protection laws, policies and enforcement can play for strong economic development and the usefulness of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices and the United Nations guidelines for consumer protection, as well as the important and useful role that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development plays in this field, and looks forward to the Ninth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices, to be held in 2025; 38. Takes note of the celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, held from 12 to 14 June 2024; 39. Looks forward to the holding of the sixteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, expected to be held in the second half of 2025; 40. Reaffirms the commitment at the very heart of the 2030 Agenda to leave no one behind and commit to taking more tangible steps to support people in vulnerable situations and the most vulnerable countries and to reach the furthest behind first; 41. Requests the Secretary-General, in collaboration with the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, to submit to the General Assembly at its eightieth session a report on the implementation of the present __________________ 14 United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822. 15 See FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, decision 1/CP.21, annex. International trade and development A/RES/79/195 9/9 24-24294 resolution and developments in the international trading system, and decides to include in the provisional agenda of its eightieth session under the item entitled “Macroeconomic policy questions”, the sub-item entitled “International trade and development”. 54th plenary meeting 19 December 2024

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